diff --git "a/MarxEngelsGesamtausgabe/(Marx Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA)_ I.12) Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels - Werke, Artikel, Entwu_rfe Januar bis Dezember 1853-Dietz Verlag (1984).txt" "b/MarxEngelsGesamtausgabe/(Marx Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA)_ I.12) Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels - Werke, Artikel, Entwu_rfe Januar bis Dezember 1853-Dietz Verlag (1984).txt"
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+++ "b/MarxEngelsGesamtausgabe/(Marx Engels Gesamtausgabe (MEGA)_ I.12) Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels - Werke, Artikel, Entwu_rfe Januar bis Dezember 1853-Dietz Verlag (1984).txt"
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+KARL  MARX 
+FRIEDRICH  ENGELS 
+GESAMTAUSGABE 
+(MEGA) 
+
+ERSTE  ABTEILUNG 
+
+WERKE ·  ARTIKEL ·  ENTWÜRFE 
+
+BAND 12 
+
+Herausgegeben vom Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus 
+
+beim Zentralkomitee  der 
+
+Kommunistischen Partei der Sowjetunion 
+
+und vom Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus 
+
+beim Zentralkomitee  der 
+
+Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands 
+
+KARL  MARX 
+FRIEDRICH  ENGELS 
+WERKE  ARTIKEL 
+ENTWÜRFE 
+JANUAR 
+BIS DEZEMBER 1853 
+
+TEXT 
+
+DIETZ  VERLAG  BERLIN 
+
+1984 
+
+Redaktionskommission 
+Gesamtausgabe: 
+Günter Heyden und Anatoli Jegorow  (Leiter), 
+Erich Kundel und  Alexander  Malysch (Sekretäre), 
+Georgi Bagaturija, Rolf Dlubek, Heinrich Gemkow, Lew  Golman, 
+Michail Mtschedlow, Richard Speri 
+
+der 
+
+Redaktionskommission 
+
+der  Ersten 
+Rolf  Dlubek  (Leiter), 
+Erich Kundel,  Alexander Malysch, Richard Speri, Inge Taubert 
+
+Abteilung: 
+
+Bearbeitung 
+
+des  Bandes: 
+
+Hans-Jürgen Bochinski (Leiter), 
+Ute  Emmrich, Rosemarie  Müller, Ingolf Neunübel,  Brigitte Rieck 
+und  Käte  Schwank, 
+unter  Mitarbeit von  Angelika Bernecker 
+Gutachter:  Rolf Dlubek, Artur  Schnickmann, Velta Pospelowa 
+und Jelena Arshanowa 
+
+Text und Apparat 
+Mit 9 Abbildungen und  1 Karte 
+© Dietz Verlag Berlin  1984 
+Lizenznummer  1 
+LSV0046 
+Technische Redaktion:  Friedrich Hackenberger, Heinz Ruschinski 
+und  Waltraud  Schulze 
+Korrektur: Rosemarie Giese, Jutta Knopp, Renate Kröhnert 
+und Annelies Schwabe 
+Einband: Albert Kapr 
+Typografie:  Albert  Kapr/Horst  Kinkel 
+Schrift: Times-Antiqua und Maxima 
+Printed in the  German Democratic Republic 
+Gesamtherstellung:  INTERDRUCK  Graphischer Großbetrieb Leipzig, 
+Betrieb  der  ausgezeichneten  Qualitätsarbeit 
+Papierherstellung: VEB Druck- und Spezialpapiere Golzern 
+Best.-Nr.: 7448080 
+
+13500 
+
+I n h a lt 
+
+Einleitung 
+
+Editorische  Hinweise 
+
+Verzeichnis  der  Abkürzungen,  Siglen  und  Zeichen 
+
+Die  publizistische  Tätigkeit  von  Marx  und  Engels  und  ihren 
+Mitkämpfern  im  Jahre  1853 
+
+Marx'  und  Engels'  Mitarbeit  an  der  „New-York  Tribune" 
+Die  Mitarbeit  von  Marx  und  seinen  Kampfgefährten  am 
+Organ  der  linken  Chartisten  „The  People's  Paper" 
+Marx  und  Engels  und  die  „Reform"  in  New  York 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+13* 
+
+42* 
+
+KARL MARX  ·  FRIEDRICH  ENGELS: WERKE  ·  ARTIKEL 
+ENTWÜRFE  ·  JANUAR  BIS  DEZEMBER  1853 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  A  Superannuated  Administration—Prospects  of 
+the  Coalition  Ministry,  etc. 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity—Case 
+of  Starvation 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Elections—Financial  Clouds—The  Duchess  of 
+Sutherland  and  Slavery 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Capital  Punishment—Mr. Cobden's  Pamphlet-
+Regulations  of  the  Bank  of  England 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Defense—Finances—Decrease  of the  Aristocracy-
+Politics 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  The  Italian  Insurrection—British  Politics 
+
+3 
+
+8 
+
+16 
+
+24 
+
+31 
+
+37 
+
+661 
+
+667 
+669 
+
+687 
+702 
+
+719 
+
+723 
+
+727 
+
+733 
+
+738 
+
+742 
+
+5* 
+
+Inhalt 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Attack  on  Francis  Joseph—The  Milan  Riot— 
+British  Politics-Disraeli's  Speech-Napoleon's  Will 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Parliamentary  Debates—The  Clergy  against 
+Socialisms-Starvation 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Forced  Emigration—Kossuth  and  Mazzini—The 
+Refugee  Question—Election  Bribery  in  England—Mr. Cobden 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Kossuth  and  Mazzini—Intrigues  of  the  Prussian 
+Government—Austro-Prussian  Commercial  Treaty—"The 
+Times"  and  the  Refugees 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+Refugees—Mazzini  in  London—Turkey 
+
+•  British  Politics—Disraeli—The 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Kossuth  and  General  Pierce—The  Refugees  and 
+
+the  London  Police 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  The  Real  Issue  in  Turkey 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  London  Press—Policy  of  Napoleon  on  the 
+
+Turkish  Question 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  ·  The  Turkish  Question 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Berlin  Conspiracy 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  What  is to  Become of Turkey in  Europe? 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Berlin  Conspiracy—London  Police—Mazzini— 
+
+Radetzky 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Hirschs  Selbstbekenntnisse 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  Achievements  of  the  Ministry 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  New  Financial  Juggle;  or  Gladstone  and  the 
+Pennies 
+Karl  Marx 
+Budget 
+Karl  Marx  •  Riot  at  Constantinople—German  Table  Moving— 
+
+•  Feargus  O'Connor—Ministerial  Defeats—The 
+
+The  Budget 
+
+Friedrich Engels  •  Political  Position of the Swiss  Republic 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels  •  The  Rocket  Affair—The  Swiss 
+Insurrection 
+Karl  Marx  ·  Affairs  in  Holland—Denmark—Conversion  of  the 
+British  Debt—India,  Turkey  and  Russia 
+
+6* 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+42 
+
+746 
+
+50 
+
+56 
+
+62 
+
+68 
+
+76 
+
+77 
+
+81 
+
+84 
+
+89 
+
+92 
+
+97 
+
+100 
+
+104 
+
+110 
+
+115 
+
+120 
+
+127 
+
+133 
+
+137 
+
+755 
+
+761 
+
+766 
+
+772 
+
+779 
+
+781 
+
+783 
+
+786 
+
+792 
+
+796 
+
+799 
+
+801 
+
+809 
+
+814 
+
+817 
+
+822 
+
+826 
+
+830 
+
+835 
+
+Inhalt 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Mazzini—Switzerland  and  Austria—The  Turkish 
+Question 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Revolution  in  China  and  in  Europe 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Turkish  Question—"The  Times"—Russian 
+Aggrandizement 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Russian  Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure—Sir 
+Charles  Wood's  East  Indian  Reforms 
+
+Karl Marx  •  The  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+Karl Marx  •  English  Prosperity—Strikes—The Turkish  Question 
+-India 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Turkey  and  Russia—Connivance  of  the  Aberdeen 
+Ministry  with  Russia—The  Budget—Tax  on  Newspaper 
+Supplements—Parliamentary  Corruption 
+
+Karl Marx  •  The  East  India  Company—Its  History and  Results 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Indian  Question—Irish  Tenant  Right 
+
+Karl Marx  •  Russian  Policy  against Turkey—Chartism 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York 
+Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—The  Government  of 
+India 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  Layard's  Motion—Struggle  over  the  Ten  Hours' 
+Bill 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+•  The  Russo-Turkish  Difficulty—Ducking  and 
+Dodging  of the  British  Cabinet—Nesselrode's  Last  Note—The 
+East-India  Question 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  War  in  Burma—The  Russian  Question—Curious 
+
+Diplomatic  Correspondence 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  The  War  Question—Doings  of  Parliament—India 
+
+Karl Marx •  The  Future  Results of  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Financial  Failure  of  Government—Cabs—Ireland— 
+The  Russian  Question 
+Karl  Marx  •  In  the  House  of  Commons—The  Press  on  the 
+Eastern  Question—The  Czar's  Manifesto—Denmark 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+142 
+
+147 
+
+839 
+
+844 
+
+154 
+
+849 
+
+157 
+
+166 
+
+851 
+
+856 
+
+174 
+
+859 
+
+181 
+
+186 
+
+194 
+
+200 
+
+863 
+
+867 
+
+871 
+
+873 
+
+210 
+
+878 
+
+220 
+
+882 
+
+226 
+
+884 
+
+234 
+
+241 
+
+248 
+
+254 
+
+263 
+
+892 
+
+899 
+
+903 
+
+906 
+
+914 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+Denmark—The  United  States  in  Europe 
+
+•  Advertisement  Duty—Russian  Movements-
+
+269 
+
+919 
+
+7* 
+
+Inhait 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade 
+Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Urquhart—Bern—The  Turkish  Question  in  the 
+House  of  Lords 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Affairs  Continental  and  English 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  Michael  Bakunin.  To the  Editor  of the  "Morning 
+Advertiser" 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+Sailors'  Movement 
+
+·  Rise  in  the  Price  of  Corn—Cholera—Strikes-
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  To  the  Editor  of  the  "People's  Paper" 
+
+Karl Marx •  The Vienna  Note—The  United  Statesand  Europe-
+Letters  from  Shumla—Peel's  Bank  Act 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Political  Movements—Scarcity  of  Bread  in  Europe 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Imminent 
+Economic  Crisis—Railway  Construction  in  India 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+Turkey—Symptoms  of  Economic  Crisis 
+
+•  The  Western  Powers  and 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels  •  Panic  on  the  London  Stock 
+Exchange—Strikes 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  ·  The  Russians  in  Turkey 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Lord  Palmerston 
+(As  published  in  the  "New-York  Tribune") 
+
+Palmerston 
+Palmerston  and  Russia 
+A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+England  and  Russia 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Lord  Palmerston 
+(As  published  in  the  "People's  Paper") 
+
+First  Article 
+Second  Article 
+Third  Article 
+Fourth  Article 
+Fifth  Article 
+Sixth  Article 
+Seventh  Article 
+Eighth  Article 
+
+8* 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+275 
+
+925 
+
+286 
+
+293 
+
+304 
+
+930 
+
+933 
+
+937 
+
+310 
+
+941 
+
+312 
+
+315 
+
+317 
+
+326 
+
+945 
+
+948 
+
+950 
+
+957 
+
+333 
+
+961 
+
+340 
+
+965 
+
+969 
+
+971 
+
+974 
+
+974 
+
+347 
+
+352 
+
+357 
+357 
+367 
+374 
+386 
+
+393 
+393 
+399 
+403 
+413 
+419 
+424 
+429 
+435 
+
+Inhalt 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  War  Question-Financial  Matters—Strikes 
+
+443 
+
+1033 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+•  The  Turkish  Manifesto—France's  Economic 
+
+Position 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  Movements of the Armies in Turkey 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Arrest  of  Delescluze—Denmark—Austria—"The 
+
+451 
+
+455 
+
+1037 
+
+1040 
+
+Times"  on  the  Prospects  of War  against  Russia 
+
+460 
+
+1042 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  The  Holy  War 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  War-Strikes-Dearth 
+Karl  Marx  •  Persian  Expedition  in  Afghanistan  and  Russian 
+Expedition  in  Central  Asia—Denmark—The  Fighting  on  the 
+Danube  and  in  Asia—Wigan  Colliers 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  The  Progress  of  the  Turkish  War 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  ·  The  Russian  Defeats 
+
+Karl  Marx  -  The  Labor  Question 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Prosperity—The  Labor  Question 
+Friedrich  Engels  •  Progress  of  the  Turkish  War.  About  No 
+vember  17,  1853 
+Karl  Marx  •  Der  Ritter  vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  Manteuffel's  Speech—Religious  Movement  in 
+Prussia—Mazzini's  Address—London  Corporation—Russell's 
+Reform-Labor  Parliament 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  Bemerkungen  über den  russisch-türkischen 
+
+Krieg 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  ·  The  War  on  the  Danube 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Turkish  War—Industrial  Distress 
+
+Karl Marx  •  The  Quadruple  Convention—England  and the War 
+
+Karl  Marx  •  The  Russian  Victory—Position  of  England  and 
+
+France 
+
+Karl  Marx  ·  Palmerston's  Resignation 
+
+462 
+
+466 
+
+474 
+
+479 
+
+485 
+
+488 
+
+491 
+
+497 
+503 
+
+1045 
+
+1047 
+
+1051 
+
+1055 
+
+1057 
+
+1059 
+
+1061 
+
+1063 
+1067 
+
+530 
+
+1 092 
+
+539 
+
+540 
+
+546 
+
+549 
+
+557 
+
+563 
+
+1096 
+
+1098 
+
+1100 
+
+1103 
+
+1107 
+
+1111 
+
+Friedrich  Engels  •  Progress  of the Turkish  War.  December 22, 
+1853 
+
+566 
+
+1114 
+
+9* 
+
+Inhalt 
+
+Text  Apparat 
+
+ANHANG 
+
+Artikel,  die  mit  M a r x ' o d er  Engels'Hilfe verfaßt w u r d en 
+
+573 
+
+1119 
+
+Ernest Jones  -  The  Storm's  First Thunder 
+
+575 
+
+1121 
+
+Ernest  Jones  •  A  Pamphlet  on  the  "Revelations  Concerning 
+the  Trial  of  the  Communists  at  Cologne" 
+
+579 
+
+1125 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer  •  Prosperität  in  Europa  —  Lohnkämpfe 
+der  Arbeiter  —  Bonapartismus  —  Der  preußisch-österreichi 
+sche  Handelsvertrag 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper  •  L.S.D.,  or  Class  Budgets,  and  Who's 
+Relieved  by Them 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper  •  Soap  for  the  People,  a  Sop  for  "The 
+Times"-The  Coalition  Budget 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+England 
+
+·  Die  Parteien 
+
+in  der  Emigration 
+
+in 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper  •  The  Ten  Hours  Bill,  Parliament,  "The 
+
+Times"  and  the  "Men" 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper  •  A  Palm-Leaf  from  the  Czar 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius  •  The  State  of  France 
+
+Adolf Cluß  •  Das  „beste  Blatt  der  Union"  und  seine  „besten 
+
+Männer"  und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+Adolf  Cluß  ·  Szemere  und  die  ungarischen  Kroninsignien 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius  •  Eine  russische  Niederlage  —  Aber-
+deens  Friedenspredigt —Die  englische  Arbeiterbewegung 
+Adolf Cluß  •  David  Urquhart 
+
+Ernest Jones  ·  Secret  Intrigue  of  Russian  Tools,  and  Scandal 
+ous  Doings  of  "Our"  Cabinet  in  the  East 
+
+Dubiosa 
+
+Kossuth  and  the  London  "Times" 
+
+Persia  and  England 
+
+Verzeichnis  nicht  überlieferter  Arbeiten 
+
+10* 
+
+580 
+
+1127 
+
+583 
+
+1130 
+
+586 
+
+1133 
+
+592 
+
+1137 
+
+599 
+
+602 
+
+605 
+
+618 
+
+627 
+
+629 
+632 
+
+1141 
+
+1144 
+
+1147 
+
+1150 
+
+1161 
+
+1163 
+1165 
+
+634 
+
+1167 
+
+637 
+
+639 
+
+641 
+
+1171 
+
+1173 
+
+1175 
+
+1177 
+
+Inhalt 
+
+Text 
+
+Apparat 
+
+REGISTER 
+
+Literaturregister 
+
+I. Arbeiten  von  Marx  und  Engels 
+II. Arbeiten  anderer Autoren 
+
+III.  Periodica 
+
+Namenregister 
+
+Geographisches  Register 
+
+Sachregister 
+
+Verzeichnis  der  Abbildungen 
+
+Ankündigung  von  Marx'  Artikel  „The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and 
+Slavery".  The  People's  Paper.  London.  Nr.451,  12. März 1853.  Titel 
+seite 
+
+17 
+
+Karte  des  Türkischen  Reiches.  London  1853 
+
+zwischen 80 u.  81 
+
+Köpfe  der  drei  Ausgaben  der  „New-York Tribune",  in  denen  Marx' 
+Artikel  „The  British  Rule  in  India"  erschien 
+
+Karl  Marx'  Schrift  „Der  Ritter  vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein".  Titel 
+blatt 
+
+Friedrich  Engels'  „Bemerkungen  über  den 
+Krieg".  Handschrift  mit  Zeichnung 
+
+russisch-türkischen 
+
+Beginn von Joseph  Weydemeyers Artikel „Die  Parteien in der Emigra 
+tion  in  England".  Die  Reform.  New  York.  Nr. 13,  14. Mai  1853. Titel 
+seite 
+
+Jenny  Marx'  Notizbuch.  Seite  [20] 
+
+Karikatur  von  Carl  Heinrich  Schmölze  aus  der  New-Yorker  „Loko 
+motive" 
+
+Ankündigung  des  Abdrucks  zweier  Artikel  aus  Marx'  Serie  „Lord 
+
+Palmerston".  Tucker's  Political  Fly-Sheets.  London  1855. Titelblatt 
+
+Belletristisches  Journal  und  New-Yorker  Criminal-Zeitung.  Nr.33, 
+
+28. Oktober  1853.  Titelseite 
+
+167 
+
+505 
+
+537 
+
+593 
+
+1181 
+1181 
+1183 
+
+1216 
+
+1223 
+
+1264 
+
+1276 
+
+675 
+
+709 
+
+981 
+
+1065 
+
+11* 
+
+Editorische  Hinweise 
+
+schließlich  der  Varianten.  Es  umfaßt  vor  allem  Begriffe,  die  den  w e s e n t 
+lichen  Inhalt  der  betreffenden  Arbeiten  widerspiegeln.  Im  Prinzip  ist  das 
+Sachregister  in  der  Redaktionssprache  und  moderner  Orthographie  ab 
+gefaßt.  Die  Schlagworte  und  Unterschlagworte  lehnen sich weitgehend  dem 
+Edierten Text an.  In  einigen  Fällen  steht daher  hinter dem  Schlagwort in der 
+Redaktionssprache  der  originalsprachige  Begriff  in  runden  Klammern.  Die 
+Bezeichnungen  von  Organisationen,  staatlichen  Einrichtungen,  G e s e t z en 
+u.a.  werden  in  der  Originalsprache  gebracht. 
+
+Der  vorliegende  Band  wurde  bearbeitet  von  Hans-Jürgen  Bochinski 
+(Leitung),  Ute  Emmrich,  Rosemarie  Müller,  Ingolf  Neunübel,  Brigitte  Rieck 
+und  Käte  Schwank;  an  der  Vorbereitung  des  Bandes  wirkten  mit:  Angelika 
+Bernecker  und  Jakow  Rokitjanski.  Die  wissenschaftlich-technischen  Arbei 
+ten  wurden  ausgeführt von  Sabine  Tietz  und  Birgit Jarchow.  Das  Literaturre 
+gister wurde von  Käte  Schwank,  das  Namenregister von Angelika  Bemecker, 
+das  Geographische  Registervon  Rosemarie  Müller und das Sachregister von 
+Brigitte  Rieck  erarbeitet. 
+
+Der  Band  wurde  seitens  der  Redaktionskommission  betreut  und  begut 
+achtet von  Rolf Dlubek und Artur Schnickmann.  Gutachter des  IM L beim  ZK 
+der  KPdSU  waren  Velta  Pospelowa  und  Jelena  Arshanowa.  Teilgutachten zu 
+einzelnen  Arbeiten  s o w ie  Stellungnahmen  zu  bestimmten  Sachgebieten 
+erfolgten  durch  Allan  Merson  (Landhurst,  Hampshire),  Diethelm  W e i d e 
+mann  (Berlin),  Alan  Winnington  t  (Berlin)  und  Reiner  Müller  (Berlin). 
+
+Die  Herausgeber  danken  allen  wissenschaftlichen  Einrichtungen,  die  bei 
+der  Vorbereitung  d es  Bandes  Unterstützung  gewährten.  Die  Einsichtnahme 
+in  die  Originale  von  Marx  und  Engels  ermöglichte das  Internationale  Institut 
+für  Sozialgeschichte  in  Amsterdam.  Verschiedene  Archivmaterialien  stell 
+ten  darüber  hinaus  zur  Verfügung:  das  Staatsarchiv  Potsdam,  das  Public 
+Record  Office  London  und  die  Butler  Library  der  Columbia  University  N ew 
+York.  Ferner  ist  zu  danken  der  Staatsbibliothek  Berlin,  der  Universitäts 
+bibliothek  Leipzig  und  der  British  Library  London. 
+
+48* 
+
+KARL  M A RX 
+
+F R I E D R I CH  E N G E LS 
+
+W E R KE  ·  ARTIKEL  ·  E N T W Ü R FE 
+
+J A N U AR  B IS  D E Z E M B ER  1 8 53 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A  S u p e r a n n u a t ed  A d m i n i s t r a t i o n-
+
+P r o s p e c ts  of  t he  C o a l i t i on  M i n i s t r y,  e t c. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3677,  28. Januar 1853 
+
+A  Superannuated  Administration-
+Prospects  of the  Coalition Ministry,  etc. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday, Jan. 11,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+"We  have  now  arrived  at the  commencement  of  the political millennium  in 
+which  party-spirit  is  to  fly  from the  earth,  and genius,  experience, industry 
+and  patriotism  are  to  be  the  sole  qualifications  for  office.  We  have  got  a 
+Ministry which seems to command the  approval and support of men of every 
+class  of  opinion.  Its  principles  command  universal  assent  and  support." 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Such  are  the  words  with  which  The  Times,  in their  first  excitement  and 
+enthusiasm,  have  ushered in the Aberdeen Administration.  From their tenor 
+one  would  imagine  that  England is henceforth to be blessed with the  specta 
+cle  of  a  Ministry,  composed  entirely of new,  young,  and promising charac 
+ters,  and  the  world  will  certainly  be  not  a little  puzzled  when  it  shall  have 
+learned  that the new era in the history of  Great Britain is to be inaugurated 
+by  all  but  used-up  decrepit  octogenarians.  Aberdeen,  an  octogenarian; 
+Lansdowne,  with  a  foot  already  in  the  grave;  Palmerston,  Russell,  fast 
+approaching  a  similar  state;  Graham,  the  bureaucrat,  who  served  under 
+almost  every  Administration  since  the  close  of  the  last  century;  other 
+20  members  of  the  Cabinet—twice dead of  age  and exhaustion and only resus 
+citated into an artificial existence; on the whole  a half  score of centenarians, 
+such is  the  stock of which, by  a  simple sum of addition, the new millennium 
+appears  to  have  been  made  up  by  the  writer  in  The  Times. 
+
+In  this  millennium  then we  are  promised the  total disappearance  of party 
+25  warfare, nay even of parties themselves. What is the meaning of  The Times ? 
+Because  certain  portions  of the Aristocracy have hitherto enjoyed the privi 
+lege  of  assuming  the  appearance  of  national  or  parliamentary  parties,  and 
+
+3 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+have  now  come  to  the  conclusion  that the  farce cannot be  continued for the 
+future,  because,  on  the  ground  of  that  conviction  and  in  virtue  of the hard 
+experiences  lately  undergone,  these  aristocratic  coteries  mean now  to  give 
+up  their  little quibbles and to combine into one compact mass for the preser 
+vation of their common privileges—is the existence of all parties to cease from 5 
+this  hour?  Or  is  not  the  very  fact  of  such  a  "coalition"  the  most  explicit 
+indication  that  the  time  has  arrived  when  the  actually  grown-up  and  yet 
+partially unrepresented fundamental classes of modern society, the industrial 
+bourgeoisie  and  the working class,  are  about to  vindicate  to  themselves  the 
+position of the  only political parties  in the  nation? 
+
+10 
+
+The  Tories,  under  the  Administration of  Lord Derby,  have once for  ever 
+denegated  their  old  Protectionist  doctrine  and  professed  themselves  Free 
+traders.  The  Earl  of  Derby,  on  announcing  the  resignation  of  his  Cabinet, 
+said:  " I, My Lords, remember, and probably your Lordships will remember, 
+that the noble  Earl  (Aberdeen) has, upon more than one occasion,  declared  15 
+in this house that, the question of free trade excepted, he knew of none upon 
+which  there  was  any  difference  between  himself  and  the  present  Govern 
+ment."  Lord  Aberdeen,  in confkming this  statement, goes  still further in his 
+remarks:  "He was ready to unite with the noble Earl (Derby) in resisting the 
+encroachments of Democracy, but he was at a loss to  see where this Democ-  20 
+racy existed." On both sides it is granted that there is no longer any difference 
+between  Peelites  and  Tories.  But  this  is  not  all.  With  regard  to  the  foreign 
+policy, the  Earl of Aberdeen observes:  "For thirty years, though there have 
+been  differences  in  execution,  the  principle  of  the  foreign  policy  of  the 
+country  has  never  varied."  Accordingly, the whole  struggle between Aber-  25 
+deen  and  Palmerston,  from  1830  till  1850,  when  the  former  insisted  on  the 
+alliance  with  the  Northern Powers,  and the  latter on the  "entente  cordiale" 
+with  France,  when the  one  was  against and the other for Louis Philippe, the 
+one  against  and  the  other  in  favor  of  intervention;  all  their  quarrels  and 
+disputes,  even their  late  common  indignation  on  Lord  Malmesbury's  "dis-  30 
+graceful"  conduct  of  the  foreign  affairs—all  this  is  confessed  to  have  been 
+mere humbug.  And yet, is there anything in the political relations of England 
+that  has  undergone  a  more  radical  change  than  her  foreign  policy?  Up  to 
+1830—alliance  with  the  Northern  Powers;  since  1830—union  with  France 
+(quadruple  alliance);  since  1848—complete  isolation  of  England  from  the  35 
+whole  Continent. 
+
+Lord Derby having first assured  us  that there exists no difference between 
+Tories and Peelites, the Earl of Aberdeen further assures us that there is also 
+no  difference  between  Peelites  and  Whigs,  Conservatives  and  Liberals.  In 
+his opinion:  "The country is tired of distinctions without meaning, and which  40 
+have  no  real  effect  on the  conduct or principles  of  public men.  No  Govern-
+
+4 
+
+A  Superannuated  Administration—Prospects  of the  Coalition  Ministry,  etc. 
+
+ment  is  possible  except  a  Conservative  Government,  and  it  is  equally  true 
+that  none  is  possible  except  a  Liberal  Government." 
+
+"These terms had no  very definite meaning. The country was  sick of these 
+
+distinctions  without  meaning." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+The  three  factions  of  the  Aristocracy,  Tories,  Peelites  and  Whigs,  con 
+sequently  agree,  that they possess  no  real  marks  of  distinction.  But there is 
+still  another  subject  on  which  they  agree.  Disraeli  had  declared  that it was 
+his  intention  to  carry  out the  principle  of  Free Trade.  Lord  Aberdeen  says: 
+"The  great object of  trte  Queen's  present ministers, and the great character-
+istic  of their  Government would be the  maintenance  and prudent extension 
+of  Free  Trade.  That  was  the  mission  with  which  they  were  peculiarly  en 
+trusted."  In  a  word,  the  entire  Aristocracy  agree,  that the  Government has 
+to  be  conducted for the benefit, and  according to the  interests of the middle-
+class, but they  are  determined  that  the  bourgeoisie  are  not to be themselves 
+the  governors  of  this  affair;  and  for  this  object  all  that  the  old  Oligarchy 
+possess  of talent,  influence  and  authority  are combined, in a last effort, into 
+one  Administration,  which  has  for  its  task  to  keep  the bourgeoisie,  as  long 
+as  possible, from the direct enjoyment of governing the nation. The coälized 
+Aristocracy  of  England  intend,  with regard  to  the  bourgeoisie,  to  act on the 
+same  principle  upon  which  Napoleon  I  professed to  act in reference to  the 
+people:  "Tout pour  le  peuple,  ríen  par  le  peuple.  " 
+
+"There  must,  however,"  as  Ernest  Jones  observes  in  The People's Paper, 
+"be  some  disguise  to  the  evident  object  of  excluding the  middle-class,  and 
+this they (the ministers) hope is  afforded by an admixture in subordinate and 
+25  uninfluential  places  of  aristocratic  Liberals,  like  Sir  William  Molesworth, 
+Bernal  Osborne,  etc.  But  let  them  not  imagine  that this  dandified Mayfair-
+Liberalism  will  satisfy the  stern  men of  the  Manchester  school.  They  mean 
+business, and nothing less. They mean pounds, shillings, pence—place, office, 
+and the gigantic revenues  of the largest empire  of the  world,  placed with all 
+its  resources  subservient  to  the  disposal  of  their  one  class-interest." 
+
+30 
+
+Indeed,  a  glance  at  The  Dally News,  The Advertiser,  and more particularly 
+The  Manchester  Times,  that  direct  organ  of  Mr. Bright,  is  sufficient  to 
+convince  any  one,  that  the  men  of  the  Manchester  school,  in provisionally 
+promising their  support to the Coalition Government, intend only to observe 
+the  same  policy  on  which  the  Peelites  and Whigs had  acted  in reference  to 
+the  late  Derby  Cabinet;  i.e.  to  give  ministers  a fair trial.  What the  meaning 
+of  a  "fair  trial"  may  be,  Mr. Disraeli  has  recently  had  occasion  to  learn. 
+
+The  defeat of  the Tory  Cabinet having been  decided by the Irish Brigade, 
+the  new  Coalition-Government,  of  course,  considered  it  necessary  to  take 
+steps  for  securing  the  Parliamentary  support of  that party.  Mr. Sadleir, the 
+broker  of  the  brigade,  was  soon  seduced  by  a  Lordship  of  Treasury. 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+5 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Mr. Keogh had the offer of the Irish Solicitor-Generalship, while Mr. Monsell 
+was  made  Clerk  of  Ordnance.  "And  by  these  three  purchases,"  says  The 
+Morning Herald,  "the  brigade  is  supposed  to  be  gained."  However,  there  is 
+ample  reason for doubting the effectuality of these  three purchases  in  secur 
+ing  the  adhesion  of  the  entire  brigade,  and  in  The  Irish  Freeman's  Journal 
+we actually read : "This is the critical moment for Tenant Right and Religious 
+Liberty.  The  success  or  failure of these questions  depend not now on minis 
+ters,  but  on the  Irish members.  Nineteen votes  have  overthrown the Derby 
+Administration. Ten men, by walking from one  side to the other, would have 
+altered  the  event.  In  this  state  of  parties  the  Irish  members  are  omni- 
+potent." 
+
+5 
+
+io 
+
+At  the  conclusion  of my last letter I had  stated it as my opinion, that there 
+was  no  other  alternative but that of  a Tory  Government or  a Parliamentary 
+Reform.  It  will  interest  your  readers  to  become  acquainted  with  Lord 
+Aberdeen's  views  on  the  same  subject  He  says:  "The improvement of the  15 
+condition  of  the people  could not exclude  (sic!) the amendment of the repre 
+sentative  system;  for unquestionably,  the  events  of the last election had not 
+been  such  as  to  render  any  man  enamoured  of  it."  And  at  the  elections 
+consequent  on  their  acceptance  of  office,  Lord  Aberdeen's  colleagues  de 
+clared  unanimously,  that reforms  in the  representative  system  were  called  20 
+for;  but in  every instance they gave their audiences to understand, that such 
+reforms  must  be  "moderate  or  rational  reforms,  and  made  not  rashly,  but 
+deliberately  and  with  caution."  Consequently  the  more  rotten  the  present 
+representative  system  turns  out  and  is  acknowledged  to  be,  the  more  de 
+sirable  is  it that it  should  be  altered  neither  rashly  nor  radically. 
+
+25 
+
+On  the  occasion  of the  late réélections  of  Ministers  there  has  been  made 
+a first trial of a new invention for public men to preserve their character under 
+all  circumstances,  whether  out or  in.  The  invention  consists  in  a  hitherto 
+unpracticed  application  of  the  "open  question. "  Osborne  and  Villiers  had 
+pledged themselves  on former  occasions  upon the  ballot.  They now declare  30 
+the  ballot  an  open  question.  Molesworth  had  pledged  himself  to  Colonial 
+Reform—open question.  Keogh,  Sadleir, etc., were pledged on Tenant Right-
+open  question.  In  a  word,  all  the  points  which  they  had  always  treated  as 
+settled,  in  their  quality  of  members,  have  become  questionable  to  them  as 
+Ministers. 
+
+35 
+
+In  conclusion  I  have  to  mention  another  curiosity,  resulting  from  the 
+coalition  of Peelites, Whigs, Radicals and Irishmen.  Each of their respective 
+notabilities  has been turned  out of that department for which alone they were 
+supposed  to  possess  some  talent  or  qualification,  and  they  have  been  ap 
+pointed  to  places  wondrously  ill-suiting  them.  Palmerston,  the  renowned  40 
+Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  is  appointed  to  the  Home  Department,  from 
+
+6 
+
+A  Superannuated  Administration—Prospects  of  the  Coalition  Ministry,  etc. 
+
+which  Russell  has been removed,  although grown old  in that office,  to  take 
+the  direction  of  Foreign  Affairs.  Gladstone,  the  Escobar  of  Puseyism,  is 
+nominated  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  Molesworth,  who  possessed  a 
+certain  reputation  for  his  having copied  or  adopted  Mr. Wakefield's  absurd 
+5  colonization  system,  is  appointed  Commissioner  of  Public  Works.  Sir 
+Charles Wood, who as  a Minister of Finances, enjoyed the privilege of being 
+upset  either  with  a deficit or a  surplus  in the  treasury,  is entrusted  with the 
+Presidentship of the Board of Control of Indian Affairs.  Monsell, who hardly 
+knows  to  distinguish  a rifle  from  a musket,  is made  Clerk of Ordnance. The 
+10  only  personage  who  has  found his  proper  place,  is  Sir  James  Graham,  the 
+same  who,  in  the  capacity  of  First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  has  already  on 
+a  former  occasion,  gained  much  credit for having first introduced the rotten 
+worm  into  the  British  Navy. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+7 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+P o l i t i c al  P r o s p e c t s — C o m m e r c i al  P r o s p e r i t y-
+
+C a se  of  S t a r v a t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3681,  2. Februar 1853 
+
+Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity-
+Case  of  Starvation. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, Jan. 14,  1853. 
+
+Lord  John  Russell,  in  receiving the  diplomatic  body,  at the  Foreign Office, 
+told them that he  held the  seals of that Department ad interim only,  and that 
+in no great length of time the Foreign Office would be transferred to the Earl 
+of  Clarendon.  The  fact  is,  that  Russell  has  always  been  a perfect  foreigner 
+in  the  Foreign  Department,  in  which  he  never  made  himself  conspicuous, 
+except  by  an  insipid  compilation  on  the  history,  I  believe,  of  the  treaties 
+concluded  since  the  time  of  the  peace  of  Nymwegen,  a  book  which,  to 
+confess  the  truth,  is  at least as  entertaining  as  the  "tragedy"  with which the 
+same  Russell  once  surprised the world.  Lord John will, in all probability, be 
+entrusted  with  the  Leadership  of the  House  of Commons,  with  a seat in the 
+Cabinet, where  his  entire activity is likely to be absorbed in framing the new 
+Reform  Bill.  Parliamentary  Reform  is  Russell's  traditionary  field  of  action, 
+since,  by  his  measures  in  1831,  he  proved  such a masterly hand in dividing 
+the  rotten  boroughs  between  Tories  and  Whigs. 
+
+My  predictions  on  the  probable  inefficiency  of  the  three  Irish  purchases 
+made by the  Ministry for  securing the enlistment of the  whole "Brigade" in 
+the  cause  of  the  Coalition  Government,  have  already  been  fulfilled  to  the 
+very  letter.  The  attitude  of  The Freeman 's Journal and  The  Tablet—the tenor 
+of  the  letters  and  declarations  of Messrs.  Lucas, Moore,  and Duffy—lastly, 
+the resolution adopted against Messrs.  Sadleir and Keogh, at the last meeting 
+of  the  Tenant-Right  Association,  sufficiently  indicate  that  the  Aberdeen 
+Administration will only dispose of a very small fraction of the Irish troops. 
+
+It  is  known  that  Lord  Aberdeen,  the  Chief  of  the  Cabinet,  will  take  his 
+seat in the House  of Lords.  Now,  Mr. Bright, in  a speech recently delivered 
+
+8 
+
+Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity—Case  of  Starvation 
+
+at  a  banquet  at  Manchester  to  your  new  Ambassador,  Mr. Ingersoll,  has 
+seized  an  opportunity to  explain how the total  suppression of the  House  of 
+Lords  is  the  conditio  sine  qua  non for  the  "advancement"  of  the  industrial 
+middle-class.  This  first  official  declaration  of  the  Manchester  school  since 
+the  formation  of  the  Coalition  Ministry  will  do  something  toward enabling 
+Lord  Aberdeen  in  discovering  where  that  Democracy,  so  much  redoubted 
+by  Lord  Derby,  exists. 
+
+Thus  the  party  warfare  declared  to  have  been  abolished  for  ever,  by  a 
+sanguine  writer  in  The  Times,  has  already  burst  forth,  notwithstanding  that 
+the  era of the "Millennium" had opened with the adjournment of Parliament 
+until  the  10th  of  February. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The continuation and increase of the commercial, and industrial prosperity 
+has  been  loudly  and  unanimously  proclaimed  at  the  beginning of the  New-
+Year,  and confirmed by the publication of the revenue accounts  down to the 
+15  5th  inst.,  by  the  returns  of  the  Board  of  Trade  for  the  month,  and the  11 
+months  ending  Dec. 5,  1852,  by  the  reports  of  the  Inspectors  of  Factories, 
+and lastly by the  annual trade circulars issued at the commencement of every 
+New-Year,  and  giving  a  general  survey  of  all  the  commercial  transactions 
+of  the  past  year. 
+
+20 
+
+The  Revenue  Returns  show  a total  increase  on the  year of £978,926, and 
+on  the  quarter  of  £702,776.  There  is  an  increase  in  every  item  on  the  year 
+with  the  exception  of  Customs.  The  total  sum  placed  into  the  Exchequer 
+amounted  to  £50,468,193. 
+
+The  Excise,  which  is  supposed  to  indicate  the  well-being 
+
+25  of  the  people,  amounted to 
+
+in  the  year  ending  Jan. 5,  1852. 
+In  the  year ending Jan. 5,  1853,  it  amounted  to 
+
+The  Stamps,  which  indicate  the  increase  of  com 
+
+mercial  activity, 
+
+30  as  in  1851-'52,  yielded 
+
+Amounted in the  years  1852-'53,  to 
+
+The  Property-Tax,  which  indicates  the  increase  of 
+
+£13,093,170 
+
+13,356,981 
+
+5,933,549 
+6,287,261 
+
+wealth  of  the  upper  classes, 
+amounting in  1851-'52,  to 
+35  Yielded in the  year  1852-'53, 
+
+5,304,923 
+5,509,637 
+The  Board  of  Trade  Returns  for  the  month  and  eleven  months  ending 
+
+Dec. 5,  1852,  show: 
+
+40 
+
+Value of exports for the  month 
+ending Dec. 5, 
+For the eleven  months 
+ending Dec. 5, 
+
+1852. 
+
+1851. 
+
+1850. 
+
+£6,102,694 
+
+£5,188,216 
+
+£5,362,319 
+
+65,349,798 
+
+63,314,272 
+
+60,400,525 
+
+9 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Consequently,  there  is  an increase  of nearly £1,000,000 on the month, and 
+upward of £2,000,000 on the  eleven  months.  Yet,  in the  absence  of all value 
+of  the  imports, we  know  not  how far  it  is  met or  surpassed by the increased 
+value  of  the  latter. 
+
+Passing  to  the  reports  of  the  Inspectors  of  Factories,  Mr.  Horner,  Inspector  5 
+
+for the Lancashire District, in his report on the half year ending Oct. 31,1852, 
+which  has  just  been  published,  writes  as  follows: 
+
+"In my district, very little change has taken place in the last year as regards 
+woolen,  worsted  and  silk  factories,  and  flax  mills  remain  as  they  were  on 
+the  1st  of  November,  1851.  But  the  increase  in  cotton mills  has  been  very  10 
+large.  After  deducting those  which  are  at present unoccupied (and  many of 
+them  will,  in  all  probability,  be  soon  again  at  work,  especially  those  from 
+which  the  machinery  has  not  been  removed,)  there  have  been  set  to  work 
+in the  last two  years  129  new  mills,  with an aggregate  of 4,023 horse power; 
+and  there  have  been  53  instances  of  additions  to  existing  mills,  with  an  15 
+aggregate  of  2,090  horse  power,  so  that there  has  been an increase  of 6,113 
+horse  power,  which  must  have  given  employment  to  probably  not  fewer 
+than 24,000 additional hands in the cotton trade. Nor is this all ; for many new 
+mills  are  at present being built.  In the limited area which includes the towns 
+of  Ashton,  Staleybridge,  Oldham  and  Lees,  there  are  eleven,  which  it  is  20 
+estimated will have  an aggregate power of  620 horses. The machine-makers 
+are  said  to  be  overwhelmed  with  orders;  and  a  very  intelligent  and  ob 
+serving  mill-owner  told  me  lately  that  many  of  the  buildings  now  going up 
+would  in  all  probability  not be  at  work before  1854,  from  the  impossibility 
+to  get machinery to them.  But the above returns and those that will be given  25 
+by  my  colleagues  on  the  present  occasion,  however  they  may  indicate  a 
+great  increase,  still  they  by  no  means  give  the  whole;  for  there  is  a  large 
+and  very  fertile  source  of  increase  of productions of which it would be very 
+difficult  to  obtain  any  account.  I  allude  to  the  modern  improvements  in 
+steam-engines,  by  which  old  engines  and even new engines  are made to do  30 
+an  amount  of  work far  beyond  their  nominal  horse  power,  and  to  an  extent 
+formerly  believed  to  be  impossible." 
+
+Mr. Horner  then  quotes  a  letter  from  the  eminent  civil-engineer,  Mr. 
+Nasmyth,  of  Birmingham,  describing  the  gain  of  power  by  working  the 
+engines  at  greater  speed,  and by  adapting to them the high-pressure  double  35 
+cylinders  of  Woolf,  the  result  of  which  is,  that  at least fifty per  cent,  more 
+work  is  done  by  the  identical  engines  still  in use  than was  done before the 
+improvement. 
+
+It  appears  from  a  summary  of  the  reports  of  all the Inspectors, that in the 
+year  ending  Oct. 31,  1852,  the  total  number  of  new  factories  occupied  was  40 
+229,  with  a  steam power  of  4,771  horses,  and a water-power of 586 horses, 
+and  the  addition  to  existing  factories  amounted  to  69,  with  a  steam  power 
+
+10 
+
+Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity—Case  of  Starvation 
+
+of  1,532  horses,  and  a  water-power  of  28  horses,  making  a  grand  total  of 
+6,917  horse  power. 
+
+Passing  next  to  the  annual  trade  circulars, we find  them  all breathing the 
+same  enthusiastic  style  in  which  The  Times predicted  the  political  millen-
+5  nium,  and  having  at  any  rate,  this  advantage,  that  they  are  based  on facts 
+
+and  not  on  mere  expectations,  as  far  as  they  refer  to  the  past  year. 
+
+The  agricultural  interest  has  no  cause  for  complaint.  On  the  opening  of 
+the  year  the  weekly  average  price  of  wheat was  37s 2d;  at  the  close  of the 
+year  it  has  reached  45s l i d.  The  rise  in  the  prices  of  grain  has  been  ac-
+
+10  companied by  a  rise  in the  price  of  cattle,  meat,  butter  and  cheese. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+In August,  1851, an unprecedented fall in the prices of produce was known 
+to  have taken place,  chiefly in the  prices  of  sugar  and coffee,  and it did  not 
+cease  with  that  year,  for  the  panic  in  Mincing  Lane  did  not  reach  its  hight 
+till  the  first  month  of  the  past  year.  The  annual  circulars  indicate  now  a 
+considerable  advance  in  the  prices  of  most  articles  of  foreign production, 
+especially  of  Colonial  produce,  sugar,  coffee,  etc. 
+
+As  to  the  movement  in raw  materials  it will be  seen from  the following: 
+"The  state  of the  Wool trade"  is described in Messrs.  Hughes  & Ronald's 
+circular,  "as  having  been  throughout  the  past  year  in  the  highest  degree 
+satisfactory  . ..  The home demand for wool has been unusually l a r g e . .. The 
+export  of  woollen  and  worsted  goods  has  been  on  a  very  extensive  scale, 
+even exceeding the year  1851, the highest rate ever before attained... Prices 
+have  been  steadily  looking up, but it is  only during the  last month, that  any 
+decided  advance  has  taken  place,  and  at present they  may be quoted, on the 
+
+25 average, about 15 to 20 per cent, above the corresponding period last year. " 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+"The  Wood  trade,"  say  Messrs.  Churchill  &  Sim,  "has  largely  partaken 
+in  the  commercial prosperity of  the country during  1852... The importation 
+into  London  exceeded  1,200  cargoes  during  1852—closely parallel  to  1851. 
+Both  years  were  50 per  cent,  in advance  of those  preceding,  which average 
+about 800 cargoes. While the quantity of hewn timber  stands at the average 
+of  several  years;  the  use  of deals, battens, etc.; or the  sawn wood, has taken 
+an  immense  start  during  1852,  when 6,800,000  pieces  replaced the  previous 
+average  of  4,900,000  pieces." 
+
+With regard  to  Leather,  Messrs.  Powell  &  Co.  say: 
+
+"The  year  just  concluded  has  doubtless been a favorable one for leather 
+manufacturers  in  almost  every  department.  Raw  goods,  at  the  com 
+mencement  of  the  year,  were  at  low  rates,  and  circumstances  have  taken 
+place  which  have  given  leather  an  increased  value  in a greater  degree  than 
+for  several  past  years." 
+
+40 
+
+The  Iron  trade  is  particularly  flourishing,  the  price  of  iron having  risen 
+from  £5  per  tun  to  £1010s  per  tun;  and  more  recently  to  £12  per  tun,  with 
+
+11 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the  probability  of  a  rise  to  £15,  and  more furnaces  continually  coming  into 
+operation. 
+
+Of  the  Shipping,  Messrs.  Offor  &  Gamman,  say: 
+"The  year just  closed  has  been  of  remarkable activity to British shipping, 
+chiefly  caused  by  the  stimulus  given  to  business  by  the  gold  discovery  in 
+Australia  . ..  There  has  taken  place  a  general  rise  in  freights." 
+
+The  same  movement  has  taken place  in the  Ship-building department.  In 
+reference  to  this  branch,  the  circular  of  Messrs.  Tonge,  Curry  &  Co.,  of 
+Liverpool,  contains  the  following: 
+
+"On  no  occasion  have  we  been  able  to  report  so  favorably  for  the  year 
+past of  the  sale of  ships  at this port—both of the amount of tunnage  sold, and 
+the prices that have been obtained; prices of Colonial  ships  having advanced 
+fully  17  per  cent.,  with  a continuing  tendency  upwards;  while  stocks  have 
+been  reduced  to  48  sail  against  76  in  1852,  and  82  in  1851,  without  any 
+immediate  supplies being expected...  The number of vessels that have come 
+into  Liverpool  within  the  year  and  sold,  is  120;  equal  to  50,000 tuns.  The 
+number of  ships launched, and in course of construction, in our port this year, 
+is  39,  computed  at  15,000  tuns,  against  23,  computed  at  9,200  in  1851.  The 
+number  of  steamers  built,  and  in  the  course  of  construction  here,  amount 
+As regards  iron built  sailing vessels,  the  most 
+to  13,  equal to  4,050 tuns 
+remarkable feature of our trade is the very increasing favor they are growing 
+into,  and  which  are  now  occupying  the  builders  both  here,  in  the  Clyde, 
+New-Castle  and  elsewhere,  to  an  unprecedented  extent." 
+As  regards  railways,  Messrs.  Woods  &  Stubbs  write: 
+"The  returns  exceed  the  most  sanguine  expectations,  and far  outstrip  all 
+previous  calculations.  The  returns  for  last week  show  an increased  mileage 
+over  1851  of 348  miles, or  5V2 per cent.,  and  an increased traffic of £41,426, 
+or  14  per  cent." 
+
+Lastly,  Messrs.  Du Fay  &  Co.'s  Circular  (Manchester) records  the  trans 
+actions with India and China for the month of December,  1852, as extensive, 
+and  the  abundance  of  money  alluded  to  as  having  favored  undertakings  to 
+distant  markets,  and  as  having  enabled  those  interested  in them to  make  up 
+for  losses  sustained  in  the  early  part  of  the  year  on  goods  and  produce. 
+"Various  new  land,  and  mining,  and  other  schemes  attract  speculators  and 
+capitalists  just  now." 
+
+The prosperity  of  the  manufacturing districts  in general, and particular of 
+the  cotton  districts,  has  been  shown  from  the  reports  of  the  Inspectors  of 
+factories.  In  reference  to  the  cotton  manufacture,  Messrs.  John Wrigley  & 
+Son,  of  Liverpool,  have  the  following: 
+
+"Viewed  as  a  test  of  the  general  prosperity  of  the  country,  the  progress 
+of  the  cotton-trade,  during  the  year  now  closed,  affords  results  the  most 
+
+12 
+
+Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity—Case  of Starvation 
+
+gratifying  . ..  It  has  presented  many  striking features, but none more promi 
+nent  and  noteworthy  than  the  extreme  facility  with  which  so  unpre-
+cedentedly  large  a crop  as  upward of  3,000,000 of bales,  the produce  of  the 
+United  States  of  America,  has  been disposed of...  Preparations are  making 
+in  many  districts  for  an  extension  of  manufacturing  powers,  and  we  may 
+expect  a  larger  aggregate  quantity  of  cotton  to  be  worked  up  during  the 
+approaching  year  than  any  previous  one." 
+
+Most other  branches  of industry are in the  same position.  "We refer,"  say 
+Messrs.  McNair,  Greenhow  &  Irving  (of  Manchester),  "to  Glasgow  as 
+connected  with  its  cotton  and  iron  manufacture;  to  Huddersfield,  Leeds, 
+Halifax,  Bradford,  Nottingham,  Leicester,  Sheffield,  Birmingham,  Wolver 
+hampton etc., as  connected with their various productions—all  seem in a high 
+state  of  prosperity." 
+
+The  only  exceptions  to  the  general  prosperity  are  the  silk-trade  and  the 
+wool-combers in Yorkshire;  and the general aspect of trade may be resumed 
+in  the  words  of  a  Manchester  circular:  " O ur  a p p r e h e n s i o ns  a re  t h o se 
+of  o v e r - s p e c u l a t i o n,  rather  than  of  inactivity  and  want  of  means." 
+
+In the midst of this universal prosperity, a step recently taken by the Bank 
+of  England  has  raised  a general consternation among the commercial world. 
+On  the  22d  of  April,  1852,  the  Bank  of  England  had  lowered  the  rate  of 
+discount to  2 per cent.  On the  morning of January 6,1853,  notice  was given 
+that  the  discount  would  be  raised  from  2  to  272 per  cent,  an increase  in the 
+charges  of  25  per  cent.  Attempts  have  been  made  to  explain  this  increase 
+by  the  large  liabilities  contracted  lately  by  some  extensive  railway  con 
+tractors,  whose  bills  are  known  to  be  afloat  in  heavy  amounts.  In  other 
+quarters  it  was  believed,  as  for  instance  by  The  London  Sun,  that  the  Bank 
+of England intended, in their turn, to take advantage of the existing prosperity 
+by  increasing  discounts.  On  the  whole,  the  act  has  been  reprobated  as 
+"uncalled for." In order to appreciate it in its true light, I subjoin the following 
+statements  from  The  Economist: 
+
+1852. 
+April 22.. 
+July 24.. 
+Dec.  18.. 
+Dec. 24.. 
+1853. 
+Jan'y-  !.. 
+
+Bank  of  England. 
+
+Bullion. 
+£19,587,670 
+22,065,349 
+21,165,224 
+20,794,190 
+
+Securities. 
+£23,782,000 
+24,013,728 
+26,765,724 
+27,545,640 
+
+Minimum  rate  of  Discount. 
+Reduced to 2p.ct. 
+2p.ct. 
+2p.ct 
+2p.ct. 
+
+20,527,662 
+
+29,284,447 
+
+f  2  p.ct, but raised to 
+\  2'/2p.cent.  Jan'y. 6. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+There is, accordingly, a million of gold more in the Bank than in April, 1852, 
+when  the  rate  of  interest  was  reduced  to  2  per  cent.,  but  the  difference  is 
+
+13 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+very  marked  between  the  two  periods;  for  it  has  changed  in  regard  to  the 
+movements  of gold  from a flowing to an ebbing tide. The efflux is peculiarly 
+powerful,  from  its  overbearing  all  the  imports  from  America and  Australia 
+of  the  last  month.  Besides,  securities  were  five  and  a half  millions  less  in 
+April  than  at  present.  Consequently,  in April,  1852,  the  supply  of  loanable 
+capital  was  larger  than  the  demand,  while  now  the  reverse  is  the  case. 
+
+5 
+
+The  emigration  of  bullion  was  accompanied  by  a  marked  decline  in  the 
+foreign  exchanges,  a  circumstance  which  must  be  accounted  for,  partly by 
+the  considerable  advance  in  the prices  of most  articles  of  import, partly by 
+the large  speculations  in imports.  To this must be added the influence of the  10 
+unfavorable  autumn and  winter on farmers,  the  consequent doubts and fears 
+respecting the next harvest, and, as  a result of the latter, immense operations 
+in  foreign  grains  and  farines.  Lastly,  English  capitalists  have  very  largely 
+engaged  in  the  formation  of  railway  and  other  companies  in  France,  Italy, 
+Spain, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Germany and Belgium, and partake very  15 
+much  in  the  general  swindle  now  going  on  at  the  Paris  Bourse.  Paper  on 
+London  is  therefore  more  abundant  in  all  markets  of  Europe  than  at  any 
+former  period,  in  consequence  of  which  there  has  been  a  continued  fall in 
+the  rate  of  Exchanges.  On  July  24th the  Exchange  on Paris  was  25 f.  30 c. 
+for the  pound  sterling;  on the  1st of January it had fallen to 25 francs.  Some  20 
+transactions  have  even  been  made  below  25  francs. 
+
+In  so  far  as  the  demand  for  capital  has  increased  in  proportion  to  the 
+supply,  the  late  measure  adopted  by  the  Bank  of  England,  appears  to  be 
+perfectly justified.  In so far as it was intended to put a check upon speculation 
+and  upon  the  emigration  of  capital,  I  venture  to  predict,  that  it  will  be  25 
+thoroughly  ineffectual. 
+
+Your  readers  having  accompanied  us  to  such  a  length,  through  all  the 
+testimonials  of  the  growing  prosperity  of  England,  I  request  them  to  stop 
+a  moment  and  to  follow  a poor  needle  maker,  Henry  Morgan, who  started 
+out  from  London,  on  his  journey  to  Birmingham,  in  search  of  work.  Less  30 
+I  should be  charged with exaggerating the  case,  I give  the  literal  account of 
+The  Northampton  Journal. 
+
+" D e a th  f r om  D e s t i t u t i o n . — C o s g r o v e — A b o ut  nine  o'clock  on  the 
+morning  of  Monday,  two  laboring  men,  while  seeking  shelter from the  rain 
+in  a  lone  barn,  occupied  by  Mr.T. Slade,  in  the  parish  of  Cosgrove,  were  35 
+attracted  by  groans,  which  were  found  to  come  from  a  poor  man,  lying  in 
+a  heap  hole,  in  a  state  of  extreme  exhaustion.  They  spoke  to  him,  kindly 
+offering him  some  of  their  breakfast, but without receiving any answer;  and 
+upon  touching  him,  found  his  body  almost cold.  Having fetched  Mr. Slade, 
+who  was near by, this gentleman, after  some time had elapsed, sent him, by  40 
+a  boy,  in  a  cart,  with  a  bed  and  covering  of  straw,  to  the  Yardley-Gobion 
+
+14 
+
+Ç 
+
+Political  Prospects—Commercial  Prosperity—Case  of  Starvation 
+
+union-house  about  a mile  distant,  where  he  arrived just before  one  o'clock, 
+but  expired  a  quarter of  an hour afterward.  The famished, filthy, and ill-clad 
+condition  of the poor creature presented a most frightful spectacle. It appears 
+that  this  unhappy  being,  on  the  evening  of  Thursday,  the  2d,  obtained  a 
+5  vagrant's  order for a night's lodging at the Yardley-house, from the relieving 
+officer  at  Stony  Stratford,  and,  having  then  walked  to  Yardley,  a  distance 
+of three miles and upward, was accordingly admitted ; he had food given him, 
+which  he  eat heartily,  and begged to  be  allowed  to  remain the  next day  and 
+night, which was granted,  and upon leaving on Saturday morning early, after 
+10  his  breakfast  (most likely his  last meal in this world,)  took the road back to 
+Stratford.  It is probable that, being weak and footsore, for he had abad place 
+on one  heel,  he  was  soon glad to  seek the first friendly  shelter he could find, 
+which  was  an  open  shed,  forming  part  of  some  outfarming-buildings,  a 
+quarter of  a mile from the turnpike-road. Here he was found lying in the straw 
+15  on  Monday, the 6th, at noon,  and, it not being wished that a stranger should 
+remain  on  the  premises,  he  was  desired  to  go  away.  He asked  leave  to  stay 
+a little longer,  and went off  about four o'clock,  once  more to  seek at nightfall 
+the nearest place of rest and shelter, which was this lone barn, with its thatch 
+partly  off,  with  its  door left  open,  and in  the  coldest possible  situation,  into 
+the  heap-hole  of  which  he  crept,  there  to  lie  without  food  for  seven  days 
+more,  till  discovered,  as  has  been  described  above,  on  the  morning  of  the 
+13th. This ill-fated man had given his name as Henry Morgan, a needlemaker, 
+and  appeared between  thirty  and forty  years  of age,  and in person,  a good-
+framed  man." 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+It  is  hardly possible  to  conceive  a more  horrible case.  A  stalwart,  strong-
+framed  man,  in  the  prime  of  life—his  long  pilgrimage  of  martyrdom  from 
+London  to  Stoney-Stratford—his  wretched  appeals  for  help  to  the  "civiliza 
+tion " around  him—his  seven  days fast—his brutal abandonment by his fellow 
+men—his  seeking  shelter  and  being  driven  from  resting-place  to  resting-
+30  place—the crowning inhumanity of the  person named Slade  and the patient, 
+miserable  death of  the  worn-out  man—are  a picture perfectly  astonishing to 
+contemplate. 
+
+No  doubt he  invaded  the  rights  of  property, when he  sought shelter in the 
+
+shed  and  in  the  lone  barn!!! 
+
+35  Relate  this  starvation  case  in  midst  of  prosperity,  to  a  fat  London  City  man, 
+and  he  will  answer  you  with  the  words  of  The  London  Economist  of 
+Jan. 8th: 
+
+"Delightful is it thus to  see, under Free Trade, all classes flourishing; their 
+energies  are  called  forth  by  hope  of  reward;  all improve their  productions, 
+
+40  and  all  and  e a ch  are  benefited." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+15 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+E l e c t i o n s — F i n a n c i al  C l o u d s— 
+
+T he  D u c h e ss  of  S u t h e r l a nd  a nd  S l a v e ry 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3687,  9. Februar  1853 
+
+Elections—Financial Clouds— 
+The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Slavery. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune 
+
+London,  Friday, Jan. 21,  1853. 
+
+The  réélections  consequent  upon the  new  ministerial  arrangements  are  fin- 
+ished.  Ministers  have  suffered  a  defeat,  Mr. Sadleir,  one of the Lords of the 
+Treasury,  and  hitherto  considered  the  chief  of  the  "Irish  Brigade,"  having 
+been  beaten  by  Mr. Alexander,  who  was  elected by  a majority  of  six  votes. 
+Mr. Alexander  owes  his  election  to  a  coalition  of  the  Orangemen  and  the 
+Catholics.  On  the  other  hand,  Ministers  were  victorious  at  Oxford  Uni- 
+versity,  where  the  poll  lasted  fifteen  days  and  the  struggle  was  extremely 
+animated.  Gladstone  carried  the  day  by  a  majority  of  124  against  Dudley 
+Perceval,  the  candidate  of  the  High Church Party.  To amateurs of Hudibra-
+sian  logic  we  can recommend the  leaders  of the two  contending journals  in 
+this  struggle,  The  Morning  Chronicle  and  The Morning Herald. 
+
+5 
+
+io 
+
+15 
+
+Yesterday, after  a long debate, the Directors of the Bank of England again 
+raised the minimum rate of discount from 2V2 to 3 per cent. This circumstance 
+had  an  immediate  effect upon  the  Paris  Bourse, where  all  sorts of securities 
+had to  submit to  another decline.—But if the Bank of England should succeed 
+in  checking  speculation  at  Paris,  there  will  remain  open  another  outlet for  20 
+the  drain  of  bullion:  the  imports  of  corn.  The  last  harvest  both  in England 
+and  on  the  Continent  is  estimated  at  one-third below the  average.  Besides, 
+there  exists  some doubt as to the quantity of food available for consumption 
+until  next  harvest,  in  consequence  of  the  delay  in  sowing  the  seed  caused 
+by  the  wet  state  of  the  soil.  Therefore,  large  imports  of  grain are  arranged  25 
+for,  and  will  continue  to  keep  the  course  of  exchange  unfavorable  for 
+England.  The  gold-ships  from  Australia  cannot  keep  pace  with  the  sudden 
+augmentation  of  grain  imports. 
+
+16 
+
+Ankündigung  von  Marx'  Artikel 
+„The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Slavery".  The  People's  Paper. 
+London.  Nr.451,  12.Marz  1853.  Titelseite 
+
+Elections—Financial  Clouds—The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Slavery 
+
+In  one of my late  letters  I mentioned the  speculation going on in iron.  The 
+first raising of  the  rate  of discount,  by the  Bank,  from  2  to 2V2 per cent,  had 
+already  had  its  effect  upon  this  branch  of  trade.  Scotch  Pigs,  for  the  last 
+fortnight  selling  at 78s,  on the  19th inst.  dropped  down to  61s.  The  Railway 
+5  Share  market,  too,  will  probably  be  depressed,  since the raising of the  rate 
+of  interest,  by  forced  sales  of  shares  hitherto  deposited  as  securities  for 
+loans,  and  the  commencement of these  operations  has  already  taken place. 
+My opinion, however, is that the drain of bullion is not caused by exportation 
+of gold  alone,  but that the  brisk home trade, especially in the manufacturing 
+
+10  districts,  has  a full  share  in it. 
+
+15 
+
+During  the  present  momentary  slackness  in  political  affairs,  the  address 
+of  the  Stafford  House  Assembly  of  Ladies  to  their  sisters  in  America upon 
+the  subject of  negro-slavery,  and  the  "affectionate and Christian address of 
+many  thousands  of  the  women  of  the  United  States  of  America  to  their 
+sisters, the women of England," upon white slavery, have proved a god-send 
+to  the  press.  Not  one  of  the  British  papers  was  ever  struck by the  circum 
+stance  that  the  Stafford House  Assembly took place at the palace  and under 
+the  Presidency  of  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland, and yet the names of Stafford 
+and  Sutherland  should  have  been  sufficient to  class  the  philanthropy of  the 
+20  British  Aristocracy—a philanthropy  which chooses its  objects  as  far  distant 
+from  home  as  possible,  and rather  on that  than on this  side  of the  ocean. 
+
+25 
+
+The  history  of  the  wealth  of  the  Sutherland  family  is  the  history  of  the 
+ruin  and of the expropriation of the  Scotch Gaelic population from its native 
+soil.  As  far  back  as  the  tenth  century,  the  Danes  had  landed  in  Scotland, 
+conquered  the  plains  of  Caithness,  and  driven back the  aborigines  into the 
+mountains.  Mhoir-Fhear-Chattaibh, as he was called in Gaelic, or the "Great 
+Man  of  Sutherland,"  had  always  found  his  companions  in  arms  ready  to 
+defend him at the  risk  of their lives  against all his  enemies,  Danes  or  Scots, 
+foreigners  or  natives.  After  the  revolution  which  drove  the  Stuarts  from 
+30  Britain,  private  feuds  among  the  petty  chieftains  of  Scotland  became  less 
+and  less  frequent,  and the  British  Kings,  in order  to  keep  up  at least a  sem 
+blance  of  dominion  in  these  remote  districts,  encouraged  the  levying  of 
+family regiments  among the  chieftains,  a  system  by which these lairds were 
+enabled  to  combine  modern  military  establishments  with  the  ancient  clan 
+system  in  such  a manner  as  to  support  one  by  the  other. 
+
+35 
+
+Now, in order to distinctly appreciate the usurpation subsequently carried 
+out,  we  must  first  properly  understand  what  the  Clan  meant.  The  Clan 
+belonged  to  a  form  of  social  existence  which,  in  the  scale  of  historical 
+development,  stands  a full  degree below the feudal state; viz., the patriarchal 
+state of  society.  „Klaen, " in Gaelic, means children. Every one of the usages 
+and  traditions  of  the  Scottish  Gaels  reposes  upon  the  supposition  that  the 
+
+40 
+
+19 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+members  of  the  clan  belong  to  one  and  the  same family.  The  "great man," 
+the  chieftain of the  clan, is on one hand quite as arbitrary, on the other quite 
+as  confined  in  his  power,  by  consanguinity, etc.,  as every father of a family. 
+To the clan, to the family, belonged the district where it had established itself, 
+exactly  as  in Russia, the land occupied by a community of peasants belongs, 
+not  to  the  individual  peasants,  but  to the community.  Thus  the  district was 
+the  common property of the family.  There could be  no more question, under 
+this  system,  of private property, in the modern sense of the word, than there 
+could  be  of  comparing  the  social  existence  of  the  members  of  the  clan  to 
+that  of  individuals  living  in  the  midst  of  our  modern  society.  The  division 
+and  subdivision  of  the  land  corresponded  to  the  military  functions  of  the 
+single  members of the clan.  According to their military abilities, the chieftain 
+intrusted to  them  the  several  allotments,  cancelled or  enlarged  according to 
+his  pleasure  the  tenures  of  the  individual  officers,  and  these  officers  again 
+distributed to their vassals  and under-vassals every separate plot of land. But 
+the  district at large  always  remained the property  of the clan,  and, however 
+the claims of individuals might vary, the tenure remained the  same ; nor were 
+the  contributions  for  the  common  defense,  or  the  tribute  for the Laird, who 
+at  once  was  leader  in  battle  and  chief  magistrate  in  peace,  ever  increased. 
+Upon the  whole,  every plot  of  land  was cultivated by the  same family, from 
+generation  to  generation,  under  fixed  imposts.  These  imposts  were  in 
+significant,  more  a  tribute  by  which  the  supremacy  of the  "great man "and 
+of  his  officers  was  acknowledged,  than a rent of  land  in a modern  sense,  or 
+a  source  of  revenue.  The  officers  directly  subordinate  to  the  "great man" 
+were  called  "Taksmen, "and the  district intrusted to their care,  "Tak.  " Under 
+them  were  placed  inferior  officers,  at  the  head  of  every  hamlet,  and  under 
+these  stood  the  peasantry. 
+
+Thus  you  see,  the  clan  is  nothing  but  a  family  organized  in  a  military 
+manner,  quite  as  little  defined  by  laws,  just as  closely hemmed in by tradi 
+tions,  as  any  family.  But  the  land  is  the  property of the family,  in  the  midst 
+of  which  differences  of  rank,  in  spite  of  consanguinity,  do  prevail  as  well 
+as  in  all  the  ancient  Asiatic  family  communities. 
+
+The  first usurpation took place,  after  the  expulsion of  the  Stuarts,  by  the 
+establishment  of the  family  Regiments.  From  that moment, pay became the 
+principal  source  of  revenue  of  the  Great Man,  the  Mhoir-Fhear-Chattaibh. 
+Entangled  in  the  dissipation  of the  Court of  London,  he tried to  squeeze  as 
+much money as possible out of his officers, and they applied the same system 
+to  their  inferiors.  The  ancient  tribute  was  transformed  into  fixed  money 
+contracts.  In  one  respect  these  contracts  constituted  a progress,  by  fixing 
+the  traditional  imposts; in another respect they were a usurpation, inasmuch 
+as  the  "great  man"  now  took  the position of landlord toward the  "taksmen" 
+
+20 
+
+Elections—Financial  Clouds—The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Slavery 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+who  again took toward the peasantry that of farmers. And as the "great man" 
+now  required  money  no  less  than the  "taksmen,"  a production not only for 
+direct  consumption  but for export and exchange  also became  necessary; the 
+system  of  national  production  had  to  be  changed, the  hands  superseded  by 
+this  change  had  to  be  got  rid  of.  Population,  therefore,  decreased.  But that 
+it as  yet was  kept up  in  a certain manner,  and that man,  in the  18th century, 
+was  not  yet  openly  sacrificed  to  net-revenue,  we  see  from  a  passage  in 
+Steuart,  a  Scotch  political  economist,  whose  work  was  published  10  years 
+before Adam Smith's, where it says (vol. 1 chap. 16): "The rent of these lands 
+is  very  trifling  compared  to  their  extent,  but  compared  to  the  number  of 
+mouths  which  a  farm  maintains,  it will perhaps  be  found that  a plot of land 
+in the  highlands  of  Scotland  feeds  ten  times  more  people  than  a farm of the 
+same  extent in the richest provinces." That even in the beginning of the  19th 
+century the rental imposts were very small, is shown by the work of Mr. Loch 
+(1820),  the  steward  of  the  Countess  of  Sutherland,  who  directed  the  im 
+provements  on  her  estates.  He  gives  for  instance the rental of the Kintrada-
+well  estate  for  1811,  from  which it appears that up to then, every family was 
+obliged  to  pay a  yearly  impost of  a few  shillings  in money,  a few fowls, and 
+some  day's  work,  at  the  highest. 
+
+It was  only  after  1811  that the ultimate  and real usurpation was enacted, 
+the  forcible  transformation  of  clan  property into  the  private property,  in  the 
+modern  sense,  of  the  Chief.  The  person  who  stood  at  the  head  of  this  eco 
+nomical  revolution,  was  a  female  Mehemet  Ali,  who  had  well digested her 
+Malthus—the  Countess  of  Sutherland,  alias  Marchioness  of  Stafford. 
+
+25 
+
+Let  us  first  state  that  the  ancestors  of the  Marchioness  of  Stafford were 
+the  "great  men"  of  the  most  northern  part of  Scotland,  of very near three-
+quarters  of  Sutherlandshire.  This  County  is  more  extensive  than  many 
+French  Departements  or  small  German  Principalities.  When  the  Countess 
+of  Sutherland  inherited  these  estates,  which  she  afterward  brought  to  her 
+30  husband, the Marquis of Stafford, afterward Duke of Sutherland, the popula 
+tion of them was  already reduced to  15,000.  My lady Countess resolved upon 
+a  radical  economical  reform,  and  determined  upon transforming the  whole 
+tract  of  country  into  sheep-walks.  From  1811  to  1820,  these  15,000  in 
+habitants,  about  3,000  families,  were  systematically  expelled  and  ex-
+terminated. All their villages were demolished and burned down, and all their 
+fields  converted  into  pasturage.  British  soldiers  were  commanded  for  this 
+execution,  and  came  to  blows  with  the  natives.  An  old  woman  refusing  to 
+quit  her  hut,  was  burned  in  the  flames  of  it.  Thus  my  lady  Countess  ap 
+propriated  to  herself  seven  hundred  and  ninety-four  thousand  acres  of  land, 
+
+35 
+
+40  which  from  time  immemorial  had belonged to  the  clan.  In  the  exuberance 
+of  her  generosity  she  allotted  to  the  expelled  natives  about  6,000  acres— 
+
+21 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+2  acres  per  family.  These  6,000  acres  had been laying  waste  until then,  and 
+brought  no  revenue  to  the proprietors.  The  Countess was  generous  enough 
+to  sell  the  acre  at  2s. 6d.  on  an  average,  to  the  clan-men  who  for centuries 
+past  had  shed  their  blood  for  her  family.  The  whole  of  the  unrightfully 
+appropriated  clan-land  she  divided into  29 large  sheep farms, each of them 
+inhabited  by  one  single  family,  mostly  English  farm-laborers;  and  in  1820 
+the  15,000  Gaels  had  already  been  superseded  by  131,000  sheep. 
+
+5 
+
+A  portion  of  the  aborigines  had  been  thrown  upon  the  sea-shore,  and 
+attempted  to  live  by  fishing.  They  became  amphibious,  and,  as  an  English 
+author  says,  lived  half  on land  and  half  on  water,  and  after  all did not half 
+Uve  upon  both. 
+
+10 
+
+Sismondi,  in  his  "Études  Sociales, "  observes  with  regard  to  this  ex 
+propriation  of  the  Gaels  from  Sutherlandshire—an  example,  which,  by-the-
+bye,  was  imitated  by  the  other  "great  men"  of  Scotland: 
+
+"The  large  extent of  seignorial domains is  not a circumstance peculiar to  15 
+
+Britain.  In the  whole  Empire  of  Charlemagne,  in the  whole Occident, entire 
+provinces  were  usurped by the  warlike  chiefs,  who  had  them  cultivated for 
+their  own  account  by  the  vanquished,  and  sometimes  by  their  own  com 
+panions  in  arms.  During  the  9th  and  10th  centuries  the  Counties of Maine, 
+Anjou,  Poitou  were  for  the  Counts  of  these  provinces  rather  three  large  20 
+estates than principalities.  Switzerland, which in so many respects resembles 
+Scotland,  was  at  that  time  divided  among  a  small  number  of  Seigneurs.  If 
+the  Counts  of  Kyburg,  of  Lentzburg,  of  Habsburg,  of  Gruyères  had  been 
+protected by British laws,  they would have been  in the  same position as the 
+Earls  of  Sutherland;  some  of  them  would perhaps  have  had the  same taste  25 
+for improvement as the  Marchioness  of Stafford, and more than one republic 
+might  have  disappeared  from  the  Alps  in order  to  make  room  for flocks  of 
+sheep.  Not  the  most  despotic  monarch  in  Germany  would  be  allowed  to 
+attempt  anything  of  the  sort." 
+
+Mr. Loch,  in his  defense  of the  Countess  of Sutherland,  (1820,) replies to  30 
+
+the  above  as  follows: 
+
+"Why should there be made an exception to the rule adopted in every other 
+case,  just for this  particular case?  Why  should  the  absolute  authority of the 
+landlord  over  his  land  be  sacrificed  to  the  public  interest  and  to  motives 
+which concern the  public  only?" 
+
+35 
+
+And  why,  then,  should  the  slaveholders  in  the  Southern  States  of North 
+America  sacrifice  their  private  interest to  the  philanthropic  grimaces  of  her 
+Grace,  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland? 
+
+The  British  aristocracy,  who  have  everywhere  superseded  man  by  bul 
+locks and sheep, will, in a future not very distant, be superseded, in turn, by  40 
+these  useful  animals. 
+
+22 
+
+Elections—Financial  Clouds—The  Duchess  of  Sutherland  and  Slavery 
+
+The  process  of  clearing  estates  which,  in  Scotland,  we  have  just  now 
+described,  was  carried  out  in  England  in  the  16th,  17th und  18th centuries. 
+Thomas  Morus  already  complains  of  it  in  the  begmning  of  the  16th century. 
+It  was  performed  in  Scotland  in  the  beginning of the  19th,  and  in  Ireland  it 
+is  now  in full  progress. The  noble Viscount Palmerston,  too,  some years  ago 
+cleared  of  men  his  property  in  Ireland,  exactly  in  the.  manner  described 
+above. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+If  of  any  property  it  ever  was  true  that  it  was  robbery,  it  is  literally  true 
+of  the  property  of  the  British  aristocracy.  Robbery  of  Church-property, 
+robbery  of  commons,  fraudulent  transformation,  accompanied  by  murder, 
+of  feudal  and  patriarchal  property  into  private  property—these  are  the  titles 
+of  British  aristocrats  to  their  possessions.  And  what  services  in  this  latter 
+process  were  performed  by  a  servile  class  of  lawyers,  you  may  see  from  an 
+English lawyer  of the  last  century.  Dalrymple, who, in his "History of Feudal 
+15  Property,"  very  naively  proves  that  every  law  or  deed  concerning  property 
+was  interpreted  by  the  lawyers,  in  England,  when  the  middle  class  rose  in 
+wealth,  in  favor  of  the  middle  class-in  Scotland,  where the  nobility enriched 
+themselves,  in  favor  of  the  nobility—ία  either  case  it  was  interpreted  in  a 
+sense  hostile  to  the  people. 
+
+20 
+
+The  above  Turkish  reform  by  the  Countess  of  Sutherland was justifiable, 
+at  least,  from  a  Malthusian  point  of  view.  Other  Scottish  noblemen  went 
+further.  Having  superseded  human  beings  by  sheep,  they  superseded  sheep 
+by  game,  and  the  pasture  grounds  by  forests.  At the  head  of  these  was  the 
+Duke  of  Atholl.  "After  the  conquest,  the  Norman  Kings  afforested  large 
+25  portions  of  the  soil  of  England,  in  much the  same  way  as the landlords here 
+are  now  doing  with  the  Highlands."  (R. Somer's  Letters  on  the  Highlands, 
+1848.) 
+
+As  for  a  large  number  of  the  human beings  expelled  to make room  for  the 
+game  of  the  Duke  of  Atholl,  and  the  sheep  of  the  Countess  of  Sutherland, 
+
+30  where  did  they  fly  to,  where  did  they  find  a  home? 
+
+In  the  United  States  of  North  America. 
+The  enemy  of  British  Wages-Slavery  has  a  right  to  condemn Negro-Slav­
+ery ;  a Duchess  of  Sutherland,  a Duke  of Atholl,  a Manchester Cotton-lord— 
+never! 
+
+35 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+23 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+C a p i t al  P u n i s h m e n t — M r.  C o b d e n 's  P a m p h l e t-
+
+R e g u l a t i o ns  of  t he  B a nk  of  E n g l a nd 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3695,18. Februar  1853 
+
+Capital Punishment—Mr. Cobden's Pamphlet-
+Regulations  of  the  Bank of  England. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, Jan. 28,  1853. 
+
+The  Times of  Jan. 25  contains  the  following  observations  under  the  head  of 
+"Amateur  Hanging:" 
+
+"It  has  often  been  remarked  that  in  this  country  a  public  execution  is 
+generally  followed  closely by instances  of  death  by  hanging,  either  suicidal 
+or  accidental,  in  consequence  of  the  powerful effect which the execution of 
+a  noted  criminal  produces  upon  a  morbid  and  unmatured  mind." 
+
+Of  the  several  cases  which  are  alleged  by  The  Times in illustration of this 
+remark,  one  is  that  of  a  lunatic  at  Sheffield,  who,  after  talking  with  other 
+lunatics  respecting  the  execution of  Barbour, put  an end  to his existence by 
+hanging  himself.  Another  case  is  that  of  a boy  of  14  years,  who  also  hung 
+himself. 
+
+The  doctrine to which the enumeration of these facts was intended to give 
+its support, is one which no reasonable man would be likely to guess, it being 
+no  less  than  a  direct  apotheosis  of  the  hangman,  while  capital  punishment 
+is  extolled  as  the  ultima ratio of  society.  This  is  done  in a leading  article  of 
+the  "leading  journal." 
+
+The  Morning  Advertiser,  in  some  very  bitter  but  just  strictures  on  the 
+hanging  predilections  and  bloody  logic  of  The  Times,  has  the  following 
+interesting  data  on  43  days  of  the  year  1849: 
+
+24 
+
+Capital  Punishment—Mr. Cobden's  Pamphlet—Regulations  of  the  Bank  of  England 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Executions of 
+
+Millan 
+
+March 20 
+
+Pulley 
+
+March 26 
+
+Smith 
+
+Howe 
+
+March 27 
+
+March 31 
+
+Landick 
+April  9 
+Sarah Thomas  April  13 
+
+J.Griffiths 
+J.Rush 
+
+April  18 
+April  21 
+
+Murders and Suicides. 
+Hannah  Sandles 
+M. G. Newton 
+J. G. Gleeson—4 Murders 
+at Liverpool 
+Murder and  Suicide 
+at Leicester 
+Poisoning  at Bath 
+W. Bailey 
+J.Ward murders  his mother 
+Yardley 
+Doxey, parricide 
+J. Bailey kills his two 
+children and himself 
+Chas. Overton 
+Daniel Holmsden 
+
+March 22 
+March 22 
+
+March 27 
+
+2 
+April 
+April  7 
+April  8 
+April  13 
+April  14 
+April  14 
+
+April  17 
+April  18 
+2 
+May 
+
+This  table,  as  The  Times  concedes,  shows  not  only  suicides,  but  also 
+murders  of  the  most  atrocious  kind,  following  closely  upon  the  execution 
+of  criminals.  It  is  astonishing,  that  the  article  in  question  does  not  even 
+20  produce  a  single  argument  or  pretext  for  indulging  in  the  savage  theory 
+therein  propounded;  and  it  would  be  very  difficult,  if  not  altogether  im 
+possible,  to  establish any principle upon which the justice or expediency of 
+capital punishment  could  be founded, in a society glorying in its civilization. 
+Punishment in general  has  been  defended  as  a  means  either  of  ameliorating 
+25 or of intimidating. Now what right have you to punish me for the amelioration 
+or intimidation of  others? And besides, there is history—there is such a thing 
+as  statistics—which  prove  with  the  most complete  evidence  that  since  Cain 
+the world has neither been intimidated nor ameliorated by punishment. Quite 
+the contrary.  From the point of view of abstract right, there is only one theory 
+30  of  punishment which  recognizes  human  dignity  in  the  abstract,  and that is 
+the  theory  of  Kant,  especially in the more rigid formula given to it by Hegel. 
+Hegel  says: 
+
+"Punishment  is  the  right of  the  criminal.  It  is  an act of  his  own will.  The 
+violation  of  right  has been proclaimed by the criminal  as his  own right.  His 
+35  crime  is  the  negation  of  right.  Punishment  is  the  negation of  this negation, 
+and  consequently  an  affirmation  of  right,  solicited  and  forced  upon  the 
+criminal  by  himself." 
+
+There  is  no  doubt  something specious in this formula, inasmuch as Hegel, 
+instead of looking upon the criminal  as the mere object, the slave of justice, 
+40  elevates  him  to  the  position  of  a free  and  self-determined  being.  Looking, 
+however,  more  closely  into  the  matter,  we  discover  that  German  idealism 
+here,  as  in  most  other  instances  has  but  given a transcendental  sanction to 
+
+25 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the rules of existing society. Is it not a delusion to substitute for the individual 
+with  his  real motives,  with multifarious  social  circumstances  pressing upon 
+him,  the  abstraction  of  "free-will"—one  among  the  many  qualities  of  man 
+for  man  himself?  This  theory,  considering  punishment  as  the  result  of  the 
+criminal's  own will,  is  only  a metaphysical expression for the old "jus talio- 
+ids": eye against eye, tooth against tooth, blood against blood. Plainly speak 
+ing,  and dispensing  with all paraphrases,  punishment is nothing but a means 
+of  society  to  defend  itself  against  the  infraction  of  its  vital  conditions, 
+whatever  may be  their character.  Now, what a state of  society is that, which 
+knows  of  no  better  instrument  for  its  own  defense  than  the  hangman,  and  10 
+which proclaims, through the "leading journal of the world" its own brutality 
+as  eternal  law? 
+
+5 
+
+Mr. A. Quételet,  in  his  excellent  and  learned  work,  "l'Homme  et  ses 
+
+Facultés,  "  says: 
+
+"There  is  a  budget which  we  pay  with  frightful  regularity—it  is  that  of  15 
+
+prisons,  dungeons  and  scaffolds  . ..  We  might  even  predict how  many  in 
+dividuals will stain their hands with the blood of their fellow men, how many 
+will  be  forgers,  how  many  will  deal  in  poison,  pretty  nearly  the  same  way 
+as  we  may  foretell  the  annual  births  and  deaths." 
+
+And  Mr. Quételet,  in a calculation of the probabilities  of  crime published  20 
+
+in  1829,  actually  predicted  with  astonishing  certainty,  not  only  the  amount 
+but  all  the  different  kinds  of  crimes  committed in France  in  1830.  That it is 
+not  so  much the particular political institutions of a country as the fundamen 
+tal  conditions  of  modern  bourgeois  society  in  general,  which  produce  an 
+average  amount of crime in a given national fraction of society, may be seen  25 
+from the following tables, communicated by Quételet, for the years  1822—24. 
+We  find  in  a  number  of  one  hundred  condemned criminals  in  America  and 
+France: 
+
+Age. 
+Under twenty-one  years 
+Twenty-one to thirty 
+Thirty to  forty 
+Above  forty 
+Total 
+
+Philadelphia. 
+
+19 
+44 
+23 
+14 
+Too 
+
+France. 
+19 
+35 
+23 
+23 
+Too 
+
+30 
+
+Now,  if  crimes  observed  on  a great  scale  thus  show,  in their  amount and  35 
+
+their classification,  the regularity of physical phenomena—if, as Mr. Quételet 
+remarks,  "it would  be  difficult  to  decide  in respect to  which of  the  two  (the 
+physical  world  and  the  social  system)  the  acting causes produce their effect 
+with  the  utmost  regularity"—is  there  not  a  necessity  for  deeply  reflecting 
+upon an alteration of the  system that breeds these crimes, instead of glorify-  40 
+
+26 
+
+Capital  Punishment—Mr. Cobden's  Pamphlet—Regulations  of  the  Bank  of  England 
+
+ing the  hangman who  executes  a lot of  criminals  to  make room only for the 
+supply  of  new  ones? 
+
+One of the topics of the day is the publication of a pamphlet by Mr. Richard 
+Cobden-"1793  and  1853, in three Letters," (140 pages.) The first part of this 
+5  pamphlet, treating of the time of and previous to, the revolution of  1793, has 
+the  merit  of  attacking  openly  and  vigorously  the  old  English  prejudices 
+respecting  that  epoch.  Mr. Cobden  shows  that  England  was  the  aggressive 
+party  in  the  revolutionary  war.  But  here  he  has  no  claim  to  originality,  as 
+he  does but repeat,  and  in a much less brilliant manner, the statements once 
+10  given by the greatest pamphleteer England has ever possessed, viz: the late 
+William  Cobbett.  The  other  part of  the  pamphlet,  although written from  an 
+economical  point  of  view,  is  of  a  rather  romantic  character.  Mr. Cobden 
+labors  to  prove  that  the  idea  of  Louis  Napoleon's  having  any  intention  of 
+invading  England  is  a  mere  absurdity;  that  the  noise  about the  defenseless 
+state  of  the  country  has  no  material  foundation,  and is propagated only by 
+persons interested in augmenting the public expenditure. By what arguments 
+does he prove that Louis Napoleon has no hostile intentions toward England? 
+Louis  Napoleon,  he  contends,  has  no  rational ground  for  quarreling  with 
+England.  And  how  does  he  prove  that  a  foreign  invasion of this  country is 
+impossible?  For 800 years, says Mr. Cobden, England has not been invaded. 
+And  what  are  his  arguments to  show that the  cry about the  defenseless  state 
+is  a mere  interested humbug?  The highest military authorities have declared 
+that  they  feel  quite  safe! 
+
+20 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+Louis  Napoleon  has  never  met,  even  in  the  Legislative  Assembly,  with 
+a more credulous believer in his faith and peaceable intentions, than he finds 
+now,  rather  unexpectedly,  in  Mr. Richard  Cobden.  The Morning Herald (in 
+yesterday's  number),  the habitual defender  of  Louis  Napoleon, publishes  a 
+letter  addressed  to  Mr. Cobden,  and  alleged to  have been written under  the 
+immediate  inspiration  of  Bonaparte  himself,  in  which  the  prince-hero  of 
+30  Satory  assures  us  that  he  will  only  come  over  to  England,  if  the  Queen, 
+threatened  by  rising  Democracy,  should  want  some  200,000  of  his  de-
+cembraillards  or  bullies.  But  this  Democracy,  according  to  The  Herald,  is 
+nobody  else  than  Messrs.  Cobden  &  Co. 
+
+35 
+
+We  must confess  that,  having perused  the pamphlet in question, we  begin 
+to  feel  an  apprehension  of  something  like  an  invasion  of  Great-Britain. 
+Mr. Cobden  is  no  very  happy  prophet.  After  the  repeal of the  corn-laws  he 
+made  a trip to the Continent, visiting even Russia,  and after his return stated 
+that  all  things  were  right,  that  the  times  of  violence  had  passed,  that  the 
+nations  deeply  and  eagerly  involved  in  commercial  and industrial pursuits, 
+40  would  now  develope  themselves  in  a  quiet  business-like  manner,  without 
+political  storms,  without  outbreaks  and  disturbances.  His  prophecy  had 
+
+27 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+scarcely reached the  Continent, when the Revolution of  1848 burst forth over 
+all  Europe,  and  gave  a  somewhat  ironical  echo  to  Mr. Cobden's  meek pre 
+dictions.  He  talked  peace,  where  there  was  no  peace. 
+
+It  would  be  a  great  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  peace  doctrine  of  the 
+Manchester  School has  a deep philosophical bearing. It only means, that the 
+feudal  method  of  warfare  shall  be  supplanted  by  the  commercial  o n e-
+cannons  by  capital.  The  Peace-Society  yesterday  held  a  meeting  at  Man 
+chester,  where  it  was  almost  unanimously  declared,  that  Louis  Napoleon 
+could  not  be  supposed  as  intending  anything  against the  safety  of  England, 
+if  the  press  would  but  discontinue  its  odious  censures  on  his  Government, 
+and  become  mute! Now,  with  this  statement,  it  appears  very  singular,  that 
+the  increased  army  and  navy  estimates  have  been  voted  in  the  House  of 
+Commons  without  opposition,  none  of  the  M.P.'s  present  at  the  Peace-
+Conference  having  had  anything  to  say  against the  proposed addition to the 
+mihtary force. 
+
+During  the  political  calm,  produced  by  the  adjournment  of  Parliament, 
+there  are  two  principal  topics  which  occupy  the  press,  viz.:  The  coming 
+Reform  bill,  and  the  last  Discount  Regulations  of  the  Bank  of  England. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+The  Times  of  the  24th  inst,  informs  the  public  that  a new  Reform  bill  is 
+on  the  stocks.  What kind of a Reform bill it will be,  you may infer from  Sir  20 
+Charles  Wood's  election-speech  at Halifax, in which he declared against the 
+principle  of  equal  electoral  districts;  from  Sir  James  Graham's  at  Carlisle, 
+where  he  rejected  the  ballot;  and  from  the  confidentially  circulated  state 
+ment,  that  even  the  small  Reform  pills  prescribed  in  Feb.  1852  by  Johnny 
+Russell,  are  considered  as far too  strong and dangerous.  But there is  some-  25 
+thing  which  looks  yet  more  suspicious.  The  mouth-piece  of  the  Coalition 
+Ministry,  Tfie  Economist,  in  the  number  of  Jan. 22,  states,  not  only: 
+
+"That  the  reform  of  our  representative  system  stands  not  very  early  on 
+the  list  of  topics  of  pressing  or  immediate  importance,"  but  also,  that "we 
+want  the  raw  materials  for  legislative  action.  The  extension,  adjustment, 
+purification, protection and re-distribution of the Franchise,  are branches of 
+the  question,  each  of  which  demands  profound  reflection,  and  much  in 
+quiry  . ..  It  is  not  that  several  of  our  statesmen  may  not  have  a  good  deal 
+of  useful  information  on  all  or  some  of  these  points,  but  it  is  picked  up,  not 
+worked out; it is miscellaneous, partial, and incomplete... The obvious mode  35 
+of  remedying  this,  is  by  issuing  a  Commission  of Inquiry,  charged,  to  in 
+vestigate  all  points  of  fact  directly  or  remotely  connected  with  the  sub 
+j e c t-
+
+30 
+
+Thus  the  Methusalem  Ministry  will  again  begin  their  political  studies, 
+coram  publico.  The  colleagues  of  Peel,  the  colleagues  of  Melbourne,  the  40 
+subaltern of Canning, the lieutenant of the elder Grey, men who served under 
+
+28 
+
+Capital  Punishment—Mr. Cobden's  Pamphlet—Regulations  of  the  Bank  of  England 
+
+Lord  Liverpool,  others  who  sat  in  the  cabinet  of  Lord  Grenville,  all 
+neophytes  of  half-a-century  back,  are  unable,  from  want  of  experience,  to 
+propose  to  Parliament  any  decisive measure on Electoral Reform. Thus, the 
+old  proverb,  that  experience  comes  with  age,  appears  to  be  refuted.  "This 
+coyness  in  a  coalition  of  veteran  partisans  is  something  too  comical  to  be 
+easily  described,"  exclaims  The Daily News,  asking:  "Where is your Reform 
+Bill?"  The  Morning  Advertiser  replies: 
+
+"We  should  be  mclined  to  the  opinion  that  there  will  be  no  Reform  Bill 
+at  all  during  the  present  session.  There  may  be  some  attempt  at legislating 
+for  the  prevention  and  punishment  of  bribery  at elections,  and with regard 
+to  some other matters of minor importance, an effort maybe made to remedy 
+evils  connected  with  the  parliamentary  representations  of  the  country,  but 
+such  legislation  will  not  be  deserving  the  name  of  a  new  Reform  Bill." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+With  regard  to  the  late  discount  regulations  of  the  Bank of  England,  the 
+15  panic at first called forth by them, has now subsided, and business men alike 
+with  theorists,  have  assured  themselves  that the  present prosperity will  not 
+be  seriously interrupted or checked.  But read the  following extract from  The 
+Economist: 
+
+20 
+
+"This  year,  upon an immense  extent of  our wheat lands, there  is  no plant 
+at all.  On a very large  proportion of our heavy soils, much of the land which 
+should have been in wheat, remains unsown, and some of that which has been 
+sown,  is  in no  better plight, for the  seed has either perished, or the plant has 
+come  up  so  thinly,  or has been so  destroyed by  slugs, that the prospects of 
+the  occupiers  are  not  better  than  those  of  the  unsown  lands.  It  has  now 
+
+25  become  nearly  impossible  to  plant  all  the  wheat land." 
+
+Now  the  crisis,  temporarily  protracted  by the  opening of  the  Californian 
+and  Australian  markets  and  mines,  will  unquestionably become  due, in the 
+event  of  a  bad  harvest.  The  discount  regulations  of  the  Bank  are  only  the 
+first  forebodings.  In  1847  the  Bank  of  England  altered  its  rate  of  discount 
+30  13  times. In  1853 there will be a full score of such measures. In conclusion, 
+I  wish to  ask the  English  Economists,  how it happens  that  modern Political 
+Economy  commenced  its  warfare  against  the  mercantile  system  by  demon 
+strating  that  the  influx  and  efflux  of  gold  in  a  country  are  indifferent,  that 
+products  are only exchanged against products,  and that gold is a product like 
+35  all others. While the very same Economy, now at the end of its career, is most 
+anxiously  watching  the  efflux  and  influx  of  gold?  "The  real  object  to  be 
+accomplished  by  the  operations  of  the  Bank,"  says  The  Economist,  "is  to 
+prevent  an  exportation  of  capital."  Now,  would  The  Economist prevent  an 
+exportation  of  capital  in the  shape  of  cotton,  iron, woolen yarns  and stuffs? 
+40  And  is  gold  not  a  product  like  all  other products?  Or  has  The  Economist 
+
+turned,  in  his  old  days,  a  Mercantilist?  And  after  having  set  free  the  im-
+
+29 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+portation of foreign capital, does he aim at checking the exportation of British 
+capital?  After  having  freed  himself  from  the  civilized  system  of  protection, 
+w in  he  recur  to  the  Turkish  one? 
+
+I  am  just  concluding my letter, as  I am informed, that a report is prevalent 
+in  political  circles,  that  Mr. Gladstone  is  at  variance  with  several  of  the 
+leading  members  of  the  Aberdeen  Ministry,  on  the  subject  of  the  Income 
+Tax, and that the result of the misunderstanding will probably be the resigna 
+tion of the Right Hon.  gentleman.  In that case,  Sir Francis Baring, formerly 
+Chancellor  of the  Exchequer under  Lord  Melbourne,  will  probably become 
+his  successor. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+30 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+D e f e n s e — F i n a n c e s-
+
+D e c r e a se  of  t he  A r i s t o c r a c y — P o l i t i cs 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3699,  23. Februar  1853 
+
+Defense—Finances-
+Decrease  of  the  Aristocracy—Politics. 
+
+Correspondence  of  the  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  Feb. 8,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Daily  News  states  that  the  establishment  of  a  defensive  coast-militia 
+
+is  under  the  serious  consideration  of  the  Government. 
+
+The  Bank  accounts  shew  a  further  decrease  of  bullion  to  the  amount 
+of  £362,084.  There  have  been  shipped,  during  the  last  fortnight,  about 
+£1,000,000  partly for  the  continent  and  partly  in  coin, for Australia.  As  the 
+10  bullion in the Bank of France continues to also decrease, in spite of the large 
+importation of  gold from  England,  there  has  apparently  sprung up  a system 
+of  private  hoarding,  which  strongly  indicates  the  general  distrust  in  the 
+stability  of  Napoleonic  government. 
+
+At present there  is  manifested  a  general  demand  for  higher  wages, on the 
+15  part of workingmen,  especially  shipwrights, colliers, factory-operatives and 
+mechanics.  This  demand is  owing to the prevailing prosperity and cannot be 
+considered  as  a  very  particular  event.  A  fact  which  deserves  more  notice, 
+is a regular strike amongst agricultural laborers, a thing which has never taken 
+place  before.  The  laborers  of  South  Wilts  have  struck  for  a  advance  of 
+
+20  2  shillings,  their  weekly wages  amounting now  only to 7s. 
+
+According  to  the  quarterly  returns  of  the  registrar-general,  emigration 
+from  Great  Britain  was  going  on  through  the  past year,  at the  rate  of  1,000 
+a-day,  the  increase  of  population  being  somewhat  slower.  Simultaneously 
+there  was  a  large  increase  of  marriages. 
+
+25 
+
+The  deaths  of  Viscount  Melbourne  and  the  Earl  of  Tyrconnel,  with that 
+of  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  make  no less  than three  peerages, that have become 
+extinct  within  the  last  fortnight.  If  there  be  any  class  exempt  from  the 
+Malthusian  law  of  procreation in  a geometrical progression,  it is  that of the 
+hereditary  aristocracy.  Take  for  instance,  the  peers  and  baronets  of  Great 
+
+31 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+Britain.  Few,  if any,  of the Norman nobility exist at this time  and not much 
+more  of  the  original  baronet  families  of  King  James  I.  The  great  majority 
+of  the  House  of  Lords  were  created  in  1760.  The  order  of  baronets  com 
+menced  in  1611,  under James  I.  There  are  at present only thirteen surviving 
+out  of  the number  of baronet-families then created,  and of those  created in 
+1625 there remain but 39. The extraordinary decrease of the Venitian nobility 
+affords  another  instance of the prevalence of the  same law, notwithstanding 
+that  all the  sons  were  ennobled  by  birth.  Amelot counted  in  bis  time  2,500 
+nobles  at  Venice,  possessing  the  right of voting in the council.  At the com 
+mencement of  the  18th century there remained  only  1,500, in spite of a later  10 
+addition of  several families.  From  1583—1654, the sovereign council of Berne 
+admitted  into  the  hereditary  patricia  487  families,  of  which  379  became 
+extinct  within  the  space  of  two  centuries  while  in  1783  there  survived only 
+108.  To  recur  to  remoter  periods  of  history,  Tacitus  informs  us  that  the 
+Emperor  Claudius  created  a new stock of patricians,  "exhaustis etiam,  quas 
+dictator  Caesar  lege  Cassia,  et  princeps  Augustus,  lege  Saenia,  sublegere.  " 
+It is  evident from these facts, that nature does not like hereditary aristocracy, 
+and  it may  safely be  asserted  that  but for a continual infusion of new blood, 
+and  an  artificial  system  of  propping up,  the  English House  of  Lords  would 
+ere  this  have died its  natural death.  Modern physiology has  ascertained the  20 
+fact,  that  fertility  decreases  among  the  higher  animals,  inversely  with  the 
+development of  the  nervous  system,  especially with the growing bulk of the 
+brain.  But  no  one  will  venture  to  affirm  that  the  extinction  of  the  English 
+aristocracy  has  anything  to  do  with  an  exuberance  of  brain. 
+
+15 
+
+It  appears  that  the  "millennium"  is  already  considered  as  broken  down  25 
+
+by the  same  parties  who  predicted  and  originated it,  even before  the House 
+of  Commons  has  taken  place.  The  Times,  in  its  number  of  Feb. 4,  says: 
+
+"While  Manchester  has  been  fulminating  her  indignation  against  the 
+Government  of  Lord  Aberdeen,  . ..  Irish  Popery  and  S o c i a l i sm  (?)  are 
+bestowing  their  questionable  praises  on  Lord  Derby  and  Mr. D'Israeli." 
+
+30 
+
+As  to  the  Msh  Socialism  alluded  to  in  The  Times,  this  term  applies,  of 
+course,  to  the  Tenant Right  agitation.  On  a future  occasion I intend to  show 
+that  the  theories  of  all modern English bourgeois-economists  are  in perfect 
+accordance  with  the  principle  of  Tenant-Right.  How  little  the  tenor  of  The 
+Times article just quoted is  shared in by other newspapers, may be seen from 
+the  following  contained  in  The  Morning  Advertiser: 
+
+35 
+
+"We  should  despise  the  Irishmen,  could  we  believe  them  capable  of 
+
+deserting  the  principle  of  Tenant-Right." 
+
+The wrath of the  Aberdeen organ is  explained by the fact of the Millennar-
+
+ian Ministry being completely disappointed. Messrs. Sadleir and Keogh were 40 
+the  acknowledged  leaders  of  the  Brigade—the  one  in the  Cabinet,  the  other 
+
+32 
+
+Defense—Finances—Decrease  of  the  Aristocracy—Politics 
+
+in  the  field.  Mr. Sadleir  directed  and  managed,  while  Mr. Keogh  made  the 
+speeches.  It was  supposed  that the purchase  of  these  two would bring over 
+the  whole  lot.  But  the  members  of  the  Brigade  were  sent  to  Parliament 
+pledged  to  stand  in  opposition  to,  and  to  remain  independent  of  every 
+5  Government  that  would not establish perfect religious  equality,  and realize 
+the  principle  of  Sharman  Crawford's  bill  on  the  rights  of  the  Irish tenants. 
+The  Times,  therefore,  is  indignated  at  these  men  being  unwilling  to  break 
+their  faith.  The  immediate  cause  of  the  outbreak  of  this  angry feeling was 
+given  by  a  meeting  and  banquet  at  Kells,  County  of  Meath.  The  circular 
+invited those to whom it was  addressed, to  express their indignation at "the 
+recent  desertion  from  the  Irish  Parliamentary  party,"  and a resolution was 
+passed  in  that  sense. 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+This  failure  in the  calculations  of  the  Ministry with regard to  the  Brigade 
+could  have  been  anticipated;  but  a  transformation  is  now  going  on  in  the 
+character and position of Irish parties, of the  deep bearing of which neither 
+they nor the English press appear yet to be aware. The bishops and the mass 
+of the clergy approve of the course taken by the Catholic members, who have 
+joined the Administration. At Carlow, the clergy afforded their entire support 
+to  Mr. Sadleir, who  would  not have  been defeated but for  the  efforts  of  the 
+20  Tenant-Leaguers.  In  what  light  this  schism is  viewed by the  true  Catholic 
+party,  may be  seen from an article in the French  Umvers, the European organ 
+of  Jesuitism.  It  says: 
+
+25 
+
+"The  only  reproach  which  can,  with  good  foundation,  be  objected  to 
+Messrs.  Keogh  and  Sadleir,  is,  that they  suffered  themselves to be thrown 
+into connection with two Associations (the Tenant-League and the Religious 
+Equality  Association)  which  have  no  other  object  than  to  make  patent the 
+anarchy  which  consumes  Ireland." 
+
+In  its  indignation,  the  Umvers betrays  its  secret: 
+"We  deeply  regret  to  see  the  two  Associations  put  themselves  in  open 
+30  opposition  to  the  bishops  and  clergy,  in  a country  where  the  prelates  and 
+dignitaries of the Church have hitherto been the  safest guides of popular and 
+national  organization." 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+We  may  infer  that,  should  thé  Tenant-Leaguers  happen  to  be  in France, 
+the  Umvers  would  cause  them  to  be  transported  to  Cayenne.  The  Repeal 
+agitation was  a mere  political movement,  and therefore, it was possible for 
+the  Catholic  clergy  to  make  use  of  it,  for  extorting  concessions  from  the 
+English  Government  while  the  people  were  nothing  but  the  tools  of  the 
+priests. The Tenant-Right agitation is a deep-rooted social movement which, 
+in its  course, will produce  a downright  scission between the Church and the 
+Irish Revolutionary party,  and thus  emancipate the people from that mental 
+thraldom  which  has  frustrated  all  their  exertions,  sacrifices,  and  struggles 
+for  centuries  past. 
+
+33 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+I  pass  now  to  the  "Reunion"  of  the  leading  reformers  of  the  County  of 
+Lancaster  and  its  representatives,  which was  held  at Manchester on the  3d 
+inst.  Mr. G e o r ge  W i l s on  was  in the chair. He spoke only of the iniquitous 
+representation  of  the  commercial  and industrial compared with the  agricul 
+tural  districts,  upon  which  he  expressed  himself  in  the  following  terms: 
+
+"In  the  five  Counties  of  Buckingham,  Dorset,  Wilts,  Northampton,  and 
+Salop,  63  members  were  returned  by  52,921  voters,  while  only  the  same 
+number were returned by Lancashire  and Yorkshire, with 89,669 county and 
+84,612  borough voters,  making  a total  of  174,281.  So  that,  if  they  returned 
+members  in proportion to  voters  alone, those five counties could only claim 
+19;  while,  if  Lancashire  took  their  proportion,  it  would  be  entitled  to  207. 
+There  were  twelve  large  cities  or  boroughs  (taking  London  as  a  double 
+borough)  returning  24  members,  with  192,000  voters,  and  a  population  of 
+3,268,218, and 383,000 inhabited houses. On the other side, 24 members were 
+returned  by  Andover,  Buckingham,  Chippenham,  Cockermouth,  Totnes, 
+Harwich,  Bedford,  Lymington,  Marlborough,  Great  Marlow  and  Rich 
+mond; but they had only 3,569 voters, 67,434 inhabitants, and 1,373 inhabited 
+houses  . ..  The  most  timid  reformer  and  most  moderate  man  would  hardly 
+object to the  disfranchisement of those boroughs which had a population less 
+than  5,000,  and  to  handing  over  the  20  members  to  those  large  con 
+stituencies." 
+
+Mr. Milner  Gibson,  M.P.,  took up  the  subject of  National Education,  and 
+the  Taxes  on  Knowledge.  With  regard  to  the  Reform bill, the  only passage 
+in  his  speech deserving notice, is  his  declaration on the point of  equal elec 
+toral  districts: 
+
+"It  may  be,  if  you  please,  a  great  class-question." 
+Mr. Brotherton,  another  M.P.,  said: 
+"No Reform bill would be  satisfactory, at this  time, which did not propose 
+
+to  equalize  the  distribution  of  the  representation." 
+
+But by  far  the  most  memorable  speech  was  that of Mr. Bright,  M.P.,  the 
+
+real  man  among  the  "Manchester  men."  He  said: 
+
+"The  Government  is  a  coalition  Government,  composed  of  Whigs  and 
+Peelites  . ..  There  is no great cause for throwing up  of caps,  as  if we had in 
+the  Government men of  new  principles,  and of  a new policy, who are about 
+to  take  a  great  start,  and who would not require  to be urged  on by  all those 
+who  are  favorable  to  Reform,  in  every  part  of  the  country."  (Hear.) 
+
+In  reference  to  Parliamentary  Reform  he  said: 
+"If Louis Napoleon had started with a Representation like ours, in France, 
+if  he  had  given  all  the  Members  to  the  rural  districts, where the  Bonaparte 
+family  are  so  popular,  and  had  not  allowed  Members  to  be  returned  from 
+Paris,  and  Lyons,  and  Marseilles,  all  the  Press  of  England  would  have 
+
+34 
+
+Defense—Finances—Decrease  of  the  Aristocracy—Politics 
+
+5 
+
+denounced  the  sham  Representation  which  he  was  establishing  in  that 
+country.  (Hear!  h e a r ! ) . ..  We have  one-eighth of the population of England 
+here in Lancashire; we have  one-tenth of its rateable property, and we have 
+one-tenth  of  the  whole  number  of  houses  . ..  We  begin  to  know  where  we 
+are  now.  (Loud  cheers.)  . ..  There  is  another  little  difficulty,  which is  the 
+difficulty  of  the  ballot.  (Hear!  hear!)  I  read  Lord John  Russell's  speech  at 
+his  election,  and really these London electors were in capital humor, or they 
+could  not have  allowed  such  an  argument to  pass  without  saying  something 
+against  it.  'He  was  against  secrecy  everywhere;'  and when I read the para-
+io  graph,  I  said  to  myself  'Very  well;  if  I  had  been  one  of  your  supporters,  I 
+should  have  recommended  you  to  take  a  reporter  from  The  Times  Office 
+to  the  next  Cabinet-meeting  with  you.'"  (Hear!  laughter.) 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Now  we  come  to  Sir  James  Graham's  argument: 
+"He  did  not  think  secret  voting  could  be  made  compulsory." 
+Why  can it not be  made  compulsory?  Open voting  is  made  compulsory, 
+and  secret  voting  could be  made compulsory.  It is  compulsory,  at any rate, 
+in  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  if  not  in the-other  States of North America; 
+and  Sir James  Graham  knows  perfectly well that there was no force in what 
+he was  saying to 2,000 or 3,000 of the people of Carlisle, on a rainy day, when, 
+I  suppose,  people  did  not  weigh  matters  under  their  umbrellas  very  care 
+fully. 
+
+"We must not forget," concluded Mr. Bright,  "that everything the country 
+has  gained  since  the  Revolution  of  1688—and  especially  everything  of  late 
+years—has  been  gained  in  a  manly  contest  of  the  industrial  and  commercial 
+classes  against  the  Aristocracy and  the privileged classes  of this country.  We 
+
+must carry on the  same conflict; there are great things yet to be done." (Hear! 
+hear!  and  cheers.) 
+
+The  resolution  unanimously  agreed  to  was: 
+"That  this  meeting  requests  the  Liberal  Members  connected  with  the 
+30  County  of  Lancaster  to  consider  themselves  a  committee  for  the  purpose 
+of  aiding  in  any  proceedings  with  reference  to  Parliamentary  reform,  with 
+a view to  secure  such additional representation for the County, as its popula 
+tion,  industry,  wealth  and  intelligence  require." 
+
+35 
+
+The Manchester  school  have repeated  at this  meeting their battle cry: the 
+industrial  Bourgeoisie  against the Aristocracy; but, on the  other hand, they 
+have also betrayed the  secret of their policy, viz.:  the exclusion of the people 
+from  the  representation  of  the  country,  and  the  strict  maintenance  of their 
+particular  class-interest.  All that was  said with regard to  the ballot, national 
+education,  taxes on knowledge,  etc., is nothing but rhetorical flourishes; the 
+40  only  serious  object  being  the  equalization  of  Electoral  Districts—at  the  least 
+the  only  one  upon  which  a resolution was  passed  and  a pledge  taken by  the 
+
+35 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+members?  Why  this?  With equal  electoral  districts  the  town  interest would 
+become  the  commander  of  the  country-interest—the  bourgeoisie would  be 
+come  master  of the  House of  Commons.  If it were given to  the Manchester 
+men to obtain equal electoral districts, without a necessity of making serious 
+concessions  to  the  Chartists,  the  latter  would find  instead  of two enemies, 
+mutually  trying  to  outbid  each  other  in  their appeals to them, one  compact 
+army  of  foes,  who  would  concentrate  all  their  forces  to  resist the  people's 
+demands.  There  would  be,  for  a  while,  the  unrestricted  rule  of capital,  not 
+only  industrially  but  also  politically. 
+
+5 
+
+A  bad  omen  for  the  coalition  Ministry  may  be  found  in  the  eulogiums  10 
+
+bestowed  at  Kells  and  at Manchester  on the  fallen  Administration.  Mr. L u 
+c a s,  M.P.,  said  at  Kells; 
+
+"There  were  no  greater  enemies  to  Tenant  Right  than  the  Marquis  of 
+Had they not had the 
+
+Lansdowne, Lord Palmerston, Sidney Herbert, etc 
+Whig  Ministry  and  the  Grahamites  nibbling  at  the  Tenant  question?  They  15 
+had  on  the  other  hand  the  Tory  officials;  and  he  would leave  it to  the  con 
+science  of  any  man,  who  read  the  propositions  that  emanated  from  the 
+various  parties,  to  say  whether  the  treatment  of  the  subject  on  the  side  of 
+the  Derby  Government  was  not  a  thousand times  more  honest than that of 
+the  Whigs." 
+
+20 
+
+At the  Manchester Reunion,  M i l n er  G i b s on  said: 
+"Although the Budget of the late Ministry, as a whole, was bad, still there 
+were  indications  of  future  policy  in that budget—(Hear!  hear!) At least the 
+late  Chancellor  of the Exchequer has broken the ice.  I mean with regard to 
+the  Tea Duties.  I  have  heard  from  good  authority  that it was  the  intention  25 
+of  the  late  Government to  repeal  the  Advertisement Duty." 
+
+Mr. B r i g ht  went  still further in his  eulogium: 
+"The late Government did a bold thing with regard to the Income Tax. For 
+the country gentlemen of England, themselves the  owners of a vast portion 
+of  the  fixed  landed  property  of the  country, for them to  come forward and  30 
+support a proposition which  made  a distinction in the rate  charged on fixed 
+property,  and  that  on  income  derived  from  trade  and  other  precarious 
+sources,  was  a  step  that we  ought not to  lose  sight  of,  and  that we,  in this 
+district, are bound to applaud. But there was another point to which Mr. Dis- 
+raeli referred,  and for which I must say I feel grateful to him.  In the speech  35 
+introducing  his  budget,  and  in  the  speech  in  which  he  contended  for  three 
+hours,  with  that  mass  of  power  opposed  to  him,  on  the  night  of  his  final 
+defeat, he referred to the taxes on successions, which is what we understand 
+by  the  legacy  and  probate  duties,  and  he  admitted  that  it  required  to  be 
+adjusted."  (Loud  cheers.) 
+
+40 
+
+J 
+! 
+I 
+I 
+I 
+I 
+j 
+I 
+1 
+I 
+[ 
+i 
+I 
+I 
+I 
+| 
+I 
+I 
+f 
+
+I 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+36 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  I t a l i an  I n s u r r e c t i o n — B r i t i sh  P o l i t i cs 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3701,  25. Februar  1853 
+
+The Italian Insurrection—British Politics. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Friday, Feb. 11,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The  political  torpor  which,  under  the  protection of  nature's  dullest fog,  has 
+for so long a time prevailed here, has been suddenly interrupted by the arrival 
+of revolutionary  news  from  Italy.  Intelligence  has  been received by electric 
+telegraph,  that an insurrection took place at Milan on the 6th; that proclama 
+tions  had  been  posted up, one  by Mazzini,  the  other  by Kossuth,  exhorting 
+the  Hungarians  in  the  Austrian  army  to  join  the  revolutionists;  that  the 
+insurrection had been at first suppressed, but had afterwards recommenced; 
+that the  Austrians  stationed in the arsenal had been massacred, etc. ; that the 
+gates  of  Milan  were  shut  up.  The  French  Government  papers,  it  is  true, 
+communicate  two  further  dispatches,  dated  Berne  the  9th,  and  Turin  8th, 
+which  report  the  definitive  suppression  of  the  outbreak  on the  7th.  But  the 
+15  non-arrival  of  any  direct information  at  the  English  Foreign office for two 
+
+10 
+
+days,  is  regarded  as  a  favorable  symptom  by  the  friends  of  Italy. 
+
+Rumors are current in Paris, that great excitement prevailed at Pisa, Lucca 
+
+and  in  other  towns. 
+
+20 
+
+At  Turin  the  ministry  met  in  haste,  in  consequence  of  a  communication 
+from  the  Austrian  Consul,  in  order  to  deliberate  on the  aspect of  affairs  in 
+Lombardy.  The  day,  on  which  the  first  information  reached  London,  was 
+the  9th  of  February,  which  day,  curiously  enough,  is  also  the  anniversary 
+of  the  proclamation  of  the  Roman  Republic  in  1849,  of  the  decapitation of 
+Charles  I.  in  1649,  and  of  the  deposition  of  James  II.  in  1689. 
+
+25 
+
+As  regards the chances of the present insurrection at Milan,  there can be 
+little  hope  of  success,  unless  some  of  the  Austrian  regiments  pass  over  to 
+the  revolutionary  camp.  Private  letters  from  Turin,  which  I  expect  will 
+
+37 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+shortly reach  me,  will  probably enable  me  to  furnish  you a detailed account 
+of  the  whole  affair. 
+
+Several  statements  as  to  the  character  of  the  amnesty  lately  granted  by 
+Louis  Napoleon,  have  been  published  on  behalf  of  the  French  refugees. 
+Victor  Frondes  (a  former  officer)  declares  in the  Nation,  a Brussels paper, 
+that he  was  surprised  to  see  his name in the list of the  amnestied, he having 
+already  amnestied  himself,  five  months  ago,  by  making  his  escape  from 
+Algiers. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Moniteur  announced  at  first,  that  3,000  exiles  were  to  be  amnestied, 
+and  that  only  about  1,200  citizens  would  remain  under  the  ban  of  pro-  10 
+scription.  A few days  later  the same authority stated, that 4,312 persons had 
+been  pardoned,  so  that  Louis  Napoleon actually forgave  100 persons  more 
+than  he  had  previously  condemned.  Paris  and the  Department of  the  Seine 
+alone  numbered  about  4,000  exiles.  Of  these  only  226  are  included  in  the 
+amnesty.  The  Department  of  the  Hérault  counted  2,111  exiles;  299  are  15 
+amnestied.  The  Nièvre  furnished  1,478  victims  among  whom  there  were 
+1,100  fathers  of  families  averaging  three  children  each;  180  have  been 
+amnestied.  In the Department of the Var 687 out of 2,281 have been released. 
+Among the  1,200 republicans  transported  to  Cayenne,  only a few have been 
+pardoned, and precisely such as have escaped already from that penal settle-  20 
+ment.  The  number  of  persons  transported  to  Algeria  and  now  released,  is 
+large, but still in no proportion to the immense mass of people that have been 
+carried over  to  Africa, which is  said  to  amount to  12,000.  The refugees now 
+living in England, Belgium, Switzerland and Spain, with very rare exceptions, 
+are  entirely excluded from the decree.  On the other hand, the  amnesty lists  25 
+actually  contain  a large  number of  persons  who  have  never  quitted  France, 
+or  who  have  long  since  been  permitted  to  reenter  it;  nay,  more,  there  are 
+names  which  figure  in  the  list  several  times.  But  the  most  monstrous  fact 
+is,  that  the  list  is  swelled  with  the  names  of a large  number of persons  well 
+known  to  have  been  slaughtered  during  the  sanguinary  "battues" of  De-  30 
+cember. 
+
+The  new  Parliamentary  session  commenced  yesterday.  As  a  worthy  in 
+troduction  to  the  future  performances  of  the  Millenarian  Ministry,  the fol 
+lowing  scene  was produced in the House of Lords: The Earl of Derby asked 
+the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  what  measures  the  Government  proposed  to  submit  35 
+to  the  consideration  of  Parliament; upon which the latter replied that he had 
+already, on a former occasion, explained his principles, a repetition of which 
+would  be  inconvenient;  and  that  any  further  statement,  before  the  com 
+munication to be made in the House of Commons, would be premature.  And 
+now ensued a most curious dialogue, in which the Earl of Derby spoke, and  40 
+the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  only  bowed  significantly: 
+
+38 
+
+The  Italian  insurrection—British  Politics 
+
+The  Earl  of  Derby—'He  would  ask  the  noble  Lord  what  measures  he 
+
+intended to  submit to their Lordships  in the  course of the  Session?" 
+
+After  a few  seconds'  pause,  no  noble  Lord  having risen— 
+The  Earl  of Derby—"Does  silence  mean  no  measures?"  (A  laugh.) 
+
+5 
+
+The  Earl  of Aberdeen—(Muttering  some  inaudible  words.) 
+The  Earl  of  Derby—'May  I  be  permitted  to  ask  what  measures  will  be 
+
+introduced  in  this  House?" 
+
+No  answer. 
+The  question  of  adjournment  being  put  by  the  Lord  Chancellor,  their 
+
+10  Lordships  adjourned. 
+
+Passing from  the  House  of  Lords  to  "Her Majesty's liege  Commons," we 
+shall  observe  that  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen  has  expounded  the  programme  of 
+the  Ministry much more  strikingly by  his  silence  than Lord  John Russell by 
+his long and grave speech last night. The short resumé of the latter was: "No 
+15  Measures,  but  Men;"  adjournment  of  all  questions  of  Parliamentary  im 
+portance  for  one  year;  and  strict  payment  of  the  salaries  of  her  Majesty's 
+Ministers  during  that  time.  Lord  John  Russell  stated  the  intention  of  the 
+Government  in  nearly  these  words: 
+
+20 
+
+"With  regard  to  the  number  of men to  be  voted for the  Army,  the  Navy, 
+and  Ordnance,  there  will  be  no  increase  beyond  the  number voted before 
+the Christmas holidays. With regard to the amounts in the various estimates, 
+there  will be found a considerable increase upon the estimates of last y e a r . .. 
+A  bill  will  be  brought  in  to  enable  the  Legislature  of  Canada  to  dispose  of 
+the  Clergy Reserves  in  C a n a d a . ..  The  President  of the  Board of Trade will 
+25  move  for  the  introduction  of  a Pilotage b i l l . ..  The  disabilities  of  her  Ma 
+jesty's  Jewish  subjects  will be  removed  ...  Propositions will be made on the 
+subject of  Education.  I  am  not prepared  to  say that I am about to introduce, 
+on the  part of her  Majesty's  Government,  a very  large  plan  on that  subject. 
+It will  include educational measures for the poorer classes, and propositions 
+30  with respect to the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge... Transportation 
+to  Australia will  cease  . ..  There  will be  made  a proposal with respect to the 
+system  of  secondary  punishments  . ..  Immediately  after  the  Easter recess, 
+or as  soon as possible after that period, the Chancellor of the Exchequer will 
+propose  the  financial  statement  for  the  year  . ..  The  Lord  Chancellor  will 
+state  in  a  few  days  what  are  the  measures  he  proposes  to  bring in for  the 
+improvement  of  the  law  . ..  It  is  the  intention  of  the  Chief  Secretary  for 
+Ireland, in a few  days,  to  move  the  appointment of  a select Committee with 
+regard  to  the  law  of  Landlord  and  Tenant  in  Ireland  . ..  Ministers  would 
+endeavor to  effect  a renewal  of the  Income-Tax for the present year, without 
+
+35 
+
+40  any  observation or  discussion whatever." 
+
+In  reference  to  Parliamentary Reform,  Lord  John Russell  declares  that it 
+
+39 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+may  perhaps  be  taken into  consideration in the  next  session.  Accordingly, 
+no  Reform  bill at present.  Nay more, Johnny was  at great pains  to  disclaim 
+the idea of ever having promised to give a more liberal measure of representa 
+tive  reform  than  his  bill  of  last  session.  He  was  even  indignant that words 
+to  that  effect  should  have  been  ascribed to  him.  He  never  said  nor  meant 
+anything  of  the  kind.  Nor  does  he  promise  that  his  intended  bill  of  next 
+session will be as comprehensive as that of  1852.  With respect to bribery and 
+corruption,  he  said: 
+
+5 
+
+"I  think  it  better  to  defer  giving  an  opinion  as  to  whether  any  further 
+measures  may be necessary to check bribery and corruption. I will only say  10 
+that  the  subject  is  one  of  the  highest  importance." 
+
+It  is  impossible  to  describe  the  cool  amazement  with  which  this  speech 
+of finality-John was received by the House of Commons. It would be difficult 
+to  state,  which  was  greater,  the  perplexity  of  his  friends,  or  the  hilarity  of 
+his  foes.  All  seemed  to  regard  his  speech  as  a complete  refutation of  Lu-  15 
+cretius's  doctrine,  that  "Nil de nihilo fit.  " L o rd John at least made  something 
+out  of  nothing;  a  dry,  long  and  very  tedious  speech. 
+
+There  were  two  subjects  upon  which  Ministers  were  supposed  to  mean 
+to  stand  or  fall—a new assessment of the Income Tax and a new Reform bill. 
+Now as to the Income Tax it is proposed to continue it for a year in its present  20 
+form.  As  to  a  reform  bill,  even  of  Whig  dimensions,  it  is  declared  that 
+Ministers  intend  to  introduce  it  only  on  the  condition  that  they  remain  in 
+office  for  a  whole  year.  It  is  altogether  the  programme  of  the  late  Russell 
+Administration,  minus  the  Reform  Bill.  Even  the  financial  statement  is 
+postponed  till  after the  Easter recess,  so that Ministers  may be  able, in any  25 
+event  to  touch  their  quarterly  pay. 
+
+The  particular  reform  propositions  are  nearly  all of  them  borrowed from 
+Mr.D'Israeli's  programme.  Thus  for  instance,  the  law  amendment,  the 
+abolition of  transportation to Australia, the Pilotage bill, the  Committee on 
+the  Tenant-Right  question,  etc.  The  only  points  belonging  properly  to  the  30 
+present  Ministry,  are  the  proposed  educational  reform  which  Lord  John 
+assures us  will be  of  no larger  size than himself,  and the removal of Baronet 
+Lionel  Rothschild's  disabilities.  It  may  be  questioned, whether the  English 
+people  will be  very  contented with this extension of the  suffrage to  a Jewish 
+usurer, who was notoriously one of the accomplices of the Bonapartist coup  35 
+d'état. 
+
+This  impudence  of  a  Ministry,  composed  of  two  parties  that  were  com- 
+pletely  beaten  at  the  late  general  elections,  it  would be  difficult to  explain, 
+were it not for the circumstance that any new Reform bill would necessitate 
+a dissolution of the  present House of Commons, the majority of which stick  40 
+to  their  dearly-bought  seats,  gained  by  narrow  majorities. 
+
+\ 
+| 
+
+\ 
+
+| 
+f 
+\ 
+t 
+I 
+
+40 
+
+The  Italian  Insurrection—British  Politics 
+
+Nothing  is  more  delightful  than the  manner  in  which  The  Times attempts 
+
+to  comfort  its  readers: 
+
+"Next session is not quite so uncertain an epoch as to-morrow; f or to-mor 
+row  depends  not  only  on the  will,  but  even on  the  life  of the procrastinator, 
+while  if  the  world  endures,  next  session will  certainly  arrive.  Then put off 
+to next session—the whole Parliamentary reform—give the Ministry a rest for 
+one  year?" 
+
+I, for my part,  am of opinion, that it is highly beneficial to the people, that 
+no  Reform bill  is  to be  octroyed by  Ministers, in the present dull  state of the 
+public  mind,  and  "under  the  cold  shadow  of an aristocratic  Coalition  Cabi 
+net."  It must not be forgotten that Lord Aberdeen was  a member of the Tory 
+Cabinet, which, in  1830, refused to agree to any measure of reform. National 
+reforms  must be won by National agitation, and not by the grace of my Lord 
+Aberdeen. 
+
+In  conclusion  let  me  mention  that,  at  a  special  meeting  of  the  General 
+Committee  of  the  National  Association  for  the  Protection  of  British  Industry 
+and  Capital,  held  in the  South-Sea House,  on  Monday  last, under  the  Presi 
+dency  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond,  this  Society  wisely  resolved  to  dissolve 
+itself. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+41 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  A t t a ck  on  F r a n c is  J o s e p h — T he  M i l an  R i o t-
+
+B r i t i sh  P o l i t i c s — D i s r a e l i 's  S p e e c h — N a p o l e o n 's  W i ll 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3710,  8. März 1853 
+
+The Attack on Francis Joseph— 
+The  Milan Riot-British Politics-
+Disraeli's  Speech—Napoleon's  Will. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  Feb. 22,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The  electric  telegraph  brings  the following  news  from  Stuhlweissenburg: 
+
+"On  the  18th  inst.,  at  1  o'clock, the  Emperor of Austria,  Francis Joseph, 
+was  walking on the ramparts  of Vienna, when a Hungarian journeyman tailor 
+named  Lasslo  Libenyi,  formerly  a hussar from  Vienna,  rushed upon  him  in 
+a  moment  and  struck  him  with  a  poniard.  The  blow  was  warded  off  by  an  10 
+aid-de-camp,  the  Count  O'Donnell.  Francis  Joseph was  wounded below the 
+occiput.  The  Hungarian,  21  years  of  age,  was  struck down by a blow of  the 
+aid-de-camp's  sword  and  was  arrested  immediately." 
+
+According  to  other  accounts,  tjje  weapon  employed  was  a  musket. 
+A  very  extensive  conspiracy  for  the  overthrow  of  the  Austrian rule  has  15 
+
+just  been  discovered  in  Hungary. 
+
+The  Wiener Zeitung publishes  several  sentences  passed  by  courts  martial 
+on  thirty-nine  individuals,  accused  principally  of  conspiracy  with  Kossuth 
+and  Ruszak,  from  Hamburg. 
+
+Immediately  after the revolutionary  outbreak in Milan  had been crushed,  20 
+
+Radetzky  gave  orders  to  intercept  all  communication  with  Piedmont  and 
+Switzerland.  You will  ere  this have received the  scanty information that has 
+been  allowed  to  find  its  way  from  Italy  to  England.  I call your attention  to 
+one  characteristic  feature  in  the  Milan  affair. 
+
+Lieutenant-Marshal  Count  Strassoldo,  in  his  first  decree of the 6th inst.,  25 
+
+although imposing the  severest state of siege upon Milan, plainly admits that 
+
+42 
+
+The  Attack  on  Francis  Joseph—The  Milan  Riot—British  Politics—Napoleon's  Will 
+
+5 
+
+the  bulk  of  the  population  took  no  part  whatever  in  the  late  insurrection. 
+Radetzky, in his  subsequent proclamation of the 9th inst., dated from Verona, 
+subverts  the  statement  of  his  inferior,  and takes  advantage  of the  rebellion 
+to  obtain  money  under  false  pretenses.  He  subjects  all  persons  not  noto-
+riously  belonging  to  the  Austrian party to fines  of unlimited  extent, for the 
+benefit of the garrison. In his proclamation of the  11th inst.  he declares "that 
+the  generality  of  the  inhabitants,  with  a few  praiseworthy  exceptions,  are 
+unwilling  to  submit  to  the  Imperial  rule,"  and  he  instructs  all  judicial  au 
+thorities,  i.e.  the  courts  martial,  to  sequestrate  the  property  of  all  the  ac-
+
+10  complices,  explaining this  term in the  following  manner: 
+
+"Che  tale  complicità  consista  semplicimente  nella  omissione  della  de 
+
+nuncia  a  cui  ognuno  è  tenuto." 
+
+He  might  as  well  have  confiscated  all  Milan  at  once  under  the  pretense 
+that,  the  insurrection  having broken  out on the 6th,  its inhabitants  failed to 
+15  denounce  it on the  5th.  Whoever will not become a spy and informer for the 
+Hapsburg  shall be  liable  to  become  the  lawful prey  of the  Croat.  In  a word, 
+Radetzky  proclaims  a  new  system  of  wholesale  plunder. 
+
+20 
+
+The  Milan  insurrection  is  significant  as  a  symptom  of  the  approaching 
+revolutionary  crisis  on  the  whole  European  continent.  As the heroic act of 
+some few proletarians—the sons of Mammon were dancing, and singing, and 
+feasting  amid  the  blood  and  tears  of  their  debased  and  crucified  nation-
+proletarians  who,  armed  only  with knives,  marched to  attack the  citadel of 
+a  garrison  and  surrounding  army  of  forty  thousand  of  the  finest  troops  in 
+Europe,  it  is  admirable.  But  as  the  finale  of  Mazzini's  eternal  conspiracy, 
+25  of  his  bombastic  proclamations  and  his  arrogant  capucinades  against  the 
+French people, it is a very poor result. Let us hope that henceforth there will 
+be  an  end  of  révolutions improvisées,  as  the  French  call  them.  Has  one  ever 
+heard  of  great  improvisators  being  also  great  poets?  They  are  the  same  in 
+politics  as  in poetry.  Revolutions  are  never made to order.  After the terrible 
+30  experience  of  '48  and  '49,  it needs  something more than paper  summonses 
+from  distant  leaders  to  evoke  national  revolutions.  Kossuth  has  seized  the 
+opportunity  for  publicly  disavowing  the  insurrection  in  general,  and  the 
+proclamation  published  in  his  name  in  particular.  It looks,  however,  rather 
+suspicious  that  he  claims  for  himself  a post-factum  superiority to  his friend 
+
+35  Mazzini  as  a  politician.  The  Leader remarks  on this  subject: 
+
+"We  deem  it necessary to  caution our readers  that the  matter  in question 
+lies  exclusively between  Mr. Kossuth  and  Mr. Mazzini,  the  latter  of  whom 
+is  absent  from  England." 
+
+Della  Rocca,  a  friend  of  Mazzini,  says  in  a  letter  addressed  to  The  Daily 
+
+40  News,  with  regard  to  Mr. Kossuth's  and  Mr. Agostini's  disavowals: 
+
+"There  are  persons who  will  suspect that they were waiting the definitive 
+
+43 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+news  of  the  success  or the failure  of the insurrection,  as ready to  share the 
+honor  of  the  former  as  to  repel  the  responsibility of the latter."  B.  Szemere, 
+Ex-Minister  of  Hungary,  protests  in  a letter  addressed  to  the  editor  of  the 
+Morning  Chronicle,  "against  the  illegitimate  usurpation  of  the  name  of 
+Hungary  by  Kossuth."  He  says:  "Let those  who  are  desirous  of forming a 
+judgment  of  him  as  a  statesman,  read  attentively  the  history  of  the  last 
+Hungarian  Revolution, or of learning his  skill  as  a conspirator, cast a retro 
+spective  glance  on  the  unhappy  Hamburg  expedition  of  last  year." 
+
+That  the  revolution is  victorious even in its failures, one may  see from the 
+terrors  the  Milan  échauffourée  has  thrown  in  the  very heart of  continental 
+potentates.  Look  only  at  the  following letter published in the  official  Frank 
+furter 
+
+Oberpostamts-Zeitung: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"Berlin,  Feb.  13—The  events  at  Milan  have  produced  a  deep  impression 
+here.  The  news  reached  the  King  by  telegraph  on the 9th,  just as the court 
+was in the middle of a ball. The King immediately declared that the movement 15 
+was  connected  with  a  deep  conspiracy,  which  had  its  ramification  every 
+where,  and  that  it  showed  the  necessity  for  the  close  union  of Prussia and 
+Austria in presence  of these revolutionary  movements 
+A  high function 
+ary exclaimed : 'We may thus have to defend the Prussian crown on the banks 
+of the  P o . '" 
+
+20 
+
+So  great  was  the  alarm  created  in  the  first  moment,  that  about  twenty 
+inhabitants  of  Berlin were  arrested without any  other  cause than the  "deep 
+impression."  The  Neue  Preussische  Zeitung,  the  ultra  Royalist  paper,  was 
+confiscated  for  pubUsbing  the  document purporting to be from Kossuth.  On 
+the  13th the  Minister von Westphalen presented to the first chamber a hasty  25 
+bill  for  empowering  the  Government to  seize  all  papers  or  pamphlets  pub 
+lished  outside  the  frontiers  of  Prussia.  Arrests  and domiciliary visits are the 
+order  of  the  day  at  Vienna.  Negotiations  immediately  took place  between 
+Russia,  Prussia  and  Austria,  for  a joint remonstrance  to be  addressed to the 
+British Government on the  subject of political refugees.  So weak,  so power-  30 
+less  are  the  so-called  "powers."  They feel  the  thrones  of  Europe  vibrate  to 
+their  foundations  at  the  first  forebodings  of  the  revolutionary  earthquake. 
+In the  midst of their armies, their gallows  and their dungeons, they are trem 
+bling at what they call  "the  subversive attempts of afew paid miscreants." 
+
+"Quiet is restored." It is.  The ominous and dreadful quiet that intervenes  35 
+
+between  the  first  burst  of  the  tempest  and  its  returning  roar. 
+
+From the  agitated  scenes of the Continent I pass to quiet England. It would 
+seem  as  if  the  spirit  of  little  Finality-John  had  obtained  the  whole  of  the 
+official  sphere for its dominion;  as though the nation throughout had become 
+as  paralytic  as  the  men  who  now govern it.  Even  The  Times exclaims  with  40 
+despair: 
+
+44 
+
+The  Attack  on  Francis  Joseph—The  Milan  Riot—British  Politics—Napoleon's  Will 
+
+"It  may  be  the  calm  before  a  storm;  it may be  the  smoke  before  the fire. 
+
+. ..  For  the  present  it  is  dullness." 
+
+Business  has  been  resumed  in  Parliament,  but  till  now  the  three  times 
+repeated bowing of Lord Aberdeen has been the  most dramatic, and the only 
+5  conspicuous  act  of  the  Coalition-Ministry.  The  impression  Lord  John's 
+programme  has  made  on his  enemies  has been best described by the profes 
+sions  of  his  friends: 
+
+"Lord John Russell,"  says  The  Times,  "has  made  a speech with rather less 
+spirit  than  an  ordinary  auctioneer  would  put  into  his  prehminary  remarks 
+10  before  a  sale of old furniture, damaged goods, or shop fittings... Lord John 
+
+Russell  creates  mighty  little  enthusiasm." 
+
+You know  that the new Reform bill has been postponed under the presence 
+of  more urgent practical reforms calling upon the more immediate attention 
+of legislators.  Now  an instance  has  already been given of what nature these 
+reforms  must turn out to be,  while the instrument of reforming, viz., Parlia 
+ment,  remains  itself  unreformed. 
+
+15 
+
+On  Feb.  14,  Lord  Cranworth  laid  his  programme  of  legal  reform  before 
+
+the  House  of Lords.  By far the greater part of his  prolix, tedious,  and inde 
+cisive  speech  consisted  in  the  enumeration  of  the  many  things  he  was  ex-
+20  pected,  but  not  at  all  prepared  to  do.  He  excused  himself  with  being  only 
+seven weeks  on the woolsack, but, as  The  Times observes, "Lord Cranworth 
+has  been  63  years  in  this  world,  and  37  at  the  Bar."  In  the  true  spirit  of 
+Whiggery,  he  infers  from  the  comparatively  great  results  obtained  by  the 
+small legal  reforms  hitherto  made,  that it would be  an  infraction of the laws 
+25 of modesty to go on reforming in the same strain. In the true spirit of Aristoc 
+racy, he abstains from dealing with Ecclesiastical Law, as "It would interfere 
+too  much  with  vested  interests."  Interests  vested  in  what?  In  public  nui 
+sances.  The  only  measures  of  any  importance  prepared by Lord Cranworth 
+are  the  following  two:  Firstly,  a "Bill to facilitate  the  transfer of land,"  the 
+30  principal features of which are, that it renders the transfer of land only more 
+difficult,  by  increasing  the  expenses  thereon,  and  augmenting the  technical 
+obstructions,  without  shortening  the  length,  or  diminishing  the  complexity 
+of  conveyances.  Second,  a  proposition  to  form  a commission for  digesting 
+the  statute law, the whole merit of which will be restricted to the compilation 
+35  of  an index for  the  40 quarto  volumes of  statutes  at large.  Lord Cranworth 
+certainly  may  defend  his  measures  against  the  most  inveterate  opponents 
+to  law-reform  with  the  same  excuse  which  was  offered  by  the  poor  girl to 
+her  Confessor,  namely:  that,  though  it  was  true  that  she  had had  a child, it 
+was  but  a  very  little  one. 
+
+40 
+
+Up to this day the only interesting debate in the House of Commons was 
+that  in  which  Mr. Disraeli,  on  the  18th  inst.,  interpellated  the  Ministers  on 
+
+45 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the  relations  of  the  country  with  France.  Disraeli  began  with  Poitiers  and 
+Agincourt,  and  ended  with  the  hustings  at  Carlisle,  and  the  Cloth-Hall  at 
+Halifax,  his  object  being  to  denounce  Sir  James  Graham  and  Sir  Charles 
+Wood for irreverent remarks made on the character of Napoleon ΠΙ. Disraeli 
+could not have rendered the  utter decay of the old Tory party more evident, 
+than  by  his  throwing  himself  up  as  the  apologist  of  the  Bonapartes,  the 
+hereditary  enemies  of  the  very  political  class  whose  chief  he  himself  is.  He 
+could not have opened his opposition career in a more inappropriate manner, 
+than  by  this  justification  of  the  actual  regime  in  France.  The  weakness  of 
+this  part  of  his  speech  may  be  seen from  a  short  analysis  of  it. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Attempting  to  explain  the  causes  of  the  uneasiness  felt  by  the  public on 
+the  state  of  England's  present  relations  with  France,  he  was  compelled  to 
+admit  that  the principal motive was  just  derived from  the  large  armaments, 
+which  were  commenced  under  his  own  administration.  Nevertheless  he 
+endeavored  to  prove,  that  the  increasing  and  completing  the  defenses  of  15 
+Great  Britain  had  their  only  reason  in  the  great changes  occasioned by the 
+modern application of  science  to  the  art of  war. Competent authorities, he 
+says,  had  ere  this  recognized  the necessity of such measures. In  1840, under 
+the  Ministry  of M. Thiers, there had been made  some efforts by the Govern­
+ment  of  Sir Robert Peel,  at least to commence a new  system with regard to  20 
+the  public  defenses.  But  in  vain.  Again,  at the  outbreak  of the  Continental 
+revolutions  in  1848,  an opportunity had been offered to the  Government of 
+the  day  to  lead  popular  opinion  in the  direction which  it  desired,  as  far  as 
+the  defense  of  the  country  was  concerned.  But  again  without  result.  The 
+question  of  national  defenses  had  not  become  ripe  before  he  and  his  col-  25 
+leagues were placed at the head of the Government. The measures, adopted 
+by  them  were  as  follows: 
+
+I. A  Militia  was  established. 
+II. The  Artillery  was  placed  in  an  efficient  state. 
+III. Measures  were  introduced  which  will  completely fortify the Arsenals 
+
+30 
+
+of  the  country,  and  some  important  strong  posts  upon  the  coast. 
+
+TV.  A  proposition  was  made  by  which  will  be  added  to  the  Navy 
+
+5,000  sailors  and  1,500  marines. 
+
+V.  Arrangements  were  made  for  the  establishment  of  the ancient force in 
+the  form  of  a  Channel  Fleet  of  15  or  20  sail  of  the  line  with  an  adequate  35 
+number  of  frigates  and  smaller  ships. 
+
+Now,  from  all  these  statements,  it  is  evident  that  Disraeli  established 
+exactly  the  contrary  of  what  he  wanted  to  prove.  The  Government  was 
+unable  to  effect  an  increase  of  armaments,  when  the  Syrian  and  Tahitian 
+questions  menaced  the  entente  cordiale with  Louis  Philippe;  it  was  equally 
+unable  to  do  so  when Revolution  spread all over the  Continent and  seemed 
+
+40 
+
+46 
+
+The  Attack  on  Francis  Joseph—The  Milan  Riot—British  Politics—Napoleon's  Will 
+
+to  threaten  British  interests  at  their  very  root.  Why,  then,  has  it  become 
+possible  to  do  so  now,  and  why  was it  done  by  Mr. Disraeli's  Government? 
+Exactly  because  Napoleon  III.  has  raised  more  fears  for  the  security  of 
+England than have existed at any time since  1815. And further, as Mr. Cobden 
+justly  observed: 
+
+5 
+
+"The  proposed  increase  in  the  naval force was  not an increase  of  steam-
+machinery, but one of men, and the transition from the use of  sailing-vessels 
+to  that  of  steamers  did  not  imply  the necessity of a larger number of  sailors, 
+but  quite  the  contrary." 
+
+io 
+
+Disraeli  said: 
+"Another  cause  for  the  belief  in  an  impending  rupture  with  France  was 
+the  existence  in  France  of  a  military  government.  But  when  armies  were 
+anxious  for  conquests,  it  was  because  their  position  at  home  was  uneasy; 
+and  France  was  now  governed  by  the  army,  not  in  consequence  of  the 
+15  military ambition of the troops, but in consequence of the disquietude of the 
+
+citizens." 
+
+Mr. Disraeli  seems  entirely to  overlook that the  question is just, how long 
+the  army  will  feel  easy  at  home,  and  how  long  the  entire  Nation  will  bow, 
+out  of  deference  to  the  egotistical  disquietude  of  a  small  class  of  citizens, 
+to  the  actual  terrors  of  a  military  despotism,  which  after  all is  but  the  in 
+strument  of  exclusive  class  interests. 
+
+20 
+
+The  third  cause  alleged  by  Mr. Disraeli  was: 
+"The  considerable  prejudice  in  this  country  against  the  present  ruler  of 
+France.  . ..  It  was  understood  that  in  acceding  to  power he had terminated 
+25  with what  was here esteemed a Parliamentary Constitution and that he  had 
+
+abrogated  the  liberty  of  the  press." 
+
+There  is, however, but little which Mr. Disraeli knew of  to  oppose  to that 
+prejudice.  He  said  "it  was  extremely  difficult to  form  an opinion on French 
+politics." 
+
+30 
+
+It  is  simply  common-sense  which  tells  the  English people,  although less 
+deeply  initiated  into the  mysteries  of  French politics than  Mr. Disraeli, that 
+the reckless  adventurer, being neither  controlled by a Parliament nor a press, 
+is  the  very  man  to  make  a  piratical  descent  upon  England,  after  his  own 
+exchequer  has  become  exhausted  by  extravagance  and  dissipation. 
+
+35 
+
+Mr. Disraeli then records some instances, in which the cordial understand 
+ing  between  Bonaparte  and  the  late  Administration had  greatly contributed 
+toward  the  maintenance  of  peace,  as  in  the  case  of  an  impending  conflict 
+between France and Switzerland, in the opening of the South America rivers, 
+in  the  case  of  Prussia  and  Neufchatel,  in  pressing  upon  the  United  States 
+40 the Tripartite renunciation of Cuba, in the common action in the Levant with 
+regard  to  the  Tanzimat  in  Egypt,  in  the  revision  of  the  Greek  Succession 
+
+47 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Treaty,  in the  cordial cooperation with regard to  the  Regency  of Tunis,  etc. 
+Now  this  reminds me of a certain member of the French party of order, who 
+made  a  speech  at the  end of November,  1851,  on the cordial understanding 
+between Bonaparte  and  the majority of the  Assembly which had enabled the 
+latter  so  easily  to  dispose  of  the  Suffrage,  the  Association,  and the  Press 
+questions.  Two  days  later  the  coup  d'état  had  been  carried  out. 
+
+5 
+
+Weak  and  inconsistent  as  was  this  part  of  Disraeli's  speech,  his  attacks 
+
+on  the  Coalition  Ministry  formed  a  brilliant  conclusion: 
+
+"There  is  one  other  reason,"  he  concluded,  "why  I  am  bound  to  pursue 
+this inquiry at the present moment, and I find that reason in the present state 1 o 
+of  parties  in  this  House.  It  is  a  peculiar  state  of  things.  We  have  at  this 
+moment  a  Conservative  Ministry,  and we  have  a Conservative  Opposition. 
+(Cheers.) Where  the  great  Liberal party is,  I pretend not to  know.  (Cheers.) 
+Where  are  the  Whigs,  with  their  great  traditions?  . ..  There  is  no  one  to 
+answer.  (Renewed  cheering.)  Where,  I  ask,  are  the  youthful  energies  of  15 
+Radicalism?  Its  buoyant  expectations—its  expanded  hopes?  Awakened,  I 
+fear,  from  the  dreams  of  that  ardent  inexperience which  attend  sometimes 
+the  career  of  youth,  it  finds  itself  at the  same  moment used  and  discarded. 
+(Cheers.)  Used  without  compunction,  and  not  discarded  with  too  much 
+decency.  (Cheers.) Where are the Radicals? Is there a man in the House who  20 
+declares  himself  a  Radical?  (Hear,  hear!)  No,  not  one.  He  would  be  afraid 
+of being caught and turned into a Conservative  Minister.  (Roars of laughter.) 
+Well,  how  has  this  curious  state  of things been brought about? Where is the 
+machinery by  which  it has  been effected, this portentous political calamity? 
+I  believe  I must  go  to  that  inexhaustible  magazine  of political  devices,  the  25 
+First  Lord  of  the  Admiralty  (Graham) to explain the present state of affairs. 
+The  House  may  recollect  that  some  two  years  ago  the  First  Lord  of  the 
+Admiralty  afforded us,  as  is  his wont,  one of those political creeds in which 
+his  speeches  abound.  He  said:  Ί  take  my  stand  on  progress.'  Well,  Sir,  I 
+thought at the time that progress  was  an odd thing to take one's stand upon.  30 
+(Much  laughter  and  cheering.)  I  thought  at  the  time  that this  was  a piece  of 
+oratorical  slip-slop.  But I  apologize for the momentary suspicion. I find that 
+it was  a  system perfectly matured and now brought into  action.  For we have 
+now a Ministry of progress,  and  every one stands  still.  (Cheers.) We never 
+hear  the  word  Reform  now;  it  is  no  longer  a  Ministry  of  Reform;  it  is  a  35 
+Ministry  of  Progress,  every  member  of  which  resolves  to  do  nothing.  All 
+difficult  questions  are  superseded.  All  questions  which  cannot  be  agreed 
+upon,  are  open  questions." 
+
+The  opponents  of  Disraeli  had  but  little  to  say  in  reply  to  him,  with  the 
+
+exception  of  that  very  "inexhaustible  magazine  of  political  devices,"  Sir  40 
+James Graham, who,  at least, conserved his  dignity in not wholly retracting 
+
+48 
+
+The  Attack  on  Francis  Joseph—The  Milan  Riot—British  Politics—Napoleon's  Will 
+
+the  offensive  words  against  Louis  Napoleon,  of  which  he  had  been  ac 
+cused. 
+
+Lord  John  Russell  charged  Mr. Disraeli with  making  a  party-question  of 
+
+the  country's  foreign  policy,  and  assured  the  Opposition: 
+
+"That  after  the  contentions  and  struggles  of  last  year  the  country  would 
+gladly  see  a  short  time  at least of peaceable progress,  without any  of those 
+great  convulsive  struggles  of  parties." 
+
+The  result  of  the  debate  is,  that  the  whole  of  the  navy-estimates  will  be 
+voted by the House, but to the comfort of Louis Napoleon, not from a warlike 
+but  only  a  scientific  view  of  the  matter.  Suaviter in modo,  farther  in re.  On 
+Thursday  morning last, the  Queen's  Advocate,  appearing before  Sir J. Dod-
+son,  in  the  Prerogative  Court,  requested,  on  behalf  of  the  Secretary  of 
+Foreign  Affairs,  that  the  original  will  and  codicil  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte 
+should  be  delivered  up  by  the  Register  to  the  French  Government;  which 
+desire  was  complied  with.  Should  Louis  Bonaparte  proceed  to  open  and 
+endeavor  to  execute  this  testament,  it might prove  the  modern box of Pan 
+dora. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+49 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+P a r l i a m e n t a ry  D e b a t e s— 
+
+T he  C l e r gy  a g a i n st  S o c i a l i s m — S t a r v a t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3716,  15. März 1853 
+
+Parliamentary Debates— 
+The  Clergy  against  Socialism—Starvation. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Friday, Feb. 25,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The Parliamentary debates of the week offer but little of interest.  On the 22d 
+inst.  Mr. Spooner moved, in the House of Commons, the repeal of the money 
+grants  for  the  Catholic  College  at Maynooth,  and  Mr. Scholefield proposed 
+the  amendment "to  repeal  all enactments now in force whereby the revenue 
+of  the  State  is  charged  in  aid  of  any  ecclesiastical  or  religious  purpose 
+whatever."  Mr. Spooner's  motion  was lost by  162 to  192 votes.  Mr. Schole-  10 
+field's  amendment will  not  come  under  discussion before  Wednesday  next; 
+it  is,  however,  not  improbable  that  the  amendment  will be  withdrawn alto 
+gether.  The  only remarkable  passage  in the Maynooth debate is an observa 
+tion  that  fell  from  Mr. Duffy  (Irish  Brigade:)  "He  did  not  tliink  it  wholly 
+impossible  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  or  the  new  Emperor  of  15 
+the French,  might be glad to renew the relations between those countries and 
+the  Irish  Priesthood." 
+
+In  the  session  of  last  night  Lord  John  Russell  brought before  the  House 
+of  Commons  his  motion  for  the  "removal  of  some  disabilities  of  Her  Ma 
+jesty's  Jewish  subjects." The motion was carried by  a majority of 29.  Thus  20 
+the  question is again settled in the House of Commons, but there is no doubt 
+that  it  will  be  once  more  unsettled  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
+
+The  exclusion  of  Jews  from  the  House  of  Commons,  after  the  spirit  of 
+usury  has  so  long  presided  in  the  British  Parliament,  is  unquestionably  an 
+absurd anomaly, the more  so  as  they have  already become eligible to all the  25 
+civil  offices  of  the  community.  But it remains  no  less  characteristic  for the 
+man  and  for  his  times,  that  instead  of  a  Reform  bill  which was  promised  to 
+
+50 
+
+Parliamentary  Debates—The  Clergy  against  Socialism—Starvation 
+
+remove  the  disabüities  of  the  mass  of  the  English  people,  a bill  is  brought 
+in  by  Finality  John  for  the  exclusive  removal  of  the  disabilities  of  Baron 
+Lionel  de  Rothschild.  How  utterly  insignificant  an  interest  is  taken  in  this 
+affair  by  the  public  at  large,  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact that from  not  a 
+single place in Great Britain a petition in favor of the admission of Jews has 
+been  forwarded  to  Parliament.  The  whole  secret  of  this  miserable  reform 
+farce  was  betrayed  by  the  speech  of  the  present  Sir  Robert  Peel. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+"After  all,  the  House  were  only  considering  the  noble  Lord's  private 
+affairs.  (Loud  cheers.)  The  noble  Lord  represented  London  with  a  Jew, 
+1 o (cheers) and had made the pledge to bring forward annually a motion in favor 
+of  the  Jews.  (Hear!)  No  doubt  Baron  Rothschild  was  a very  wealthy  man, 
+but this  did not entitle  him  to  any consideration, especially considering how 
+his  welath  had  been  amassed.  (Loud  cries  of  "hear,  hear,"  and  "Oh!  Oh!" 
+from  the  Ministerial benches.) Only yesterday he had read in the papers that 
+the  House  of  Rothschild  had  consented to  grant  a  loan to  Greece,  on con 
+siderable  guaranties,  at  9%.  (Hear!)  No wonder,  at this  rate,  that the  house 
+of  Rothschild  were  wealthy.  (Hear!)  The  President  of the  Board  of  Control 
+had  been  talking  of  gagging  the  Press.  Why,  no  one  had  done  so  much  to 
+depress  freedom  in  Europe  as  the  house  of Rothschild  (Hear,  hear!)  by  the 
+loans with which they assisted the  despotic powers. But even supposing the 
+Baron  to  be  as  worthy  a  man  as  he  was  certainly  rich,  it was to  have been 
+expected  that  the  noble  Lord who  represented  in  that House  a government 
+consisting  of  the  leaders  of  all  the  political  factions  who  had  opposed  the 
+late Administration, would have proposed some measure of more importance 
+than the present." 
+
+25 
+
+20 
+
+The proceedings on election-petitions have commenced. The elections for 
+Canterbury  and  Lancaster  have  been  declared  null  and  void,  under circum 
+stances  which  proved  the  habitual  venality on the  part of  a certain  class  of 
+electors,  but  it  is  pretty  sure  that  the  majority  of  cases will be  adjusted by 
+
+30  way of compromise. 
+
+"The  privileged  classes,"  says  The  Daily News  "who  have  successfully 
+contributed  to  baffle  the  intentions  of  the  Reform  Bill  and to  recover their 
+ascendency  in  the  existing representation,  are  naturally alarmed  at the  idea 
+of  full  and  complete  exposure." 
+
+35 
+
+On  the  21st  inst.,  Lord  John  Russell  resigned  the  seals  of  the  Foreign 
+Office,  and  Lord  Clarendon  was  sworn in as his  successor.  Lord John is the 
+first  Member  of  the  House  of  Commons  admitted  to  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet 
+without  any  official appointment.  He is now only a favorite adviser, without 
+a  place—and  without  salary.  Notice,  however,  has  already  been  given  by 
+40  Mr.Cayley  of  a  proposition  to  remedy  the  latter  inconvenience  of  poor 
+Johnny's  situation.  The  Secretaryship  of  Foreign  Affairs  is  at  the  present 
+
+51 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+juncture  the more important, as the Germanic Diet has bestirred itself to ask 
+the  removal  of  all  political  refugees  from  Great  Britain,  as  the  Austrians 
+propose  to pack us all up  and transport us to  some barren island in the  South 
+Pacific. 
+
+5 
+
+Allusion  has  been  made,  in a former letter, to  the probability of the  Irish 
+Tenant-Right  agitation  becoming,  in  time,  an  anti-clerical  movement,  not 
+withstanding the views  and intentions of its actual leaders. I alleged the fact, 
+that the  higher  Clergy  was  already  beginning to take  a hostile  attitude with 
+regard  to  the  League.  Another  force  has  since  stepped into the field which 
+presses  the  movement in the  same  direction.  The  landlords of the north of  10 
+Ireland  endeavor  to persuade their tenantry, that the Tenant League  and the 
+Catholic  Defense  Association  are  identical,  and  they  labor  to  get  up  an 
+opposition  to  the  former  under  the  pretense  of  resisting  the  progress  of 
+Popery. 
+
+While we thus see the Irish landlords appealing to their tenants against the  15 
+
+Catholic  clergy  we  behold  on  the  other  hand  the  English  Protestant clergy 
+appealing  to  the  working  classes  against  the  mill-lords.  The  industrial  pro 
+letariat  of  England  has  renewed  with  double  vigor its  old campaign  for the 
+Ten  hours  Bill  and  against  the  truck and stoppage  system.  As  the  demands 
+of this kind shall be brought before the House of Commons, to which numer-  20 
+ous  petitions  on  the  subject  have  already  been  presented,  there  will  be  an 
+opportunity  for  me  to  dwell  in  a  future  letter  on  the  cruel  and  infamous 
+practices  of  the  factory-despots,  who  are  in  the  habit  of  making  the  press 
+and the tribune resounding with their liberal rhetorics.  For the present it may 
+suffice  to  recall  to  memory that from  1802  there  has  been a continual  strife  25 
+on  the  part  of  the  English  working  people  for  legislative  interference  with 
+the  duration  of  factory  labor,  until in  1847  the  celebrated Ten-hours  Act of 
+John Fielden was passed, whereby young persons and females were prohibit 
+ed  to  work in  any factory  longer  than  ten  hours  a day.  The liberal mill-lords 
+speedily  found  out  that under  this  act factories  might be  worked by  shifts  30 
+and  relays.  In  1849  an  action  of  law  was  brought  before  the  Court  of  Ex 
+chequer,  and the Judge  decided,  that to  work the relay or shift-system, with 
+two  sets of children, the  adults working the whole space of time during which 
+the  machinery  was  ranning,  was legal.  It therefore became  necessary to  go 
+to  Parliament again,  and in  1850 the relay and  shift-system was  condemned  35 
+there,  but  the  Ten  Hours  act was  transformed into  a Ten  and  a Half  Hours 
+act.  Now,  at  this  moment,  the  working-classes  demand  a  restitution  in  in 
+tegrum of  the  original  Ten-Hours  bill;  yet,  in order to  make it efficient, they 
+add  the  demand  of  a  restriction  of  the  moving  power  of  machinery. 
+
+Such  is,  in  short,  the  exoteric  history  of  the  Ten  Hours  act.  Its  secret  40 
+
+history  was  as follows:  The landed Aristocracy having suffered a defeat from 
+
+52 
+
+Parliamentary  Debates—The  Clergy  against  Socialism—Starvation 
+
+5 
+
+the bourgeoisie by the passing of  the Reform bill of  1831, and being assailed 
+in  "their most sacred interests" by the cry of the manufacturers for free-trade 
+and  the  abolition  of  the  Corn-Laws,  resolved  to  resist  the  middle-class  by 
+espousing  the  cause  and  claims  of  the  working  men  against  their  masters, 
+and  especially by rallying  around their demands for the limitation of factory 
+labor.  So-called  philanthropic  Lords  were  then  at the head of all Ten-Hours 
+meetings.  Lord  Ashley  has  even  made  a  sort  of  "renommée"  by  his  per 
+formances  in  this  movement.  The  landed  aristocracy  having  received  a 
+deadly  blow  by  the  actual  abolition  of  the  Corn-laws  in  1846,  took  their 
+10  vengeance  by  forcing  the  Ten  Hours  bill  of  1847  upon  Parliament.  But the 
+industrial  bourgeoisie  recovered  by  judiciary  authority,  what  they  had  lost 
+by Parliamentary legislation.  In  1850,  the wrath of the Landlords had gradu 
+ally  subsided,  and they made  a compromise with the Mill-lords, condemning 
+the  shift-system,  but  imposing,  at  the  same  time,  as  a  penalty  for  the  en-
+forcement  of  the  law,  half  an  hour  extra  work  per  diem  on  the  working-
+classes.  At the  present juncture,  however,  as they feel the approach of their 
+final  struggle  with  the  men  of the  Manchester  school,  they  are  again trying 
+to  get  hold  of  the  short-time  movement;  but,  not  daring  to  come  forward 
+themselves,  they  endeavor  to  undermine  the  Cotton-lords  by  directing  the 
+20  popular  force  against them through  the  medium of the  State Church  Clergy 
+men.  In  what  rude  manner  these  holy  men  have  taken  the  anti-industrial 
+crusade  into  their  hands,  may  be  seen from the  following few  instances.  At 
+Crompton  a  Ten-Hours  meeting  was  held,  the  Rev. Dr. Brammall,  (of  the 
+State  Church)  in  the  chair.  At this  meeting,  Rev. J. R. Stephens, Incumbent 
+
+15 
+
+25  of  Staleybridge,  said: 
+
+"There  had  been  ages  in  the  world  when  the  nations  were  governed  by 
+Theocracy  . ..  That  state  of  things  is  now  no  more  . ..  Still  the  spirit of law 
+was the  s a m e . .. The laboring man should, first of all, be partaker of the fruits 
+of the  earth,  which he  was  the  means  of producing.  The factory-law  was  so 
+30  unblushingly  violated  that  the  Chief  Inspector  of  that  part  of  the  factory 
+district,  Mr. Leonard  Horner,  had  found  himself necessitated to write to the 
+Home-Secretary,  to  say  that  he  dared  not,  and  would  not  send  any  of  his 
+Sub-Inspectors  into  certain  districts  until  he  had  police  protection  . ..  And 
+protection  against  whom?  Against  the  factory-masters!  Against the richest 
+35  men  in  the  district,  against the  most influential  men  in  the  district,  against 
+the  magistrates  of  the  district,  against  the  men  who  hold  her  Majesty's 
+Commission,  against  the  men  who  sat  in  the  Petty  Sessions  as  the  Repre 
+sentatives  of  Royalty  . ..  And  did  the  masters  suffer  for  their  violation  of 
+the  law?...  In  his  own  district,  it  was  a  settled  custom  of  the  male,  and  to 
+40  a  great  extent  of  the  female  workers  in factories,  to  be  in bed  till  9,  10  or 
+11  o'clock on  Sunday,  because  they were  tired out by the labor of the week. 
+
+53 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Sunday  was  the  only day  on which they  could  rest their wearied frames  . .. 
+It  would  generally  be  found  that,  the  longer  the  time  of  work,  the  smaller 
+the  wages  . ..  He  would  rather  be  a  slave in  South  Carolina,  than  a factory 
+operative  in  England." 
+
+At  the  great ten hours  meeting,  at Burnley, Rev. E. A. Verity, Incumbent 
+
+5 
+
+of  Habergham  Eaves,  told  his  audience  among  other  things: 
+
+"Where  was  Mr.Cobden,  where  was  Mr. Bright,  where  were  the  other 
+members  of  the  Manchester  School,  when  the  people  of  Lancashire  were 
+oppressed?  . ..  What was  the  end  of  the  rich  man's thinking? Why,  he was 
+scheming  how  he  could  defraud the working classes  out of an hour or two. 
+That was  the  scheming of what he called the Manchester  School. That made 
+them  such  cunning hypocrites,  and  such  crafty rascals.  As  a  minister  of  the 
+Church  of  England,  he  protested  against  such  work." 
+
+10 
+
+The  motive,  that  has  so  suddenly  metamorphosed  the  gentlemen  of  the 
+Established  Church  into  as  many  knight-errants  of  labor's  rights,  and  so  15 
+fervent  knights  too,  has  already been pointed  out.  They  are  not only laying 
+in  a  stock  of  popularity for the  rainy  days  of  approaching  Democracy,  they 
+are  not only conscious,  that the  Established Church is  essentially an aristo 
+cratic  institution,  which  must either stand or fall with the landed Oligarchy-
+there is  something more. The men of the Manchester  School  are Anti-State  20 
+Church-men,  they  are  Dissenters,  they  are,  above  all,  so  highly  enamored 
+of  the  £13,000,000  annually  abstracted  from  their  pockets  by  the  State-
+Church  in  England  and  Wales  alone,  that they  are  resolved  to  bring  about 
+a  separation between those  profane  millions  and  the  holy orders,  the better 
+to  qualify  the  latter  for  heaven.  The  reverend  gentlemen,  therefore,  are  25 
+struggling  pro  aris  et focis.  The  men  of  the  Manchester  School,  however, 
+may infer from this  diversion, that they will be unable to abstract the political 
+power from the hands of the Aristocracy, unless they consent, with whatever 
+reluctance,  to  give  the  people  also  their  full  share  in  it. 
+
+On the  Continent,  hanging,  shooting and transportation is the order of the  30 
+
+day.  But the  executioners  are themselves tangible  and hangable beings, and 
+their  deeds  are  recorded  in  the  conscience  of the whole  civilized world.  At 
+the  same time there acts in England an invisible, intangible and silent despot, 
+condemning  individuals,  in  extreme  cases,  to  the  most cruel of  deaths,  and 
+driving  in  its  noiseless,  every  day  working,  whole  races  and  whole  classes  35 
+of  men from  the  soil  of  their  forefathers,  like  the  angel with the fiery sword 
+who  drove  Adam  from  Paradise.  In  the  latter  form  the  work  of  the  unseen 
+social  despot  calls  itself  forced emigration,  in  the  former  it  is  called  starva 
+tion. 
+
+Some  further  cases  of  starvation  have  occured  in  London  during  the  40 
+
+present  month.  I  remember  only  that  of  Mary  Ann  Sandry,  aged  43  years, 
+
+54 
+
+Parliamentary  Debates—The  Clergy  against  Socialism—Starvation 
+
+who  died  in  Coal-lane,  Shadwell, London.  Mr. Thomas Peene, the  surgeon, 
+assisting  the  Coroner's  inquest,  said the  deceased  died from  starvation  and 
+exposure  to  the  cold.  The  deceased  was  lying  on  a  small  heap  of  straw, 
+without  the  slightest covering.  The  room  was  completely  destitute  of furni 
+ture,  firing  and  food.  Five  young children were  sitting on the bare  flooring, 
+crying  from  hunger  and  cold  by  the  side  of  the  mother's  dead  body. 
+
+On  the  working  of  "forced  emigration"in  my  next. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+55 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+F o r c ed  E m i g r a t i o n — K o s s u th  a nd  M a z z i n i-
+
+T he  R e f u g ee  Q u e s t i o n — E l e c t i on  B r i b e ry  in  E n g l a n d-
+
+M r.  C o b d en 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3722,  22. März 1853 
+
+Forced  Emigration—Kossuth  and  Mazzini-
+The  Refugee  Question-
+Election Bribery in England—Mr. Cobden. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N. Y. Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  March 4,  1853. 
+
+From  the  accounts  relating  to  trade  and  navigation  for  the  years  1851  and 
+1852,  published  in  Feb.  last,  we  see that the  total  declared value  of  exports 
+amounted  to  £68,531,601  in  1851,  and  to  £71,429,548  in  1852;  of  the latter 
+amount, £47,209,000 go to the export of cotton, wool, linen and silk manufac 
+tures.  The  quantity of  imports for  1852  is  below  that for the  year  1851.  The 
+proportion of imports  entered for home consumption not having diminished, 
+but  rather  increased,  it  follows  that England  has  reexported,  instead  of  the 
+usual  quantity  of  colonial  produce,  a  certain  amount  of  gold  and  silver. 
+
+The  Colonial  Land  Emigration  Office  gives  the  following  return  of  the 
+emigration from England,  Scotland and Ireland to all parts of the world, from 
+Jan. 1,  1847, to June  30,  1852: 
+
+Year. 
+1847 
+1848 
+1849 
+1850 
+1851 
+1852 (till June). 
+Total 
+
+English. 
+34,685 
+58,865 
+73,613 
+57,843 
+69,557 
+40,767 
+335,330 
+
+Scotch. 
+8,616 
+11,505 
+17,127 
+15,154 
+18,646 
+11,562 
+82,610 
+
+Irish. 
+
+Total. 
+
+214,969 
+177,719 
+208,758 
+207,852 
+247,763 
+143,375 
+
+258,270 
+248,089 
+299,498 
+280,849 
+335,966 
+195,704 
+1,200,436  1,618,376 
+
+56 
+
+Forced  Emigration—Kossuth  and  Mazzini—The  Refugee  Question—Mr. Cobden 
+
+"Nine  tenths,"  remarks  the  Office,  "of  the  emigrants  from  Liverpool  are 
+assumed  to  be  Irish.  About three fourths of the emigrants from Scotland are 
+Celts,  either  from  the  Highlands,  or  from  Ireland  through  Glasgow." 
+
+5 
+
+Nearly four fifths  of the whole emigration are,  accordingly, to be regarded 
+as  belonging  to  the  Celtic  population  of  Ireland  and  of  the  Highlands  and 
+islands  of  Scotland.  The  London  Economist  says  of  this  emigration: 
+
+10 
+
+"It  is  consequent on the  breaking  down of  the  system  of  society founded 
+on  small  holdings  and potato cultivation;"  and adds:  "The  departure of the 
+redundant  part  of  the  population  of  Ireland  and  the  Highlands  of  Scotland 
+is an indispensable prehminary to every kind of improvement... The revenue 
+of  Ireland  has  not  suffered in any degree from the famine of  1846-47, or from 
+the  emigration  that  has  since  taken place.  On  the  contrary, her nett revenue 
+amounted in  1851  to £4,281,999, being about£184,000 greater than in 1843." 
+
+Begin  with pauperizing the  inhabitants  of  a country,  and when there is no 
+15  more  profit  to  be  ground  out  of  them,  when  they  have  grown  a burden  to 
+the  revenue,  drive  them  away,  and  sum  up  your  Net  Revenue!  Such is  the 
+doctrine  laid  down  by  Ricardo,  in  his  celebrated  work,  The  Principles  of 
+Political  Economy.  The  annual  profits  of  a  capitalist  amounting  to  £2,000, 
+what  does  it  matter  to  him  whether  he  employs  100 men or  1,000 men?  "Is 
+20  not,"  says  Ricardo,  "the  real  interest  of  a  nation  similar?"  The  net  real 
+income  of  a  nation,  rents  and  profits,  remaining  the  same,  it  is  no  subject 
+of  consideration  whether  it  is  derived  from  10  millions  of  people  or  from 
+12  millions.  Sismondi, 
+in  his  Nouveaux  Principes  d'Économie  Politique, 
+answers  that,  according to  this view  of the matter, the English nation would 
+25  not be interested at all in the disappearance of the whole population, the King 
+(at  that time  it was  no  Queen,  but  a  King)  remaining  alone  in  the  midst  of 
+the  island,  supposing  only  that automatic machinery enabled him to procure 
+the  amount  of  Net Revenue  now  produced  by  a  population  of  20  millions. 
+Indeed,  that  grammatical  entity,  the  "national  wealth,"  would  in  this  case 
+
+30  not be  diminished. 
+
+In  a former letter  I  have  given  an instance of the clearing of estates in the 
+Highlands  of  Scotland.  That emigration continues to be forced upon Ireland 
+by  the  same  process  you  may  see  from  the  following  quotation  from  The 
+Galway  Mercury: 
+
+35 
+
+"The  people  are  fast passing  away from  the  land in the West of Ireland. 
+The  landlords  of  Connaught are tacitly combined to weed out all the  smaller 
+occupiers,  against whom  a regular  systematic  war  of extermination is being 
+waged  . ..  The  most  heart-rending  cruelties  are  daily  practiced  in  this 
+province,  of  which  the  public  are  not  at  all  aware." 
+
+40 
+
+But  it  is  not  only  the  pauperised  inhabitants  of  Green  Erin  and  of  the 
+Highlands  of  Scotland  that  are  swept  away  by  agricultural  improvements, 
+
+57 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+and  by  the  "breaking  down  of  the  antiquated  system  of  society."  It  is  not 
+only  the  able-bodied  agricultural laborers from  England,  Wales,  and Lower 
+Scotland,  whose  passages  are  paid by  the  Emigration Commissioners.  The 
+wheel  of  "improvement"  is  now  seizing  another  class,  the  most  stationary 
+class in England.  A startling emigration movement has sprung up among the 
+smaller English farmers, especially those holding heavy clay soils, who, with 
+bad  prospects  for  the  coming  harvest,  and  in  want  of  sufficient  capital  to 
+make  the  great  improvements  on  their  farms  which would  enable  them  to 
+pay  their  old  rents,  have  no  other  alternative but to  cross the  sea in  search 
+of  a new  country  and of new lands. I am not speaking now of the emigration  10 
+caused  by  the  gold  mania,  but  only  of  the  compulsory emigration  produced 
+by landlordism, concentration of farms,  application of machinery to the soil, 
+and  introduction  of  the  modern  system  of  agriculture  on  a great  scale. 
+
+5 
+
+In the  ancient States, in Greece and Rome, compulsory emigration assum 
+
+ing the  shape  of  the  periodical  establishment  of colonies, formed a regular  15 
+link in the  structure of  society.  The whole  system of those  States was found 
+ed  on  certain  limits  to  the  numbers  of  the  population,  which  could  not  be 
+surpassed  without  endangering  the  condition  of  antique  civilization  itself. 
+But why was it  so?  Because the application of science to material production 
+was utterly unknown to them. To remain civilized they were forced to remain 
+few.  Otherwise  they would have had to  submit to the bodily drudgery which 
+transformed the free citizen into a slave. The want of productive power made 
+citizenship  dependent on a certain proportion in numbers not to be disturbed. 
+Forced  emigration  was  the  only  remedy. 
+
+20 
+
+It was  the  same  pressure  of population  on the  powers  of production, that  25 
+
+drove  the  barbarians  from  the  high plains  of Asia to  invade  the  Old World. 
+The  same  cause  acted  there,  although  under  a  different  form.  To  remain 
+barbarians  they  were  forced  to  remain  few.  They  were  pastoral,  hunting, 
+war-waging  tribes,  whose  manner  of  production  required  a  large  space  for 
+every individual, as is now the case with the Indian tribes in North-America.  30 
+By  augmenting  in  numbers  they  curtailed  each  other's  field  of production. 
+Thus the surplus population was forced to undertake those great adventurous 
+migratory  movements  which  laid  the  foundation  of  the  peoples  of  ancient 
+and  modern  Europe. 
+
+But with  modern  compulsory  emigration the  case  stands  quite  opposite.  35 
+
+Here  it  is  not the  want of productive  power which creates  a surplus popula 
+tion;  it  is  the increase  of productive power which  demands  a diminution  of 
+population,  and  drives  away  the  surplus  by  famine  or  emigration.  It  is  not 
+population  that  presses  on  productive  power;  it  is  productive  power  that 
+presses  on population. 
+
+Now  I  share  neither in the  opinions  of Ricardo, who regards  "Net-Reve-
+
+40 
+
+58 
+
+Forced  Emigration—Kossuth  and  Mazzini—The  Refugee  Question—Mr.  Cobden 
+
+nue"  as  the  Moloch to  whom  entire  populations  must be  sacrificed, without 
+even  so  much  as  complaint,  nor  in  the  opinion  of  Sismondi,  who,  in  his 
+hypochondriacal  philanthropy,  would  forcibly  retain  the  superannuated 
+methods of agriculture and proscribe science from industry, as Plato expelled 
+5  poets  from  his  Republic.  Society  is  undergoing  a  süent  revolution,  which 
+must  be  submitted  to,  and  which  takes  no  more  notice  of the  human exist 
+ences  it breaks down than an earthquake regards the houses it subverts. The 
+classes  and  the  races,  too  weak  to  master  the  new  conditions  of life,  must 
+give  way.  But can there  be  anything more  puerile,  more  short-sighted,  than 
+the  views  of  those  Economists  who  believe  in  all  earnest  that  this  woful 
+transitory state means nothing but adapting society to the acquisitive propen 
+sities  of  capitalists,  both  landlords  and  money-lords?  In  Great  Britain  the 
+working  of  that  process  is  most  transparent.  The  application  of  modern 
+science  to  production  clears  the  land  of  its  inhabitants,  but it concentrates 
+
+10 
+
+15  people  in manufacturing towns. 
+
+"No  manufacturing  workmen,"  says  The Economist,  "have  been assisted 
+by  the  Emigration  Commissioners,  except  a  few  Spitalfields  &  Paisley 
+hand-loom  weavers,  and  few  or  none  have  emigrated  at  their  own  ex 
+pense." 
+
+20 
+
+The  Economist knows  very well that they could not emigrate at their own 
+expense,  and  that  the  industrial  middle-class  would  not assist them  in emi 
+grating.  Now, to what does this lead? The rural population, the most station 
+ary  and  conservative  element  of  modern  society,  disappears  while  the  in 
+dustrial  proletariat,  by  the  very  working  of  modern  production,  finds  itself 
+25  gathered  in mighty  centers,  around  the  great productive forces, whose  his 
+tory  of creation has  hitherto been the martyrology of the laborers.  Who will 
+prevent  them  from  going  a  step  further,  and  appropriating  these  forces,  to 
+which  they  have  been  appropriated  before?  Where  will  be  the  power  of 
+resisting them? Nowhere!  Then, it will be  of  no  use  to  appeal to  the  "rights 
+30  of property."  The modern changes in the  art of production have,  according 
+to  the  Bourgeois  Economists  themselves,  broken  down  the  antiquated 
+system  of  society  and  its  modes  of  appropriation.  They  have  expropriated 
+the  Scotch  clansmen,  the  Irish  cottier  and  tenant,  the  English yeoman,  the 
+hand-loom  weaver,  numberless  handicrafts,  whole  generations  of  factory 
+35  children and women; they will expropriate, in due time, the landlord and the 
+
+cotton-lord. 
+
+On  the  Continent heaven  is  fulminating,  but in  England  the  earth itself  is 
+trembling.  England is the country where the real revulsion of modern society 
+begins. 
+
+40 
+
+In  my  letter  of  the  1st  inst.  I  told  you  that  Mazzini  would  remonstrate 
+publicly with Kossuth. On the 2d inst.  there  appeared actually in  The Morning 
+
+59 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Advertiser,  Morning Post  and  Daily  News  a  letter  from  Mazzini.  As  Mazzini 
+himself  has  now  broken the  ice,  I may as well  state  that Kossuth disowned 
+his  own  document under the  pressure  of his Paris friends.  In the past career 
+of  Kossuth  we  find  many  such  symptoms  of  vacillating  weakness,  inex-
+tribacle contradictions  and duplicity.  He possesses all the attractive virtues, 
+but also  all the feminine faults  of the  "artiste" character. He is a great artist 
+"en  paroles. "  I  recommend  Mr. Szemere's  lately  published  biographies  of 
+Louis  Batthyány,  Arthur  Görgey  and Louis  Kossuth  to  those  who,  unwilling 
+to  bow  to  popular  superstition,  are  anxious  to  form  a  matter-of-fact 
+judgment. 
+
+As  to  Lombardy,  you  may be  sure that, if  Mazzini has failed to  draw the 
+Italian middle-classes  into  the  movement,  Radetzky will  not fail therein. At 
+this  moment he is preparing to confiscate the property of all emigrants, even 
+those  who  emigrated  with  Austrian  permission,  and  have  been  naturalized 
+in  other  countries,  unless  they  prove  they  are  unconnected  with  the  late 
+rising.  The  Austrian  papers  calculate  the  amount  of  confiscable  property at 
+£12,000,000. 
+
+Upon  a  question  put  by  Lord  Dudley  Stuart,  Lord  Palmerston  stated  in 
+
+the  Session  of  the  House  of  Commons  of  March  1: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+"That  no  application  for  the  expulsion of  the political refugees  had been 
+made by the  Continental Powers,  or that, if  made, it would meet with a firm 
+and  decided  refusal.  The  British  Government  had  never  undertaken  to  pro 
+vide  for  the  internal  security  of  other  countries." 
+
+20 
+
+That  such an application, however, was intended to be made, you may see 
+from  the  stock-jobbing  Moniteur  and  the  Journal  des  Débats,  which,  in  one 
+of  its  last numbers,  supposes  England  already bowing to  the  joint demands 
+of  Austria,  Russia,  Prussia  and  France.  That  journal  adds: 
+
+25 
+
+"If  the  Swiss  Confederation  should  refuse  to  allow  Austria to  exercise  a 
+surveillance  over  the  Cantons  on  her  frontiers  she  will  probably  violate  the 
+Swiss  territory  and  occupy  the  Canton  of  Tessin; in which case  France, to  30 
+preserve  a  political  equilibrium,  would  force  her  armies  into  the  Swiss 
+Cantons  on  her  frontiers." 
+
+In  substance,  the  Journal des Débats gives with regard to  Switzerland, that 
+simple  solution of the question jocosely proposed by Prince Henry of Prussia 
+to  the  Empress  Catherine  in  1770,  with  regard to Poland.  In the  mean time  35 
+the  venerable  body  called  the  German  Diet,  is  gravely  discussing  on  "the 
+application  about  to  be  made  to  England,"  and expends  as  much breath on 
+this  solemn matter,  as  would  suffice  to  swell the  sails  of the whole German 
+fleet. 
+
+In  the  Session  of  the  House  of Commons  of the  1st inst., there occurred  40 
+
+a very  characteristic  incident. The representatives of Bridgenorth and Black-
+
+60 
+
+Forced  Emigration—Kossuth  and  Mazzini—The  Refugee  Question—Mr. Cobden 
+
+burn  having  been  declared  unduly  elected  on  the  ground  of  bribery,  Sir 
+J.  Shelley moved that the evidence taken before their respective Committees, 
+should be  laid  upon the  table  of  the  House,  and  that the writs for reelection 
+be  suspended  until  the  4th of April.  The  Right  Hon.  Baronet  Sir J.Trollope 
+5 remarked withregard to this: "That 14 Committees had already been appoint 
+ed  to  try  boroughs  for  corrupt  practices,  and  that  about 50  more remained 
+to  be  appointed,"  and  he  spoke  of  the  difficulty  in finding members enough 
+in  the  House  to  constitute  tribunals  to  judge  the  disputed  elections,  and  at 
+the  same  time  to  form  Committees for the  ordinary business  of  the  House. 
+10  Sifting  a little  deeper into its own foundation, a breaking down of the House 
+
+must  ensue,  and  the  parliamentary  machinery  come  to  a  dead  lock. 
+
+In his recent pamphlet, as well as in his harangues, at the Manchester Peace 
+Congress,  and  at  various  Educational  Meetings,  Mr. Cobden  has  amused 
+himself  with  censuring  the  Press.  The  whole  Press  has  retaliated upon him; 
+15  but  the  most heavy blow  strikes  him  from  the hands  of the  "Englishman," 
+whose  letters  on  Louis  Napoleon  elicited  such a sensation at the time of the 
+Coup  d'Etat,  and  who  has  since  turned  round  upon  the  silken  Barons  and 
+cotton  Lords.  He  concludes  a  letter,  addressed  to  Mr. Cobden,  with  the 
+following  epigrammatic  characterization  of  the  West-Riding  oracle: 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+"Elated  and  unbalanced  by  one  single  triumph,  he  would  compass  a 
+popular  autocracy.  The  prophet  of  a  clique,  restlessly  agitating,  greedy  of 
+notoriety,  chafed  of  opposition,  crotchety,  illogical,  Utopian,  stubborn  of 
+purpose,  arrogant of bearing, a quarrelsome peace-preacher and acrimonious 
+proselyte  of universal brotherhood, with liberty upon his lips, but despotism 
+in his dogmas, he is exasperated with a press that will neither be bullied nor 
+bamboozled—would  geld  its  influence,  intelligence,  and  independence,  and 
+would  sink  a  profession  of  accomplished  gentlemen, 
+to  a  gang  of 
+penny-a-liners,  with  himself  for  the  only  Leader." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+61 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+K o s s u th  a nd  M a z z i n i— 
+
+I n t r i g u es  of  t he  P r u s s i an  G o v e r n m e n t— 
+
+A u s t r o - P r u s s i an  C o m m e r c i al  T r e a t y— 
+
+" T he  T i m e s"  a nd 
+
+t he  R e f u g e es 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3733, 4. Apri I 1853 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  March  18,  1853. 
+
+Parliament will  adjourn to-day,  for  the  Easter recess,  until  April 4th. 
+
+In  a  former  letter  I  reported,  according  to  a  generally  accredited  rumor, 
+that  Libeny's  wife  had been flogged by the  Austrians  at Pesth.  I have  since 
+ascertained  that  he was never married,  and likewise that the  story circulated 
+in  the  English press,  saying that he had attempted to revenge his father, who 
+had  been  ill-treated  by  the  Austrians,  is  wholly  unfounded.  He  acted  ex 
+clusively  under  the  influence  of  political  motives,  and  retained  to  the  last 
+hour  a firm  and  heroic  demeanor. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+You  will,  ere  this,  have  received  with  the  English  papers  the  reply  of 
+Kossuth  to  Mazzini's declaration.  For my part, I am of opinion that Kossuth 
+has  only  made  a bad case  still worse.  The  contradictions  in his first  and  his 
+last  declaration  are  so  palpable  that  I  need  not  insist  on  urging  them  here. 
+Besides,  there  is  a  repulsive  heterogeneousness  in  the  language  of the two  15 
+documents,  the  former  being  written  in  the  Oriental  hyperbolics  of  the 
+Prophet,  and  the  latter  in  the  casuistic  pleading-style  of  a  lawyer. 
+
+Mazzini's friends affirm  now, to  a man, that the Milanese insurrection was 
+forced  upon  him  and  his  associates  by  circumstances  which  it was  beyond 
+his  power  to  control.  But,  on  one  side,  it  belongs  to  the  very  nature  of  20 
+conspiracies  to  be  driven  to  a  premature  outbreak,  either  by  treason or by 
+accidents.  On  the  other  side,  if  you  cry,  during  three  years,  action,  action, 
+action—if your entire revolutionary vocabulary be exhausted by the one word 
+"Insurrection,"  you  cannot  expect  to  hold  sufficient authority for dictating, 
+at  any  given  moment:  there  shall  be  no  insurrection.  Be  this  as  it  may,  25 
+Austrian  brutality  has  turned  the  Milanese  failure  into  the  real  com 
+mencement  of  a  national  revolution.  Hear,  for  instance,  the  well-informed 
+organ  of  Lord  Palmerston,  The  Morning Post,  of  to-day: 
+
+"The  people  of  Naples  wait  for  a  movement  which  is  sure  to  take place 
+in  the  Austrian  Empire.  Then,  the  whole  of  Italy,  from  the  frontiers  of  30 
+
+62 
+
+Kossuth  and  Mazzini—Prussian  Police—Austro-Prussian  Commercial  Treaty—The  Refugees 
+
+Piedmont to Sicily, will be in revolt, and sad disasters will follow. The Italian 
+troops  will  disband—the  so-called  Swiss  soldiers  recruited from the  revolu 
+tion  of  1848,  will  not  save  the  sovereigns  of  Italy.  An  impossible  republic 
+awaits  Italy.  That  will  assuredly  be  the  next  act  of  the  drama which began 
+in  1848.  Diplomacy  has  exhausted  all  its  power for the princes of Italy." 
+
+Aurelio  Saffi,  who  countersigned  Mazzini's  proclamation,  and  who  made 
+a  tour  through Italy before  the outbreak,  avows, in a letter addressed to  The 
+Daily  News,  that  "the  upper  classes  were  sunk  in  listless  indifference  or 
+despair,"  and  that  it  was  the  "people  of  Milan,"  the  proletarians,  who, 
+"abandoned  without  direction  to  their  own instincts,  preserved their  faith 
+in  the  destiny  of  their  country,  in  the  face  of  the  despotism  of  Austrian 
+Proconsuls  and  the  judicial  assassinations  of military commissions, and had 
+unanimously  made  ready  for  vengeance." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Now,  it is  a great progress  of  the  Mazzini party  to  have  at last convinced 
+themselves  that,  even  in  the  case  of  national  insurrections  against foreign 
+despotism,  there  exists  such  a  thing  as  class-distinctions,  and  that  it  is  not 
+the  upper  classes  which  must  be  looked  to  for  a  revolutionary  movement 
+in modern times.  Perhaps  they will  go  a  step  further  and come to the under 
+standing  that  they  have  to  seriously  occupy  themselves  with  the  material 
+20  condition  of  the  Italian country population,  if  they expect  to  find  an echo 
+to their  "Dio  e popolo.  " On a future occasion I intend to dwell on the material 
+circumstances  in  which by far  the  greater  portion of the rural inhabitants of 
+that  country  are  placed,  and  which  have  made  them  till  now,  if  not  re 
+actionary,  at  least  indifferent  to  the  national  struggle  of  Italy. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+Two  thousand  copies  of  a pamphlet  which  I published  some  time ago  at 
+Basle,  entitled  "Revelations  on  the  Trial  of  the  Communists  at  Cologne," 
+(Enthüllungen  über  den  Cölner  Communisten-Prozess)  have  been  seized  at 
+the  Baden  frontier  and burned,  on  the  request  of the  Prussian Government. 
+According  to  the  new  Press  Law  imposed  on  the  Swiss  Bund  by  the  Con-
+tinental  Powers,  the  publisher,  Mr. Schabelitz,  his  son,  and the printer will 
+be  persecuted  by  the  Basle  Government,  which  has  already  confiscated  a 
+number  of  copies  still  in  possession  of  the  publisher.  This  will be  the  first 
+trial  of  this  kind  in  Switzerland,  and  the  affair  has  become  already  a matter 
+of  controversy  between  the  Radicals  and  the  Conservative  party.  How 
+35  anxious  the  Prussian  Government  is  to  conceal  its  infamies  during  the 
+Cologne  trial  from  publicity,  you  may  infer  from  the  fact that the  Minister 
+of  the  Exterior  has  issued  orders  for  the  seizure  (Fahndebriefe)  of  the 
+pamphlet  wherever  it  should appear,  but does  not even dare  to  call it by  its 
+title.  In  order  to  mislead  the  public,  he  gives  as  its  name  "A  Theory  of 
+40  Communism,  '  '  while  it  contains  nothing  but  revelations  of  the  Prussian  state 
+
+mysteries. 
+
+63 
+
+I 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+The  only  "progress"  made  in official Germany  since  the  year  1848,  is the 
+conclusion  of  the  Austro-Prussian  Commercial  Treaty—et  encore!  That 
+Treaty  is  surrounded  with  so  many  clausulae,  retrenched  behind  so  many 
+exceptions,  and  reserves  so  many  chief  questions  to  the  future  adjustment 
+of  yet  unborn  commissions,  while  the  actual  diminution  in  the  tariffs  is  so 
+small,  that it amounts  to  a mere aspiration towards a real Commercial Union 
+of  Germany,  and  is,  practically  speaking,  utterly  insignificant.  The  most 
+striking  feature  of  the  Treaty  is  the  victory  Austria  has  again  won  over 
+Prussia.  This  perfidious,  this  base,  this  cowardly,  this  vacillating  sham-
+power,  has  bowed  again  before  its  more  brutal,  but  more  straightforward  10 
+rival.  Not  only  has  Austria  forced  a  treaty  on  Prussia  which the  latter was 
+most unwilling  to  accept,  but  Prussia  has  been  compelled  to  renew the  old 
+Zoll-Verein with the  old  tariff,  or  to promise  not to change, for twelve  years, 
+anything  in  her  Commercial  policy  without  the  unanimous  consent  of  the 
+minor  Zoll-Verein States i.e., without the permission of Austria (the  South-  15 
+German  States  being  not  only  politically,  but also commercially, the vassals 
+of  Austria,  or  the  antagonists  of  Prussia.)  Since  the  restoration  of  "Divine 
+Power,"  Prussia has  marched from degradation to degradation.  Her king,  "a 
+wise man in his times," appears to think that his people may derive a comfort 
+ing  compensation  in  the  infernal  despotism  they  are  subject  to  from  the  20 
+debasement  their  Government  has  to  suffer  abroad. 
+
+The  refugee-question  is  not  settled  yet.  The  semi-official  Oesterreichische 
+Correspondenz contradicts  the  statement,  that Austria had  addressed  at this 
+moment  a  fresh  note  to  the  English  Government,  because  "recent  events 
+having shown that Lord Palmer ston has recovered his influence, the Imperial 25 
+Government could not expose  its  dignity  to  a certain check." I have written 
+you before on Palmerston's declaration in the  House of Commons. From the 
+English  papers  you  know  the  philo-Austrian  declaration of  Aberdeen  in the 
+House of Lords, that the English Government would make itself the  spy and 
+Attorney-General  of  Austria.  Palmerston's  journal  now  remarks  on  the  30 
+observation  of  his  colleague: 
+
+"Even on the  modified  concession which Lord Aberdeen appears inclined 
+to  make, we cannot  say that we look with much confidence to success.... No 
+one  will  dare  to  propose  to  a  British Government to  attempt its  conversion 
+into  an  engine  of  foreign  police  and  a political  man-trap." 
+
+35 
+
+You  see  what  good  understanding  there  is  in  the  councils  of  the  Methu 
+salem  ministry  between  "antiquated  imbecility  and  liberal  energy."  In  the 
+whole  London  press  there  was  a  unanimous  cry  of  indignation  against 
+Aberdeen  and  the  House  of  Lords,  with  one  base  exception,  that  of  The 
+Times newspaper. 
+
+40 
+
+The  Times,  you  will  remember,  commenced  by  denouncing the refugees 
+
+j 
+
+64 
+
+Kossuth  and  Mazzini—Prussian  Police—Austro-Prussian  Commercial  Treaty—The  Refugees 
+
+and  inviting  the  Foreign  Powers  to  ask  for  their  expulsion.  Then,  having 
+ascertained  that  a  renewal  of  the  Alien  Bill  would be  refused  with  scorn  to 
+the  Ministry  in the  House  of  Commons,  it  at once  overflowed  with rhetori 
+cally framed  descriptions  of  the  sacrifice it was ready to  make—oh dear!—for 
+the  preservation  of  the  right  of  asylum.  Finally,  after  the  amiable  con 
+versation  between  my  Lords  of  the  Upper  House,  it  revenged  itself  on  its 
+own high-sounding civism,  with  the  following  angry  explosion in  its leading 
+article  of  March  5th: 
+
+5 
+
+"It is believed in many parts of the Continent that we delight in this country 
+10  of  a  menagerie  of  refugees—ferocious  characters  of  all  nations,  and  fit  for 
+
+all  crimes  . ..  Do  these  foreign  writers  who  denounce  the presence  of theñ-
+own  outlawed countrymen  in  England,  suppose  that the existence of a refu 
+gee  in  this  country  is  an  enviable  fate?  Let  them  be  undeceived.  This 
+wretched  class  of  beings  live,  for  the  most  part,  in  squalid  poverty,  eating 
+the  salt of  the  stranger,  when  they  can  get  it,  sunk,  as  it were, beneath the 
+turbid  waves  of  this  vast  metropolis  . ..  Their  punishment  is  exile  in  its 
+harshest 
+
+form." 
+
+As  to  the  last  point,  The  Times  is  right;  England  is  a  delightful  country 
+
+15 
+
+to  live  out  of. 
+
+20 
+
+In  the  "heaven  of Mars"  Dante  meets  with  his  ancestor,  Cacciaguida di 
+Elisei,  who  predicts  to  him  his  approaching  exile  from  Florence  in  these 
+words: 
+
+25 
+
+"Tu  proverai  si  come  sa  di  sale 
+Lo  pane  altrui,  e  com'è  duro  calle 
+Lo  scendere  e  il  salir  per  l'altrui  scale." 
+
+"Thou  shalt prove  how  salt  the  savour  is 
+Of  others  bread,  how  hard  the  passage, 
+To  descend  and  climb  by  others'  stairs." 
+
+Happy Dante,  another  "being of  that wretched  class  called  political refu-
+30  gees,"  whom  his  enemies  could  not  threaten  with  the  misery  of  a  rimes-
+leader!  Happier  "Γ/mes,"that  escaped  a  "reserved  seat"  in  his  "Inferno!" 
+If  the  refugees  eat the  salt  of the  stranger,  as  The  Times  says,  getting  it 
+at strange prices,  too, which it forgot to  say,  is  The  Times itself not feeding 
+on  the  strangers' flesh and blood? How many leaders  and how many pounds 
+35  have  its  anonymous  Pythias  not  made  out  of  French  revolutions,  German 
+insurrections, Italian outbreaks  and Hungarian wars,  of French "fusillades," 
+of  Austrian gallows, of confiscated heads  and beheaded property? Unhappy 
+Times,  if  there  were  no  "ferocious  characters"  on the  Continent,  if it were 
+to  grow  older  day by  day  on  the  coarse  food  of  Smithfield  Market,  London 
+40  chimney  smoke,  dirt,  ferocious  cabmen,  the  six  bridges  of  the  Thames, 
+
+65 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+intermural  interments, pestilential  church  yards,  filthy  drink-water,  railway 
+accidents, crippled pint and quart bottles, and other interesting topics, which 
+form  its  regular  stock-in-trade,  in the  intervals  of  continental dullness.  The 
+Times  is  unchanged  since  the epoch when it called upon the British Govern 
+ment  to  murder  Napoleon  I.  "Is  it  considered,"  it  said,  in  its  number  of 
+July  27,  1815,  "what  effect  the  knowledge  of  his  being  in  existence  must 
+necessarily have on the  disaffected  in every part of Europe? They will think, 
+and  think  with  truth,  that  the  allied  sovereigns  are  afraid to  touch  the  life 
+of a man who has so many adherents and admirers." It is  still the  same paper 
+which  preached  the  crusade  against the  United  States  of America: 
+
+"No  peace  should  be  made  with  America,  until  that mischievous  example 
+
+of  successful  democratic  rebellion  has  been  done  away." 
+
+In  The  Times editorial office there  are  no  "ferocious"  continental  charac 
+ters.  Quite the contrary.  There is,  for example, a poor little man, a Prussian, 
+named  Otto  von  Wenckstern,  once  editor  of  a  little  German  newspaper, 
+afterward  sunk in  Switzerland,  in  squalid poverty,  appealing  to  the  pockets 
+of  Freiligrath  and  other  refugees,  and lastly finding himself  at the  same  time 
+in  the  service  of  the  Prussian  Ambassador  in  London—the  far-famed  Bun-
+sen—and  an integral member of the Printing-House-square oracle. There  are 
+more  such conciliatory  continental characters  in  The  Times Office, forming 
+the  connecting  link  between  the  Continental  Police  and  the  leading journal 
+of  England. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+The  liberty  of  the  Press  in England  is  exemplified by the following case: 
+At  the  Bow-st.  Police  Office,  in  London,  Mr. E. Truelove,  of  the  Strand, 
+appeared  on  an  information  laid  at  the  instance  of  the  Commissioners  of  25 
+Inland  Revenue,  under  6th  and  7th  William  IV.,  cap. 76,  for  having  sold  a 
+newspaper,  called  The  Potteries  Free  Press,  and  printed  on  paper  not  duly 
+stamped.  Four  numbers  of  this  paper  had  been  published  at  Stoke-upon-
+Trent,  the  nominal  proprietor  being  Collet  Dobson Collet,  Secretary of  the 
+Society  for  the  Abolition  of  Taxes  on  Knowledge,  who  have  issued  it  in 
+"Conformity  with  the  practice  of  the  Stamp-Office,  which permits  records 
+of  current  events  and  comments  thereon,  to  be  published  without  a  stamp 
+in  The Athen&um,  Builder,  Punch,  Racing Times, etc. ;"  and with the  avowed 
+intention  of  inviting  a  Government  prosecution,  in  order  that  a  Jury  might 
+determine  what  description of  news  is  to be  entitled to  exemption from  the  35 
+penny  stamp.  Mr. Henry,  the  magistrate,  has  reserved his  decision.  Much, 
+however,  will  not  depend  on  the  decision,  for  the  paper  in  question  is  not 
+issued  in  defiance  of  the  Stamp  Law,  but  merely  to  avail  itself  of  a  still 
+doubtful  quibble  in  the  law. 
+
+30 
+
+The  English  papers  of  to-day  have  a  telegraphic  dispatch  from  Con-  40 
+
+stantinople,  of  March  6th,  according  to  which,  Fuad  Effendi,  the  Minister 
+
+66 
+
+Kossuth  and  Mazzini—Prussian  Police—Austro-Prussian  Commercial  Treaty—The  Refugees 
+
+of  Foreign  Affairs,  has  been replaced  by Rifaat Pasha.  This  concession has 
+been  extorted  from  the  Porte  by  the  Extraordinary  Russian  Envoy,  Prince 
+Menchikoff.  The  affair  of the Holy Places is  not settled yet between Russia, 
+France,  and  the  Porte,  as  L. Napoleon,  highly  irritated  at  the  intrigues  of 
+Russia  and  Austria for the prevention of his coronation by the Pope, intends 
+mdemnifying  himself  at  the  expense  of  the  Turk.  In  my  next  letter,  I  shall 
+treat of  this  eternally-recurring  Eastern  question,  the pons  asinioi European 
+Diplomacy. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+67 
+
+K a rl  M a r x / F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+B r i t i sh  P o l i t i c s — D i s r a e l i — T he  R e f u g e e s— 
+
+M a z z i ni 
+
+in  L o n d o n — T u r k ey 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3736,  7. April  1853 
+
+British Politics—Disraeli—The Refugees— 
+Mazzini in London—Turkey. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  March 22,  1853. 
+
+The  most  important  event  in  the  cotemporaneous  history  of parties  is Dis- 
+raëli's  deposition from the  leadership  of  the "great Conservative"  minority. 
+Disraeli,  it  has  transpired,  was  himself  prepared  to  throw  overboard  his 
+former  allies  eight or nine weeks before the  dissolution of the Tory Cabinet, 
+and  desisted  from  bis  resolution only  at the  urgent  instance  of  Lord  Derby. 
+He  in his  turn,  is  now  dismissed and has been formally replaced by Sir John 
+Pakington,  a  safe  character,  cautious,  not  altogether  wanting  in  ad 
+ministrative  ability,  but  a  mournful  man  otherwise,  the very incarnation of 
+the  worn-out  prejudices  and  antiquated  feelings  of  the  old  English  squireo-
+cracy.  This  change  in leadership  amounts  to  a complete,  and perhaps  to the 
+final  transformation  of  the Tory party. Disraeli may congratulate himself on 
+his  emancipation from  the  landed humbugs.  Whatever be our opinion of the 
+man,  who  is  said  to  despise  the  aristocracy,  to  hate the  bourgeoisie,  and not 
+to  like  the  people;  he  is  unquestionably  the  ablest  member  of  the  present 
+Parliament,  while  the  flexibility  of  bis  character  enables  him  the  better  to 
+accommodate himself  to  the  changing wants  of  society. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+In reference  to  the  Refugee  question  I  told  you in my last, that after Lord 
+Palmerston's  speech  in  the  House  of  Commons,  the  Austrian  journals  de 
+clared it to be  useless  to  ask for redress from  a Cabinet corrupted by Palmer-
+stonian influence.  But  scarcely was Aberdeen's  declaration in the House of 
+Lords  telegraphed  to  Vienna when the  aspect of things changed again.  The  25 
+same  journals  now  assert  that  "Austria  trusts  to  the  honor  of  the  English 
+Cabinet,"  and  the  semi-official  Oesterreichische  Correspondenz  publishes 
+the  following  from  its  Paris  Correspondent: 
+
+68 
+
+British  Politics—Disraeli—The  Refugees—Mazzini  in  London—Turkey 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"Lord Cowley, on his return to Paris,  stated to the Emperor of the French, 
+that  the  diplomatic  representatives  of  England  at  the  Northern  Courts  had 
+been  formally  instructed  to  employ  all  their  efforts  to  deter  the  Northern 
+Powers  from  forwarding  a  collective  note  to  the  British  Government,  and 
+to  urge,  as  the  ground  for  such  abstention, that that Government would be 
+the  better  enabled  to  comply  with  the  demand  of those  powers,  the  more  it 
+could  keep  up,  in  all  eyes  of  England,  the  appearance  of  acting freely and 
+voluntarily  in 
+
+the  matter... 
+
+The  British Ambassador,  Lord  Cowley,  urged  the  Emperor of the  French 
+to  place  implicit  confidence  on  the  British  Cabinet,  the  more  so  as  the 
+Emperor  would  always  be  at  liberty  to  take  any  steps  he  might  consider 
+proper  in  the  event  of  that  confidence  not  having  been  justified  . ..  The 
+Emperor  of the  French, while reserving to  himself full freedom of  action for 
+the  future,  was  induced  to put  the  sincerity of the British  Cabinet  to  the proof, 
+
+15  and  he is  now endeavoring to persuade the other powers to follow his exam 
+
+ple." 
+
+You see what is expected from "ce cher Aberdeen, "as Louis Philippe used 
+to  call  him,  and  what  promises  he  must  have  made.  These  promises  are 
+actually  already  followed  up  by  deeds.  Last  week  the  English Police  drew 
+20  up a list of the Continental refugees residing in London. Several detectives, 
+in plain clothes, walked from square to square, from street to street, and from 
+house  to  house,  making  notes  on  the  personals  of the  refugees,  addressing 
+themselves  in  the  majority  of  cases  to  the  publicans  in  the  neighborhood, 
+but entering in some instances, under the pretense of the pursuit of criminals, 
+the  very  domiciles  and  searching  the papers  of  some  exiles. 
+
+25 
+
+While  the  Continental  Police  is  vainly  hunting  after  Mazzini,  while  at 
+Nuremberg  the  magistrates  have  ordered  the  closure  of  the  gates  in  order 
+to  catch  him—no  man  being  hanged  there  before  he  is  caught,  according to 
+the  old  German  proverb—while  the  English  press  publishes  reports  after 
+reports  as  to  his  supposed  sojourn, Mazzini has for the past few  days been 
+safe  and  sound  at  London. 
+
+30 
+
+Prince  Menchikoff,  after  reviewing  the  Russian  forces  stationed  in  the 
+Danubian  principalities,  and  after  an  inspection  of  the  army  and  fleet  at 
+Sebastopol,  where  he  caused  manœuvres  of  embarking  and  disembarking 
+35 troops to be executed under his own eyes, entered Constantinople in the most 
+theatrical  style  on  Feb. 28,  attended  by  a  suite  of  12 persons, including the 
+Admiral  of  the  Russian  squadron  in  the  Black  Sea,  a  General  of  Division, 
+and  several  staff  officers,  with  M.  de  Nesselrode,  Jr.,  as  Secretary  of  the 
+Embassy.  He  met  with  such  a  reception  from  the  Greek  and  Russian  in-
+40  habitants  as he were the orthodox Czar himself entering  Tsarigradto restore 
+it  to  the  true  faith.  An  enormous  sensation  was  created  here  and  at  Paris, 
+
+69 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+by  the  news  that Prince  Menchikoff,  not  satisfied with the  dismissal of  Fuad 
+Effendi,  had  demanded  that  the  Sultan  should  abandon  to  the  Emperor  of 
+Russia,  not  only  the  protection  of  all  the  Christians  in Turkey,  but also  the 
+right  of  nominating  the  Greek  patriarch;  that the  Sultan had appealed to the 
+protection  of  England  and  France  ;  that  Colonel  Rose,  the  British  Envoy,  had  5 
+dispatched  the  steamer  Wasp  in  haste  to  Malta  to  request  the  immediate 
+presence  of  the  English  fleet  in  the  Archipelago,  and  that Russian  vessels 
+had  anchored  at  Kili,  near  the  Dardanelles.  The  Paris  Moniteur informs  us 
+that the  French squadron at Toulon had been ordered to the Grecian waters. 
+Admiral Dundas,  however,  is  still  at Malta.  From all this, it is evident, that  10 
+the  Eastern  Question  is  once  more  on  the  European  "ordre  du jour, "a  fact 
+not  astonishing  for  those  who  are  acquainted  with  history. 
+
+Whenever  the  revolutionary  hurricane  has  subsided  for  a  moment,  one 
+ever-recurring  question  is  sure  to  turn  up:  the  eternal  "Eastern  Question. " 
+Thus,  when  the  storms  of  the  first  French  revolution  had  passed,  and  15 
+Napoleon  and  Alexander of Russia had divided, after the peace of Tilsit, the 
+whole  of Continental Europe betwixt themselves, Alexander profited by the 
+momentary  calm  to  march  an  army  into  Turkey,  and  to  "give  a lift"  to the 
+forces  that  were  breaking  up  from  within  that  decaying  empire.  Again,  no 
+sooner  had  the  revolutionary  movements  of  Western  Europe  been quelled  20 
+by  the  Congresses  of  Laibach  and  Verona,  than  Alexander's  successor, 
+Nicholas,  made  another  dash  at Turkey. When a few years later, the revolu 
+tion of July, with its concomitant insurrections in Poland, Italy, Belgium, had 
+had  its  turn,  and  Europe,  as  remodeled in  1831,  seemed out of the reach of 
+domestic  squalls,  the  Eastern  question,  in  1840,  appeared  on  the  point of  25 
+embroiling  the  "great  Powers"  in  a  general war.  And now,  when the  short 
+sightedness  of  the  ruling  pigmies  prides  itself  in  having  successfully  freed 
+Europe  from  the  dangers  of  anarchy  and  revolution,  up  starts  again  the 
+everlasting  topic,  the  never-failing  difficulty:  What  shall  we  do  with  Tur 
+key? 
+
+30 
+
+Turkey  is  the  living  sore  of European legitimacy. The impotency of legiti 
+mate,  monarchical government,  ever  since  the first French Revolution,  has 
+resumed  itself  in  the  one  axiom:  Keep  up  the  status  quo.  A  testimonium 
+paupertatis,  an  acknowledgment of the  universal incompetence  of the  ruling 
+powers, for any purpose of progress or civilization, is  seen in this universal  35 
+agreement  to  stick  to  things  as  by  chance  or  accident  they  happen  to  be. 
+Napoleon could  dispose of a whole continent at a moment's notice; aye, and 
+dispose  of  it,  too,  in  a  manner  that  showed  both  genius  and  fixedness  of 
+purpose;  the  entire  "collective wisdom" of European legitimacy, assembled 
+in  Congress  at  Vienna,  took  a  couple  of  years  to  do  the  same  job,  got  at  40 
+loggerheads  over  it,  made  a  very  sad  mess,  indeed,  of it,  and found  it  such 
+
+70 
+
+British  Politics-Disraeli—The  Refugees—Mazzini  in  London—Turkey 
+
+a  dreadful  bore  that  ever  since  they  have  had  enough  of it,  and have  never 
+tried  their  hands  again  at  parceling out  Europe.  Myrmidons  of mediocrity, 
+as  Béranger  calls  them,  without  historical  knowledge  or  insight  into  facts, 
+without  ideas,  without initiative,  they  adore  the  status  quo they themselves 
+5  have  bungled  together,  knowing  what  a  bungling  and  blundering  piece  of 
+
+workmanship  it  is. 
+
+10 
+
+But  Turkey  no  more  than  the  rest  of  the  world  remains  stationary;  and 
+just  when  the  reactionary  party  has  succeeded  in  restoring  in  civilized 
+Europe  what  they  consider  to  be  the  status  quo  ante,  it is  perceived  that  in 
+the  meantime the  status quo in Turkey has been very much altered, that new 
+questions,  new  relations,  new  interests  have  sprung up,  and  that  the  poor 
+diplomatists  have  to  begin  again  where  they  were  interrupted  by  a general 
+earthquake  some  eight or ten years before. Keep up the status quo in Turkey! 
+Why,  you  might  as  well  try  to  keep  up  the  precise  degree  of  putridity into 
+15  which  the  carcass  of  a  dead  horse  has  passed  at  a given time,  before  dis 
+solution  is  complete.  Turkey  goes  on  decaying,  and  will  go  on decaying  as 
+long  as  the  present  system  of  "balance  of  power"  and  maintenance  of  the 
+"status  quo"  goes  on,  and in  spite  of  Congresses, protocols  and ultimatums 
+it  will  produce  its  yearly  quota  of  diplomatic  difficulties  and  international 
+squabbles quite as every other putrid body will supply the neighborhood with 
+a  due  allowance  of  carburetted  hydrogen  and  other  well-scented  gaseous 
+matter. 
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+Let  us  look  at  the  question  at  once.  Turkey  consists  of  three  entirely 
+distinct  portions:  the  vassal  principalities  of  Africa,  viz.  Egypt  and  Tunis; 
+25  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  European Turkey.  The  African possessions,  of  which 
+Egypt  alone  may  be  considered  as  really  subject to  the  Sultan,  may be  left 
+for  the  moment  out  of  the  question; Egypt belongs more to the English than 
+to anybody else, and will and must necessarily form their share in any future 
+partition of Turkey.  Asiatic Turkey is the real seat of whatever strength there 
+is in the  Empire;  Asia Minor and Armenia, for four hundred years the chief 
+abode of the Turks, form  the reserved ground from which the Turkish armies 
+have been drawn, from those that threatened the ramparts of Vienna, to those 
+that  dispersed  before  Diebitsch's  not very  skillful  manœuvers  at Kulewsha. 
+Turkey  in  Asia,  although  thinly  populated,  yet  forms  too  compact  a  mass 
+35  of  Mussulman  fanaticism  and  Turkish  nationality  to  invite  at present  any 
+attempts  at  conquest;  and  in  fact  whenever  the  "Eastern  Question"  is 
+mooted,  the  only  portions  of  this  territory  taken  into  consideration,  are 
+Palestine  and  the  Christian  valleys  of  the  Lebanon. 
+
+40 
+
+The  real  point  at  issue  always  is,  Turkey  in  Europe—the  great  peninsula 
+to  the  south  of  the  Save  and  Danube.  This  splendid  territory  has  the  mis 
+fortune  to  be inhabited by a conglomerate of different races and nationalities, 
+
+71 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+of  which  it is hard to  say  which is  the  least fit for progress  and civilization. 
+Slavonians,  Greeks,  Wallachians,  Arnauts,  twelve  millions  of  men,  are  all 
+held  in  submission  by  one  million  of  Turks,  and  up  to  a  recent  period  it 
+appeared  doubtful  whether,  of  all  these  different races,  the  Turks  were  not 
+the most competent to hold the supremacy which, in such a mixed population, 5 
+could  not  but  accrue  to  one  of  these  nationalities.  But  when  we  see  how 
+lamentably  have  failed  all the  attempts  at civilization by Turkish authority-
+how  the  fanaticism  of  Islam,  supported  principally  by  the  Turkish  mob  in 
+a  few  great  cities,  has  availed  itself  of the  assistance  of  Austria  and  Russia 
+invariably to regain power and to overturn any progress that might have been  10 
+made;  when  we  see  the  central,  i.e.  Turkish authority  weakened year  after 
+year  by  insurrections  in  the  Christian  provinces,  none  of  which,  thanks  to 
+the  weakness  of  the  Porte  and  to  the  intervention of neighboring States,  is 
+ever  completely  fruitless;  when  we  see  Greece  acquire  her  independence, 
+parts  of  Armenia  conquered  by  Russia—Moldavia,  Wallachia,  Serbia,  sue-  15 
+cessively  placed  under  the  protectorate  of  the  latter  power,—we  shall  be 
+obliged  to  admit  that the  presence  of the Turks  in Europe  is  a real obstacle 
+to  the  development  of  the  resources  of  the  Thraco-Illyrian  Peninsula. 
+
+We  can  hardly  describe  the  Turks  as  the  ruling class of  Turkey,  because 
+the  relations  of  the  different classes  of  society there  are  as  much mixed up  20 
+as those of the various races. The Turk is, according to localities and circum 
+stances,  workman,  farmer,  small  freeholder,  trader,  feudal  landlord  in  the 
+lowest  and  most barbaric  stage  of feudalism,  civil  officer,  or  soldier;  but  in 
+all  these  different  social  positions  he  belongs  to  the  privileged  creed  and 
+nation—he  alone  has  the  right to  carry  arms,  and  the  highest  Christian  has  25 
+to  give  up  the  footpath  to  the  lowest  Moslem  he  meets.  In  Bosnia  and  the 
+Herzegovina,  the  nobility,  of  Slavonian  descent,  has  passed  over to  Islam, 
+while the mass of the people remain Rayahs, i.e. Christians.  In this province, 
+then,  the  ruling  creed  and  the  ruling  class  are  identified,  as  of  course  the 
+Moslem Bosnian is upon a level with his co-religionist of Turkish descent. 
+
+30 
+
+The  principal  power  of  the  Turkish population in Europe,  independently 
+of  the  reserve  always  ready  to  be  drawn  from  Asia,  lies  in  the  mob  of 
+Constantinople  and  a  few  other  large  towns.  It  is  essentially  Turkish,  and 
+though it finds its principal livelihood by doing jobs for Christian capitalists, 
+it maintains with great jealousy the  imaginary  superiority  and real impunity  35 
+for  excesses  which the  privileges  of  Islam  confer upon it  as  compared with 
+Christians.  It  is  well  known that this mob in every important  coup d'état has 
+to be won over by bribes and flattery. It is this mob alone, with the exception 
+of  a  few  colonized  districts,  which  offers  a compact  and  imposing mass  of 
+Turkish population  in  Europe.  And  certainly there  will be,  sooner or later,  40 
+an absolute  necessity of freeing one  of  the finest parts  of this  continent from 
+
+72 
+
+British  Politics—Disraeli—The  Refugees—Mazzini  in  London—Turkey 
+
+the  rule  of  a  mob,  compared  to  which  the  mob  of  Imperial  Rome  was  an 
+assemblage  of  sages  and  heroes. 
+
+5 
+
+Among the  other  nationalities,  we  may dispose in a very few words  of the 
+Arnauts,  a hardy  aboriginal  mountain people, inhabiting the country sloping 
+toward  the  Adriatic,  speaking  a  language  of  their  own,  which,  however, 
+appears  to  belong  to  the great Indo-European  stock.  They are partly Greek 
+Christians,  partly  Moslems,  and,  according  to  all  we  know  of  them,  as  yet 
+very unprepared for civilization.  Their predatory habits  will force any neigh 
+boring  government  to  hold  them  in  close military  subjection, until industrial 
+10  progress  in the  surrounding districts  shall find them employment as hewers 
+of  wood  and  drawers  of  water,  the  same  as  has  been  the  case  with  the 
+Gallegos  in  Spain,  and the inhabitants  of  mountainous  districts generally. 
+
+The  Wallachians  or  Daco-Romans,  the  chief  inhabitants  of  the  district 
+between the Lower Danube and the Dniester, are a greatly mixed population, 
+15  belonging  to  the  Greek  Church  and  speaking  a language  derived  from  the 
+Latin,  and  in  many  respects  not  unlike  the  Italian.  Those  of  Transylvania 
+and the Bukowina belong to the Austrian, those of Bessarabia to the Russian 
+Empire;  those  of  Moldavia and  Wallachia, the two only principalities where 
+the Daco-Roman race has acquired a political existence, have Princes of their 
+20  own,  under  the  nominal  suzeraineté of  the  Porte  and  the  real  dominion  of 
+Russia.  Of the Transylvanian Wallachians we heard much during the Hungar 
+ian  War;  hitherto  oppressed  by  the  feudalism  of  Hungarian  landlords  who 
+were,  according  to  the  Austrian  system,  made  at  the  same  time  the  in 
+struments  of  all  Government  exactions,  this  brutalized  mass  was  in  like 
+25  manner  as  the  Ruthenian  serfs  of  Galicia  in  1846,  won  over  by  Austrian 
+promises  and  bribes,  and  began  that  war  of  devastation  which  has  made  a 
+desert of Transylvania.  The Daco-Romans  of the Turkish Principalities have 
+at least a native nobility and political institutions ; and in spite of all the efforts 
+of  Russia,  the  revolutionary  spirit  has  penetrated  among  them,  as  the  in-
+30 surrection of 1848 well proved. There can hardly b ea doubt that the exactions 
+and  hardships  inflicted  upon them  during the Russian occupation  since  1848 
+must  have  raised  this  spirit  still  higher,  in  spite  of  the  bond  of  common 
+religion  and  Czaro-Popish  superstition  which  has  hitherto  led  them  to  look 
+upon  the  imperial  chief of the Greek Church as upon their natural protector. 
+35  And if this is  the  case, the Wallachian nationality may yet play an important 
+
+part  in  the  ultimate  disposal  of  the  territories  in  question. 
+
+The  Greeks  of  Turkey  are  mostly of  Slavonic  descent,  but have  adopted 
+the  modern  Hellenic  language;  in  fact,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  noble 
+families  of  Constantinople  and  Trapezunt,  it is  now  generally  admitted  that 
+40  very  little  pure  Hellenic  blood  is  to  be  found  even  in  Greece.  The Greeks, 
+along with the Jews, are the principal traders in the seaports and many inland 
+
+73 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+towns. They are also tillers of the  sou in some  districts.  In all cases, neither 
+their numbers, compactness, nor spirit of nationality, give them any political 
+weight  as  a  nation,  except  in  Thessaly  and  perhaps  Epirus.  The  influence 
+held  by  a  few  noble  Greek  families  as  dragomans  (interpreters)  in  Con 
+stantinople,  is fast declining,  since Turks have been educated in Europe and 
+European legations  have been provided with attachés who  speak Turkish. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+We  now  come  to  the  race  that forms  the great mass of the population and 
+whose  blood  is  preponderant wherever  a mixture  of races  has  occurred.  In 
+fact  it  may  be  said  to  form  the  principal  stock  of  the  Christian  population 
+from  the  Morea  to  the  Danube,  and  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Arnaut  10 
+Mountains.  This  race  is the Slavonic race, and more particularly that branch 
+of it which is resumed under the name of Ulyrian (Ilirski,) or South Slavonian 
+(Jugoslavenski.)  After  the  Western  Slavonian  (Polish  and  Bohemian,)  and 
+Eastern  Slavonian  (Russian,)  it  forms  the  third  branch  of  that  numerous 
+Slavonic  family  which  for  the  last  twelve  hundred  years  has  occupied  the 
+East of  Europe.  These  southern Slavonians occupy not only the greater part 
+of  Turkey,  but  also  Dalmatia,  Croatia,  Slavonia  and the  south of Hungary. 
+They  all  speak  the  same  language,  which  is  much  akin  to  the  Russian,  and 
+by  far  to western  ears, the  most musical of  all  Slavonic tongues.  The  Croa-
+tians  and  part  of  the  Dalmatians  are  Roman  Catholics,  all  the  remainder  20 
+belong  to  the  Greek  Church.  The  Roman  Catholics  use the  Latin alphabet, 
+but  the  followers  of  the  Greek  Church  write  their  language  in  the  Cyrillic 
+character,  which  is  also  used  in  the  Russian  and  old  Slavonic  or  Church 
+language.  This  circumstance  connected  with  the  difference of religion,  has 
+contributed  to  retard  any national development embracing the  whole  south  25 
+Slavonic territory.  A man in Belgrade may not be able to read a book printed 
+in  his  own  language  at  Agram  or  Betch,  he  may  object  even  to  take  it up, 
+on account of the  "heterodox"  alphabet and orthography used therein; while 
+he  will  have  little  difficulty  in  reading  and understanding  a book printed  at 
+Moscow,  in  the  Russian  language,  because  the  two  idioms,  particularly in  30 
+the  old  Slavonic  etymological  system  of orthography, look very much alike, 
+and  because  the  book  is  printed  in  the  "orthodox"  (pravoslavni)  alphabet. 
+The  mass  of  the  Greek  Slavonians  will  not even have their bibles,  liturgies 
+and  prayer books  printed  in their  own country,  because  they  are  convinced 
+that there is a peculiar correctness and orthodoxy and odor of sanctity about  35 
+anything  printed  in  holy  Moscow  or  in  the  imperial  printing  establishment 
+of St. Petersburg.  In spite of all the panslavistic efforts of Agram and Prague 
+enthusiasts,  the  Serbian,  the  Bulgarian,  the  Bosnian  Rayah,  the  Slavonian 
+peasant of Macedonia and Thracia, has more national sympathy, more points 
+of contact, more means of intellectual intercourse with the Russian than with 40 
+the Roman Catholic  south  Slavonian who  speaks the  same language.  What-
+
+74 
+
+British  Politics—Disraeli—The  Refugees—Mazzini  in  London—Turkey 
+
+ever  may  happen,  he  looks  to  St. Petersburg for  the  advent of the  Messiah 
+who is to deliver him from all evil; and if he calls Constantinople his  Tsarigrad 
+or  Imperial  City,  it  is  as  much  in  anticipation  of the  orthodox Tsar coming 
+from  the  north  and  entering it to  restore  the true faith,  as in recollection of 
+the  orthodox  Tsar  who  held  it  before  the  Turks  overran  the  country. 
+
+5 
+
+Subjected  in the  greater  part of  Turkey to  the  direct rule  of  the  Turk, but 
+under  local  authorities  of  their  own  choice, partly  (in Bosnia) converted to 
+the faith of the conqueror, the Slavonian race has, in that country, maintained 
+or conquered political existence in two localities. The one is Serbia, the valley 
+10  of the Morava,  a province with well defined natural lines  of frontier, which 
+played  an  important  part  in  the  history  of  these  regions  six  hundred  years 
+ago.  Subdued  for  a  while  by  the  Turks,  the  Russian war  of  1806  gave  it  a 
+chance  of  obtaining  a  separate  existence,  though  under  the  Turkish  su 
+premacy.  It  has  remained  ever  since  under  the  immediate  protection  of 
+15  Russia.  But,  as  in  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  political  existence  has  brought 
+on new wants,  and forced upon Serbia an increased intercourse with Western 
+Europe.  Civilization  began  to  take  root,  trade  extended,  new  ideas  sprang 
+up;  and  thus  we find  in  the  very heart  and  stronghold  of  Russian influence, 
+in  Slavonic,  orthodox  Serbia, an anti-Russian, progressive party, (of course, 
+20  very  modest  in  its  demands  of  reform,)  headed  by  the  ex-Minister  of  Fi 
+
+nances  Garashanin. 
+
+There is no doubt that,  should the Greco-Slavonian population ever obtain 
+the  mastery  in  the  land  which  it  inhabits  and  where  it  forms  three-fourths 
+of the  whole  population  (seven millions,) the  same necessities would by and 
+25  by give birth  to  an  anti-Russian,  progressive  party,  the  existence  of  which 
+has  been  hitherto  the  inevitable  consequence  of  any  portion  of  it  having 
+become  semi-detached  from  Turkey. 
+
+In Montenegro, we have not afertile valley with comparatively large cities, 
+but a barren mountain country of difficult access.  Here  a  set of robbers have 
+fixed themselves,  scouring the plains  and  storing the plunder in their moun 
+tain fastnesses.  These romantic but rather uncouth gentlemen have long been 
+a  nuisance  in  Europe,  and  it is  but in keeping with the  policy of Russia  and 
+Austria that they  should  stick up for the rights  of the Black Mountain people 
+(Tsernogorci)  to  burn  down  villages,  murder  the  inhabitants  and  carry  off 
+the cattle. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+75 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+K o s s u th  a nd  G e n e r al  P i e r c e — T he  R e f u g e es 
+
+a nd  t he  L o n d on  P o l i ce 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 47,  26. März  1853 
+
+Special  Communication. 
+(Not  electric  Telegraph.) 
+
+Kossuth and General Pierce. 
+
+The  present  "Count"  Pulski  has  arrived  in  Washington,  accompanied  by 
+Count Vass,  and Mr. Asbot (formerly  Secretary of Kossuth) as ambassadors 
+from  the  latter to  General Pierce,  the  President,  to make disclosures to him, 
+relative  to  the  secret  plans  of  Russia  in  Turkey,  and  to  obtain  from Pierce 
+a  realisation  of  Kossuth's  expectations.  The  "New  York  Herald,"  a  presi 
+dential paper, has  already  stated that M. Pulski had better remained at home. 
+The  inaugural  message  of  the  President  shows  how  unfounded  were  the 
+expectations.  Another  secret  object  of  the  mission  is  to  win  back  General 
+Vetter,  who,  wherever  he  has  been in America,  has  expressed  himself  very 
+bitterly  in  relation  to  Kossuth. 
+
+The  Refugees  and  the  London Police.—The  police  have  during  the  last few 
+days  been  from  street  to  street  drawing  up  the  Statistics  of the  Refugees— 
+principally  their inquiries were made of the neighbouring publicans.  In some 
+cases  they  penetrated  into  private  houses  under  false  pretences—and  made 
+researches.  The Austrian "Correspondent," the official paper, has  stated that 
+the  "good Aberdeen"  had begged the  northern powers  to  save  appearances 
+and  not press  publicly  in  relation  to  the fugitives,  as  he  would  then be  able 
+to  do  their  will.  Napoleon  has  said,  in reply to  similar representations,  that 
+"he  would  give  England  time  to  show  its  good  faith  in  the  matter." 
+
+76 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  R e al 
+
+I s s ue  in  T u r k ey 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3740,  12. April  1853 
+
+The Real Issue in Turkey. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+We  are  astonished  that  in  the  current  discussion  of  the  Oriental  Question 
+the  English  journals  have  not  more  boldly  demonstrated  the  vital interests 
+which  should  render  Great  Britain  the  earnest  and  unyielding  opponent  of 
+the  Russian  projects  of  annexation  and  aggrandizement.  England  cannot 
+afford  to  allow  Russia  to  become  the  possessor  of  the  Dardanelles  and 
+Bosphorus.  Both commercially and politically  such an event would be a deep 
+if  not  a  deadly  blow  at British power.  This  will  appear from  a  simple  state 
+ment  of  facts  as  to  her  trade  with  Turkey. 
+
+Before the discovery of the  direct route to  India,  Constantinople was  the 
+mart  of  an extensive commerce.  And now,  though the products of India find 
+their  way  into  Europe  by  the  overland  route  through  Persia,  Turan  and 
+Turkey,  yet  the  Turkish  ports  carry  on  a  very  important  and  rapidly  in 
+creasing  traffic  both  with  Europe  and  the  interior  of  Asia.  To  understand 
+this,  it is  only  necessary  to  look  at the  map.  From  the  Black  Forest to  the 
+sandy  hights  of  Novgorod  Veliki,  the  whole  inland  country  is  drained  by 
+rivers  flowing  into  the  Black  or  Caspian  Sea.  The  Danube  and  the  Volga, 
+the  two  giant-rivers  of  Europe,  the  Dniester,  Dnieper  and  Don,  all form  so 
+many  natural channels  for the  carriage  of inland produce  to  the Black Sea— 
+for  the  Caspian  itself  is  only  accessible  through the  Black Sea. Two-thirds 
+of  Europe—that is,  a part of Germany and Poland, all Hungary, and the  most 
+fertile  parts  of Russia, besides Turkey in Europe, are thus naturally referred 
+to  the  Euxine  for  the  export  and  exchange  of  their  produce;  and  the  more 
+so,  as  all  these  countries  are  essentially  agricultural,  and  the  great  bulk  of 
+their  products  must always  make water-carriage the predominant means  of 
+transport.  The  corn of  Hungary,  Poland,  Southern Russia, the  wool  and the 
+hides  of  the  same  countries  appear  in  yearly  increasing  quantities  in  our 
+Western markets, and they all  are  shipped at Galatz, Odessa, Taganrog, and 
+
+77 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+other  Euxine  ports.  Then  there  is  another  important branch of trade carried 
+on  in  the  Black  Sea.  Constantinople,  and particularly Trapezunt,  in Asiatic 
+Turkey,  are  the  chief  marts  of  the  caravan  trade  to  the  interior  of Asia,  to 
+the  valley of the  Euphrates  and Tigris,  to  Persia,  and Turkestan. This trade, 
+too,  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  Greek  and  Armenian  merchants  of  the  two 
+towns  just  named  import  large  quantities  of  English  manufactured  goods, 
+the  low  price  of  which  is  rapidly  superseding  the  domestic  industry  of  the 
+Asiatic  harems.  Trapezunt is  better  situated  for  such a trade  than any other 
+point.  It  has  in  its  rear  the  hills  of  Armenia,  which  are  far  less  impassable 
+than  the  Syrian  desert,  and  it  lies  at  a  convenient  proximity  to  Bagdad,  10 
+Schiraz,  and Teheran,  which latter place  serves  as  an intermediate  mart for 
+the  caravans  from  Khiwa  and  Bokhara.  How  important  this  trade,  and the 
+Black  Sea  trade  generally  is  becoming,  may  be  seen  at  the  Manchester 
+Exchange,  where  dark-complexioned  Greek  buyers  are  increasing  in 
+numbers and importance, and where Greek and South-Slavonian dialects are 
+heard  along  with  German  and  English. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+The  trade  of  Trapezunt is  also becoming a matter of most serious political 
+consideration,  as  it  has  been  the  means  of  bringing  the  interests  of  Russia 
+and England  anew  into  conflict in Inner Asia. The Russians had, up to  1840, 
+an  almost  exclusive  monopoly  of  the  trade  in  foreign  manufactured  goods  20 
+to that region. Russian goods were found to have made their way, and in some 
+instances  even  to  be  preferred  to  English  goods,  as  far  down as  the Indus. 
+Up  to  the  time  of  the  Affghan war, the conquest of  Scinde and the Punjaub, 
+it may be  safely asserted that the trade of England with Inner Asia was nearly 
+null.  The  fact  is  now  different.  The  supreme  necessity  of  a never-ceasing  25 
+expansion  of  trade—this  fatum  which,  specter-like, haunts  modern England, 
+and, if not appeased  at once, brings on those terrible revulsions which vibrate 
+from New-York to  Canton,  and from St. Petersburg to Sidney—this inflexible 
+necessity  has  caused  the  interior  of  Asia  to  be  attacked  from  two  sides  by 
+English trade: from the Indus and from the Black Sea; and although we know 
+very  little  of  the  exports  of Russia to  that part of  the world, we  may  safely 
+conclude  from  the  increase  of  English  exports  to  that  quarter,  that  the 
+Russian trade in that direction must have  sensibly fallen off. The commercial 
+battle-field  between  England  and  Russia  has  been removed from  the  Indus 
+to  Trapezunt,  and  the  Russian  trade,  formerly  venturing  out  as  far  as  the  35 
+limits  of England's  Eastern Empire,  is  now reduced to the  defensive  on the 
+very verge of its own line of custom-houses. The importance of this fact with 
+regard  to  any future  solution  of  the  Eastern  question,  and  to  the  part which 
+both England and Russia may take in it, is evident. They are, and always must 
+be,  antagonists  in the  East. 
+
+30 
+
+40 
+
+But  let  us  come  to  a  more  definite  estimate  of  this  Black  Sea  trade. 
+
+78 
+
+The  Real  Issue  in  Turkey 
+
+According  to  The  London  Economist,  the  British  exports  to  the  Turkish 
+dominions,  including  Egypt  and  the  Danubian  Principalities,  were: 
+
+5 
+
+In 1840 
+In 1842 
+In 1844 
+In 1846 
+In 1848 
+In 1850 
+In 1851 
+
+£1,440,592 
+£2,068,842 
+£3,271,333 
+£2,707,571 
+£3,626,241 
+£3,762,480 
+£3,548,959 
+
+10 
+
+Of these amounts, at least two-thirds must have gone to ports in the Black 
+Sea, including Constantinople.  And all this rapidly increasing trade depends 
+upon the  confidence that may be placed in the power which rules the Darda 
+nelles  and  the  Bosphorus,  the  keys  to  the  Black  Sea.  Whoever holds these 
+can  open  and  shut  at  his  pleasure  the  passage  into  this  last  recess  of  the 
+15  Mediterranean.  Let  Russia  once  come  into  possession  of  Constantinople, 
+who  will  expect  her  to  keep  open  the  door  by  which  England  has  invaded 
+her  commercial  domain? 
+
+20 
+
+So  much  for  the  commercial  importance  of  Turkey,  and  especially  the 
+Dardanelles.  It  is  evident  that  not  only  a very large trade, but the principal 
+intercourse  of  Europe  with  Central  Asia,  and  consequently  the  principal 
+means  of  re-civilizing  that  vast  region,  depends  upon  the  uninterrupted 
+liberty  of  trading  through  these  gates  to  the  Black  Sea. 
+
+25 
+
+Now  for  the  military  considerations.  The  commercial  importance  of  the 
+Dardanelles  and  Bosphorus  at once  make  them first-rate  military  positions, 
+that is, positions of decisive influence in any war.  Such a point is Gibraltar, 
+and  such is Helsingör in t he Sound. But the Dardanelles are, from the nature 
+of  their  locality,  even more important. The cannon of Gibraltar or Helsingör 
+cannot command the whole of the straits on which they are situated, and they 
+require  the  assistance of a fleet in order to close them; while the narrowness 
+30  of  the  strait  at  the  Dardanelles  and  of  the  Bosphorus  is  such  that  a  few 
+properly-erected  and  well-armed  fortifications,  such  as  Russia,  once  in 
+possession,  would not tarry an hour to erect,  might defy the combined  fleets 
+of  the  world  if they attempted  a passage.  In that case, the  Black Sea would 
+be  more  properly  a Russian lake than even the  Lake  of  Ladoga,  situated in 
+35 its very heart. The resistance of the Caucasians would be starved out at once ; 
+Trapezunt  would  be  a  Russian  port;  the  Danube  a  Russian  river.  Besides, 
+when Constantinople  is  taken, the Turkish Empire is cut in two; Asiatic and 
+•  European Turkey have no means of communicating with or supporting each 
+other,  and  while  the  strength  of  the  Turkish  army,  repulsed  into  Asia,  is 
+40  utterly harmless, Macedonia, Thessaly, Albania, outflanked and cut off from 
+the  main  body,  will  not  put the  conqueror to  the  trouble  of  subduing them; 
+
+79 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+they  will have  nothing  left but to  beg  for  mercy and for an army to maintain 
+internal  order. 
+
+5 
+
+But  having  come  thus  far  on  the  way  to  universal  empire,  is  it  probable 
+that this gigantic and  swollen power will pause in the career? Circumstances, 
+if not her  own will, forbid  it.  With the annexation of Turkey and Greece she 
+has  excellent  seaports, while the  Greeks furnish skillful  sailors for her navy. 
+With Constantinople,  she  stands on the threshold of the Mediterranean; with 
+Durazzo  and  the  Albanian  coast  from  Antivari  to  Arta,  she  is  in  the  very 
+center  of  the  Adriatic,  within  sight of  the  British Ionian islands,  and within 
+36 hours'  steaming of Malta. Flanking the Austrian dominions on the North,  10 
+East  and  South, Russia will already count the Hapsburgs  among her vassals. 
+And  then,  another  question  is  possible,  is  even probable.  The  broken  and 
+undulating  western  frontier  of  the  Empire,  ill-defined  in  respect  of  natural 
+boundaries,  would  call for  rectification,  and it would appear that the natural 
+frontier  of  Russia runs  from  Dantzic  or  perhaps  Stettin  to  Trieste.  And  as  15 
+sure  as  conquest  follows  conquest,  and  annexation  follows  annexation,  so 
+sure  would  the  conquest  of  Turkey  by  Russia  be  only  the  prelude  for  the 
+annexation  of  Hungary,  Prussia,  Galicia,  and for the ultimate realization of 
+the  Slavonic  Empire  which certain fanatical  Panslavistic  philosophers  have 
+dreamed  of. 
+
+20 
+
+Russia  is  decidedly  a  conquering  nation,  and  was  so  for  a  century,  until 
+the  great  movement  of  1789  called  into  potent  activity  an  antagonist  of 
+formidable  nature.  We  mean  the  European  Revolution,  the  explosive  force 
+of  democratic  ideas  and  man's  native  thirst  for  freedom.  Since  that  epoch 
+there have been in reality but two powers on the continent of Europe—Russia  25 
+and  Absolutism,  the  Revolution  and Democracy.  For the moment the Revo 
+lution  seems  to  be  suppressed,  but  it  lives  and  is  feared  as  deeply as  ever. 
+Witness  the terror of the reaction at the news of the late rising at Milan.  But 
+let  Russia  get  possession  of  Turkey,  and  her  strength  is  increased  nearly 
+half,  and  she  becomes  superior to  all the rest of  Europe put together.  Such  30 
+an event would  be  an unspeakable  calamity  to  the  revolutionary cause. The 
+maintenance  of  Turkish  independence,  or  in  case  of  a  possible  dissolution 
+of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  the  arrest  of  the  Russian  scheme  of  annexation is 
+a  matter  of the  highest  moment.  In this  instance the interests  of the  revolu 
+tionary Democracy and of  England go  hand  in hand. Neither can permit the  35 
+Czar to  make Constantinople one of his  Capitals,  and we shall find that when 
+driven  to  the  wall,  the  one  will  resist  him  as  determinedly  as  the  other. 
+
+80 
+
+---~ ;fiN-
+
+~~"::7~~~~~;) 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+T he  L o n d on  P r e s s-
+
+P o l i cy  of  N a p o l e on  on  t he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i on 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune, 
+Nr.3739,  11.April  1853 
+
+The  London  Press-
+Policy of Napoleon on the  Turkish Question. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  March 25th,  1853. 
+
+15 
+
+5  Until this morning no further authentic news has been received from Turkey. 
+The  Paris  Correspondent  of  The  Morning Herald,  of  to-day,  asserts  that  he 
+has  been  informed  by  responsible  authority  that  the  Russians  have  entered 
+Bucharest.  In  the  Courrier  de  Marseille  of  the  20th  inst.  we  read:  "We  are 
+in  a  position to  convey  to  the  knowledge of our readers  the  substance  of the 
+ι o note which has already been presented to the Sublime Porte by M. d'Oserof f 
+immediately  after  the  departure  of  Count  Leiningen,  and  before  the  brutal 
+'sortie'  of  the  Prince  Menchikoff  in  the  midst  of  the  Divan.  The  following 
+are  the  principal  points  referred  to  in  this  diplomatic  note.  The  Count  de 
+Nesselrode  complained  in  the  most  lively  terms  that  the  Porte,  in  spite  of 
+its  formal  promise  not to  attack the Montenegrins,  had  carried  on  a  sangui­
+nary  war  against  that  people,  which  had  given  the  greatest  dissatisfaction 
+to the Cabinet of  St. Petersburgh. In order, now, to secure a sufficient protec­
+tion  to  the  Montenegrins,  and  for  their  preservation  from  new  disasters, 
+Russia  would  invite  the  Porte  to  recognize  the  independence  of  Montenegro. 
+20  The note contained also a protest against the blockade of the Albanian Coast, 
+and  in  conclusion  it  pressed  the  demand  upon  the  Sultan  to  dismiss  those 
+ministers  whose  doings  had  always  occasioned  misunderstandings  between 
+the two governments. On the receipt of this note Turkey is said to have shown 
+a  disposition  to  yield,  although  with regret,  to  that one  point relating  to  the 
+25  dismission  of  ministers,  particularly  of  Fuad  Effendi,  the  Sultan's  brother-
+in-law,  who  has  actually been replaced by Rifaat Pasha,  a partisan  of Russia. 
+The  Porte,  however,  refused  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  Monte­
+negro.  It  was  then  that  Prince  Menchikoff,  without  previously  paying  the 
+
+81 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+usual  compliments  to  the  Minister  of  Foreign Affairs, presented  himself  in 
+the Divan,  to the  neglect of  all diplomatic forms, and intimated in a bullying 
+manner  to  that  body  to  subscribe  to  his  demands.  In  consequence  of  this 
+demand  the  Porte  invoked  the  protection  of  England  and  France." 
+
+5 
+
+In  ancient  Greece,  an orator  who  was  paid  to  remain  silent,  was  said  to 
+have  an  ox  on his  tongue. The  ox,  be  it remarked, was  a silver coin imported 
+from  Egypt.  With  regard  to  The  Times,  we  may  say  that,  during  the  whole 
+period  of  the  revived  Eastern  Question,  it had  also  an  ox  on  its  tongue,  if 
+not  for  remaining  silent,  at least for  speaking.  At first,  this  ingenious  paper 
+defended  the  Austrian  intervention in  Montenegro,  on  the  plea  of  Christi-  10 
+anity.  But  afterwards,  when  Russia  interfered,  it  dropped  this  argument, 
+stating  that the  whole question was a quarrel between the Greek and Roman 
+Churches,  utterly  indifferent  to  the  "subjects"  of  the  Established  Church 
+of  England.  Then,  it  dwelt  on  the  importance  of the Turkish commerce  for 
+Great Britain,  inferring from  that very importance, that Great Britain could  15 
+but  gain  by  exchanging  Turkish  Free-Trade  for  Russian  prohibition  and 
+Austrian  protection.  It  next  labored  to  prove  that  England  was  dependent 
+for her food upon Russia,  and must therefore bow in silence to the geographi 
+cal ideas  of the  Czar.  A  gracious  compliment this  to the commercial system 
+exalted  by  The  Times,  and  a  very  pleasant  argumentation,  that  to  mitigate 
+England's  dependence  on  Russia,  the  Black  Sea  had  to  become  a  Russian 
+lake,  and  the  Danube  a  Russian  river.  Then,  driven  from  these  untenable 
+positions,  it fell back  on the  general  statement that the  Turkish Empire was 
+hopelessly  falling  to  pieces,—a  conclusive  proof  this,  in  the  opinion of  The 
+Times,  that  Russia  presently  must  become  the  executor  and  heir  of  that  25 
+Empire.  Anon,  The  Times  wanted  to  subject  the  inhabitants  of  Turkey  to 
+the  "pure  sway" and civilizing influence of Russia and Austria, remembering 
+the  old  story  that  wisdom  comes  from  the  East,  and  forgetting  its  recent 
+statement  that  "the  state  maintained  by  Austria  in  the  provinces  and king 
+doms  of  her  own  Empire,  was  one  of  arbitrary  authority  and  of  executive  30 
+tyranny, regulated by no laws  at all."  In conclusion and this is the strongest 
+bit  of  impudence,  TZie  Times congratulates  itself  on  the  "brilliancy"  of  its 
+Eastern  leaders! 
+
+' 
+
+20 
+
+The  whole  London Press,  Morning Press  and Evening Press, Daily Press 
+and Weekly Press  rose,  as  one  man against the "leading journal."  The Mor-  35 
+ning Post mocks  at the  intelligence  of  its  brethren of  The  Times, whom  it  ac 
+cuses  of  spreading  deliberately  false  and  absurd  news.  The Morning Herald 
+calls  it  "our  Hebraeo-Austro-Russian  contemporary,"  The  Daily  News  more 
+shortly  the  "Brunnow  organ."  Its  twin-brother,  The  Morning  Chronicle 
+heaves  at  it  the  following  blow:  "The  journalists  who  have  proposed  to  40 
+surrender  the  Turkish  Empire  to  Russia,  on  the  score  of  the  commercial 
+
+82 
+
+The  London  Press—Policy  of  Napoleon  on  the  Turkish  Question 
+
+eminence of a dozen Anglo-Greek firms, are quite right in claiming for them 
+selves  the  monopoly  of  brilliancy!"  The  Morning  Advertiser  says:  "The 
+Times  is  right  in  stating  that  it  is  isolated  in  its  advocacy  of  Russian inter 
+e s t s . .. It is printed in the English language. But that is the only thing English 
+
+5  about it.  It  is,  where  Russia is  concerned,  Russian  all  over." 
+
+10 
+
+There  is  no  doubt that the  Russian bear will not draw  in his  paws, unless 
+he  be  assured  of  a  momentary  "entente  cordiale"  between  England  and 
+France.  Now  mark  the  following  wonderful  coincidence.  On  the  very  day 
+when  The  Times was  trying  to  persuade  my lords  Aberdeen and Clarendon, 
+that the  Turkish affair was a mere  squabble between France and Russia, the 
+"roi  des  drôles"  as  Guizot used  to call him,  M. Granier de Cassagnac, hap 
+pened  to  discover  in  the  Constitutionnel, that it was  all nothing but a quarrel 
+between  Lord  Palmerston  and the  Czar.  Truly,  when  we  read  these  papers, 
+we  understand  the  Greek  orators  with  Macedonian  oxen  on  their  tongues, 
+
+15  at the  times  when  Demosthenes  fulminated his  Philippics. 
+
+20 
+
+As  for  the  British aristocracy represented by  the  Coalition Ministry, they 
+would,  if  need be,  sacrifice  the national English interests  to their particular 
+class  interests,  and  permit  the  consolidation  of  a  juvenile  despotism  in the 
+East  in  the  hopes  of  finding  a  support  for  their  valetudinarian  oligarchy  in 
+the  West.  As  to  Louis  Napoleon  he  is  hesitating.  All his predilections  are 
+on  the  side  of  the  Autocrat,  whose  system  of  governing  he  has  introduced 
+into France, and all his antipathies are against England, whose parliamentary 
+system he has  destroyed there.  Besides,  if he permits  the  Czar's plundering 
+in the  East,  the  Czar will perhaps permit him  to  plunder in the West. On the 
+25 other hand he is as quite sure of the feelings of the Holy Alliance with regard 
+to  the  "parvenu  Khan."  Accordingly  he  observes  an  ambiguous  policy,-
+striving  to  dupe  the  great  powers  of Europe  as he  duped the parliamentary 
+parties  of  the  French National  Assembly.  While  fraternizing ostentatiously 
+with  the  English  ambassador  for  Turkey,  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  he 
+simultaneously cajoles the Russian Princess de Lieven with the most  flatter 
+ing  promises,  and  sends  to  the  court  of  the  Sultan  M. De  la  Cour,  a  warm 
+advocate  of  an  Austro-French  alliance,  in  contradistinction  to  an  Anglo-
+French  one.  He  orders  the  Toulon  fleet  to  sail  to  the  Grecian  waters,  and 
+then  announces  the  day  afterward,  in  the  Moniteur,  that  this  had been done 
+35  without any previous communication with England.  While he orders one of 
+his  organs,  the  Pays,  to  treat  the  Eastern  question  as  most  important  to 
+France,  he  allows  the  statement  of  his  other organ, the  Constitutionnel, that 
+Russian,  Austrian  and English interests are at stake in this question, but that 
+France  has  only  a  very  remote  interest  in  it,  and  is  therefore  in  a  wholly 
+independent position.  Which will outbid the other, Russia or England? That 
+is  the  question  with  him. 
+
+30 
+
+40 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+83 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3746,  19. April  1853 
+
+The Turkish Question. 
+
+5 
+
+It is only of late that people in the West of Europe  and in America have been 
+enabled  to  form  anything  like  a  correct  judgment of Turkish  affairs.  Up  to 
+the  Greek  insurrection  Turkey  was,  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  terra  in 
+cognita, and the common notions floating about among the public were based 
+more  upon  the  Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments  than  upon  any  historical 
+facts.  Official  diplomatic  functionaries  having  been  on  the  spot,  boasted  a 
+more  accurate  knowledge;  but  this,  too,  amounted  to  nothing,  as  none  of 
+these  officials  ever  troubled  himself  to  learn  Turkish,  South  Slavonian,  or 
+modern  Greek,  and  they  were  one  and  all  dependent  upon  the  interested  10 
+accounts  of  Greek  interpreters  and  Frank  merchants.  Besides,  intrigues  of 
+every  sort were always on hand to occupy the time of these lounging diploma 
+tists,  among  whom  Joseph  von  Hammer,  the  German  historian  of  Turkey, 
+forms  the  only  honorable  exception.  The  business  of  these  gentlemen was 
+not with  the  people,  the  institutions,  the  social  state  of  the  country; it was  15 
+exclusively  with  the  Court,  and  especially  with  the  Fanariote  Greeks,  wily 
+mediators  between  two  parties  either  of  which  was  equally  ignorant of the 
+real condition, power and resources of the other. The traditional notions  and 
+opinions,  founded  upon  such  paltry  information,  formed  for  a  long  while, 
+and  strange  to  say,  form  to  a great  extent even  now,  the  ground-work for  20 
+all  the  action  of  Western  diplomacy  with  regard  to  Turkey. 
+
+But while  England, France, and for a long time even Austria, were groping 
+in  the  dark  for  a  defined  Eastern  policy,  another power  outwitted them  all. 
+Russia  herself  semi-Asiatic  in  her  condition,  manners,  traditions  and  in 
+stitutions,  found  men  enough  who  could  comprehend  the  real  state  and  25 
+character  of  Turkey.  Her religion was  the  same  as  that of nine-tenths of the 
+inhabitants  of  Turkey in Europe;  her language  almost identical with that of 
+seven  millions  of  Turkish  subjects;  and  the  well-known facility with which 
+a Russian  learns  to  converse  in,  if  not fully to  appropriate  a foreign tongue, 
+
+84 
+
+Ρ·1 
+
+The Turkish Question 
+
+made  it  an  easy  matter  for  her  agents,  well  paid  for  the  task,  to  acquaint 
+themselves  completely  with  Turkish  affairs.  Thus  at  a  very  early period the 
+Russian  Government  availed  itself  of  its  exceedingly  favorable  position  in 
+the South-east of Europe. Hundreds of Russian agents perambulated Turkey, 
+5  pointing out to the Greek Christians, the Orthodox Emperor as the head, the 
+natural  protector,  and  the  ultimate  liberator  of  the  oppressed  Eastern 
+Church,  and  to  the  South  Slavonians  especially,  pointing  out  that  same 
+Emperor  as  the  almighty  Czar  who  was  sooner  or  later  to  unite  all  the 
+branches  of  the  great  Slavic  race  under  one  sceptre,  and  to  make them  the 
+ruling  race  of  Europe.  The  clergy  of  the  Greek  Church  very  soon  formed 
+themselves  into  a  vast  conspiracy for the  spread of these  ideas.  The  Servian 
+insurrection of  1804, the  Greek rising in 1821  were more or less directly urged 
+on by  Russian gold  and Russian influence;  and wherever among the Turkish 
+pachas  the  standard  of  revolt  was  raised  against  the  Central  Government, 
+15  Russian  intrigues  and  Russian  funds  were  never  wanting;  and  when  thus, 
+internal  Turkish  questions  had  entirely  perplexed  the  understanding  of 
+Western  diplomatists  who  knew  no  more  about  the  real  subject than  about 
+the man in the moon, then war was declared, Russian armies marched toward 
+the  Balkan, and portion by portion the Ottoman Empire was dismembered. 
+
+10 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+It  is  true  that  during  the  last  thirty  years  much  has  been  done  toward 
+general  enlightenment  concerning  the  state  of Turkey.  German philologists 
+and  critics  have  made  us  acquainted with the  history  and literature, English 
+residents  and  English  trade  have  collected  a great  deal  of  information  as  to 
+the  social  condition  of  the  Empire.  But  the  diplomatic  wiseacres  seem  to 
+scorn  all  this,  and  to  cling  as  obstinately  as  possible  to  the  traditions  en­
+gendered  by  the  study  of  Eastern fairy-tales,  improved  upon  by the  no  less 
+wonderful accounts given by the  most corrupt  set of Greek mercenaries  that 
+ever  existed. 
+
+And  what  has  been  the  natural  result?  That  in  all essential points  Russia 
+30  has  steadily,  one  after  another,  gained  her  ends,  thanks  to  the  ignorance, 
+dullness,  and  consequent  inconsistency  and  cowardice  of  Western  govern­
+ments.  From  the  battle  of Navarino  to  the  present Eastern crisis, the action 
+of  the  Western  powers  has  either  been  annihilated  by  squabbles  among 
+themselves,  mostly  arising  from  their  common  ignorance  of  Eastern  mat-
+ters,  and  from  petty  jealousies  which  must  have  been  entirely  incom­
+prehensible  to  any  Eastern  understanding-or  that  action  has  been  in  the 
+direct interest of  Russia  alone.  And  not only  do  the  Greeks,  both of Greece 
+and  Turkey,  and  the  Slavonians,  look  to  Russia  as  their  natural  protector; 
+nay,  even the  Government at Constantinople,  despairing, time after time, to 
+40  make its actual wants and real position understood by these Western ambas­
+sadors,  who  pride  themselves  upon  their  own  utter  incompetency  to  judge 
+
+35 
+
+85 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+by  their  own  eyes  of Turkish matters,  the very Turkish Government has  in 
+every  instance  been  obliged  to  throw  itself  upon  the  mercy  of  Russia,  and 
+to  seek  protection  from  that  power  which  openly  avows  its  firm  intention 
+to  drive  every Turk  across  the Bosphorus  and plant the cross of St. Andrew 
+upon  the  minarets  of the  Aya-Sofiyah. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+In  spite  of  diplomatic  tradition,  these  constant  and  successful  en 
+croachments  of Russia have at last roused in the Western Cabinets in Europe 
+a  very  dim  and  distant  apprehension  of  the  approaching  danger.  This  ap 
+prehension  has  resulted  in  the  great  diplomatic  nostrum,  that  the  main 
+tenance  of  the  status  quo  in  Turkey is  a  necessary  condition  of  the  peace 
+of  the  world.  The  magniloquent  incapacity  of  certain  modern  statesmen 
+could  not  have  confessed  its  ignorance  and  helplessness  more  plainly than 
+in this  axiom which, from having always remained a dead letter, has, during 
+the  short period  of twenty years, been hallowed by tradition,  and become as 
+hoary  and  indisputable  as  King  John's  Magna  Charta.  Maintain  the  status  15 
+quo! Why,  it was  precisely  to  maintain  the  status  quo  that Russia  stirred up 
+Servia  to  revolt,  made  Greece  independent,  appropriated  to  herself  the 
+protectorate  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  and  retained  part  of  Armenia! 
+England  and  France  never  stirred  an  inch  when  all  this  was  done,  and  the 
+only time they did move was to protect, in 1849, not Turkey, but the Hungar-  20 
+ian refugees.  In  the  eyes  of  European  diplomacy, and even of the European 
+press,  the  whole  Eastern  question  resolves  itself  into  this  dilemma,  either 
+the  Russians  at  Constantinople,  or  the  maintenance  of  the  status  quo— 
+anything  beside  this  alternative  never  enters  their  thoughts. 
+
+Look  at the  London press  for  illustration.  We  find  The  Times advocating  25 
+
+the  dismemberment  of Turkey,  and proclaiming the unfitness  of the Turkish 
+race to govern any longer in that beautiful corner of Europe. Skilfull as usual, 
+The  Times boldly  attacks  the  old  diplomatic  tradition  of  the  status quo,  and 
+declares  its  continuance  impossible.  The whole  of  the talent at the  disposal 
+of  that  paper  is  exerted  to  show  this  impossibility under  different aspects,  30 
+and  to  enlist  British  sympathies  for  a  new  crusade  against  the  remnant  of 
+the  Saracens. The merit of such an unscrupulous attack upon a time-hallowed 
+and  unmeaning  phrase  which,  two  months  ago,  was  as  yet  sacred  to  The 
+Times,  is  undeniable.  But  whoever  knows  that paper,  knows  also  that  this 
+unwonted  boldness is  applied directly in the interest of Russia and Austria.  35 
+The  correct  premises  put  forth  in  its  columns  as  to  the  utter  impossibility 
+of  maintaining  Turkey  in  its  present  state,  serve  no  other  purpose  than  to 
+prepare  the  British public  and  the  world for  the  moment when  the principal 
+paragraph of  the  will  of Peter the  Great, the conquest of the Bosphorus, will 
+have become  an  accomplished fact. 
+
+40 
+
+The  opposite  opinion  is  represented  by  The Daily News,  the  organ  of the 
+
+86 
+
+The Turkish  Question 
+
+5 
+
+Liberals.  The  Times at least seizes  a new and correct feature of the question, 
+in order  afterwards to pervert it to  an interested purpose.  In the columns of 
+the  Liberal journal, on the  other hand,  reigns  the plainest sense, but merely 
+a  sort  of  household  sense.  Indeed,  it  does  not  see  farther  than  the  very 
+threshold  of  its  own  house.  It  clearly  perceives  that  a  dismemberment  of 
+Turkey  under  present  circumstances  must  bring  the  Russians  to  Con 
+stantinople,  and  that  this  would  be  a  great  misfortune  for  England;  that it 
+would threaten the peace of the world, ruin the Black Sea trade, and necessi 
+tate  new  armaments  in the  British  stations  and  fleets  of the  Mediterranean. 
+10  And  in  consequence,  The Daily News exerts  itself to arouse the indignation 
+and  fear  of  the  British  public.  Is  not  the  partition  of  Turkey  a  crime equal 
+to  the  partition of Poland? Have  not the  Christians more religious  liberty in 
+Turkey  than  in  Austria  and  Russia?  Is  not the Turkish  Government a  mild, 
+paternal government, which allows  the different nations and creeds and local 
+corporations to regulate their own affairs? Is not Turkey a paradise compared 
+to  Austria  and Russia? Is not life and property  safe there? And is not British 
+trade  with Turkey larger  than that with Austria and Russia put together, and 
+does  it  not increase  every year? And then goes  on in dithyrambic  strain,  so 
+far  as  The  Daily  News  can  be  dithyrambic,  an  apotheosis  of  Turkey,  the 
+20  Turks  and  everything Turkish,  which  must  appear  quite  incomprehensible 
+
+15 
+
+to  most  of  its  readers. 
+
+The key to this  strange enthusiasm for the Turks is to be found in the works 
+of David Urquhart, Esq., M.P. This gentleman, of Scotch birth, with medieval 
+and  patriarchal  recollections  of  home,  and  with  a  modern  British  civilized 
+25  education,  after  having  fought  three  years  in  Greece  against  the  Turks, 
+passed  into  their  country  and was the first thus to enamour himself of them. 
+The  romantic  Highlander  found  himself  at  home  again  in  the  mountain 
+ravines  of  the  Pindus  and  Balkan,  and  his  works  on  Turkey,  although  full 
+of valuable information, may be summed up in the following three paradoxes, 
+30  which are laid down almost literally thus: If Mr. Urquhart were not a British 
+subject, he would decidedly prefer being a Turk; if he were not a Presbyterian^ 
+Calvinist,  he  would  not  belong  to  any  other  religion  than  Islamism;  and 
+thirdly,  Britain  and  Turkey  are  the  only  two  countries  in  the  world  which 
+enjoy  self-government  and  civil  and  religious  liberty.  This  same  Urquhart 
+35  has  since  become  the  great  Eastern  authority for  all  English  Liberals  who 
+object  to  Palmerston,  and  it  is  he  who  supplies  The  Daily News  with  the 
+materials  for  these  panegyrics  upon  Turkey. 
+
+The  only  argument  which  deserves  a  moment's  notice,  upon  this  side  of 
+the  question  is  this:  "It  is  said  that  Turkey  is  decaying;  but  where  is  the 
+40  decay?  Is  not civilization rapidly  spreading in Turkey and trade  extending? 
+Where you see nothing but decay, our statistics prove nothing but progress." 
+
+87 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+5 
+
+Now  it would  be  a great fallacy to  put down the  increasing Black  Sea trade 
+to  the  credit  of  Turkey  alone,  and  yet  this  is  done  here  exactly  as  if  the 
+industrial and commercial capabilities of Holland, the high road to the greater 
+part  of  Germany,  were  to  be  measured  by  her  gross  exports  and  imports, 
+nine tenths of which represent a mere transit. And yet, what every statistician 
+would  immediately, in the  case of Holland, treat as a clumsy concoction,  the 
+whole  of  the  liberal press  of  England,  including the  learned  Economist tries, 
+in  the  case  of  Turkey,  to  impose  upon  public  credulity.  And then,  who  are 
+the traders in Turkey? Certainly not the Turks. Their way of promoting trade, 
+when  they  were  yet  in  their  original  nomadic  state,  consisted  in  robbing  10 
+caravans,  and now that they  are  a little  more  civilized it consists  in all sorts 
+of  arbitrary  and  oppressive  exactions.  The  Greeks,  the  Armenians,  the 
+Slavonians  and  the  Franks  established  in  the  large  seaports,  carry  on  the 
+whole  of  the  trade,  and certainly they have no reason to thank Turkish Beys 
+and Pashas for being able to do so. Remove all the Turks out of Europe, and  15 
+trade will have no reason to  suffer.  And as to progress in general civilization, 
+who  are  they  that  carry  out  that progress  in all parts  of  European Turkey? 
+Not  the  Turks,  for  they  are  few  and far  between,  and  can hardly be  said to 
+be  settled anywhere except in Constantinople and two or three small country 
+districts. It is the Greek and Slavonic middle class in all the towns and trading  20 
+posts who are the real support of whatever civilization is effectually imported 
+into  the  country.  That part of  the population are constantly rising in wealth 
+and  influence, and the Turks are more and more driven into the background. 
+Were  it not for  their  monopoly of  civil  and military power, they would soon 
+disappear. But that monopoly has become impossible for the future, and their 
+power  is  turned  into  impotence,  except  for  obstructions  in  the  way of pro 
+gress.  The  fact  is,  they  must  be  got  rid  of.  To  say  that  they  cannot  be  got 
+rid of except by putting Russians and Austrians in their place, means as much 
+as  to  say,  that  the present political  constitution of  Europe will last forever. 
+Who  will  make  such an assertion? 
+1 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+88 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  B e r l in  C o n s p i r a cy 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3745,  18. April  1853 
+
+The  Berlin Conspiracy. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Friday,  April  1,  1853. 
+
+At length,  the fifth of  the  "Great Powers,"  Prussia, enjoys  the good fortune 
+of  having  added  of  her  own  to  the  great  discoveries  made  by  the  Austrian 
+Police, with respect to the "demagogical machinations" of the revolutionists. 
+"The  Government,"  we  are  assured  by its  official  organs,  "having obtained 
+proof  that  the  chiefs  of  the  Democratic party  held  continued relations  with 
+the  revolutionary propaganda,  ordered  domiciliary  visits  to  be  made, on the 
+29th  of  March,  at  Berlin,  and  succeeded  in  arresting 40 individuals,  among 
+whom were Streckfuss, and the ex-members of the Prussian National Assem 
+bly,  Berends,  Waldeck,  etc.  Domiciliary  visits  were  made  in  the  houses of 
+eighty persons  suspected of participation  in  a conspiracy.  Arms and amuni-
+tion  were  found."  Not  content  with publishing these  "startling facts"  in its 
+official  papers,  the  Prussian  Government  thought  proper  to  forward  them 
+by  telegraph  to  the  British  Foreign  Office. 
+
+In  order  to  lay  bare  the  mystery  of  this  new  police  farce,  it  is  necessary 
+to  go  somewhat  back.  Two  months  after  the  coup  d'état  of  Bonaparte, 
+Mr. Hinckeldey,  the  Polizei Praesident of Berlin and his inferior, Mr.  Stieber, 
+the  Polizei Rath,  conspired  together,  the  one  to  become  a Prussian  Maupas, 
+and  the  other  to  become  a Prussian Pietri.  The  glorious  omnipotence  of  the 
+French  police,  perhaps,  disturbed  their  slumbers.  Hinckeldey  addressed 
+himself  to  Herr  von Westphalen,  the  Minister of the Interior, making unjust 
+representation  to  that  wealaninded  and  fanatical  reactionist  (Herr  von 
+Westphalen  being  my  brother-in-law  I  had  ample  opportunity of  becoming 
+acquainted  with  the  mental  powers  of  the  man),  on  the  necessity  of  con 
+centrating  the  whole  police  force  of  the  Prussian  State  in  the  hands  of the 
+
+89 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Polizei Praesident of  Berlin.  He  stated,  that in order to  accelerate  the  action 
+of  the  police,  it  must  be  made  independent  of  the  Minister  of  the  Interior 
+and  intrusted  exclusively  to  himself.  The  minister  von  Westphalen  re 
+presents  the  ultra  Prussian  aristocracy  and  the  President  of  the  ministry, 
+Herr  von  Manteuff  el,  represents  the  old  bureaucracy;  the  two  are  rivals,  and  5 
+the  former  beheld  in  the  suggestion  of  Hinckeldey,  although  it  apparently 
+narrowed the circle of his own department, a means of inflicting a blow on his 
+rival, whose  brother, M.  von Manteuffel, was  the  director in the ministry of 
+the Interior, and especially charged with the control of the entire police. Herr 
+von  Westphalen  therefore  submitted  his  proposition  to  a  council  of  State,  10 
+presided  over  by  the  King  himself. 
+
+The  discussion  was  very  angry.  Manteuffel,  supported  by  the  Prince  of 
+Prussia,  opposed  the  plan of  establishing  an independent ministry of police. 
+The King inclined to the proposition of Herr von Westphalen, and concluded 
+with  the  Solomonian  sentence,  that he  would  follow  the example of Bona-  15 
+parte  and  create  a  ministry  of  police,  "if  the  necessity  of  that  step  were 
+proved  to  him  by  facts."  Now,  the  affair  of  the  Cologne  Communists  was 
+chosen  by  Hinckeldey  and  Stieber  to  furnish these facts.  You are  aware  of 
+the  heroic  performances  of  those  men  in  the  Cologne  trials.  After  their 
+conclusion  the  Prussian  Government  resolved  to  elevate  the  openly  perjured  20 
+Stieber,  the  man  who  had  been  hissed  wherever  he  showed  himself  in  the 
+streets  of  Cologne—to  the  dignity  of  a  Polizei-Director of  Cologne.  But M. 
+de  Bethmann-Hollweg  and  other  well-meaning  conservative  deputies  of 
+Rhenish Prussia,  intervened,  representing to the ministers that such an open 
+insult  to  the  public  opinion  of  that province might have very ominous con-  25 
+sequences at a moment when Bonaparte coveted the natural limits of France. 
+The  Government  yielded,  contenting  itself  with  the  nomination  of  Stieber 
+as  Polizei-Director  of  Berlin,  in  reward  for  his  perjuries  committed  at 
+Cologne  and  his  thefts  committed  at  London.  There,  however,  the  affair 
+stopped.  It was impossible to  accomplish the wishes  of Mr. Hinckeldey and  30 
+to  create  for  him  an  independent  ministry  of  police  on  the  ground  of  the 
+Cologne  trial.  Hinckeldey  and  Stieber  watched  their  time.  Happily  there 
+came the  Milan insurrection.  Stieber  at once  made  twenty arrests  at Berlin. 
+But the thing was too ridiculous to be proceeded with. But then came Libeny, 
+and now the King was ripe.  Overwhelmed with fearful apprehensions he saw  35 
+at  once  the  necessity  of  having  an  independent  ministry  of  police,  and 
+Hinckeldey  saw  his  dreams  realized.  A  royal  ordinance  created  him  the 
+Prussian  Maupas,  while  the  brother  of  Herr  von  Manteuffel  tendered  his 
+resignation.  The  most  astounding  part  of  the  comedy, however,  was  yet to 
+come.  Scarcely  had  Mr. Hinckeldey  rushed  into  his  new  dignity  when the  40 
+"great  Berlin  conspiracy"  was  discovered  directly.  This  conspiracy,  then, 
+
+90 
+
+The  Berlin  conspiracy 
+
+5 
+
+was  made  for the  express  purpose  of proving the  necessity of Mr. Hinckel 
+dey.  It  was  the  present  Mr. Hinckeldey  made  over  to  the  imbecile  King  in 
+exchange  for  his  newly-gained  police-autocracy.  Hinckeldey's  adjunct,  the 
+ingenious  Stieber,  who  had discovered at Cologne that whenever letters were 
+found  terminating  with  the  words  "Gruss" and  "Bruderschaft," there  was 
+unquestionably a Communist conspiracy, now made the discovery that there 
+appeared  at  Berlin  for  some  time  since  an ominous  quantity of  "Calabrese 
+hats,"  and that the  Calabrese hat was unquestionably the  "rallying  sign"  of 
+the  revolutionists.  Strong  upon  this  important  discovery,  Stieber  made  on 
+the  18th  of  March  several  arrests,  chiefly  of  workmen  and  foreigners,  the 
+charge against whom was the wearing of Calabrese hats.  On the 23d ejusdem 
+domiciliary  visits  were  made  in  the  house  of  Karl  Delius,  a  merchant  at 
+Magdeburg  and  brother  of  a member of  the  Second  Chamber, who had also 
+an  unhappy  taste  for  Calabrese  hats.  Finally,  as  I  informed  you  at  the  be-
+15  ginning  of  this  letter,  on  the  29th  ultimo  the  great  coup  d'état against  the 
+Calabrese  hats  was  struck  at  Berlin.  All  those  who  know  anything  of  the 
+milk-and-water opposition of Waldeck, Berends, etc., will laugh at the "arms 
+inoffensive 
+and  munition" 
+Brutusses. 
+
+the  possession  of 
+
+these  most 
+
+found 
+
+in 
+
+10 
+
+20 
+
+But futile  as  this  police  comedy  may  appear  to  be  got  up,  as  it  were, by 
+mere  personal  motives  of  Messrs.  Hinckeldey  &  Stieber,  it is  not  without 
+significance.  The  Prussian  government  is  exasperated  at  the  passive  re 
+sistance  it  meets  with in every direction.  It  smells  the  breath of Revolution 
+in  midst  of  the  apparent  apathy.  It  despairs  at  the  want  of  a  tangible  form 
+25 of that specter, and feels alleviated, as it were, from the nightmare every time 
+the  police  affords  bodily  shapes  to  its  ubiquitous  but  invisible  antagonist. 
+It  attacks,  it  will  go on attacking, and it will  successfully convert the passive 
+resistance  of  the  people  into  an  active  one. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+91 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+W h at  is  to  B e c o me  of  T u r k ey  in  E u r o p e? 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3748, 21. April 1853 
+
+What is to Become of Turkey in Europe? 
+
+We  have  seen  how  the  obstinate  ignorance,  the  time-hallowed  routine,  the 
+hereditary  mental drowsiness of European statesmen,  shrinks from the very 
+attempt  to  answer  this  question.  Aberdeen  and  Palmerston,  Metternich  and 
+Guizot, not to mention their republican and constitutional substitutes of 1848 
+to  1852—who  will  ever  be  nameless—all  despair  of  a  solution. 
+
+And  all  the  while  Russia  advances  step  by  step,  slowly,  but  irresistibly, 
+towards  Constantinople,  in  spite  of  all  the  diplomatic  notes,  plots  and 
+manœuvres  of  France  and  England. 
+
+5 
+
+Now this steady advance of Russia, admitted by all parties, in all countries 
+of  Europe,  has  never  been  explained  by  official  statesmen.  They  see  the 
+effect,  they  see  even the  ultimate  consequence,  and  yet the  cause  is  hidden 
+from  them,  although  nothing  is  more  simple. 
+
+10 
+
+The  great motive  power  which  speeds Russia on towards  Constantinople, 
+is nothing but the very device, designed to keep her away from it; the hollow, 15 
+the  never-enforced  theory  of  the  status  quo. 
+
+What  is  this  status  quo?For  the  Christian  subjects  of  the  Porte,  it means 
+simply the  maintenance for ever and a day, of Turkish oppression over them. 
+As long as they are oppressed by Turkish rule, the head of the Greek Church, 
+the  ruler of  sixty millions  of  Greek Christians,  be  he in other respects  what  20 
+he  may,  is  their  natural  liberator  and protector.  Thus  it  is,  that  ten millions 
+of Greek Christians  in European Turkey,  are  forced to appeal to Russian aid, 
+by  that  very  diplomatic  scheme,  invented  in  order  to  prevent  Russian  en 
+croachments. 
+
+Look  at  the  facts  as  history  records  them.  Even  before  the  reign  of  25 
+
+Catharine  Π.  Russia  never  omitted  an  opportunity  of  obtaining  favorable 
+conditions  for  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.  These  stipulations,  at  last,  were 
+carried  to  such  a  length  in  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople  (1829)  that the  above-
+named  principalities  are  now  more  subject to  Russia than to Turkey. When, 
+
+92 
+
+What  is  to  Become  of Turkey  in  Europe? 
+
+in  1804,  the  Servian  revolution  broke  out,  Russia  took  the  rebel  Rayahs  at 
+once  under  her protection,  and  in two  treaties,  after having  supported them 
+in  two  wars,  guaranteed  the  internal  independence  of  their  country.  When 
+the  Greeks  revolted,  who  decided the  contest? Not the  plots  and  rebellions 
+5  of  Ah  Pacha  of  Janina,  not  the  battle  of  Navarino,  not the  French army in 
+the  Morea,  not  the  conferences  and protocols  of  London,  but the  march of 
+Diebitch's  Russians  across  the  Balkan  into  the  vally  of  the  Maritza.  And 
+while  Russia thus  fearlessly  set  about the  dismemberment  of  Turkey, west 
+ern  diplomatists  continued  to  guarantee  and to  hold up  as  sacred  the  status 
+
+10  quo and  the  inviolability  of  the  Ottoman territory! 
+
+So  long  as  the  tradition  of  the  upholding,  at  any  price,  of  the  status  quo 
+and  the  independence  of Turkey in her present  state is  the ruling maxim of 
+Western diplomacy,  so  long will Russia be  considered, by nine tenths of the 
+population  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  their  only  support,  their  liberator,  their 
+
+15  Messiah. 
+
+Now,  suppose  for  a  moment  that  Turkish  rule  in  the  Graeco-Slavonian 
+peninsula  were  got  rid  of;  that  a government more  suitable  to  the  wants  of 
+the  people  existed;  what  then  would  be  the  position  of Russia? The fact is 
+notorious, that in every one of the States which have sprung up upon Turkish 
+soil  and  acquired  either  total  or partial independence, a powerful anti-Rus 
+sian party has formed itself. If that be the case at a time when Russian support 
+is  their  only  safeguard  against  Turkish  oppression,  what,  then,  are  we  to 
+expect,  as  soon  as  the  fear  of  Turkish  oppression  shall  have  vanished? 
+
+But  to  remove  Turkish  authority  beyond  the  Bosphorus;  to  emancipate 
+the  various  creeds  and nationalities  which populate  the  peninsula;  to open 
+the  door  to  the  schemes  and  machinations,  the conflicting desires  and inter 
+ests  of all the great powers  of Europe;—why is  not this provoking universal 
+war?  Thus  asks  diplomatic  cowardice  and  routine. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Of  course,  it  is  not  expected  that  the  Palmerstons,  the  Aberdeens,  the 
+30  Clarendons, the Continental  Foreign Secretaries, will do  such a thing. They 
+cannot  look  at  it  without  shuddering.  But  whosoever  has,  in  the  study  of 
+history,  learned  to  admire  the  eternal  mutations  of  human  affairs  in which 
+nothing is  stable but instability, nothing constant but change; whosoever has 
+followed  up  that  stern  march of history whose wheels pass relentlessly over 
+the  remains  of  empires,  crushing  entire  generations,  without  holding them 
+worthy  even  of  a  look  of  pity;  whosoever,  in  short,  has  had  his  eyes  open 
+to  the  fact  that there  was  never  a  demagogic  appeal or  insurgent proclama 
+tion,  as  revolutionary  as  the  plain  and  simple  records  of  the  history  of 
+mankind;  who  ever  knows  how  to  appreciate  the  eminently  revolutionary 
+40  character  of  the  present  age,  when  steam  and  wind,  electricity  and  the 
+printing  press,  artillery  and  gold  discoveries  cooperate  to  produce  more 
+
+35 
+
+93 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+changes  and  revolutions  in  a year  than were  ever before brought  about in  a 
+century,  will  certainly  not  shrink from  facing  a  historical  question,  because 
+of  the  consideration that its  proper  settlement  may bring  about  a European 
+war. 
+
+No,  diplomacy,  Government according to  the old fashion will never solve 
+the  difficulty.  The  solution of the Turkish problem is  reserved,  with that of 
+other  great  problems,  to  the  European  Revolution.  And  there  is  no  pre 
+sumption in  assigning  this  apparently remote  question  to  the  lawful  domain 
+of  that  great  movement.  The  revolutionary  landmarks  have  been  steadily 
+advancing  ever  since  1789.  The  last  revolutionary  outposts  were  Warsaw,  10 
+Debreczin,  Bucharest;  the  advanced  posts  of  the  next  revolution  must  be 
+Petersburg  and  Constantinople.  They  are  the  two  vulnerable  points  where 
+the  Russian  anti-revolutionary  colossus  must  be  attacked. 
+
+5 
+
+It  would  be  a  mere  effort  of  fancy  to  give  a  detailed  scheme  as  to  how 
+the  Turkish  territory  in  Europe  might  be  partitioned  out.  Twenty  such  15 
+schemes  could  be  invented,  every  one  as  plausible  as  the  other.  What  we 
+have  to  do  is,  not  to  draw  up  fanciful  programmes,  but  to  seek  general 
+conclusions from  indisputable facts. And from this point of view the question 
+presents  a  double  aspect. 
+
+Firstly, then, it is an undeniable reality that the peninsula, commonly called 20 
+
+Turkey in Europe, forms the natural inheritance of the South-Slavonian race. 
+That race furnishes  seven millions out of twelve of its inhabitants. It has been 
+in  possession  of  the  soil  for  twelve  hundred  years.  Its  competitors—if  we 
+except  a  sparse  population which  has  adopted the Greek language, although 
+in  reality  of  Slavonic  descent—are Turkish or Arnaut barbarians, who have  25 
+long  since been convicted  of  the most inveterate  opposition to  all progress. 
+The  South-Slavonians,  on  the  contrary,  are,  in  the  inland  districts  of  the 
+country,  the  exclusive representatives  of  civilization.  They  do  not yet form 
+a  nation,  but  they  have  a  powerful  and  comparatively  enlightened  nucleus 
+of nationality in Servia. The Servians have a history, a literature of their own. 30 
+They  owe  their  present  internal  independence  to  an eleven years'  struggle, 
+carried on valiantly against superior numbers. They have, for the last twenty 
+years, grown rapidly in culture and the means of civilization. They are looked 
+upon  by  the  Christians  of  Bulgaria,  Thrace,  Macedonia  and  Bosnia  as  the 
+center,  around  which,  in  their  future  efforts  for  independence  and  nation-  35 
+ality,  all  of them  must rally.  In fact,  it may be  said that, the more Servia and 
+Servian  nationality has  consolidated itself,  the  more has  the  direct influence 
+of  Russia on the  Turkish  Slavonians  been thrown into  the  back ground;  for 
+Servia, in order to maintain its  distinct position as  a Christian State, has been 
+obliged  to  borrow  from  the  West  of  Europe  its  political  institutions,  its  40 
+schools,  its  scientific  knowledge,  its  industrial  appliances;  and  thus  is  ex-
+
+94 
+
+What  is  to  Become  of  Turkey  in  Europe? 
+
+plained  the  anomaly,  that,  in  spite  of Russian protection,  Servia,  ever  since 
+her  emancipation,  has  formed  a  constitutional  monarchy. 
+
+5 
+
+Whatever  may  be  the  bonds  which  consanguinity  and  common religious 
+belief  may  draw  between  the  Russian  and  the  Turkish  Slavonians,  their 
+interests will be  decidedly opposite from the day the latter are emancipated. 
+The commercial necessities  arising from the geographical position of the two 
+countries  explain  this.  Russia,  a  compact  inland  country,  is  essentially  a 
+country  of  predominant  agricultural,  and  perhaps,  one  day,  manufacturing 
+production.  The Graeco-Slavonian peninsula, small in extent, comparatively, 
+10  with an enormous  extent of  shore on three  seas, one of which it commands, 
+is  now  essentially  a  country  of  commercial  transit,  though  with  the  best 
+capacities for independent production. Russia is monopolizing, South Slavo-
+nia is  expansive.  They  are,  besides,  competitors  in  Central Asia; but while 
+Russia has every interest to exclude all but her own produce, South Slavonia 
+15  has,  even  now,  every  interest  to  introduce  into  the  Eastern  markets  the 
+produce  of  Western  Europe.  How,  then,  is  it possible  for  the  two  nations 
+to  agree?  In fact,  the Turkish South Slavonians  and Greeks have, even now, 
+far  more  interests  in  common  with  Western Europe than with Russia.  And 
+as  soon as  the  line of railway,  which now extends from Ostende, Havre and 
+20 Hamburg to Pesth shall have been continued to Belgrade and Constantinople, 
+(which is  now under consideration,) the influence of Western civilization and 
+Western  trade  will  become  permanent  in  the  South-east  of  Europe. 
+
+Again:  The  Turkish  Slavonians  especially  suffer  by  their  subjection to  a 
+Mussulman  class  of  military  occupants  whom  they  have  to  support.  These 
+25  military occupants unite in themselves all public functions, military, civil and 
+judicial.  Now what is the  Russian  system of government,  wherever it is not 
+mixed up with feudal institutions, but a military occupation, in which the civil 
+and  judicial  hierarchy  are  organized  in  a  military  manner,  and  where  the 
+people  have  to  pay  for  the  whole?  Whoever  thinks  that  such  a  system  can 
+30  have a charm for the  South Slavonians, may study the history of Servia since 
+1804.  Kara  George,  the  founder  of  Servian  independence,  was  abandoned 
+by  the  people,  and  Milosh  Obrenovitch,  the  restorer of that independence, 
+was  ignominiously  turned  out  of  the  country,  because  they  attempted  to 
+introduce  the  Russian  autocratic  system,  accompanied with its concomitant 
+
+35  corruption,  half-mihtary  bureaucracy  and  pasha-like  extortion. 
+
+Here  then is  the  simple  and final solution of the question.  History and the 
+facts  of the  present  day  alike point to the erection of a free and independent 
+Christian State on the ruins of the Moslem Empire in Europe. The next effort 
+of  the  Revolution  can  hardly  fail  to  render  such  an  event  necessary,  for  it 
+40  can  hardly  fail  to  inaugurate  the  long-maturing  conflict  between  Russian 
+Absolutism  and  European  Democracy.  In  that  conflict  England  must  bear 
+
+95 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+a  part,  in  whatever  hands  her  Government  may  for  the  moment happen to 
+be  placed.  She  can  never  allow  Russia  to  obtain  possession  of  Con 
+stantinople.  She must then, take  sides with the enemies of the Czar and favor 
+the  construction  of  an  independent  Slavonian  Government  in  the  place  of 
+the  effete  and  overthrown  Sublime  Porte.  For the present, the duty of those 
+who  would  forward the  popular  cause  in  Europe  is  to  lend  all  possible  aid 
+to the development of industry, education, obedience to law, and the instinct 
+of freedom  and  independence  in  the Christian dependencies of Turkey.  The 
+future  peace  and  progress  of  the  world  are  concerned  in it.  If  there  it to  be 
+a  harvest,  too  much  care  cannot be  given to  the preparation of the  soil  and  10 
+the  sowing  of  the  seed. 
+
+5 
+
+96 
+
+ψ-
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  B e r l in  C o n s p i r a c y-
+
+L o n d on  P o l i c e — M a z z i n i — R a d e t z ky 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3748,  21. April  1853 
+
+The Berlin Conspiracy-
+London Police—Mazzini—Radetzky. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  April 8,  1853. 
+
+5  At  the  time  of  writing  my  last  letter  concerning  the  great  conspiracy  dis­
+covered  by  Mr. Stieber,  I  could  not  anticipate,  that  my  views  on  that  affair 
+would  be  more  or  less  confirmed  by  two  Conservative  Berlin  papers.  The 
+Preussische  Wochenblatt,  the  organ  of  the  Conservative  faction  headed  by 
+Mr.  von  Bethmann-Hollweg,  was  confiscated  on  April  2d for recommending 
+its  readers  "not to  believe too hastily in the tales of the police respecting the 
+late  arrests."  But  of  far  greater  importance  is  an  article  in  the  Zeit,  the 
+semi-official journal belonging  to the  section of the Prussian Ministry headed 
+by  M.  von  Manteuffel.  The  Zeit  is  compelled  to  make  the  following  ad­
+mission: 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+"Whosoever  is  not  struck  with  blindness,  cannot  but  be  aware  that  the 
+numerous  and  inextricable  complications  presented by the general  situation 
+of Europe must lead in a given time, to  a violent explosion, which the sincere 
+endeavors  of  the  Great Powers  of  Europe  may  postpone  for  a while,  but to 
+prevent  which  in  a permanent  way  they  are  utterly  unable,  notwithstanding 
+20  all  human  exertions  . ..  It  is  for  us  the  accomplishment  of  a  duty  not  to 
+dissimulate  any  longer,  that  discontent  is  spreading wider  and  wider  and  is 
+the  more  dangerous  and  the more  deserving of serious  attention,  as it appears 
+not  at  the  surface  but  conceals  itself more  and  more  in  the  depth  of men's 
+minds.  This  discontent,  we  must  say  without  paraphrase,  is  created by  the 
+efforts  to  bring  about  a  counter-revolution  in  Prussia latterly  paraded  with 
+an  incredible  étourderie." 
+
+25 
+
+The  Zeit is  only  mistaken  in  its  conclusion.  The  Prussian  counter-revolu-
+
+97 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+tion  is  not  now  about  to  be  commenced,  it  is  to  be  ended.  It  is  not  a  thing 
+of  recent  growth,  but  began  on  March  20th,  1848,  and  has  been  steadily 
+advancing ever  since that day. At this very moment the Prussian Government 
+is  hatching  two  very  dangerous  projects,  the  one  of  limiting  the  free  sub 
+division  of  real  property,  the  other  subjecting  public  instruction  to  the 
+Church.  They  could  not  have  selected  two  objects  more  appropriate  to 
+alienate  the  peasantry  of Rhenish Prussia and the middle classes throughout 
+the  monarchy.  As  a  curious  incident,  I  may  also  mention  the  forced  dis 
+solution  of  the  Berlin  Hygienic  Society,  (A  Mutual  Benefit  Sick  Club)  in 
+consequence  of the "great discovery." This society was composed of nearly  10 
+10,000  members,  all  belonging  to  the  working  classes.  The  Government,  it 
+appears,  are  convinced,  that  the  present  constitution  of  the  Prussian  State 
+is  incompatible  with  "hygienics." 
+
+5 
+
+The  London  press,  till  now  unconscious  of  the  doings  of  the  London 
+police,  are  surprised by  statements  in  the  Vienna  Presse and the  Emancipa-  15 
+tion,  the  leading  reactionary  journal  of  Belgium,  that the police  of  London 
+have  drawn  up  a  list  of  all  the  political  refugees  in that city,  with a variety 
+of  details  relating  to  their  private  circumstances  and  conduct.  "Once  such 
+a  system  is  tolerated  with  regard  to  foreigners,"  exclaims  the  Morning 
+Advertiser,  "it will be employed whenever deemed advisable by the Govern- 
+ment,  or  any  member  of  it,  in  order  to  become  acquainted  with the  details 
+of  the  private  lives  of  our  own  countrymen  . ..  Is  it not  saddening to think 
+that  the  London  police  should  be  called  upon  to  play  the  infamous  part 
+assigned  to  their  continental  colleagues?"  Besides these  statements  in  Bel 
+gian and other papers, the London press is this day informed by telegraphic  25 
+dispatch  from  Vienna,  "that  the  Refugee  question  is  settled:  the  British 
+Government has  promised to keep  a strict guard on the refugees,  and to visit 
+them with the full  severity of the law whenever it should be proved that they 
+have  taken  part  in  revolutionary  intrigues." 
+
+20 
+
+"Never  before,"  remarks  the  Morning Advertiser,  "did  England  appear 
+in  so  humiliating  a  situation  as  she  does  now,  in  having  prostrated  herself 
+to  the  feet  of  Austria.  No  degradation could  equal this.  It was  reserved for 
+the  Coalition  Cabinet." 
+
+30 
+
+I  learn  from  a  very  creditable  source  that  the  law  officers  of  the  Crown 
+will  institute a prosecution against Mazzini as  soon as his  sojourn at London  35 
+shall  be  ascertained.  On  the  other  hand  I  hear  that  the  Ministers  will  be 
+interpellated  in  the  House  of  Commons  with  regard  to  their  scandalous 
+transactions  with  Austria,  and  their  intentions  on  the  refugee  question  in 
+general. 
+
+I  have  stated  in  a  former  letter  that  Radetzky  was  glad  to  have  been  40 
+
+afforded,  by  the  Milan  insurrection,  a  pretext  for  "obtaining  money  under 
+
+98 
+
+The  Berlin  Conspiracy—London  Police—Mazzini—Radetzky 
+
+false  pretenses."  This  view  of  the  matter  has  since  been  confirmed  by  an 
+act not to be  misunderstood.  In a recent proclamation Radetzky has declared 
+null  and  void  all  loans  or  mortgages  contracted  since  1847  on  the  security 
+of the  sequestrated estates of the Lombard emigrants.  This confiscation can 
+have  no  other  possible  excuse  than  the  horror  vacui  of  the  Austrian  ex 
+chequer.  The  sentimental bourgeoisie  have  everywhere  sacrificed  the revo 
+lution  to  their  god  called  Property.  The  counter-revolution  now  repudiates 
+that  god. 
+
+A  sub-marine  telegraphic  dispatch  of  to-day  brings  the  news  that Prince 
+Menchikoff  has  concluded  a  convention  with  the  Porte,  that  the  Russian 
+armies  have  received  orders  to  retire  from  the  Turkish  frontiers,  and  that 
+the  Eastern  question  is  once  more  settled. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+99 
+
+1 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+H i r s c hs  S e l b s t b e k e n n t n i s se 
+
+Belletristisches  Journal  und 
+New-Yorker  Criminal-Zeitung. 
+Nr. 8, 5. Mai 1853 
+
+Hirsch's  Selbstbekenntnisse. 
+
+Hirsch's  „Selbstbekenntnisse"  haben,  wie  mir  scheint,  nur  so  weit  Werth, 
+als  sie  durch  andre  Thatsachen  bestätigt  werden.  Schon  weil  sie  sich 
+wechselseitig  widersprechen.  Von  seiner Mission nach Coin zurückgekehrt, 
+erklärte  er  in  einer  öffentlichen  Arbeiterversammlung,  Willich  sei  sein 
+Complice.  Es  wurde  natürlich  verschmäht,  dies  angebliche  Bekenntniß  zu 
+protokolliren.  Verschiedene  Personen,  ich  weiß  nicht,  ob  mit  oder  ohne 
+Auftrag  Hirsch's,  zeigten  mir  darauf  an,  Hirsch  sei  erbötig,  mir  ein  volles 
+Geständniß  abzulegen.  Ich  lehnte  es  ab.  Später  erfuhr  ich,  er  lebe  im 
+äußersten Elend.  Ich zweifle  daher nicht, daß  seine  „allerletzten" Bekennt- 
+nisse  im  Interesse  der  Partei  geschrieben  sind,  die  ihn  augenblicklich  zahlt 
+Sonderbar,  daß  es  Leute  giebt,  die  es  nöthig  finden,  sich  unter  den  Schutz 
+eines  Hirsch's  zu  flüchten. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Ich beschränke mich einstweilen auf einige Randglossen. Wir hatten mehr 
+Selbstbekenntnisse  von Spionen, von Vidocq, Chenu,  Delahodde  u. s. w.  In  15 
+einem  Punkt  stimmen  sie  überein.  Sie  alle  sind  keine  ordinairen  Spione, 
+sondern  Spione  im  höhern  Sinn,  lauter  Fortsetzungen  des  „Cooper'schen 
+Spions".  Ihre  Selbstbekenntnisse  sind nothwendig ebenso  viel  Selbstapolo-
+gieen. 
+
+So  sucht  auch  Hirsch  z. B.  anzudeuten,  nicht er, Hirsch,  sondern Oberst  20 
+
+Bangya habe  den Tag  der Zusammenkunft meiner Parteigenossen  dem Greif 
+denuncirt  und  durch  Greif  dem  Fleury.  Unsere  Zusammenkünfte fanden an 
+einem Donnerstag statt, in den paar Sitzungen, denen Hirsch beiwohnte, aber 
+an  einem  Mittwoch,  seit  Hirsch  aus  ihnen  ausgestoßen  war.  Die  falschen 
+Sitzungsprotokolle,  vor  wie  nach  Hirsch's  Beiwohnen,  sind  von  einem  25 
+Donnerstag  datirt.  Wer  außer  Hirsch  konnte  dies  „Mißverständniß"  be 
+gehen! 
+
+In  einem  andern  Punkt  ist  Hirsch  glücklicher.  Bangya  soll  wiederholt 
+
+Ό1 τ*; ."V· ?•*·» ·*.«, 
+
+Hirschs  Selbstbekenntnisse 
+
+Daten in  Bezug auf meinen Briefwechsel mit Deutschland  angegeben haben. 
+Da  alle  hierauf  bezüglichen  und  in  den  Kölner  Gerichtsakten  befindlichen 
+Data falsch  sind,  so ist allerdings nicht zu entscheiden, wer  sie gedichtet hat. 
+Nun  zu  Bangya. 
+
+5 
+
+Spion  oder  nicht  Spion,  Bangya  konnte  mir  und  meinen Parteigenossen 
+nie  gefährlich  werden,  da ich  nie über  meine Parteiangelegenheiten  mit  ihm 
+sprach  und  Bangya  selbst  —  wie  er  mir  in  einer  seiner  Rechtfertigungs 
+schriften ins  Gedächtniß ruft, — es  durchaus  vermied, die Sprache auf diese 
+Angelegenheiten  zu bringen.  Also  Spion oder  nicht  Spion.  Er  konnte  nichts 
+10  verrathen,  w en er nichts wußte.  Die Kölner Akten haben dies bestätigt.  Sie 
+haben bestätigt,  daß  die  Preußische Polizei, außer den in Deutschland selbst 
+gemachten  Zugeständnissen  und  den  in  Deutschland  selbst  saisirten  Docu 
+menten,  nichts  von  der  Partei  wußte,  der  ich  angehöre,  und  sich  daher 
+genöthigt  sah,  die  albernsten  Ammenmährchen  aufzutischen. 
+
+15 
+
+Aber  Bangya  hat  eine  Brochure  von  Marx  „über  die  Emigranten"  der 
+
+Polizei  verkauft? 
+
+Bangya erfuhr von mir, in Gegenwart anderer Personen, daß Ernst Dronke, 
+Friedrich  Engels  und  ich  eine  Publikation  über  die  Londoner  Deutsche 
+Emigration  beabsichtigten,  die  in  mehreren  Heften  fortlaufen  sollte.  Er 
+20  versicherte einen Buchhändler in Berlin verschaffen zu können. Ich forderte 
+ihn  auf,  sich  sofort  umzusehen.  Acht bis  zehn Tage  später  zeigte  er  an,  ein 
+Buchhändler,  Namens Eisermann, in Berlin sei erbötig, den Verlag des  ersten 
+Hefts  zu  übernehmen,  mit  dem  Vorbehalt,  daß  die  Verfasser  anonym 
+blieben,  da  er  sonst  Confiskation  befürchten  müsse.  Ich  ging  darauf  ein, 
+stellte  aber  meiner  Seits  die  Bedingung,  daß 'das  Honorar  sofort  bei  Ein 
+händigung  des  Manuscripts  gezahlt  werde,  da  ich  die  bei  der  Revue  der 
+N. Rh. Zeitung gemachten Erfahrungen nicht wiederholen wolle, und daß das 
+Manuscript  nach  Ablieferung  gedruckt  werde.  Ich  reiste  zu  Engels  nach 
+Manchester,  wo  die  Brochure  ausgearbeitet  wurde.  In  der  Zwischenzeit 
+30  brachte Bangya meiner Frau einen Brief von Berlin, worin Eisermann meine 
+Bedingungen  annahm  mit  dem  Bemerken,  der  Verlag  des  zweiten  Hefts 
+würde  von  dem Vertrieb  des  ersten abhängen.  Bei meiner Rückkehr  erhielt 
+Bangya  das  Manuscript  und  ich  das  Honorar. 
+
+25 
+
+Aber  der  Druck  verzögerte  sich  unter  verschiedenen  plausibeln  Vor-
+35  wänden.  Ich  schöpfte  Verdacht.  Nicht  daß  das  Manuscript der Polizei ein 
+gehändigt  sei,  damit  sie  es  drucke.  Ich  bin  heute  bereit meine Manuscripte 
+dem  Kaiser  von  Rußland  auszuliefern,  wenn  er  seiner  Seits  bereit  ist,  sie 
+morgen  zu  drucken.  Umgekehrt.  Was  ich fürchtete war Unterschlagung des 
+Manuscripts. 
+
+40 
+
+Die Tagesschreier waren hier angegriffen, natürlich nicht als staatsgefähr 
+
+liche  Revolutionaire,  sondern  als  contrerevolutionaire  Strohwische. 
+
+101 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Mein  Verdacht  bestätigte  sich.  Georg  Weerth,  den  ich  gebeten  hatte,  in 
+Berlin  Forschungen  über  Eisermann  anzustellen,  schrieb,  daß  kein  Eiser 
+mann  aufzutreiben  sei.  Ich  begab  mich  mit  Drenke  zu  Bangya.  Eisermann 
+war  nunmehr bloßer  Geschäftsführer bei Jacob  Collmann.  Da es  mir darum 
+zu  thun  war,  Bangya's  Aussagen  schriftlich  zu  haben,  bestand  ich  darauf, 
+daß  er  in  meiner  Gegenwart  in  einem  Brief  an  Engels  in  Manchester  seine 
+Aussage wiederholte  und Collmann's  Adresse  angebe.  Ich richtete  zugleich 
+einige  Zeilen  an  Bruno  Bauer  mit der Bitte,  sich zu  erkundigen,  wer in dem 
+mir  von  Bangya  angegebenen  Hause  Collmann's  wohne,  erhielt aber  keine 
+Antwort. Der angebliche Buchhändler antwortete auf meine Mahnbriefe, ich 1 o 
+habe  keinen  bestimmten  Termin  des  Drucks  contracüich  abgemacht.  Er 
+müsse  am besten  wissen, wann  der geeignete  Augenblick gekommen  sei. In 
+einem  spätem  Briefe  spielte  er  den  Verletzten.  Schließlich  erklärte  mir 
+Bangya,  der  Buchhändler  weigere  sich,  das  Manuscript  zu  drucken,  und 
+werde  es  zurückschicken.  Er  selbst  verschwand  nach Paris. 
+
+15 
+
+5 
+
+Die  Berliner  Briefe  und  Bangya's  Briefe,  die  die  ganzen  Verhandlungen 
+enthalten,  nebst Rechtfertigungsversuchen  Bangya's befinden sich in meiner 
+Hand. 
+
+Aber  warum  machten  mich  die  Verdächtigungen  nicht  irre,  die  die 
+Emigration  gegen  Bangya  ausgestreut  hatte?  Eben  weil  ich  die  „Vor-  20 
+geschichte"  dieser  Verdächtigungen  kannte.  Ich lasse  diese  Vorgeschichte 
+für  jetzt  im  gebührenden  Dunkel. 
+
+Weil ich wußte, daß Bangya als Revolutionsoff icier im ungarischen Kriege 
+Rühmliches  geleistet  hat.  Weil  er  mit  Szemere,  den  ich  achte,  in  Cor 
+r e s p o n d es und mit General Perczel in freundschaftlicher Beziehung stand. 
+WeD  ich  mit  eigenen  Augen  ein  Diplom  sah,  worin  Kossuth  ihn  zu  seinem 
+in  partibus  ernennt,  gegengezeichnet  vom  Grafen 
+Polizeipräsidenten 
+Szirmay,  dem  Vertrauten  Kossuth's,  der  dasselbe  Haus  mit  Bangya  be 
+wohnte.  Diese  seine  Stellung bei Kossuth erklärte auch seinen nothwendigen 
+Umgang  mit  Polizisten.  Wenn  ich  nicht  irre,  ist  Bangya  noch  in  diesem  30 
+Moment  Kossuth's  Agent  in  Paris. 
+
+25 
+
+Die  Ungarischen  Führer mußten ihren Mann  kennen.  Was riskirte  ich im 
+Vergleich  mit ihnen?  Nichts,  als  die Unterschlagung  meiner Copie,  von der 
+ich  das  Original  in  der  Hand  behielt. 
+
+Später  frag  ich  bei  Buchhändler  Lizius  in  Frankfurt  a.M.  und  andern  35 
+
+Buchhändlern  in  Deutschland  an,  ob  sie  das  Manuscript  drucken  wollten. 
+Sie  erklärten es  unter  den gegenwärtigen Verhältnissen für unmöglich. Jetzt 
+hat  sich in der letzten Zeit eine Aussicht eröffnet, es in einem nicht deutschen 
+Lande  gedruckt  zu  erhalten. 
+
+Nach  diesen  Aufschlüssen,  die  ich  natürlich  nicht  Herrn  Hirsch  gebe,  40 
+
+sondern  meinen  Landsleuten  in  Amerika,  bleibt  nicht  „die  offene  Frage": 
+
+102 
+
+Hirschs  Selbstbekenntnisse 
+
+Welches  Interesse  hatte  die preußische Polizei,  ein Pamphlet gegen Kinkel, 
+Willich  und  die  übrigen  „großen  Männer  des  Exils"  zu  unterschlagen? 
+
+Löse  mir,  o  Oerindur, 
+Diesen  Zwiespalt  der  Natur! 
+
+London,  den 9ten  April  1853. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+103 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A c h i e v e m e n ts  of  t he  M i n i s t ry 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3753, 27. April  1853 
+
+Achievements  of the  Ministry. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  April  12,  1853. 
+
+The  best  thing  perhaps  that  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the  Coalition  Ministry 
+is  that it represents  impotency in power at a moment of transition, when not 
+the reality,  but only the appearance of government, is possible, with evanes 
+cent  old  parties  and  not  yet  consolidated  new  ones. 
+
+5 
+
+The  "administration  of  all  the  talents,"  what  has  it  accomplished  during 
+its  first quarter's trial? Two readings  of the Jewish Disabilities Bill and three 
+of the Canada Clergy Reserves Bin. The latter enables the Canadian Legisla- 1 o 
+ture  to  dispose  of a certain portion of the proceeds  of the land-sales hitherto 
+reserved  exclusively  for  the benefit of the favorite  churches  of England  and 
+Scotland.  When first laid before the House by Lord John Russell, it consisted 
+of  three  clauses,  the  third  clause  repealing  the  enactment  by  which  the 
+consolidated fund  was  charged  to  supply  the  deficiency,  if  in  any year the  15 
+Canada  land-sales  could  not  produce  £9,285.  This  bill  had  been  carried 
+through  a  second  reading,  but  on  the  House  going  into  Committee  upon  it 
+(March  18)  Lord  John  suddenly  moved  the  withdrawal  of  his  own  third 
+clause.  Now,  if the  Canadian Legislature were to  secularize the  Clergy  Re 
+serves,  about £10,000  per  annum  would  be  taken  out  of  the pockets of the  20 
+British  people  for  the  maintenance  of  a  sect thousands  of  miles  away.  The 
+Radical Minister, Sir W. Molesworth who disclaims all ecclesiastical endow 
+ments,  appeared himself  to  have  become  a  convert to  Lord John's  doctrine 
+"that  British  Colonies  were  not  to  be  freed  from  the  incubus  of  the  Estab 
+lished Church,  except at the cost and risk of the British people at home." 
+
+25 
+
+Three  Radical  resolutions  were  proposed  during  the  first  quarter's  trial. 
+Mr. Collier  moved  the  abolition  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Courts,  Mr. Williams 
+
+104 
+
+Achievements  of  the  Ministry 
+
+5 
+
+the extension of the legacy and probate-duty to real property, and Mr. Hume 
+the  extinction  of  all  "strictly  protective"  duties.  The  Ministry,  of  course, 
+opposed  all  these  "sweeping"  reforms.  But the  Coalition Ministry opposes 
+them  in  quite  a  different  manner  from  the  Tories.  The  latter  resolutely 
+announced  their  decision to  resist the  "encroachments of Democracy." The 
+former  actually  do  the  same,  but  do  it  under  the  pretence  of  attending  to 
+reform  measures  more  carefully.  They  live  on  reforms,  as  the  others lived 
+on  abuses.  Apparently  eagerly  engaged  in  reforms  they  have  contrived  a 
+perfect  system  of  postponing  them.  One  day  it  is  "advisable  to  await  the 
+result of an impending inquiry." Then "a Commission has just been appoint 
+ed  and  nothing can be  done  till it has given its decisions." Again "the object 
+is  just  under  the  consideration  of  the  Government,"  who  expect  not  to  be 
+interrupted  in  their  lucubrations.  Next,  "the  subject deserves  the  attention 
+of  the  House—when  a  fitting  opportunity  shall  occur."  "The  proper  season 
+15  has  not  yet  arrived."  "The  time  is  not  far  distant when  something must be 
+done."  Particular  measures  must  be  postponed  in  order  to  readjust  entire 
+systems, or entire  systems must be conserved in order to carry out particular 
+measures.  The  "policy  of  abstention"  proclaimed  on  the  Eastern  question 
+is  also  the  Ministerial  policy  at  home. 
+
+10 
+
+20 
+
+When Lord John Russell first announced the programme of the Coalition 
+Ministry,  and when it was received amid general consternation, his adherents 
+exclaimed,  "We must have  something to be enthusiastic at. Public education 
+shall  be  the  thing.  Our  Russell  is  breeding  a  wonderful  Education  scheme. 
+You  will  hear  of  it." 
+
+25 
+
+Now  we  have  heard  of  it.  It  was  on  the  4th  of  April  that Russell  gave  a 
+general  description  of  this  intended  Educational  Reform.  Its  principal  fea 
+tures  consist  in  enabling  the  municipal  councils  to  levy  a  local  rate for  the 
+assistance  of  existing schools  in  which  the  Church of  England doctrines  are 
+required  to  be  taught.  As  to  the  Universities,  those pet-children of the  State 
+30  Church,  those  chief  opponents  to  every reform,  Lord John hopes  "that the 
+Universities  will  reform  themselves."  The  malversation  of  the  charities 
+destined  for  educational  establishments  is  notorious.  Their  value  may  be 
+guessed from the following:  "There are 24 of £2,000 a year and under £3,000, 
+10 of £3,000 and under £4,000,4 of £4,000 and under £5,000,  2 of £5,000 and 
+35  under  £6,000,  3  of  £8,000  and  under  £9,000,  and  single  ones  of  £10,000, 
+£15,000, £20,000, £29,000, £30,000 and £35,000 a year each." It needs no great 
+sagacity  to  conceive  why  the  oligarchs  living  on  the  malversation  of  these 
+funds  are  very  cautions  in  dealing  with  them.  Russell proposes:  "Charities 
+are  to  be  examined  into,  those  under  £30  per  annum  in the  County Courts, 
+those  above by the  Master of  the Rolls. But no suit in either of those Courts 
+is  to  be  instigated  without  the  permission  of  a  Committee  of  the  Council 
+
+40 
+
+105 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+appointed  for  the  purpose."  The  permission  of  a  committee  is  necessary 
+to  institute  a  suit  in  the  Imperial  Courts  to  redress  the  plunder  of  the 
+charities  originally  destined  for  the  education  of  the  people.  A permission! 
+But  Russell,  even  with  this  reservation,  feels  not  quite  sure.  He  adds:  "If 
+the  administration  of  a  school  is  found  to  be  corrupt,  nobody  but  the 
+Committee  of  Council  shall  be  allowed  to  interfere." 
+
+5 
+
+This  is  a  true  Reform  in  the  old  English  sense  of  the  word.  It  neither 
+creates  anything  new,  nor  abolishes  anything  old.  It  aims  at  conserving 
+the  old  system,  by  giving  it  a  more  reasonable  form  and  teaching  it,  so 
+to  say,  new  manners.  This  is  the  mystery  of  the  "hereditary  wisdom"  of  10 
+in  making  abuses 
+legislation.  It  simply  consists 
+English  oligarchical 
+hereditary,  by  refreshing  them,  as  it  were,  from  time  to  time,  by  an 
+infusion  of  new  blood. 
+
+If  everybody  must  confess  that  the  Jewish  Disabilities  Bill  was  a  little 
+attempt  at  establishing  religious  tolerance,  the  Canada  Reserves  Bill  a  15 
+little  attempt  at  granting  Colonial  Self-Government,  the  Education  Bill 
+a  little  attempt  at  avoiding  public  education,  Gladstone's  financial  scheme 
+is,  undoubtedly,  a  mighty little  attempt  at  dealing  with  that  giant  monster, 
+the  National  Debt  of  Great  Britain. 
+
+20 
+
+On the 8th of April, before the promulgation of the budget, Mr. Gladstone 
+laid  before  the  House  of  Commons  a  statement  of  several  resolutions 
+dealing  with  the  public  debt,  and,  before  this  statement  had  been  made, 
+The  Morning  Chronicle  had  made  a  special  announcement  that  resolutions 
+of  the  utmost  importance  were  about to  be  proposed,  "heralded  by  rumors 
+of  great  interest  and  magnitude."  The  funds  rose  on  this  rumor.  There  25 
+was  an  impression  that  Gladstone  was  going  to  pay  off  the  National 
+Debt;  but  on  the  8th  of  April,  the  moment  the  Committee  met  for 
+deliberation  on  these  resolutions,  Mr. Gladstone  suddenly  altered  them, 
+and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  divest  them both  of  "magnitude  and  interest." 
+Now,  let  us  ask,  with  Mr. Disraeli,  "what was  all  this  pother  about?" 
+
+30 
+
+The  ultimate  aim  of  Mr. Gladstone's  propositions,  as  stated  by  himself, 
+was  to  reduce  the  interest  on  the  public  stocks  to  the  standard  rate  of 
+2V2 per  cent.  Now,  in the  years  1822-23-24-25,  1830-31,  1844-45, reduc 
+tions  were  made  from  5  per  cent,  to  4V2  per  cent.,  from  4ll2  to  4 per  cent., 
+from  4  to  3V2  per  c e n t,  from  3V2  to  3'per  cent,  respectively.  Why  35 
+should  there  not be  a reduction from  3  per cent,  to  2V2 per c e n t? Mr. Glad 
+stone's  proposals  are  as  follows: 
+
+Firstly.  With  respect  to  various  stocks  amounting  to  £9,500,000,  and 
+chiefly  connected  with  the  old  South  Sea  bubble,  to  bring  them  under one 
+single denomination, and to reduce them compulsorily from 3 to 23U per cent.  40 
+This  would  give  a  permanent  annual  saving  approaching  to  £25,000.  The 
+
+106 
+
+Achievements  of  the  Ministry 
+
+invention  of  a  new  common  name  for  various  stocks,  and  the  saving  of 
+£25,000  on  an  annual  expense  of £30,000,000,  is  certainly not to be boasted 
+of. 
+
+Secondly.  He  proposes the issue of a new financial paper called Exchequer 
+5  Bonds, not exceeding in amount £30,000,000, transferable by simple delivery 
+without costs of  any kind, bearing interest at 23/4 per cent,  up to Sept.  1,1864, 
+and  then 2V2 per cent,  up  to  Sept. 1,  1894.  Now this  is  merely the  creation 
+of  a  new  financial  instrument  limited  in  its  use by the  wants  of the  monied 
+and  mercantile  classes.  But how can he keep £18,000,000 of Exchequer Bills 
+10  at  IV2 per  cent,  in circulation, with Exchequer Bonds at 272 per cent.? And 
+is  it not a loss to the country to pay  1  per cent,  more upon Exchequer Bonds 
+than  upon  Exchequer  Bills?  Be  this  as  it  may,  this  second  proposition  has 
+at  least  nothing  to  do  with  the  reduction  of  the  public  debt. 
+
+Thirdly  and lastly.  We  come  to  the  chief  object,  the  only  important point 
+15  of  Gladstone's  resolutions,  to  the  3  per  cent.  Consols  and  the  3  per cent. 
+Reduced,  amounting  together  to  a  capital of nearly £500,000,000.  HicRhodus 
+hie  salta! As  there  exists  a Parliamentary  provision forbidding  these  stocks 
+to  be  reduced  compulsorily,  except on  twelve months  notice,  Mr.  Gladstone 
+chooses  the  system  of voluntary commutation, offering various  alternatives 
+to  the  holders  of  the  3  per cent.  Stocks for exchanging them  at option with 
+other  stocks  to  be created under his resolutions. They are to have the option 
+of  exchanging  every  £100  of  the  3  per  cent.  Stock  in  one  of  the  following 
+ways: 
+
+20 
+
+1. They  may  exchange  every £100  of 3  per  cent.  Stock for  an Exchequer 
+25  Bond  of  the  like  amount,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  23/4  per  cent,  until 
+1864,  and  then  at  the  rate  of  272  per  cent,  until  1894.  If  the  whole  of  the 
+£30,000,000  Exchequer  Bonds  at  2V2  per  cent,  should  thus  replace 
+£30,000,000  of  3  per  cent,  there  would  be  a  saving  in  the  first  ten  years  of 
+£75,000,  and  after  the  first  ten  years  of  £150,000-together  £225,000;  but 
+30  Government  would  be  bound  to  repay the whole of the £30,000,000. In any 
+
+case  this  is  not  a  proposition  to  deal  largely  with  the  public  debt. 
+
+2. The  second  proposal  is,  that the  holders  of  stock  shall obtain for every 
+£100 in 3 per cent.  £82  10s.  in new  stock at 3l/2 per cent., which shall be paid 
+at the rate of 3V2 per cent, until the 5th January, 1894. The result of this would 
+35  be to give á present income to the persons accepting the 3V2 per cent, stock 
+of  £2  17s.  9d.,  instead  of £3.  Here  then  is  a reduction of 2s.  3d.  annually in 
+every  £100.  If  the  £500,000,000  were  all  converted  upon  this  proposal,  the 
+result  would  be  that  instead  of  paying  as  at present £15,000,000  a-year,  the 
+nation  would  only  pay  £14,437,500,  and  this  would  be  a  gain  of  £562,500 
+a-year. But for this  small saving of £562,500 Parliament would tie up its hands 
+for half  a century  and guaranty  a higher  interest  than  24/s  per cent,  at a time 
+
+40 
+
+107 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  transition  and of utter uncertainty as to the future standard rate of interest. 
+On the  other  hand,  one  thing  at least would be  gained for Mr. Gladstone. At 
+the  expiration of 40 years,  he would not be troubled with a 3 per cent,  stock, 
+being  defended,  as  now,  by  a  twelve-months'  notice.  He  would  only  have 
+to  deal  with  the  3 ' /2  per cent,  stock redeemable  at par by Parliament.  Glad- 
+stone  proposes  not to  fix  any  limit  on his  3V2  per  cent,  stock. 
+
+5 
+
+3.  The  third  proposal  is  that the  holders  of every £100 3  per cent,  should 
+receive  £110 in  a new  stock of  2'/2 per  cent,  until  1894. When Mr. Gladstone 
+introduced  his  plan  in  the  House  of  Commons  on the  8th April,  he  had not 
+limited  the  amount  (the  2ll2 per  cents.) to be  issued.  But Mr. Disraeli having  10 
+pointed  out  that,  contrasting  this  proposal  with  the  two  other  modes 
+proposed,  every man in his  senses would choose the conversion of £100 into 
+2V2  per  cents.,  and  that  by  the  conversion  of  the  whole  £500,000,000  3  per 
+cents,  into  the  new  stock,  the  country would gain on one side £1,250,000 per 
+annum,  but  be  saddled  on  the  other  side  with  an  addition  to  the  capital of  15 
+the  public  debt  of  £50,000,000.  Mr. Gladstone  on  the  following  day  altered 
+this proposition and proposed to limit this new 2V2  stock to £30,000,000.  By 
+this  alteration  the  whole  of  the  third  proposal  loses  its  significance  with 
+respect  to  the  public debt. The  capital of that debt would be augmented only 
+by £3,000,000. 
+
+20 
+
+Here  you have  "one of the most important and gigantic financial proposals 
+that  has  ever  been  brought  forward."  There  exists  perhaps  in  general  no 
+greater humbug than the so-called Finance. The most simple operations on the 
+Budget  and the  Public  Debt  are  clothed by  the  adepts  of that occult  science 
+in  an  abstruse  terminology,  concealing  the  trivial  manoeuvers  of  creating  25 
+various  denominations  of  Stocks—the  commutation  of  old  stocks  into  new 
+ones,  the  diminishing  the  interest and raising the nominal capital, the raising 
+the  interest  and  reducing  the  capital,  the  installing  of  premiums,  of  bonus, 
+priority-shares, the distinctions between redeemable and irredeemable annu 
+ities,  the  artificial  graduation  in  the  facility  of  transferring  the  various  de-  30 
+scriptions  of  paper—in  a  manner  which  quite  bamboozles  the  public  with 
+these  detestable  stock-jobbing  scholastics  and  frightful  complexity  of  de 
+tails, while the usurers obtain with every such new  scheme  an eagerly  seized 
+opportunity for  developing their mischievous and predatory activity.  On the 
+other  hand,  the  political  economist  finds  in  all  this  apparent  intricacy  of  35 
+commutations,  permutations  and  combinations,  not  so  much  a  matter  of 
+financial policy as  a simple question of arithmetic or of mere phraseology. 
+
+Mr. Gladstone  is  certainly  a  master  in this  sort of financial alchymy,  and 
+his  scheme cannot be better characterized, than in the words of Mr. Disraeli: 
+"More  complicated  and  ingenious  machinery,  to produce  so  slight a result,  40 
+appeared  to  him  never  to  have  been  devised  by  the  subtlety  and  genius  of 
+
+108 
+
+Achievements  of  the  Ministry 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+the  most  skilful  casuist.  In  St. Thomas  Aquinas  there  was  a  chapter  that 
+speculated  upon the  question  of  how  many  angels  could  dance  on the  point 
+of  a  needle.  It  was  one  of  the  rarest  productions  of  human  genius;  and  he 
+recognised  in  these  resolutions  something  of  that  master  mind." 
+
+You will remember  that I  stated  that the  end  of Mr. Gladstone's  plan was 
+the establishment of a "normal" 2l/2 per cent,  stock. Now, in order to achieve 
+this end, he creates a very limited  2ll2 per cent, stock and an unlimited 3 72 per 
+cent,  stock.  In  order  to  create  his  small  272  per cent,  stock,  he  reduces  the 
+interest  by  V2 per cent.,  and gives  on the other hand a bonus  of  10 per cent. 
+for  the  purpose  of  accomphshing  that  reduction.  In  order  to  rid himself  of 
+the difficulty of the  3 per cent., being "defended" by a twelve-months notice, 
+he  prefers  legislating  for  the  40  years  next  to  come,  and  in  conclusion  he 
+would,  if  successful,  bereave  two  generations  of  all  possible  fortunate 
+chances  in  their  financial  affairs. 
+
+15 
+
+The  position  of  the  Coalition  Ministry  in  the  House, is clearly  shown by 
+the  statistics  of votes.  On the  question of  Maynooth in a large House, it had 
+but the narrow majority of 30.  On the Jewish Disabilities bill, (not yet carried 
+through the third reading,) in a House of 439 members, its majority amounted 
+not  even  to  30  votes.  In  the  Canada  Reserves  bill,  when  Russell  withdrew 
+20  his  own third clause,  the  Ministers  were  saved by the Tories from their own 
+supporters.  Their  majority  was  almost  entirely  supplied  from  the  benches 
+of  the  Conservatives. 
+
+I shall not dwell on the internal dissensions of the Cabinet, which appeared 
+in  the  debates  on  the  Canada  bill,  in  the  hot  controversy  of the  ministerial 
+25  papers with regard  to the  Income-Tax, and above all, in their foreign policy. 
+There  is  not  one  single  question  to  which  the  Coalition-Ministry  might not 
+answer,  as  did  Gaysa,  the  Magyar  king,  who,  after  having  been  converted 
+to Christianity, continued, notwithstanding, to observe the rites of his ancient 
+superstition.  When questioned to which of the two faiths  he really belonged, 
+
+30  he  replied:  "I  am  rich  enough  to  belong to  two  sorts  of faith." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+109 
+
+T he  N ew  F i n a n c i al  J u g g l e;  or  G l a d s t o ne  a nd  t he  P e n n i es 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 50,  16. April  1853 
+
+The  New Financial Juggle; 
+or Gladstone and the Pennies. 
+
+Our readers know, to their cost, and have learned, to the tune of their pockets, 
+that  an  old  financial  juggle  has  imposed  a National  Debt of  £800,000,000  on 
+the  people's  shoulders.  That  Debt  was  chiefly  contracted  to  prevent  the 
+liberation of  the  American colonies, and to counteract the French Revolution 
+of  the  last  century.  The  influence  of  the  increase  of  the  National  Debt  on 
+the increase  of the national expenditure,  may be gathered from the following 
+tabular  analysis:— 
+
+1.  National  Debt. 
+
+When Queen Anne  succeeded to William (1702) 
+When George I.  ascended the Throne (1714) 
+When George II. began his Reign (1727) 
+When George III. assumed the reins 
+of Government  (1760) 
+After the  American War (1784) 
+At the end of the Anti-Jacobin War (1801) 
+In January,  1810 (during the Napoleonic War) 
+about 
+After  1815 
+
+2.  National  Expenditure. 
+
+When Queen Anne  succeeded to William (1702), 
+all expenses, including the interest of the 
+National  Debt amounted  to 
+When George I.  ascended the Throne (1714) 
+When George II. began his Reign (1727) 
+When George III. assumed the reins of power (1760) 
+At the end of the Anti-Jacobin War (1801) 
+
+£. 
+
+16,394,702 
+54,145,363 
+52,092,235 
+
+146,682,844 
+257,213,043 
+579,931,447 
+811,898,082 
+1,000,000,000 
+
+5,610,987 
+6,633,581 
+5,441,248 
+24,456,940 
+61,278,018 
+
+110 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+The  New  Financial  Juggle;  or  Gladstone  and  the  Pennies 
+
+3.  National  Taxation. 
+
+5 
+
+Queen Anne (1702) 
+George I. (1714) 
+George Π. (1727) 
+George ΠΙ. (1760) 
+After the American War (1784) 
+After the Anti-Jacobin War (1801) 
+1809 
+After  1815 
+
+about 
+
+4,212,358 
+6,762,643 
+6,522,540 
+8,744,682 
+13,300,921 
+36,728,971 
+70,240,226 
+82,000,000 
+
+10 
+
+The  People  well  know,  from  personal  pocket-experience,  what  is  the 
+weight of taxation  resulting from the  National Debt—but many are not aware 
+of the peculiar forms under which this Debt has been contracted, and actually 
+exists.  The  "State,"  that jointocracy  of coalesced land and money mongers, 
+wants  money  for  the  purpose  of  home  and  foreign  oppression.  It  borrows 
+15  money  of  capitalists  and  usurers,  and  in  return  gives  them  a  bit  of  paper, 
+pledging  itself  to  pay  them  so  much  money  in  the  shape  of  interest for each 
+£100  they  lend.  The  means  of  paying  this  money  it  tears  from the  working 
+classes  through  the  means  of  taxation—so  that  the  people  are  the  security 
+for  their  oppressors  to the men who lend them the  money to cut the people's 
+throats.  This  money  has  been  borrowed  as  a  debt  under  various  de­
+nominations—sometimes  to  pay  3  per  cent.,  372  per  cent.,  4  per  cent.,  etc., 
+and  according to that percentage  and other accidents the funds have various 
+denominations,  as  the  3  per  cents.,  etc. 
+
+20 
+
+Every  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  with  the  exception  of  the  Whigs,  as 
+25  not only the working classes, but the manufacturers and landlords also, have 
+to  pay  a  portion  of  this  interest,  and  wish  to  pay  as  little  as  possible,  tries 
+accordingly, in  some  way  or other, to alleviate the pressure of this incubus. 
+
+30 
+
+On the  8th of  April,  before  the  Budget of  the present Ministry was brought 
+forward,  Mr.  Gladstone  laid  before  the  House  a  statement of  several resolu-
+tions  dealing with the Public Debt—and before this  statement had been made 
+the  "Morning  Chronicle"  announced  that  resolutions  of  the  utmost  im­
+portance  were  to  be  proposed,  "heralded  by  rumours  of  great  interest  and 
+magnitude."  The  funds  rose  on these rumours;  there was  an impression that 
+Gladstone  was  going  to  pay  off  the  National  Debt.  Now,  "what  was  all  this 
+
+35  bother about?" 
+
+The  ultimate  aim  of  Mr. Gladstone's  proposals,  as  stated  by  himself,  was 
+to  reduce  the  interest  on  the  various  public  stocks  to  2V2 per  cent.  Now,  in 
+the  years  1822-3,  1824-5,1830-1,  1844-5,  there  had been reductions, from 
+5  per  cent,  to  472,  from 472  to 4, from 4 to  372» from 3 7Σ to  3, respectively. 
+
+40  Why  should  there  not  be  a  reduction  from  3  to  272? 
+
+111 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Now,  let  us  see  in  what  manner  Mr. Gladstone  proposes  to  achieve  this 
+
+end. 
+
+Firstly.  He  proposes  with  respect 
+
+to  certain  stocks  amounting  to 
+£9,500,000,  chiefly connected  with the  old  South  Sea Bubble,  to bring them 
+under one  single denomination,  and to reduce them compulsorily from 3 per 
+cent,  to  23/4  per  cent.  This  gives  a permanent annual  saving approaching to 
+£25,000.  The  invention  of  a  new  general  name  of  various  stocks,  and  the 
+saving  of  £25,000  on  an  annual  expense  £30,000,000,  does  not  merit  any 
+particular  admiration. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Secondly.  He proposes  to  issue  a new financial paper,  called  Exchequer- 
+Bonds,  not  exceeding  the  amount  of  £30,000,000,  transferable  by  simple 
+delivery, without cost of  any kind, bearing interest at 23/4 per cent., up to the 
+1st  of  September,  1864,  and  then  2V2  per  cent,  up  to  the  1st of  September, 
+1894.  Now  this  is  simply  the  creation  of  a new  financial  instrument for the 
+comfort  of  the  monied  and  mercantile  class.  He  says  "without cost,"  that  15 
+is,  without  cost  to  the  City  Merchant.  At  the  present  moment  there  are 
+£18,000,000 of Exchequer Bills  at  IV2 per cent.  Is it not a loss to the country 
+to pay  1  per cent,  more upon the  Exchequer Bonds than upon the Exchequer 
+Bills?  At  all  events  the  second  proposition  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  re 
+duction of the National Debt. The Exchequer Bills can circulate only in Great 
+Britain,  but  the  Exchequer  Bonds  are  transferable  as  common  Bills,  there 
+fore  it  is  a  mere  measure  of Convenience to  the  City  Merchants,  for which 
+the  people  pay  a  high  price. 
+
+20 
+
+Now,  finally,  we  come  to  the  only  important  matter—to  the  3  per  cent, 
+consols,  and  the  "3  per  cent,  reduced,"  amounting  together  to  a capital  of  25 
+nearly  £500,000,000.  As  there  exists  a  Parliamentary  provision  forbidding 
+these  stocks  to  be  reduced  compulsorily,  except  on  twelve  months  notice, 
+Mr. Gladstone  chooses  the  system  of voluntary commutation, offering vari 
+ous  alternatives  to  the  holders  of  the  3  per  cent,  stock for  exchanging them 
+at option with other  stocks  to be  created under his resolutions.  The  holders  30 
+of the  3  per cent,  stocks  shall have the option of exchanging each £100 3 per 
+cent,  in  one  of  the  three  following  forms:— 
+
+1.—Semi-Exchange,  every £100  of  the  3 per cent,  with an Exchequer bond 
+for  the  like  amount  carrying  interest  at the  rate  of  £2  15 s.  until  1864,  and 
+then  at  the  rate  of  £2  10s.  until  1894.  If  the  whole  of  the  £30,000,000  of  35 
+Exchequer bonds  at 272 per  cent,  replaced £30,000,000 of 3 per cents., there 
+would be  a saving in the first ten years of £75,000; and after the first ten years 
+of £150,000; together £225,000; but the  Government would be bound to repay 
+the whole of the £30,000,000,  after forty years.  In no respect is this a proposi 
+tion dealing largely, or even at all, with the National Debt. For what is a saving  40 
+of  £225,000  in  an  annual  expense  of  £30,000,000? 
+
+112 
+
+The  New  Financial  Juggle;  or  Gladstone  and  the  Pennies 
+
+2.—The  second  proposal is,  that the  holders  of stock shall retain for every 
+£100 in 3  per  cents.,  £82  10s. in new  stock of 3V2 Per cent., which would be 
+paid at the rate of £3  10s.  per cent,  until the 5th of January,  1894. The result 
+of that would be to  give a present income to the persons accepting the 3V2 per 
+5  cent,  stock, of £2  17s.  9d., instead  of £3—reduction of 2s.  3d.  on the interest 
+of  every  £100.  If  the  £500,000,000  were  all  converted  under  this  proposal, 
+the  result  would  be  that,  instead  of  paying,  as  at  present,  £15,000,000  per 
+annum,  the  nation  would  only  pay  £14,437,500,  and this would be  a gain of 
+£562,500  a  year.  But  for  this  saving of £500,000 Parliament would tie up  its 
+10  hands for half a century, and grant higher interest than 2 four-fifths per cent, 
+at  a  time  of  transition  and  of utter insecurity  of  every rate  of interest!  One 
+thing,  however,  would  be  gained  for  Gladstone—at  the  expiration  of  forty 
+years there would be, in the place of the 3 per cent, stock being now defended 
+by twelve  months'  notice,  a  2>ll2 per  cent,  stock redeemable  at par by parlia-
+
+15  ment.  Gladstone proposes not to fix any limit on that 3 ' /2 per cent,  stock. 
+
+3.—The  third proposal  is,  that  the  holders  of  every £100  3  per cent,  shall 
+receive £110 in a new  stock of  2'/2 per  cent,  until  1894. When Mr. Gladstone 
+first  introduced  his  plan  in  the  House  of Commons,  on the  8th of  April,  he 
+had  not  limited  the  amount  of  the  new  2ll2  per  cent,  to  be  issued,  but 
+20  Mr. Disraeli  having  pointed  out that, contrasting this proposal with the two 
+other  ones,  every  man  in  his  senses  would  choose  the  conversion  of  £100 
+3  per  cent,  into  £110  2V2  per  cent.;  and  that  by  the  conversion  of  the 
+£500,000,000  3  per  cent,  into  the  new  stock,  the  nation  would  gain  on  one 
+side, £1,250,000 per  annum, but be  saddled on the other hand with an addition 
+to  the  Public  Debt  of  £50,000,000,  Mr. Gladstone,  on  the  following  day, 
+altered his  proposition,  and proposed  to  limit the  new  2V2 per  cent,  stock to 
+£30,000,000.  By  this  limitation,  his  proposal  loses  almost  all  effect  on  the 
+great  stock of the Public Debt,  and augments its capital only by £3,000,000. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+Now you know "one of the most important and gigantic financial proposals 
+that  ever  has  been brought forward."  There  exists,  perhaps,  in general, no 
+greater humbug  than  the  so-called  finance.  The  simplest  operations relating 
+to  the  Budget  and  the  Public Debt,  are  clothed by the adepts of that "occult 
+science"  in abstruse terminology, concealing the trivial manœuvres of creat 
+ing various  denominations  of  stocks, the commutation of old  stocks for new 
+35  ones, the dimmishing the interest, and raising the nominal capital—the raising 
+the  interest  and  reducing  the  capital,  the  instalment of premiums, bonuses, 
+priority  shares—the  distinction  between redeemable and irredeemable  annu 
+ities—the  artificial  graduation  in  the  facility  of  transferring  the  various 
+papers—in  such  a manner  that the  public understanding is quite bamboozled 
+40  by  these  detestable  stock-jobbing  scholastics  and  the  frightful  complexity 
+in  details;  while  with every  such new financial operation the  usurers  obtain 
+
+113 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+an  eagerly-seized  opportunity  for  developing  their  mischievous  and preda 
+tory  activity.  Mr. Gladstone  is,  without  any  doubt,  a  master in  this  sort of 
+financial  alchemy,  and  this  proposal  cannot be  better  characterised  than by 
+the  words  of  Mr. Disraeli:— 
+
+"More  complicated  and ingenious machinery to produce so  slight a result, 
+appeared  to  him  never  to  have  been  devised  by  the  subtlety  and  genius  of 
+the  most  skilful  casuist.  In  Saint  Thomas  Aquinas  there was  a chapter  that 
+speculated  upon the  question  of  how  many  angels  could  dance  on  the  point 
+of  a  needle.  It  was  one  of  the  rarest productions  of  human  genius;  and  he 
+recognised  in these  resolutions  something  of  that  master  mind." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+You will remember that we have  stated that the ultimate end of Gladstone's 
+plan was the  establishment of  a "normal"  2V2 per cent.  fund.  Now, in order 
+to  achieve  this  end,  he  creates  a  very  limited  2V2  per  cent,  fund,  and  an 
+illimited 3V2 per cent,  stock. In order to create his limited 2V2 per cent,  stock, 
+he  reduces  the  interest  by  a  half  per  cent.,  and  augments  the  capital  by  a  15 
+bonus  of  10 per  cent.  In order to rid himself of the difficulty of all legislation 
+on  the  3  per  cents,  being  defended  by  twelve  months'  notice,  he  prefers 
+legislating for  half  a century to  come; in conclusion, he would, if  successful, 
+cut  off  all  chance  of  financial  liberation for  half  a century from the  British 
+people. 
+
+20 
+
+Every  one  will  confess,  that  if  the  Jewish  Disabilities  Bill  was  a  little 
+attempt at establishing religious  tolerance—the  Canada Reserves  Bill  a little 
+attempt  at  granting  colonial  self-government—the  Education  Resolution  a 
+little  attempt  at  avoiding  National  Education—Gladstone's  financial  scheme 
+is a mighty little attempt at dealing with that giant-monster, the National Debt 25 
+of  Britain. 
+
+C M. 
+
+114 
+
+F e a r g us  O ' C o n n o r — M i n i s t e r i al  D e f e a t s — T he  B u d g et 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3758,  3. Mai  1853 
+
+Feargus  O'Connor—Ministerial  Defeats— 
+The  Budget. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  April  19,  1853. 
+
+5  The  Commission  which  met  last week  to examine into  the  state  of mind of 
+Feargus  O'Connor, late  M.P.  for Nottingham, returned the following verdict: 
+"We  find  that Mr. Feargus  O'Connor has been insane  since the  10th of June, 
+1852,  without  any  lucid  intervals." 
+
+As  a  political  character  O'Connor  had  outlived  himself  already  in  1848. 
+10  His  strength  was  broken,  his  mission  fulfilled,  and  unable  to  master  the 
+proletarian  movement  organised  by  himself,  he  had  grown  almost  a 
+hindrance  to  it.  If  historical  impartiality  oblige  me  not  to  conceal  this  cir 
+cumstance,  it  also  obliges  me  in  justice  to  the fallen man,  to lay before  the 
+same  public,  the  judgment  given  on  O'Connor,  by  Ernest  Jones,  in  The 
+
+15  People's  Paper: 
+
+"Here  was  a  man  who  broke  away  from  rank,  wealth,  and  station;  who 
+threw  up  a lucrative  and  successful practice; who  dissipated  a large fortune, 
+not  in  private  self-denial,  but  in  political  self-sacrifice;  who  made  himself 
+an  eternal  exile  from  his  own  country,  where  he  owned  broad  acres  and 
+20 represented one of its largest Counties ; who was hated by his family because 
+he  loved  the  human race;  whose  every  act  was  devotion to  the  people;  and 
+who  ends  almost  destitute  after  a  career  of  unexampled  l a b o r . . ..  There  is 
+his  life.  Now  look  at  his  work:  At  a  time  of  utter  prostration,  of  disunion, 
+doubt  and  misery, he  gathered  the  millions  of  this  country together,  as  men 
+25  had never yet been gathered.  O'Connell rallied the Irish, but it was with the 
+help  of  the  priests;  Mazzini roused  the  Italians, but nobles and traders were 
+on his  side;  Kossuth gathered the  Hungarians, but Senates and armies were 
+
+115 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+at  his  back;  and  both  the  Hungarians  and  Italians  were  burning  against  a 
+foreign conqueror.  But O'Connor, without noble, priest or trader, rallied and 
+upheld  one  downtrodden  class  against  them  all!  without  even  the  leverage 
+of  national  feeling to  unite  them!  La Fayette  had the  merchants,  Lamartine 
+had the  shopkeepers.  O'Connor had the people!  But the people in the nine- 
+teenth century,  in Constitutional  England,  are  the weakest of  all.  He taught 
+them  how  to  become  the  strongest." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Last week was  a week  of  defeats  for  the  Coalition Cabinet.  It met for the 
+first  time  with  a  Coalition  Opposition.  On  Tuesday  the  12th  inst.,  Mr. Butt 
+moved to maintain for the Irish soldiers the Asylum of Kilmainham Hospital. 
+The  Secretary  at  War  opposed  the  motion;  but  it  was  carried  against  the 
+Government by  198 against  131. On this occasion it was beaten by a Coalition 
+of  the  Irish  Brigade  with  the  Conservative  Opposition.  On  the  following 
+Thursday  it  was  defeated  by  a  Coalition  of  the  Conservatives  and  the 
+Manchester  school.  Mr. Milner  Gibson having brought in his yearly motion  15 
+for  the  abolition of the  "Taxes  on  Knowledge," the repeal of the Advertise 
+ment  Duty  was  voted,  notwithstanding  the  protestations  of  Gladstone, 
+Russell  and  Sidney.  They  lost,  by  200  against  169.  Bright,  Gibson  and 
+MacGregor voted side by side with Disraeli, Pakington, etc., and Mr. Cobden 
+made the formal declaration,  "that he accepted the assistance of Mr. Disraeli  20 
+and  his  friends with all his heart."  But by far the greatest defeat the  Govern 
+ment has  sustained was  brought upon it,  not by  a division  in the House, but 
+by  an  act  of  its  own. 
+
+Of  the  Kossuth rocket  affair full particulars will already have reached the 
+readers  of  The  Tribune,  but  in  order  to  prove  that  the  whole  of  it  was  a  25 
+premeditated affair between Palmerston and the Foreign Powers, it is merely 
+necessary  to  state  what his  own official journal,  The Morning Post,  contains 
+with  regard  to  the  occurrence: 
+
+"The promptitude  and vigilance of the course adopted by Government will 
+give  confidence  to  those  foreign  powers  who  have  doubted the  efficacy  of  30 
+our  laws  in  repressing  mischief  among  our  troublesome  guests." 
+
+This business will have its serious consequences for the Coalition Ministry. 
+Already,  and  this  is  of great  significance,  it has  demasked  old Palmerston's 
+revolutionary  dandyism.  Even  his  most  credulous  but honest  admirer,  The 
+Morning  Advertiser,  openly  disavows  him.  Palmerston's  star  began to  pale 
+at the time when he bestowed  his  sympathies on the hero of the 2d December 
+and  of  the  plain of  Satory;  it has  vanished,  since he became  professedly  an 
+"Austrian  Minister."  But,  the  mission of the  Coalition Ministry  is  precisely 
+the  demoralization  of  all  the  current  talents  and  renommées  of  the  old 
+Oligarchy.  And this  problem  it is  resolving with an admirable perseverance.  40 
+Should  Palmerston's  Ministry  survive  this  catastrophe, then he  may indeed, 
+
+35 
+
+116 
+
+Feargus  O'Connor—Ministerial  Defeats—The  Budget 
+
+with a slight alteration of the  saying of Francis I, jocosely proclaim "Nothing 
+is  lost  except  honor." 
+
+I  come  now  to  the  event  of  the  day—Mr. Gladstone's budget—laid before 
+the House of Commons in its yesterday's  sitting, in a speech which occupied 
+5  no  less  than  five  hours.  It  is  a  Coalition-Budget,  elaborated  in  an  en 
+
+cyclopedical  manner,  exceedingly  fitted  for  an  article  in  Ersch  &  Gruber's 
+voluminous  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences.  You  know  that  the  era  of 
+encyclopedists  arrives  always  when  facts  have  become  bulky,  and  genius 
+remains  proportionably  small. 
+
+10 
+
+In every budget the principal question is the relation between income and 
+expenditure, the balance in the  shape of a surplus  or a deficiency prescribing 
+the  general  conditions  of  either  a relaxation or  an increase to be established 
+in the taxation of the country.  Mr. Disraeli had estimated the revenue for the 
+year  1852-53  at  £52,325,000,  and  the  expenditure  at  £51,163,000.  Now, 
+15  Mr. Gladstone informs us that the actual revenue has been £53,089,000, and 
+the real expenditure only £50,782,000. These features  show an actual surplus 
+of  income  over  expenditure  amounting  to  £2,460,000.  Thus  far,  Mr. Glad 
+stone would  seem to have improved Mr. Disraeli. The latter could only boast 
+of  a  surplus  of  £1,600,000;  Gladstone  comes  with  a  saving  of  £2,460,000. 
+20  Unfortunately,  unlike  Disraeli's  surplus,  that  of  Mr. Gladstone,  on  nearer 
+examination,  dwindles  down  to  the  moderate  amount  of  £700,000,  the 
+millions  having  already  found  their  way  out  of  his  pocket  by  various  votes 
+of  the  House  of  Commons  and  other  extraordinary  expenditure;  and,  as 
+Mr. Gladstone  cautiously  adds:  "It  must  be  remembered that £220,000, out 
+25  of  the  £700,000,  is  derived  from  occasional  and  not  permanent  sources  of 
+income." Then, the only basis of operations left to Mr. Gladstone is a surplus 
+of  £480,000.  Accordingly  any  proposed  remission  of  old  taxes  beyond  this 
+amount  has  to  be  balanced  by  the  imposition  of  new  ones. 
+
+30 
+
+Mr.Gladstone  opened  his  speech  with  the  "question  brûlante"  oí  the 
+Income  Tax.  He  said  that  it  was  possible  to  part  with  that  tax at once, but 
+that  the  Government were  not prepared  to  recommend  its  immediate  aban 
+donment.  The first thing to which he called attention was, that "we draw from 
+this tax £5,500,000. " Next he attempted a "brilliant" vindication of the effects 
+of this  tax,  on the  history  of  which he expended a good deal of breath.  "The 
+Income  Tax"  he remarked,  "has  served in a time of vital  struggle  to  enable 
+you  to  raise  the  income  of  the  country  above  its  expenditure  for  war  and 
+civil  government  . ..  If  you  do  not  destroy  the  efficacy  of  this  engine,  it 
+affords  you  the  means,  should  unhappily  hostilities  again  break  out,  of  at 
+once  raising  your  army  to  300,000  men,  and  your  fleet  to  100,000,  with  all 
+40  your  establishments  in  proportion."  Further  Mr. Gladstone  observed,  that 
+the  Income  Tax  had  not  only  served  in  carrying  on  the  Anti-Jacobin  war, 
+
+35 
+
+117 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+but  also  the  free  trade  policy  of  Sir  Robert  Peel.  After  this  apologetic  in 
+troduction we  are  suddenly  startled  by  the  announcement that  "the  Income 
+Tax  is  full  of  irregularities."  In  fact,  Mr. Gladstone  admits,  that in order to 
+preserve  the  tax,  it  must  be  reconstructed  so  as  to  avoid  its  present  in 
+equalities  ;  but  that  in  order  to  remove  these  inequalities,  you  must  break  up  5 
+the whole  set.  Strangely contradicting himself, he is afterwards at great pains 
+to  show that there  exists  no  such inequalities at all, and that they are merely 
+imaginary.  As to the question of realized  and precarious incomes, he reduces 
+it to  a question of  "land and of trade,"  and tries to persuade people, through 
+some  awkward  calculations,  that land actually pays  9d.  in the pound, while  10 
+trade  only  pays  Id.  He  then  adds:  "that the  assessment  on land  and  houses 
+does  not  depend  on the  returns  of the  owners,  whereas  in trade  the  returns 
+of  income  are  made  by  the  holders  themselves,  and  in  many  cases  in  a 
+fraudulent manner."  With regard  to fundholders, Mr. Gladstone  asserts that 
+to  tax  the  capitalised value of their income, would be  a gross breach of the  15 
+public faith. Any distinction, in short, between realized or precarious income, 
+as proposed by Mr. Disraeli, is flatly rejected by Mr. Gladstone. On the other 
+hand  he  is  ready  to  extend  the  Income-Tax to Ireland, and an income above 
+£100,  the  limit  of  its  area  having  hitherto  been  at  £150 a year.  Quite incon 
+sistently, however, with his just pronounced doctrine, that "it is  impossible  20 
+to  distinguish  between  the  respective  value  of  intelligence,  labor  and 
+property,  and  to  represent  these  relations  in  arithmetical  results,"  he  pro 
+poses to  subject incomes between £100  and £150 to  a rate  of  only  5d.  in the 
+pound.  Lastly,  in order to reconcile his  admiration for the Income-Tax, with 
+the  avowed necessity  of its abolition, Mr. Gladstone proposes "to renew the  25 
+tax for  two  years, from  April,  1853,  at 7d.  in the pound; for two  years more, 
+from  April,  1855,  at  the  rate  of  6d.  in the  pound;  and for three  years  more, 
+from  April,  1857,  at  the  rate  of  5d.  in the pound; under which proposal the 
+tax  would  expire  on  5th  April,  1860." 
+
+Having  thus  conferred,  what  he  imagines  to  be  a  boon  on  the  landed  30 
+
+aristocracy  and the  fundholders, by his  refusal to acknowledge the principle 
+of  distinction  between  realized  and  precarious  incomes,  Mr. Gladstone,  on 
+the  other  hand,  is  careful to hold  out a similar bait to the  Manchester School 
+by  the  adjustment  of  the  legacy  duty,  extending  it  to  all  kinds  of  property, 
+but declining to deal with the probates. "I have no doubt," he remarked, "that  35 
+this  tax,  if  adjusted by  the  House, will  add  £500,000 more  to  our permanent 
+means  in  1853-54;  will  add  £700,000  more  in  1854-'55;  £400,000  in 
+1855-56;  and  £400,000  more  in  1856-'57;  making  a  total  addition  to  the 
+permanent  means  of  the  country  of  £2,000,000."  Respecting  Scotland, 
+Mr. Gladstone proposed, that Is. should be added to the present Spirits' Duty 40 
+of  3s.  8d.  (The  gain would be £318,000),  and also an increased impost on the 
+
+118 
+
+F" 
+
+Feargus  O'Connor—Ministerial  Defeats—The  Budget 
+
+licenses  of  tea-dealers,  brewers,  malsters,  tobacco-manufacturers  and 
+dealers,  and  soap-boilers. 
+
+The  whole  amount  of  the  increased taxes  available  for the  year  1853—'54 
+
+would  thus  be: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Upon the  Income  Tax 
+Upon the  Legacy  Duty 
+Upon  Spirits 
+Upon  Licenses 
+Total 
+Which with the  surplus  of 
+Would  give  us  for  the  remission  of 
+taxes  a  sum  amounting  to 
+
+f  295,000 
+500,000 
+436,000 
+113,000 
+£1,344,000 
+805,000 
+
+£2,149,000 
+
+Now,  what  are  the  propositions  of  Mr. Gladstone  with  respect  to  the 
+remission  of  old  taxes?  I  shall  restrain  myself,  of  course,  from  entering  too 
+15  deeply  into  this labyrinth.  It cannot be fathomed  in a moment.  Accordingly 
+
+I  shall  touch  merely  on  the  principal  points,  which  are: 
+
+1. The  abolition of the  duty on Soap, the gross  amount of which is actually 
+
+£1,397,000. 
+
+2.  Gradual  reduction  of  the  duties  on  Tea,  when  the  descent  from  2s. 
+
+20  2'/4d.  to  Is.  is to be  brought about in about three  years. 
+
+3. Remission  of  the  duties  upon  a  large  number  of  minor  articles. 
+4. Relaxation  of  the  £4,000,000  owed  by  Ireland  in  the  shape  of  Con 
+
+solidated  Annuities. 
+
+5. Reduction  of  the  Attorney's  Certificate  Duty  by  one-half, according to 
+
+25 
+
+the  motion  of  Lord  R. Grosvenor,  which  abolished  the  whole. 
+
+6. Reduction  of  the  Advertisement  Duty  to  6d.,  according  to  the  motion 
+of  Mr. Gibson  (the  House  having,  however,  already  noted  its  entire  aboli 
+tion). 
+
+Lastly: 
+7.  Abolition of the  Stamp Duty on Newspaper Supplements (a huge pièce 
+
+30 
+
+de  réjouissance  for  The  Times,  the  only  paper  issuing  Supplements). 
+
+These  are,  in  short,  the  principal  features  of  the  budget which Mr. Glad 
+stone  has  been  hatching now for  more than four  months.  The debate in the 
+House  of  Commons,  fixed  for  Monday  next,  will  afford me  the opportunity 
+
+35  of  further  commenting  upon  that  coalition  product. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+119 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+R i ot  at  C o n s t a n t i n o p l e — G e r m an  T a b le  M o v i n g— 
+
+T he  B u d g et 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3761, 6. Mai 1853 
+
+Riot at Constantinople-
+German Table Moving— 
+The  Budget. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, April 22,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+A  telegraphic  dispatch has  been received  to  the  effect that on the  12th  inst. 
+there was  a great tumult  at Constantinople and the vicinity, fifteen Christians 
+having  been  killed  or  wounded  by  the  fanatic  Turkish  mob.  "Order  was 
+immediately  restored  by  means  of  the  military  force." 
+
+Another dispatchfrom Copenhagen states that the Chamber or Volksthing  10 
+
+has  rejected  the  ministerial  message  on  the  proposed  succession  of  the 
+Danish Crown. This we may consider as an important check to the diplomacy 
+of Russia, whose interests the message represented, according to the London 
+protocol  acknowledging  Russia  as  ultimate  heir  of  the  Danish  kingdom. 
+
+From  the  Hague  we  learn  that  an  agitation  similar  to  that which visited  15 
+
+England  two  years  ago  in  the  shape  of  "Roman  Catholic  aggression,"  has 
+now  taken  hold  of  the  Netherlands,  and  led  to  the  formation  of  an  ultra-
+Protestant  ministry.  Concerning  Germany,  or  rather  that  portion  of  it 
+formerly  known under  the  name  of the  Empire, nothing can be more  signifi 
+cant of the present state of mind prevailing through the educated middle-class 20 
+than  a  declaration  of  the  editor  of  The  Frankfort  Journal,  under  date  of 
+April 20.  For the  edification of your readers  I give you  a translation of it: 
+
+"The  communications  we  receive  by  every post,  on the  subject of  table-
+moving  (Tisch-Rücken) are  assuming  an  extent  to  which,  since  the  memor 
+able 'Song on the Rhine,' by Nie. Becker, and the first days of the revolution  25 
+of  March,  1848,  we  have  seen  nothing  equal.  Satisfactory  as  these  com-
+
+120 
+
+Riot at Constantinople—German  Table  Moving—The  Budget 
+
+munications  are,  since  they  prove  better  than  any  political  raisonnement,  in 
+what  harmless  and  innocent  times  we  again  find  ourselves,  we  regret  that 
+we  cannot  take  further  notice  of  them,  fearing  that  they  might  entirely 
+overwhelm  our  readers  and  ourselves,  and  absorb  in  the  end  all  the  space 
+
+5  of  this  journal." 
+
+"An  Englishman" has  addressed  a  letter  to  The  Times,  and  Lord  Palmer 
+
+ston,  on  the  latest  Kossuth  affair,  at  the  conclusion  of  which  he  says: 
+
+"When  the  Coalition-Cabinet  is  gathered  to  its  fathers,  or  its  uncles,  or 
+grandfathers,  we  would  delicately  hint to the noble lord a new edition of Joe 
+10  Miller.  In fact we  opine we  shall hear no more of Joe. Palmerston will be the 
+word.  It  is  long.  That  is  a fault.  We  believe,  however,  it  has  already  been 
+improved  into  the  Anglo-Saxon  Pam.  This  will  suit  verse  as  well  as  prose, 
+and  rhyme  with  'sham,  flam,  and  cram'." 
+
+In my  letter  of  Tuesday  last  I  gave  you  a rough sketch of Mr. Gladstone's 
+15 budget. I have now before me an official publication, filling 50 pages in folio : 
+"The  Resolutions  to  be  proposed  by  the  Chancellor of the  Exchequer," and 
+"An  expository  Statement  to  accompany the  Resolutions,"  but I  shall  only 
+touch  on  those  details  which  would  be  of  interest  to  foreign readers  in the 
+event  of  their  becoming  the  law  of  Great  Britain. 
+
+20 
+
+The  most important resolutions  are  those  concerning the Customs. There 
+is a proposal to abolish the duties on 123 minor articles, yielding about £55,000 
+per  annum,  and  including  all  furniture  woods  with four  exceptions,  as  well 
+as  fixtures  and  frames,  bricks  and  tiles.  There  is  to  be  a  reduction,  firstly, 
+on the  tea duties from 2s. 2V4d. to  Is.  lOd. till 5th April,  1854;  secondly, on 
+25  12  articles  of  food.  The present duty on almonds is to be reduced to 2s.  2d. 
+per  cwt.;  upon cheese from  5s.  to  2s.  6d.  per  c w t;  on cocoa from  2d.  to  Id. 
+per lb. ; on nuts from 2s. to 1 s. per bushel ; on eggs from lOd. to 4d. a hundred ; 
+on  oranges  and  lemons  to  8d.  a  bushel;  on butter from  10s.  to  5s. per cwt.; 
+on raisins  from  15s.  9d.  to  10s.  per  cwt.;  and  on  apples  from 2s.  to  3d.  per 
+30  bushel.  The whole  of these  articles yield,  at present,  a revenue of £262,000. 
+There  is,  in the third place, to be  a reduction on  133 articles of food, yielding 
+a revenue  of £70,000.  Besides,  a  simplification is  to  be  applied  on  a number 
+of  articles  by  the  levy  of  specific  instead  of  ad  valorem  duties. 
+
+35 
+
+As  to  the  Excise,  I  have  already  stated the proposed abolition of the  soap 
+tax,  and  the  increase  in  the  scale  of  licenses  to  brewers  and dealers  in tea, 
+coffee,  tobacco  and  soap. 
+
+As  to  the  Stamps, besides  the  reduction on  attorneys'  certificates,  and in 
+the  advertisement  duty,  there  is  to be  a reduction of the  duty  on life  assur 
+ances,  on  receipt  stamps,  on  indentures  of  apprenticeship,  and  on hackney 
+
+40  carriages. 
+
+As  to  Assessed  taxes,  there  is  to  be  a reduction of  the  taxes  on  men-ser-
+
+121 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+vants, private carriages, horses, ponies, and dogs,  and areductionof  Π ' / Σ Ρ ^Γ 
+cent,  in  the  charge  for  redemption  of  land  tax. 
+
+As  to  the  Post-Office,  there  is  to  be  a  reduction  of  colonial  postages  to 
+
+a  uniform  rate  of  6d. 
+
+A  general  feature  of  the  budget  deserving  note,  is  the  circumstance  of 
+most  of  its  provisions  having  been  forced  on  the  Coalition  Ministry,  after 
+an  obstinate  opposition  to  them  in  the  course  of  the  present  session. 
+
+5 
+
+Mr. Gladstone  proposes  now to  extend  the  legacy  duty  to  real  property; 
+but  on  the  1st  of  March  he  still  opposed  Mr. Williams's  motion,  that  real 
+property  should  be  made  to  pay  the  "same  probate  and  legacy  duties  as are  10 
+now  payable  on  personal  property!"  He  affirmed  on  that  occasion,  as  the 
+Tory journals do at this very moment, that the exemption was only apparent, 
+and  counterbalanced  by  other  duties  peculiar  to  real  property.  It is  equally 
+true, that on the  same  1st of March,  Mr. Williams  threatened Mr. Gladstone 
+with  "being  replaced  by  Mr. Disraeli,  if  he  were  not  to  give  way  on  that  15 
+point." 
+
+Mr. Gladstone  proposes  now to  abolish  or reduce  the protective  duties  on 
+about 268 minor articles ; but on the 3d of March he still opposed Mr. Hume's 
+motion,  of  "speedily  repealing  the  strictly  protective  duties  on  about 
+285  articles."  It  is  also  true  that  Mr. Disraeli  declared  on that day that "we  20 
+could  not  cling  to  the  rags  and  tatters  of  the  Protective  System." 
+
+Mr. Gladstone proposes  now to reduce the advertisement duty by one half ; 
+but  only  four  days  before  he  brought  out  his  Budget  he  opposed  Mr. Milner 
+Gibson's  motion,  to  repeal  that  duty.  It  is  true  that  he  was  defeated  by  a 
+division  of the  House. 
+
+25 
+
+It  would  be  easy to  augment this  enumeration of concessions  made by the 
+Coalition  ministry,  to  the  Manchester  school.  What  do  these  concessions 
+prove?  That  the  industrial  bourgeoisie,  weakly  represented  as  it  is  in  the 
+House,  are yet the real masters of the situation, and that every Government, 
+whether  Whig,  Tory,  or  Coalition,  can  only  keep  itself  in  office,  and  the  30 
+bourgeoisie  out  of  office,  by  doing  for  them  their  preliminary  work.  Go 
+through  the  records  of  British  legislation  since  1825,  and  you will  find  that 
+the  bourgeoisie  is  only  resisted  politically  by  concession  after  concession 
+financially.  What  the  Oligarchy  fail  to  comprehend,  is  the  simple  fact  that 
+political  power is  but the  offspring  of  commercial  power,  and  that the  class 
+to  which they  are  compelled  to  yield  the  latter,  will  necessarily  conquer the 
+former  also.  Louis  XIV.  himself,  when  legislating  through  Colbert  in  the 
+interest  of  the  manufacturers,  was  only  preparing  the  revolution  of  1789, 
+when  his  "l'état  c'est  moi"  was  answered  by  Sieyès  with  "le  tiers  état  est 
+tout. " 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+Another  very  striking  feature  of  the  budget  is  the  strict  adoption  of  the 
+
+122 
+
+Riot  at  Constantinople—German  Table  Moving—The  Budget 
+
+policy  of  Mr. Disraeli,  "that reckless  adventurer" who  dared to affirm in the 
+House  that  the  necessary  result  of  commercial  free-trade  was  a  financial 
+revolution,  that  is  to  say,  the  gradual  commutation  of  indirect  into  direct 
+taxation.  Indeed,  what  does  Mr. Gladstone  propose?  He  strengthens  and 
+5  extends  the  system  of  direct  taxation,  in  order  to  weaken  and  to  contract 
+
+the  system  of  indirect  taxation. 
+
+On  the  one  side  he  renews  the  income-tax unaltered  for  seven years.  He 
+extends  it to  a whole  people, to the Irish.  He  extends  it by copying Mr. Dis 
+raeli,  to  a  whole  class,  to  the  holders  of  incomes  from  £100  to  £150.  He 
+10  accepts, partially, the extension of the house-tax, proposed by Mr. Disraeli, 
+giving it the name of an altered license-tax and raising the charge for licenses 
+in proportion to the  size of the premises.  Lastly, he augments direct taxation 
+by £2,000,000, by subjecting real property to  the legacy duty, which was  also 
+promised  by  Mr. Disraeli. 
+
+15 
+
+On  the  other  side  he  attacks  indirect  taxation  under  the  two  forms  of 
+Customs  and  of  Excise;  in  the  former  by  adopting  Disraeli's  reduction  of 
+the  tea duties,  or by  abolisliing, reducing,  or  simplifying the  customs  duties 
+on  286  articles;  in  the  latter  by  entirely  abonshing  the  soap-tax. 
+
+The only difference  between his  budget and  that of his predecessor is this, 
+that the  one  was  the author,  and that the other is the plagiary; that Disraeli 
+removed  the  excise-duties  in  favor  of  the  land-interest,  and  that Gladstone 
+removes  them  in  favor  of  the  town-interest;  that  Disraeli  proclaimed  the 
+principle,  but was  forced  by his  exceptional position to  falsify the  practice, 
+while Gladstone, opposed to the principle, is enabled by his coalition charac-
+ter  to  carry  details  through  a  series  of  compromises. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+What  will  be  the  probable  fate  of  the  Coalition  budget,  and what will be 
+
+the  probable  attitude  assumed  by  the  respective  parties? 
+
+There  are,  in general, but three  points  on which the battle can be fought— 
+
+the  Income-Tax,  the  Legacy-Duty,  and  Ireland. 
+
+30 
+
+The  Manchester  school  has  pledged  itself  to  oppose  any prolongation of 
+that  "horrid  inequality,"  the  present  Income-Tax.  The  oracle  of  Printing-
+house-square,  The  Times,  has  thundered  for  ten  years  against  that  same 
+"monstrosity,"  and  the  public  prejudice  of  Great  Britain  in  general  has 
+doomed  the  present  system  of  charging  equally  all descriptions of  income. 
+35  But on this one point Mr. Gladstone repudiates compromise. As Mr. Disraeli, 
+when  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  proposed  to  modify the Income-Tax by 
+establishing a distinction between precarious revenues and realized property, 
+charging the former with 5d.  and  the  latter with là.  in the pound, the Income-
+Tax  would  seem to become  the  rallying point for the common opposition of 
+the  Conservatives,  the Manchester  school and  the  "general opinion" repre 
+sented  by  The  Times. 
+
+40 
+
+123 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+But  will  the  Manchester men redeem  their  pledge?  This  is  very  doubtful. 
+They  are  in  the  commercial  habit  of  pocketing  the  present  profits,  and  of 
+letting  principles  shift  for  themselves.  And  the  present  profits  offered  by 
+Mr. Gladstone's  budget  are  by  no  means contemptible.  Already the tone  of 
+the Manchester organs has become very moderate and very conciliatory with 
+regard to  the  Income  Tax.  They  begin to  comfort themselves  with the pros 
+pect  held out by Mr. Gladstone,  that "the whole  Income  Tax  shall expire  in 
+seven  years,"  forgetting  at  the  opportune  moment  that,  when  the  late  Sir 
+Robert Peel introduced it in  1842, he promised its expiration by the year 1845, 
+and  that  the  extension  of  a tax  is  a very  awkward  way  toward  its  ulterior  10 
+extinction. 
+
+5 
+
+As  to  The  Times,  that  is  the  only  journal  which  will  profit  by  Mr. Glad 
+stone's  proposal  of  aboUshing the  stamp  on newspaper  supplements.  It has 
+to  pay  for  double  supplements  every  day  that  it  publishes  them  during the 
+week  40,000  pence,  or  £166  13s.  The  whole  of  the  40,000d.  remitted  by  15 
+Mr. Gladstone will go into its coffers. We can then conceive that the Cerberus 
+will  be  soothed  down  into  a  lamb,  without  Mr. Gladstone  being  metamor 
+phosed  into  a Hercules.  It would  be  difficult to  find  in all the Parliamentary 
+history  of  Great  Britain,  a more undignified act than this  of  Mr. Gladstone, 
+buying up  the  support  of  a  journal  by  inserting  a  special provision for it in  20 
+the budget.  The  abolition of the  Taxes  on  Knowledge  was  chiefly asked for 
+with  a  view  to  break down the  monopoly of  the  newspaper-leviathans.  The 
+"unctuous"  Mr. Gladstone  adopts  only  so  much  of  that  measure  as  tends 
+exactly  to  double  the  monopoly  of  The  Times. 
+
+In  principle,  we  contend  that  Mr. Gladstone  is  right  in  rejecting  all  dis-  25 
+
+tinctions  between  the  sources  from  which  income  is  derived.  If  you  dis 
+tinguish  between  the  quality of incomes  you must also  distinguish between 
+quantity,  as  in 99 cases  out of  100,  the  quantity of an income  constitutes its 
+quality.  If  you  distinguish between  their  quantities  you  arrive  unavoidably 
+at  progressive  taxation,  and  from  progressive  taxation  you tumble  directly  30 
+into  a  very  trenchant  sort  of  Socialism,  a  thing  certainly  abhorred  by  the 
+opponents  of  Mr. Gladstone.  With  the  narrow  and interested interpretation 
+of  the  difference  between  fixed  and  precarious  incomes,  as  made  by  the 
+Manchester  School,  we  arrive  at  the  ridiculous  conclusion that the  income 
+of  the  richest  class  of  England,  the  trading  class,  is  only  a precarious  one.  35 
+Under  the  pretence  of  philanthropy  they  aim  at  changing  a  portion  of  the 
+public burdens from their own shoulders to the backs of the land-owners and 
+fund-holders. 
+
+As  to  the  extension of the  legacy  duty to  real property the  country party, 
+as  cannot  be  doubted,  will  vehemently  resist  it.  They  naturally  desire  to  40 
+receive  their  successions  as  heretofore,  untaxed; but Mr. Disraeli,  as  Chan-
+
+124 
+
+Riot  at  Constantinople—German  Table  Moving—The  Budget 
+
+cellor  of  the  Exchequer,  has  acknowledged  the  injustice  of  that exception, 
+and  the  Manchester  men  will  vote  as  one  man  with  the  Ministers.  The 
+Morning  Advertiser  in  its  number  of  yesterday  informs  the  country  party 
+that  should  they  be  imprudent enough to take their  stand on the legacy duty, 
+they  must abandon all idea of being  supported by the Liberals. There exists 
+hardly  any  privilege  to  which  the  British  middle  class  are  more  bitterly 
+opposed, and there exists  also no more  striking instance of oligarchic legisla 
+tion.  Pitt  introduced  in  1796 two bills, the  one  subjecting personal property 
+to  the  probate  and  legacy  duty,  and  the  other  imposing  the  same  duties  on 
+real  property.  The  two  measures were  separated because Pitt apprehended 
+a  successful  opposition  from  members  of  both  houses  to  subjecting  their 
+estates to those taxes.  The first bill passed the House with little or no opposi 
+tion.  Only  one  division  took  place,  and  only  16  members  voted  against  it. 
+The  second  bill  was  proceeded  with  through  all  its  stages,  until  it  came  to 
+the third reading, when it was lost by a division of 30 against 30. Pitt, seeing 
+no  chance  of  passing  the  bill  through either  house, was  forced to  withdraw 
+it.  If the probate and legacy duties had been paid on real property since 17%, 
+by  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  public  debt might  have  been paid  off.  The 
+only  real  objection  the  country  party  could  now  make  is  the  plea  that  the 
+fundholders  enjoy  a  similar  exemption,  but  they  would,  of  course,  not 
+strengthen  their  position  by  rousing  against them the  fundholders,  who  are 
+gifted  with  a  particular  taste  for  fiscal  immunities. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+There  remains  then but one probable chance of  successfully opposing the 
+Coalition  budget,  and  this  is  a  coalition  of  the  country  party  with the  Irish 
+25  Brigade. It is true Mr. Gladstone has endeavored to induce the Irish to submit 
+to  the  extension  of  the  Income  Tax  to  Ireland,  by  making  them  the  gift  of 
+four millions  and a half of Consolidated Annuities. But the Irish contend that 
+three  out  of  these  four  and  a  half  millions,  connected  with  the  famine  of 
+1846—47,  were  never intended to  constitute  a national debt,  and  have  never 
+
+30  been  acknowledged  as  such by  the  Irish  people. 
+
+The  ministry itself  seems  not to be  quite  sure of success,  since it menaces 
+an  early dissolution  of  the  House, unless  the budget be  accepted as  a whole. 
+A  formidable  suggestion  this  for  the  great  majority  of  members  whose 
+"pockets  have been  materially  affected by the  legitimate expenses of the last 
+35  contest,"  and  for  those  Radicals  who  have  clung  as  closely  as  possible  to 
+the  old  definition  of  an  Opposition;  namely,  that it does,  in the  machine  of 
+Government, the duty of the safety-valve in a steam-engine. The safety-valve 
+does not stop the motion of the engine, but preserves it by letting off in vapor 
+the  power which might otherwise blow up  the whole  concern.  Thus they let 
+40  off  in  vapor  the  popular  demands.  They  seem  to  offer  motions  only  to 
+withdraw  them  afterward,  and  to  rid  themselves  of  their  superfluous  elo 
+quence. 
+
+125 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+A  dissolution  of  the  House  would  only  reveal  the  dissolution  of  the  old 
+parties. Since the appearance of the Coalition ministry, the Irish Brigade has 
+been  split  up  into  two  factions—one  governmental,  the  other  independent. 
+The  country-party  is  likewise  split  up  into  two  camps—the  one  led  by 
+Mr. Disraeli,  the  other  by  Sir John Pakington;  although now, in the  hour of 
+danger,  they  both  rally  again  around  Disraeli.  The Radicals  themselves  are 
+broken  up  into  two  sets—the  Mayfair-men  and the  Manchester-men.  There 
+is  no  longer  any  power  of  cohesion  in  the  old parties, but at the  same  time 
+there is no power of real antagonism. A new general election would not mend, 
+but only  confirm this  state  of things. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+By  the  election-disclosures  the  Lower  House  is  sunk  as  low  as  it  can 
+possibly  go.  But  simultaneously,  week  after  week,  it  has  denounced  the 
+rottenness  of  its  foundation,  the  thorough  corruption  of  the  constituencies 
+themselves.  Now  after  these  disclosures,  will  the  ministry  venture  on  an 
+appeal  to  these  branded  constituencies—an  appeal  to  the  country?  To  the  15 
+country  at  large  they  have  nothing  to  offer,  holding  in one  hand  the  refusal 
+of  parliamentary reform, and  in the other an Austrian patent, installing them 
+as  general  informers  of  the  continental  police. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+126 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+P o l i t i c al  P o s i t i on  of  t he  S w i ss  R e p u b l ic 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3770, 17. Mai 1853 
+
+Political Position of this  Republic. 
+
+Correspondence of The Ν. Y. Tribune. 
+
+London,  May  1,  1853. 
+
+Royal families formerly used to employ whipping-boys, who had the honor 
+5  of receiving condign punishment on their profane backs, whenever any of 
+the  scions  of  royalty  had  committed  an  offense  against  the  rules  of  good 
+behavior. The modern European political system continues this practice, in 
+a certain degree, in the erection of small intermediate States, which have to 
+act  the  scapegoat  in  any  domestic  squabble  by  which the harmony  of the 
+io  "balance of power" may be  troubled.  And  in order to enable these smaller 
+States  to  perform  this  enviable  part with suitable  dignity, they are, by the 
+common  consent  of  Europe  "in  Congress  assembled,"  and  with  all  due 
+solemnity,  declared  "neutral."  Such  a  scapegoat,  or  whipping-boy,  is 
+Greece—such is Belgium and Switzerland. The only difference is this—that 
+15  these  modern  political  scapegoats, from the  abnormal conditions  of their 
+existence,  are  seldom  quite  undeserving of  the  inflictions they are favored 
+with. 
+
+The  most  conspicuous  of  this  class  of  States  has  of  late  been  Switzer­
+
+land, 
+
+20 
+
+Quidquid  délirant reges,  plectuntur— 
+the  Swiss.  And  wherever  the  people of  any  European  State  come into colli 
+sion  with  their  rulers,  the  Swiss  were  equally  sure to come in for their share 
+of the trouble ; until since the beginning of this year, Switzerland, after having 
+made  itself  gratuitously  contemptible  to  the  revolutionary  party,  has  been 
+25  placed  in  a  sort of  interdict by the rulers  of  Continental Europe.  Squabbles 
+about  refugees  with  the  Emperor  Bonaparte,  for  whose  sake  Switzerland 
+once  came  very  near  risking  a  war;  squabbles  with  Prussia  on  account  of 
+
+127 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+Neuchâtel;  squabbles  with  Austria  about  Tessinese  and  the  Milan  in 
+surrection;  squabbles  with  the  minor  German  States  about  subjects  which 
+nobody  cares  for;  squabbles  on  all  hands,  threatening  notes,  expulsions, 
+passport chicanes,  blockades,  raining  down upon poor  Switzerland  thick as 
+hailstones  in  a  storm,  and  yet,  such  is  human  nature,  the  Swiss  are happy, 
+contented  and  proud  in  their own way, and feel more at home in this  shower 
+of  abuse  and insult,  than if the  political horizon  was cloudless and bright. 
+
+5 
+
+This  honorable  political  position  of  Switzerland  is,  by  the  popular  mind 
+of  Europe,  rather  vaguely  and  clumsily  expressed  in  the  common  saying: 
+Switzerland  has  been  invented  by  the  rulers  of  Europe  in  order  to  bring  10 
+republican governments into contempt; and certainly, a Metternich or Guizot 
+may  have often  said:  If  Switzerland  did  not exist,  we  should  have to  create 
+it.  To  them,  a  neighbor  like  Switzerland,  was  a  real  god-send. 
+
+We  cannot be  expected  to repeat the multifarious  charges brought of late, 
+against  Switzerland  and  Swiss  institutions,  by  real or would-be revolution-  15 
+ists.  Long  before  the  movements  of  1848,  the  organs  of  the  revolutionary 
+Communist  party  of  Germany  analyzed  that  subject,  they  showed  why 
+Switzerland,  as  an  independent  state,  must  ever  be  lagging  behind  in  the 
+march  of  European  progress,  and  why  that  country,  with  all its  republican 
+shows, will ever be reactionary at heart. They were even violently attacked,  20 
+at that time, by divers  democratic  spouters and manufacturers of clandestine 
+declamation, who celebrated Switzerland as their "model-republic," until the 
+model  institutions  were  once  tried  upon  themselves.  The  subject is  now  as 
+trite  as  can be;  nobody  disputes  the  fact,  and a few words will  suffice to put 
+the  matter in its  true  light. 
+
+25 
+
+The  mass  of  the  Swiss  population  follow  either  pastoral  or  agricultural 
+pursuits;  pastoral,  in  the  high  mountains,  agricultural  wherever  the  nature 
+of  the  ground  admits  of  it.  The  pastoral tribes, for tribes you may call them, 
+rank among  the  least civilized populations  of  Europe.  If  they  do  not cut off 
+heads and ears like the Turks and Montenegrians, they perform acts of hardly  30 
+less  barbarity  by  their  judicial  assemblies;  and  what  cruelty  and  beastly 
+ferocity  they  are capable of, the  Swiss mercenaries  at Naples  and elsewhere 
+have  proved.  The  agricultural population is  quite  as  stationary  as the pasto 
+ral;  they  have  nothing  in  common  with  the  agricultural  population  of  the 
+American  Far  West,  whose  very  aliment  is  change,  and  who  clear  every  35 
+twelvemonth  an  amount  of  land  far  larger  than  all  Switzerland.  The  Swiss 
+peasant tills  the patch of ground his  father  and grandfather tilled before him; 
+he  tills  it  in  the  same  slovenly  way  as  they  did;  he  earns  about as  much as 
+they  did;  he Uves  about as  they  did,  and consequently he thinks very nearly 
+in the  same way as  they did. Had it not been for feudal burdens and imposts  40 
+levied upon them,  partly by aristocratic families,  partly by patrician corpora-
+
+128 
+
+Political  Position of the Swiss  Republic 
+
+5 
+
+tions  in  the  towns,  the  Swiss  peasantry  would  always  have  been  quite  as 
+stationary  in  their  political  existence  as  their  neighbors,  the  cowherds,  are 
+up to the present day. The third component of the Swiss people, the industrial 
+population,  although  necessarily  far  more  advanced in civilization than the 
+two  classes  mentioned  before,  yet live  under  circumstances  which  exclude 
+them in  a great degree from the progressive giant impulse which the  modern 
+manufacturing  system  has  imparted  to  Western  Europe.  Steam  is  hardly 
+known  in  Switzerland;  large  factories  exist  in  a  few  localities  only;  the 
+cheapness of labor, the  sparseness of the population, the  abundance of small 
+1 o mountain-streams fit for mills ; all these and many other circumstances tend 
+to  produce  a petty and  sporadic  sort of manufactures mixed up with agricul 
+tural  pursuits,  the  most  eligible  industrial  system  for  Switzerland.  Thus 
+watch-making,  ribbon-weaving,  straw-plaiting,  embroidery, etc.  are carried 
+on  in  several cantons,  without ever creating  or even increasing  a town;  and 
+15  Geneva  and  Basle,  the  richest,  and with  Zurich,  the most industrial  towns, 
+have  hardly  increased  for  centuries.  If,  then,  Switzerland  carries  on  her 
+manufacturing  production  almost  exclusively  upon  the  system  in  practice 
+all  over  Europe  before  the  invention  of  steam,  how  can  we  expect  to  find 
+other  than  corresponding  ideas  in  the  minds  of the producers;  if  steam  has 
+20  not revolutionized  Swiss  production and intercommunication, how could it 
+
+overthrow  the  hereditary  ways  of  thinking? 
+
+The  Hungarian  Constitution bears  a certain resemblance  to  that  of  Great 
+Britain,  which  circumstance  has  been  turned  to  good  account  by  Magyar 
+politicans,  who  thence  would  make  us  jump  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
+25  Hungarian  nation  is  almost  as  advanced  as  the  English;  and  yet  there  are 
+many  hundreds  of  miles  and  of  years  between  the  petty  tradesman  of Buda 
+and  the  Cotton  lord  of  Lancashire,  or  between  the  traveling  tinker  of  the 
+Puszta  and  the  Chartist working-man of  a British manufacturing metropolis. 
+Thus,  Switzerland  would give itself the  airs  of  a United  States  on a  smaller 
+30 scale ; but barring the superficial resemblance of political institutions, no two 
+countries  are  more  unlike  than  ever-moving,  ever-changing  America,  with 
+a  historical  mission  whose  immensity  people  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic 
+are  but  just beginning  to  divine,  and  stationary  Switzerland,  whose  never-
+ending  petty  distractions  would  result  in the  perpetual round-about  motion 
+35  within the  narrowest circle,  were  she not in spite of herself dragged forward 
+
+by  the  industrial  advance  of  her  neighbors. 
+
+Whoever  doubts this, will be  satisfied after a perusal of the history of Swiss 
+railways.  Were  it  not  for  the  traffic  from  south  to  north  moving  round 
+Switzerland  on both  sides,  not  a railroad  would  ever  have been constructed 
+in that country.  As  it is,  they  are  made  twenty  years  too  late. 
+
+40 
+
+The  French  invasion  of  1798,  and  the  French  revolution  of  1830,  gave 
+
+129 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+5 
+
+occasion  to  the peasantry to throw off their feudal burdens; to the manufac 
+turing  and  trading  population  to  throw  off  the  mediaeval  yoke  of  patrician 
+and  corporative  control.  With  this  progress  the  revolution  of  Cantonal 
+Government  was  completed.  The  more  advanced  Cantons  had  obtained 
+constitutions  to  suit their  interests.  This  Cantonal  revolution reacted  upon 
+the  Central  Representation Assembly  and  Executive. The party vanquished 
+in the individual Cantons was here strong; the struggle was fought over again. 
+The  general  political  movement  of  1840—'47,  which  everywhere  in  Europe 
+brought  about  preUminary  conflicts,  or prepared  decisive  collisions,  was  in 
+all second and third-rate States—thanks to the jealousies of the great powers— 10 
+favorable  to  the  opposition,  which  may  be  described  as  the  middle-class 
+party.  It was the  case, too,  in  Switzerland; the moral  support of Britain, the 
+indecision  of  Guizot,  the  difficulties  which  kept  Metternich  at bay in Italy, 
+carried  the  Swiss  over the  Sonderbund war; the party which had been victo 
+rious  in the liberal Cantons in  1830 now conquered the Central Powers. The  15 
+revolutions  of  1848  made  it  possible  for  the  Swiss  to  reform  their  feudal 
+constitutions  in  accordance  with  the  new  political  organization  of  the  ma 
+jority  of  the  Cantons;  and  now  we  may  say  that  Switzerland  has  attained 
+the  highest  political  development  of  which  she,  as  an independent State, is 
+capable.  That the  new federal constitution is  quite  adequate to the wants of  20 
+the  country,  the  constant  reforms  in  the  monetary  system,  the  means  of 
+communication,  and  other  legislative  matters  affecting  the  industry  of  the 
+country,  abundantly  show;  but,  alas!  these reforms  are  of a nature that any 
+other  State  would  be  ashamed  of,  on  account  of  the  mass  of  traditionary 
+nuisances,  and the  antediluvian state of society, the existence of which, up  25 
+to  that  date  they  disclose. 
+
+What,  at most,  can  be  said  in  favor  of  the  Swiss  Constitution  of  1848  is 
+this:  that by  its  enactment  the  more civilized portion of the  Swiss  declared 
+themselves  willing  to  pass,  to  a  certain  extent,  from  the  middle  ages  into 
+modern society.  Whether, however, they will at any time be able to do away  30 
+with  privileged  trades'  corporations,  guilds,  and  such-like  mediaeval  ameni 
+ties,  must  remain  very  doubtful  to  any one  who has  the least knowledge  of 
+the  country,  and who has  seen in a single instance the  strenuous  efforts with 
+which respectable  "vested interests"  oppose even the most matter-of-course 
+reform. 
+
+35 
+
+Thus  we  see  the  Swiss, true to  their  character, moving on quietly in then-
+own restricted domestic circle  while the  year  1848  uprooted  all the  stability 
+of the  European Continent around them. The revolutions of Paris, of Vienna, 
+of  Berlin,  of  Milan,  were  by  them  reduced  to  as  many  levers  of  Cantonal 
+intrigue.  The  European earthquake had even for the radical Swiss no other  40 
+interest but  this—that it  might vex  some  conservative  neighbor by upsetting 
+
+130 
+
+Political  Position  of  the  Swiss  Republic 
+
+his  crockery.  In  the  struggle  for  Italian  independence  Sardinia  solicited  an 
+alliance  with  Switzerland,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  an  addition  to  the 
+Sardinian  army  of  20  or  30,000  Swiss  would  have  very  soon  driven  the 
+Austrians  out  of  Italy.  When  15,000  Swiss  in  Naples  were  fighting  against 
+Italian  liberty  it  certainly  might  be  expected  that  Switzerland,  in  order  to 
+maintain  her  boasted  "neutrality, " should  send  an  equal number  to  fight for 
+the  Italians;  but  the  alliance  was  rejected  and  the  cause  of  Italian  inde 
+pendence  was  lost  as  much  through  Swiss  as  through  Austrian  bayonets. 
+Then  came  the  disasters  of  the  revolutionary  party,  and  the  wholesale 
+emigration from Italy,  from France, from Germany, to the neutral Swiss  soil. 
+But there  neutrality ceased;  Swiss  radicalism  was  satisfied  with what it had 
+achieved,  and  the  very  insurgents,  who,  by holding in check the  tutors  and 
+natural  superiors  of  Switzerland,  the  absolutist  governments  of  the  Con 
+tinent, had enabled the  Swiss to carry out their internal reform undisturbed— 
+these  very  insurgents  were  now  treated  in  Switzerland with every  possible 
+insult  and  turned  out  of  the  country  at the  first bidding of their persecutors. 
+Then  began  that  series  of  degradation  and  insult  which  one  neighboring 
+government  after  another  heaped  upon Switzerland,  and  which  would  make 
+the  blood  of  every  Swiss  boil  if  Swiss  nationality  had  any  foundation  and 
+Swiss  independence  any  existence  other  than  in  boast  or  fame. 
+
+Never  has  such  treatment  been  offered  to  any  people  as  the  Swiss  have 
+been made  to  submit to by  France,  Austria,  Prussia,  and the  minor  German 
+States.  Never  were  demands  half  as  humiliating  made  upon  any  country, 
+without  being  resented  by  a  struggle  for  life  or  death.  The  surrounding 
+Governments, by their agents, presumed to exercise the office of Police upon 
+the  Swiss  territory;  they  exercised  it  not  only  over  the  refugees,  but  over 
+the  Swiss Police officers  also.  They laid complaints  against subaltern agents, 
+and demanded their dismissal; they even went so far as to hint at the necessity 
+of changes in the Constitutions of several Cantons. As for the Swiss Govern 
+ment,  to  every  bolder  demand,  it  gave  an  humbler  reply;  and whenever its 
+words  breathed  a  spirit  of  opposition,  its  acts  were  sure  to  make  up  for  it 
+by  increased  subserviency.  Insult  after  insult was pocketed,  command after 
+command  was  executed,  until  Switzerland  was  brought  down to  the  lowest 
+level  of  European contempt,—till  she  was  more  despised than  even her  two 
+"neutral"  rivals,  Belgium  and  Greece.  And  now,  when  the demands  of her 
+chief  assailant,  Austria,  have  reached  that  hight  of  impudence  which  even 
+a  statesman of  the  temper  of  M. Druey  could  hardly  swallow, without some 
+show  of resistance—now,  in  her  most recent,  most  spirited  notes  to  Vienna, 
+she  shows  how  far  she  is  reduced. 
+
+The  champions  of  Italian independence,—men who, far from  showing any 
+wicked  Socialist  or  Communist  tendencies,  would,  perhaps,  not even go to 
+
+131 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+the  length  of  wishing  for  Italy  the  same  Constitution  as  that  under  which 
+Switzerland  Uves—men  who  have  and  make  no  claim  to  the  demagogical 
+celebrity  even  of  Mazzini,  are  there  treated  as  assassins,  incendiaries, 
+brigands,  and upsetters of all social order.  As to  Mazzini,  the language is of 
+course  far  stronger;  and  yet  everybody  knows  that  Mazzini,  with  all  his 
+conspiracies  and insurrections,  is  as  much a supporter of  social order,  as  at 
+present  constituted,  as  M.Druey  himself.  Thus,  the  result  of  the  whole 
+exchange  of  notes  is,  that,  in  principle,  the  Swiss  give  in  to  the  Austrians. 
+How,  then,  is  it  to  be  expected  they  will  not  give  in  in practise? 
+
+5 
+
+The  fact  is  this:  Any  bold  and  persistent  Government  can  get  from  the  10 
+
+Swiss  what  it likes.  The isolated  life  which the  mass  of them lead,  deprives 
+them  of  all  sense  of  their  common  interest  as  a  nation.  That  a village,  or a 
+valley,  or  a canton  should  stick together is no wonder. But, to  stick together 
+as  a  Nation  for  a  common  purpose,  be  what  it  may,  they  never  will.  In  all 
+invasions, as  soon as the danger becomes  serious, as in  1798, one Swiss has  15 
+betrayed  the  other,  one  Canton  abandoned  the  next.  The  Austrians  have 
+expelled  18,000  Tessinese  from  Lombardy,  without  any  cause.  The  Swiss 
+make  a  great  outcry  about  it  and  collect  money  for  their  unfortunate  con 
+federates.  Now,  let  Austria hold out,  and continue to prohibit the return of 
+these  Tessinese,  and  in  a  very  short time  you  will  see  a wonderful  change  20 
+in  Swiss  opinion.  They will get tired of collecting  money, they will  say that 
+the  Tessinese  always  meddled  in  Italian  politics  and  deserved no better;  in 
+fact  they  are  no  true  Swiss  confederates  (Keine guten  Eidgenossen).  Then 
+the  expelled  Tessinese  will  settle  in  the  other  cantons  of  Switzerland  and 
+"turn  the  natives  out  of  employment."  For  in  Switzerland  a  man  is  not  a  25 
+Swiss,  but  a native of  such and  such a canton. And when that comes to pass, 
+then  you  will  see  our  brave  confederates  muster  up  their indignation, then 
+you  will  see  intrigues  of  all  sorts  directed  against  the  victims  of  Austrian 
+despotism, then you will see the Tessinese Swiss as much hated, persecuted, 
+calumniated  as  the  foreign refugees  were  during their  time  in Switzerland,  30 
+and  then  Austria  will  obtain  everything  she  wants  and  a great deal  more  if 
+she  takes  the  trouble  to  ask  for  it. 
+
+When  the  nations  of  Europe  have  recovered  their  faculty  of  free  and 
+normal  action they  will take into consideration what is to be done with these 
+petty  "neutral" States,  which while  subservient to  counter-revolution when  35 
+it is ascendant, are neutral and even hostile to every revolutionary movement 
+and  yet pass  themselves  off  as free  and  independent Nations.  But, perhaps, 
+by  that  time,  not  a  trace  will be  left  of  these  excrescences  of  an  unsound 
+body. 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+40 
+
+132 
+
+K a rl  M a rx  /  F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  R o c k et  A f f a i r — T he  S w i ss 
+
+I n s u r r e c t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3768, 14. Mai 1853 
+
+The  Rocket  Affair—The  Swiss  Insurrection. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  Ν. Y. Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  April  29,  1853. 
+
+The  notorious  Polizei-Director Stieber,  accompanied  by  the  Police  Lieuten-
+5  ant,  Goldheim,  and the  Criminal-Rath, Nòrner, arrived here a few days ago, 
+from  Berlin,  on  the  special  mission  of  connecting the  Rotherhithe  gunpow 
+der-plot  with  the  Calabrian  hat-conspiracy  at  Berlin.  I  know,  from  private 
+information,  that  they  met  at  Kensington,  in  the  house  of  Fleury,  and that 
+the  ex-clerk  Hirsch  was  also  present  at  that  meeting.  A  day  later the  same 
+10  Hirsch had a secret interview with Mr. Kraemer, thé Russian consul. If your 
+readers  recollect  my  letter  on  the  Cologne  trials,  they  must  be  aware,  that 
+the  identical  personages  who  concocted  that  plot,  are  again  at  work. 
+
+On  Saturday,  23d  inst.,  proceedings  were  commenced, before Mr. Henry, 
+the Bow-st. Police  Magistrate, against Mr. Hale, the proprietor of the Rother-
+15  hithe  rocket  manufactory,  where  the  Government  seizure  had  been  made. 
+On that day, the question discussed was  merely relating to the point, whether 
+the  explosive material under  seizure was gunpowder, or not.  Mr. Henry who 
+had  reserved  his  decision  until  yesterday,  has  now  pronounced,  contra 
+dictorily  Mr. Ure,  the  celebrated  chemist's  opinion,  that it  was  gunpowder. 
+20  Accordingly,  he  fined  Mr. Hale  2s.  for  every pound of gunpowder, beyond 
+the  legal  allowance,  found  in  his  possession,  which  quantity  amounted  to 
+57 lbs.  W. Hale, R. Hale, his  son,  and J. Boylin, then appeared at the side bar 
+to  answer the  charge  of having,  at various  intervals, between  Sept.  13,1852 
+and  April  13,  1853,  made  or  caused  to  be  made  divers  large  quantities  of 
+rockets.  Mr. Bodkin,  the  Government solicitor,  stated that Mr. W. Hale  had 
+made  several  unsuccessful  applications  to  the  British  Government  with 
+regard  to  his  rockets, that from  October,  1852,  a great number  of  workmen 
+had  been  employed  by  him,  some  of whom were  foreign refugees;  that the 
+
+25 
+
+133 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+whole  of  their  proceedings  had  been  carried  on  in  the  greatest  possible 
+secrecy,  and  that  the  shipping  records  at  the  Customs  refuted  Mr. Hale's 
+statement of having been an exporter through the Customs. At the conclusion 
+he  said:  "The  cost  of  the  rockets  found  in  possession  of  Mr. Hale,  was 
+estimated  at  from  £1,000  to  £2,000.  Where  did  the  money  come  from? 
+Mr. Hale  was  only  lately  a  bankrupt,  and  superseded  his  bankruptcy  by 
+paying only 3s.  in  the  pound."  J. Sanders,  a  sergeant of the Detective Police 
+stated,  that he took possession of "1,543 loaded rockets, 3,629 rocket heads, 
+2,489  rocket bottoms,  1,955  empty  rockets,  22  iron  shot,  2  instruments  for 
+firing rockets." A witness,  Mr. Usener,  next appeared, who said that he had  10 
+been  for  15  years  an  officer  in  the  Prussian  artillery,  and  served  in  the 
+Hungarian  war  as  Major  of  the  staff.  He was employed by the Messrs.  Hale 
+in  making  rockets  at  Rotherhithe.  Before  going  to  the  factory  he  had been 
+in  prison  for  theft  for  five  or  six  months  at  Maidstone,  to  which  step  he 
+declared  he  had  been  driven by  utter  destitution.  The  most important part  15 
+of  his  deposition  was  literally  as  follows: 
+
+5 
+
+"I was  introduced  to  the  Hales  by M. Kossuth;  I first  saw  M. Kossuth on 
+the  subject  last  summer,  on  his  return  from  America;  about  the  middle  of 
+September  I  saw  the  elder  Mr. Hale  in  the  company  of  M. Kossuth,  at  the 
+house  of  the  latter;  a Hungarian,  the  adjutant,  was  also  there;  M. Kossuth  20 
+said to Mr. Hale,  'This  person was in the Hungarian service, and a late officer 
+of  the  Prussian  artillery,  and  I  can recommend  him  to  your employ to assist 
+in making ourrockets, or your rockets,' I don't remember which was the word 
+he  said;  M. Kossuth  said my wages  should be  18s.  per week,  and he recom 
+mended  me  to  keep  the  affair  quite  secret;  Mr. Hale,  he  said,  would  point  25 
+out  what  I  was  to  do;  M. Kossuth  spoke partly in the  Hungarian  and partly 
+in the  English language;  I believe Mr. Hale does not understand the German 
+language.  The  word  secret was  said  to  me  in  German;  I  was  sent to  Pimlico 
+by R. Hale  to  see M. Kossuth; I saw M. Kossuth at Pickering Place; W. Hale 
+and  another  Hungarian were  there;  we  went to  try  a firing  machine; when  30 
+we were  all together,  the machine was  set up,  and  a trial was  made with the 
+rockets;  the  conversation took place partly in English, and chiefly about the 
+quality  of  the  rockets  etc.;  we  were  there  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  when  it 
+was all over, M. Kossuth and Mr. Hale desired us to leave the house carefully, 
+one by one, and Mr. Hale joined us at the corner of the street; on this occasion  35 
+M. Kossuth  repeatedly  told  us  to  keep  his  connection  with  the  rockets  se 
+cret." 
+
+W.Gerlach,  another  German,  was  then examined  through  an interpreter. 
+He  was  employed  at  Mr. Hale's  factory,  in  making  rockets.  There  were, 
+besides  him,  three  Hungarians.  He  was  recommended  to  Mr. Hale  by  40 
+M. Kossuth,  but  he  never  saw  them  in  company  together. 
+
+134 
+
+The  Rocket  Affair—The  Swiss  Insurrection 
+
+Mr. Henry, who had the alternative of committing summarily in the penalty 
+of £5,  or  sending the  case before  the Assizes,  adopted the latter course, but 
+was  willing  to  accept bail  for  each  of  the  Hales.  Mr. W. Hale  declared  that 
+he  would  not  ask  any friend to become bail, either for himself or for his  son, 
+and  accordingly  the  defendants were removed to  Horsemonger-lane Jail. 
+
+5 
+
+The  depositions  of  the  witnesses,  it  is  clear,  are  in  strong  contradiction 
+with  the  letter  of Mr. Hale, Jr.;  the  substance  of which I have  already com 
+municated  to  you,  and,  with  the  letters  addressed  by  Kossuth  to  Captain 
+Mayne  Reid  and  Lord  Dudley  Stuart,  wherein  he  affirmed  he knew nothing 
+10  either of Mr. Hale, or his rockets. It would be unjust, however, to draw any 
+inference  from  this  circumstance,  before  further  explanations  shall  have 
+been given by M. Kossuth. As to Mr. Usener, is it not a shame that a talented 
+countryman  of  ours  in  exile,  and  a  man  most  willing  to  labor,  as  is  proved 
+by  the  fact  of  his  agreeing to become  an  ordinary workman at  18s.  a week, 
+should have  been driven by mere  destitution to  theft, while certain German 
+refugees,  notorious  idlers,  assume  the  privilege  of  squandering  the  small 
+funds  destined for the revolutionists, in self-imposed missionary trips, ridicu 
+lous  plots,  and  public  house  conciliabules! 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+On  Friday,  the  22d  inst.,  an  insurrection  broke  out  again  at  Fribourg,  in 
+20  Switzerland,  the  fifth,  already,  since  the  late  Sonderbund  war.  The  in 
+surrection  was  to  be  commenced  simultaneously  all  over  the  surface  of  the 
+canton;  but  at  the  given  moment,  the  majority  of  the  conspirators  did  not 
+come forward. Three  "colonnes," who had promised their cooperation in the 
+affair,  remained behind.  The insurgents, who actually entered the town, were 
+chiefly  from  the  district  of  Farvagny,  and  from  the  communes  of  Autigny, 
+Prez,  Torny,  Middes,  and  other  neighborhoods.  At  4ll2  a.m.  the  body  of 
+400  peasants,  all  wearing  the  colors  of  the  Sonderbund,  and  carrying  the 
+emblem of the Virgin on their standard, moved towards Fribourg, on the road 
+from  Lausanne,  headed  by  Colonel  Perrier,  and  the  notorious  peasant 
+30  Carrard,  the  chief  of  the  insurrection of  1851,  who  had been amnestied by 
+the  Grosse-Rath.  About  5  o'clock they entered the town,  by the  "Porte  des 
+Etangs,"  and  took  possession  of  the  College  and  the  Arsenal,  where  they 
+seized  150  guns.  Alarm  having  been  beaten,  the  town  council  immediately 
+declared the  state  of  siege,  and  Major  Gerbex  assumed the command of the 
+35 assembled civic guard. While he ordered the streets at the back of the college 
+to be occupied with cannon, he pushed a body of riflemen forward, to  attack 
+the  insurgents  in  front.  The  riflemen  advanced  up  the  two  flights  of  steps, 
+leading  to  the  college,  and  soon  dislodged  the  peasants  from  the  windows 
+of  the  buildings.  The combat had lasted for about an hour, and the assailants 
+40  already  numbered  eight  dead  and  eighteen wounded,  when  the  insurgents, 
+attempting  in  vain  to  escape  through  the  back  streets,  where  they  were 
+
+135 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+received  with grape  shot,  sent forth a priest with a white flag, declaring then-
+readiness  to  surrender. 
+
+A  Committee  of  the  Civic  Guard instantly formed  a Courtmartial, which 
+condemned  Col.Perrier  to  thirty  years'  imprisonment,  and  which  is  still 
+sitting. The number of prisoners is about two hundred, among whom Messrs. 
+Wuilleret,  Week  and  Chollet.  M. Charles,  the  president  of  the  well-known 
+Committee  at Posieux,  has been seen at the gate of Romont, but not captured. 
+Besides  the  parson of Torny le  Grand,  two  other priests  are  included in the 
+number  of  prisoners.  As  to  the  expenses  of  the  affair,  the  canton  appears 
+to  be  safe,  half  the  property  of  the  patrician,  Mr. Week,  being  sufficient for 
+that  object. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+136 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A f f a i rs 
+
+in  H o l l a n d — D e n m a r k-
+
+C o n v e r s i on  of  t he  B r i t i sh  D e b t — I n d i a,  T u r k ey  a nd  R u s s ia 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3790,  9. Juni  1853 
+
+Affairs  in  Holland—Denmark-
+Conversion of  the  British Debt-
+India, Turkey and Russia. 
+
+5 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  May 24,  1853. 
+
+The  general  elections  in  Holland,  necessitated by  the  late  dissolution of  the 
+States-General,  are  now  completed,  and  the  result has been the  return of a 
+majority  of  12  in  favor  of  the  Ultra-Protestant  and  Royalist  ministry. 
+
+Denmark is  by  this  time inundated with anti-governmental pamphlets, the 
+10  most  prominent  of  which  are  the  "Dissolution  of  Parliament  explained  to  the 
+Danish  People, " by  Mr. Grundvig,  and  one  anonymous  entitled  "The  disr 
+puted  question  of  the  Danish  succession;  or  what is  to  be  done  by  the Powers 
+of  Europe."Both  these  pamphlets  aim  at  proving  that  the  abolition  of  the 
+ancient law  of  succession  as  demanded by the ministry and stipulated in the 
+15  London protocol, would turn to the ruin of the  country, by converting it, in 
+the  first  instance,  into  a  province  of  Holstein,  and  later  into  a dependency 
+of  Russia. 
+
+Thus,  it  appears,  the  Danish  people  have  at  last  become  aware  of  what 
+their blind opposition to  the  demands for independence raised by the duchies 
+20  of  Schleswig-Holstein  in  1848  has  brought  over  them.  They  insisted  upon 
+their country's permanent union with Holstein, for which purpose they made 
+war  on the  German revolution—they won in that war, and they have retained 
+Holstein.  But,  in  exchange  for  that conquest,  they are now doomed to lose 
+their  own  country.  The  Neue Rheinische  Zeitung in  '48  and  '49  never  ceased 
+to warn the Danish Democrats of the ultimate consequences of their hostility 
+to  the  German  revolution.  It  distinctly  predicted  that  Denmark,  by  con-
+
+25 
+
+137 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+tributing  to  disarm  revolution  abroad,  was  tying  itself forever  to  a  dynasty 
+which,  as  the  legitimate  course  of  succession had obtained its  sanction  and 
+validity  through  their  own  consent,  would  surrender their  nationality  to  the 
+"bon plaisir"  of the Russian czar.  The Danish democracy refused to act upon 
+that advice, and are now receiving the  same price for their short-sighted folly 
+as  the  Bohemian  Sclaves  did,  who,  in  order  to  "preserve  their  nationality 
+against the  Germans,"  rushed to the destruction of the Viennese revolution 
+ists,  their  only  possible  liberators  from  that  German  despotism  which they 
+hated.  Is  not this  a grave  lesson  which  is  now  being received by these  two 
+peoples,  who  allowed  themselves  to  be  arrayed  in self-destructive warfare  10 
+against  the  cause  of  the  revolution,  by  the  intrigues  of  the  counter-revolu 
+tion? 
+
+5 
+
+Now  that Mr. Gladstone's  scheme  for the reduction of the public debt has 
+passed  through  Parliament,  and  is  undergoing  its  practical  test,  his  apolo 
+gists—and  almost the  entire  London press  seemed highly to  approve of that  15 
+famous  scheme—have  all  of  them  become  mute  at  once.  Mr. Gladstone's 
+three  alternatives  for  voluntarily  converting  the  five  hundred  millions  of  3 
+per cents.,  turn out so  very  innocent, that none  of them has  as  yet met with 
+an  acceptation  worth  mentioning.  —As  to  the  conversion  of  the  South  Sea 
+stock,  up to the  evening of May  19 only £100,000 out of the £10,000,000 had  20 
+been  converted  into  new  stock.  It  is  a general  rule  that  such operations, if 
+not  effected  in  the  first weeks,  lose  every  day  something  of  the  probability 
+of  their  being  carried  out  at all.  Besides, the rate  of  interest is  just rising in 
+slow  but  steady  progression.  It  is,  therefore,  almost  an  exaggeration  to 
+suppose that ten millions of old paper will be converted into new stock within  25 
+the  time  fixed  for  that  operation.  But  even  in  this  case,  Mr. Gladstone  will 
+have  to  repay  at least eight millions of pounds to those holders of  South Sea 
+Funds,  who  are unwilling to  convert them into his new stock. The only fund 
+he  has  provided  for  such  an  eventuality  is  the  public  balance  at  the  Bank 
+of  England,  amounting  to  about  eight  or  nine  millions.  As  this  balance,  30 
+however,  is  no  excess  of income  over expenditure, but is  only lodged in the 
+Bank, because the public income is paid a few months in advance of the time 
+when  it  is  necessary to  expend  it, Mr. Gladstone will find himself at a future 
+moment in a very heavy financial embarrassment, which will produce, at the 
+same  time,  a  most  serious  disturbance  in  the  monetary transactions  of  the  35 
+Bank and in the money market in general, the more so as a presumed deficient 
+crop  will  cause  a  more  or  less  extensive  drain  of  bullion. 
+
+The  charter of the East India Company expires in  1854.  Lord John Russell 
+has  given  notice  in  the  House  of  Commons,  that  the  Government  will  be 
+enabled to state, through Sir Charles Wood, their views respecting the future 40 
+Government  of  India,  on the 3d of June.  A hint has been thrown out in some 
+
+138 
+
+Holland—Denmark—Conversion  of  the  British  Debt—India,  Turkey  and  Russia 
+
+ministerial  papers,  in  support of the  already credited  public rumor,  that the 
+coalition have found the means of reducing even this colossal Indian question 
+to  almost  Liliputian  dimensions.  The  Observer  prepares  the  mind  of  the 
+English  people  to  undergo  a new  disenchantment.  "Much less,"  we read in 
+that  confidential  journal  of  Aberdeen,  "than  is  generally  supposed  will 
+remain to be done in the new organization for the Government of our Eastern 
+Empire."  Much less even than is  supposed, will have to be done by my lords 
+Russell  and  Aberdeen. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The  leading features of the proposed change appear to consist in two very 
+small  items.  Firstly,  the  Board  of  Directors  will  be  "refreshed"  by  some 
+additional  members,  appointed  directly  by  the  Crown,  and  even  this  new 
+blood  will  be  infused  "sparingly  at  first."  The  cure  of  the  old  directorial 
+system  is  thus  meant to  be  applied,  so that the portion of blood now infused 
+with  "great  caution"  will  have  ample  time  to  come  to  a  standstill  before 
+15  another  second  infusion  will  be  proceeded  upon.  Secondly,  the  union  of 
+Judge  and  of  Exciseman  in one  and the  same person,  will be put an end  to, 
+and  the  Judges  shall  be  educated  men.  Does  it  not  seem,  on  hearing  such 
+propositions,  as  if  one  were  transported back into  that earliest period of the 
+middle-ages,  when the feudal lords began to be replaced  as  Judges, by law-
+20  yers  who  were  required,  at  any  rate,  to  have  a knowledge  of  reading  and 
+
+writing? 
+
+25 
+
+The  "Sir  Charles  Wood"  who,  as  President of  the  Board  of  Control, will 
+bring  forward  this  sensible  piece  of  reform,  is the  same timber who, under 
+the late Whig Administration, displayed such eminent capacities of mind,  tiiat 
+the  Coalition  were  at  a dreadful loss  what to  do  with him,  till they hit upon 
+the  idea  of  making  him  over  to  India.  Richard the  Third  offered  a  kingdom 
+for a horse—the  Coalition offers an ass for a kingdom.  Indeed, if the present 
+official  idiocy  of  an  Oligarchical  Government  be  the  expression  of  what 
+England can do now, the time of England's ruling the world must have passed 
+
+30  away. 
+
+35 
+
+On former  occasions  we  have  seen that the Coalition had invariably some 
+fitting  reason  for  postponing  every,  even  the  smallest  measure.  Now, with 
+respect  to  India  their  postponing  propensities  are  supported  by  the  public 
+opinion  of two worlds.  The people of England and the people of India simul-
+taneously  demand  the postponement of  all the legislation on Indian affairs, 
+until the voice  of  the  natives  shall have  been heard, the necessary materials 
+collected,  the  pending  inquiries  completed.  Petitions  have  already  reached 
+Downing-st, from the three Presidencies, deprecating precipitate legislation. 
+The  Manchester  School  have  formed  an  "Indian  Society"  which  they  will 
+40  put immediately into motion, to get up public meetings in the metropolis and 
+throughout  the  country,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing  any legislation on the 
+
+139 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+subject  for  this  session.  Besides,  two  Parliamentary  Committees  are  now 
+sitting  with  a  view  to  report  respecting  the  state  of  affairs  in  the  Indian 
+Government.  But  this  time  the  Coalition  Ministry  is  inexorable.  It  will  not 
+wait  for  the  publication  of  any  Committee's  advice.  It  wants  to  legislate 
+instantly  and directly for  150 millions of people, and to legislate for 20 years 
+at  once.  Sir  Charles  Wood  is  anxious  to  establish  his  claim  as  the  modern 
+Manu.  Whence,  of  a  sudden,  this  precipitate  legislative  rush  of  our  "cau 
+tious"  political  valetudinarians? 
+
+5 
+
+They want to  renew  the  old  Indian Charter for  a period  of 20 years. They 
+avail  themselves  of  the  eternal  pretext  of  Reform.  Why?  The  English  oli-  10 
+garchy  have  a  presentiment  of  the  approaching  end  of  their  days  of  glory, 
+and they have a very justifiable desire to conclude such a treaty with English 
+legislation,  that even in the case of England's escaping soon from their weak 
+and rapacious hands, they shall still retain for themselves and their associates 
+the  privilege  of plundering India for  the  space  of 20 years. 
+
+15 
+
+On Saturday last dispatches  were received by telegraph from Brussels and 
+Paris,  with  news  from  Constantinople  to  May  13.  Immediately  after  their 
+arrival  a  Cabinet-Council was  held  at the  Foreign-Office,  which  sat  3  hours 
+and  a half.  On the  same  day orders were  sent by Telegraph to the Admiralty 
+at Portsmouth, directing the departure of two steam-frigates, the London 90, 20 
+and  Sanspareil  71,  from  Spithead  for  the  Mediterranean.  The  Highflyer 
+steam-frigate  21,  and  Odin  steam-frigate  16,  are  also  under  orders  for 
+sea. 
+
+What  were  the  contents  of  these  dispatches  which  threw  ininisters  into 
+
+so  sudden  an  activity,  and  interrupted  the  quiet  dulness  of  England? 
+
+25 
+
+You  know  that  the  question  of  the  Holy  Shrines  had  been  settled  to  the 
+satisfaction  of  Russia,  and  according  to  the  assurances  of  the  Russian 
+Embassy  at  Paris  and  London,  Russia  asked  for  no  other  satisfaction than 
+a priority share in those holy places. The objects of Russian diplomacy were 
+merely  of  such  a  chivalric character,  as were  those  of  Frederic  Barbarossa  30 
+and Richard Cœur de Lion. This, at least, we were told by  The Times. "But," 
+says  the  Journal  des  Débats,  "on  the  5th  of  May  the  Russian  steam-frigate 
+Bessarabia  arrived  from  Odessa,  having  on  board  a  Russian  Colonel  with 
+dispatches  for  Prince  Menschikoff,  and  on  Saturday,  7th  inst.,  the  Prince 
+handed  to  the  Ministers  of the Porte the  draught of a convention or  special  35 
+treaty,  in which the new demands and pretensions were  set forth. This is the 
+document  called  the  ultimatum,  since  it  was  accompanied  by  a  very  brief 
+note,  fixing  Tuesday,  10th  May,  as  the  last day on which the  refusal or the 
+acceptance  of  the  Divan  could  be  received.  The  note  terminated  in  nearly 
+the  following words:  'If  the  Sublime  Porte  should  think  proper  to  respond  40 
+by  refusal,  the  Emperor  would be  compelled  to  see  in that  act the complete 
+
+140 
+
+Holland—Denmark—Conversion  of  the  British  Debt—India,  Turkey  and  Russia 
+
+want of respect for his person, and for Russia, and would receive intelligence 
+of  it  with  profound  regret.'" 
+
+The  principal  object of  this  treaty was to  secure to the Emperor of Russia 
+the  Protectorate  of  all  Greek  Christians  subject  to  the  Porte.  By the  treaty 
+5  of  Kutchuk-Kainardji,  concluded  at  the  close  of  the  18th century,  a Greek 
+chapel  was  allowed  to  be  erected  at  Constantinople,  and  the  privilege  was 
+granted  to  the  Russian  Embassy  of  interfering  in  instances  of  collision  of 
+the  priests  of that chapel with the Turks. This privilege was confirmed again 
+in  the  treaty  of  Adrianople.  What  Prince  Menchikoff  now  demands,  is  the 
+conversion of that exceptional privilege into the general Protectorate of the 
+whole  Greek  Church  in  Turkey,  i.e.,  of  the  vast majority of the population 
+of Turkey in Europe. Besides, he asks that the patriarchs of Constantinople, 
+Antiochia,  Alexandria,  and  Jerusalem,  as  well  as  the  metropohtan  arch 
+bishops,  shall  be  immovable,  unless  proved  guilty  of high-treason,  (against 
+the Russians,) and then only upon the consent of the  Czar—in other words, 
+he  demands  the  resignation  of  the  Sultan's  sovereignty  into  the  hands  of 
+Russia. 
+
+15 
+
+10 
+
+This was the news brought by the telegraph on Saturday: firstly, that Prince 
+Menschikoff  had  granted  a  further  delay  until  14th  i n s t,  for  the  answer to 
+20  his  ultimatum ;  that  then  a  change  in the  Turkish  Ministry ensued,  Reshid 
+Pasha,  the  antagonist of Russia, being appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, 
+and  Fuad  Effendi  reinstated  in  his  office;  lastly,  that the  Russian  ultimatum 
+had  been  rejected. 
+
+It would have been impossible for Russia to make more extensive demands 
+25  upon  Turkey,  after  a  series  of  signal victories.  This is the best proof of the 
+obstinacy with which she  clings to her inveterate notion, that every interreg 
+num  of  the  counter-revolution in  Europe  constitutes  a right for her to exact 
+concessions  from  the  Ottoman Empire.  And,  indeed,  since  the  first  French 
+revolution,  Continental  retrogression  has  ever  been  identical  with  Russian 
+30  progress in the East. But Russia is mistaken in confounding the present state 
+of  Europe  with  its  condition  after  the  congresses  of  Laybach  and  Verona, 
+or  even  after  the  peace  of  Tilsit.  Russia herself  is more  afraid of the revolu 
+tion  that  must  follow  any  general  war  on  the  Continent,  than  the  Sultan  is 
+afraid  of  the  aggression  of  the  Czar.  If  the  other  powers  hold firm,  Russia 
+is  sure  to  retire  in  a  very  decent  manner.  Yet,  be  this  as  it  may,  her  late 
+maneuvers  have,  at  all  events,  imparted  a  mighty  impetus  to  the  elements 
+engaged in disorganizing Turkey from within. The only question is this : Does 
+Russia  act  on  her  own free  impulse,  or  is  she  but  the  unconscious  and  re 
+luctant  slave  of  the  modern  fatum,  Revolution?  I  believe  the  latter  alterna-
+
+35 
+
+40  tive. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+141 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+M a z z i n i — S w i t z e r l a nd  a nd  A u s t r i a-
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3791,  10. Juni  1853 
+
+Mazzini—Switzerland  and Austria-
+The Turkish Question. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  May 27,  1853. 
+
+The  presence  of  M.Mazzini  in  England  is  now,  at  last,  confirmed  by  a 
+quasi-official  announcement  in  a  London  paper  connected  with  him. 
+
+5 
+
+The  trial  of  the  Messrs.  Hale,  on  account  of  the  "gunpowder-plot,"  will 
+not be brought before the present assizes, but will take place in August next, 
+the  Coalition-Government being  anxious  to  let  time  and oblivion interpose 
+between its  "discoveries"  and the judicial  discussion of  their value. 
+
+10 
+
+Count Karnicky, the Austrian  Chargé  d'Affaires  at Berne, received orders 
+from  his  Government,  on  the  21st  inst.,  to  quit  his  post  immediately,  and 
+return to Vienna,  after notifying the President of  the Helvetic Confederation 
+of  the  rupture  of diplomatic relations between Austria and Switzerland. The 
+Bund,  of  the  23d,  states,  however,  that  the  Austrian  Envoy  had  already  15 
+previously received permission to take a discretionary congé when he should 
+think  proper.  The  ultimatum  of  Count  Karnicky  is  declared  by  the  same 
+journal  to  be  the  answer  of  Austria to  the  note  of the  Bundesrath, of  May 4. 
+That  the  ultimatum  contained  something  beside  a  mere  answer,  may  be 
+inferred from the fact, that the Bundesrath has just called upon the Fribourg 
+Government  to  account  for  their  "extreme"  measures  recently  taken 
+against  the  defeated  rebels.  The  English journals  publish the  following dis 
+patch  from  Berne,  dated  May  23: 
+
+20 
+
+"In  consequence  of  the  notification made by the  Austrian Chargé  d'Affai 
+res  to  the  President  of  the  Helvetic  Confederation  of  the  rupture  of diplo-  25 
+matic  relations  between  Austria  and  Switzerland,  the  Federal  Council  has 
+decided  on  putting  an  immediate  end  to  the  functions  of  the  Swiss  Envoy 
+at  Vienna." 
+
+142 
+
+Mazzini—Switzerland  and  Austria—The  Turkish  Question 
+
+The  substance of this dispatch is, however, refuted by the following article 
+
+in  La  Suisse,  dated  May  23: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"We  are  about  in  the  same  situation  as  Piedmont.  The  negotiations  be 
+tween  the  two  countries  are  interrupted...  The  Austrian  Legation remains 
+at Berne for the disposal of the ordinary current of business. The  'Bund'says 
+that the  recall  of  the  Swiss Chargé d'Affaires  at Vienna was desirable,  since 
+he  drily  managed  there  his  own affairs on pretext of transacting those of the 
+nation,  for  he  was  merely  engaged  in  the  silk  trade.  Mr. Steiger  is  but  a 
+diplomatist of the  second-hand order, and  we  happen to  know that he under-
+stands  a great  deal  more  about  silkworms  than  about his  official  business. 
+There  was,  then, no  necessity for recalling  such  a diplomatist,  since he  had 
+never been commissioned, but was already at Vienna on his own account." 
+
+Let nobody imagine, therefore, that the Swiss are recalling to their memory 
+thé  celebrated  motto  with  which  Loustalot adorned, in  1789 his  Révolutions 
+
+15  de Paris: 
+
+Les  grands  ne  sont  pas  grands, 
+Que  parce  que  nous  sommes  à genoux. 
+—Levons  nous! 
+
+The mystery of the  Swiss courage is sufficiently explained by the presence 
+20  of  the  Duke  of  Genoa  at  Paris,  and that  of  the  King  of  Belgium  in  Vienna 
+and  perhaps  no  less  by  an  article  in the  French  Moniteur of  May  25th.  "No 
+other  nation  must ever  interpose  between  France and Switzerland;  all other 
+considerations  must  subside  before  this fundamental condition." The hopes 
+of  the  Prussian  King  for  the  recovery  of  Neufchâtel,  thus  obtain  no  great 
+encouragement.  A  rumor prevails,  even of the formation of  a French  corps 
+d'observation  on  the  frontiers  of  Switzerland.  Louis  Napoleon,  of  course, 
+would  be  but  too  glad  of  having  an  opportunity  to  revenge  himself  on  the 
+Emperors  of  Russia and  Austria,  and the  Kings  of  Prussia  and Belgium, for 
+the  contempt  and  ridicule  with which they have loaded him during the latter 
+
+25 
+
+30  months. 
+
+The  intelligence  I  transmitted  to  you  in  my  last,  of  the  rejection  of  the 
+Russian  ultimatum  and  of  the  formation  of  an  anti-Russian  Ministry  at 
+Constantinople  has  since  been  fully confirmed.  The  most  recent  dispatches 
+are  from  Constantinople,  of  May  17. 
+
+35 
+
+"On  assuming  office,  Reshid  Pasha requested from  Prince  Menchikoff  a 
+delay  of  six  days.  Menchikoff refused declaring diplomatic relations broken 
+off,  and  adding  that he  would  remain  at  Constantinople  three  days  more, to 
+make the necessary preparations for his departure, and he exhorted the Porte 
+to  reflection  and  to  profit  by  the  short  time  he  should  be  detained." 
+
+40 
+
+Under  date  of  Constantinople,  May  19,  we  further  learn: 
+
+143 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+"On  the  17th,  a  meeting  of  the  Divan was  held,  at  the  issue  of  which  it 
+was  definitively  resolved  that  the  convention,  as  proposed by Prince  Men-
+chikoff,  could not be  accepted.  Nevertheless, on this being notified to Prince 
+Menchikoff,  he  did  not quit Constantinople.  On the contrary, he has opened 
+new  communications  with  Reschid  Pasha.  The  day  of  the  departure  of  the 
+Russian  Embassy  is  no  longer  fixed." 
+
+Contradictorily  to  the  latter  dispatch,  the  French  government  evening 
+organ,  La  Patrie,  positively  announces  that  the  government  has  received 
+intelligence  that Prince  Menchikoff  has  taken his departure for Odessa, and 
+that  the  occurrence  had  occasioned  but  little  sensation  at  Constantinople. 
+The  Pays  agrees  with  this  statement,  but  is  contradicted  by  the  Presse. 
+Girardin  adds,  however,  that  if  the  news  was  correct,  it  might  easily  be 
+accounted  for. 
+
+"If  Prince  Menchikoff really departed from Bujukdere for Odessa, the fact 
+is  that,  having  failed  in  his  mission,  (manqué  son effet),  no  alternative  was 
+left  to  him  but  to  withdraw,  from  station  to  station." 
+
+Some  papers  assert  that  the  fleet  of  Admiral  Delasusse,  has  passed  the 
+Dardanelles,  and  is  now  at anchor in the  Golden  Horn,  but this  assertion is 
+contradicted  by  the  Morning  Post.  The  Triester Zeitung assures  its  readers 
+that, before giving an answer to Prince Menchikoff, the Porte had asked Lord 
+Redcliffe  and  M.  de  la  Cour  whether  it  could  eventually  count  upon  fheir 
+support.  To  this  The  Times  gives  its  solemn  contradiction. 
+
+I  now give  you  a literal translation from the Paris  Siècle, containing some 
+curious  details  with  respect  to  the  negotiations  from May 5  to  12th  at  Con 
+stantinople—an  exposure  of  the  ridiculous  behavior  of  Prince  Menchikoff, 
+who, in the whole of this transaction, has combined in a most disgusting style, 
+Northern  barbarity  with  Byzantine  duplicity,  and  has  succeeded  in making 
+Russia the  laughing-stock of Europe. This  "Grec du Bas-Empire" presumed 
+to  conquer  the  sovereignty  pver  a  whole  empire  by  mere  theatrical  per 
+formances.  For  Russia  there  remains  no  step  from  the  sublime  to  the  ridi 
+cule—a  ridicule  which  can  only  be  wiped  out  by  blood.  But  these  days  of 
+stockjobbing  moneyocracy  are  not the  days of chivalrous tournaments. The 
+article  in  the  Siècle  runs  thus:— 
+
+"On Thursday,  the  5th of  May,  the  day of departure of the French steam-
+packet,  the  Sublime  Porte  communicated  copies  of  the  firman resolving the 
+question  of  the  Holy  Places  to  M.  de la Cour  and  Prince  Menschikoff.  The 
+day passed  away  without any  declamation, without any démarche on the part 
+of  Prince  Menchikoff,  and  all  the  ambassadors,  thinking  that  question to be 
+settled,  profited  by the  departure  of  the  French  steamer,  for  the  announce 
+ment  of  the  happy  turn  of  affairs  to  their  respective  governments.  Prince 
+Menchikoff,  however,  who  had just accepted the firman respecting the Holy 
+
+144 
+
+Mazzini—Switzerland  and  Austria—The  Turkish  Question 
+
+10 
+
+Places,  dispatched,  as  soon  as  midnight  had  arrived,  a  common  cavas,  i.e. 
+a gens d'armes to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, with an ultimatum in which 
+he  demanded  a  sened (treaty)  containing  the  solution  of  the  Holy  Shrines' 
+question  and  the  future  guaranty  of  the  privileges  and  immunities  of  the 
+5  Greek  Church,  i.e.  the  most  extensive  protectorate  of  that  Church for  the 
+benefit of Russia,  such as would establish two distinct Emperors in Turkey— 
+the  Sultan for  the Mussulmans,  and the Czar for the Christians. For answer 
+ing this  ultimatum,  the Prince allowed only four days to the Porte, requiring, 
+besides,  an  immediate  acknowledgment  of  the  receipt  of  his  ultimatum  by 
+a government  officer.  The  Minister  of  Foreign Affairs  returned him a kind 
+of  receipt  by  his  aga,  an  inferior  officer  of  the  gendarmery.  The  Prince 
+dispatched  a  steamer  for  Odessa in the course of the  same night.  On Friday, 
+6th,  the  Sultan,  having  been  informed  of the presentation of the  ultimatum 
+by  such  an unusual  proceeding,  called together  the  Divan,  and gave  official 
+15  notice  to  Lord  Redcliffe  and  M.  de  la  Cour  of  what  had  happened.  Those 
+two  ambassadors  immediately  concerted  measures  for  a  common  policy, 
+advising  the  Porte  to  reject  the  ultimatum  with  the  greatest  moderation in 
+language  and  terms.  M.  de  la  Cour,  besides,  is  said to  have  most formally 
+declared  that  France  should  oppose  every  Convention  infringing  the  rights 
+secured  to  her  by  the  treaty  of  1740,  respecting  the  Holy  Places.  Prince 
+Menchikoff,  in the mean  time,  had  retired  to  Bujukdere  (like Achilles to his 
+tent.)  Mr. Carming,  on the 9th,  there requested an interview with the Prince 
+with  a  view  of  engaging  him  to  a more  moderate  conduct.  Refused.  On the 
+10th  the  Ministers  of  War  and  of Foreign Affairs, were at the Grand Vizir's, 
+25  who  had  invited  Prince  Menchikoff  to  join  him  there  for  the  purpose  of 
+attempting  to  arrive  at  a  reasonable  arrangement.  Refused.  Nevertheless, 
+Prince  Menchikoff  had  intimated  to  the  Porte  that he  was  inclined  to  grant 
+a further  delay  of  three  days.  Then,  however,  the  Sultan and his  Ministers 
+replied,  that  their  resolutions  were  taken  and  that  time  would  not modify 
+them.  This  negative  answer  of  the  Porte  was  sent toward  midnight  on the 
+10th,  to  Bujukdere,  where  the whole of the Russian Embassy was collected, 
+and  where  demonstrations  for  an  approaching  departure  had been made for 
+several  days past. The Turkish Ministry, informed of this circumstance, was 
+just  about  to  yield,  when  the  Sultan  dismissed  it  and  formed  a  new  Ad-
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+35  ministration." 
+
+I  conclude  my  report  on  Turkish  affairs  by  an  excerpt  from  the  Cons 
+titutionnel,  showing  the  conduct  of  the  Greek clergy  during  all these  trans 
+actions. 
+
+40 
+
+"The  Greek clergy,  so  deeply interested  in this question, had pronounced 
+in  favor of the  status  quo, i.e.,  in favor of the Porte.  They are protesting  en 
+masse  against  the  protectorate  threatened  to  be  imposed  on  them  by  the 
+
+145 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Emperor  of  Russia.  Generally  speaking,  the  Greeks  desire  the  support  of 
+Russia,  but  only  on condition of not being  subject to  her  direct domination. 
+It is  repulsive to their minds to think that the Oriental Church,  which is the 
+mother of the Russian Church,  should ever become  subordinate to the latter, 
+a  thing  which  of  necessity  would  happen,  if the  designs  of  the  Petersburgh 
+Cabinet  should  be  accepted." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+146 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+R e v o l u t i on  in  C h i na  a nd 
+
+in  E u r o pe 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3794, 14. Juni 1853 
+
+Revolution in China and in Europe. 
+
+A  most  profound yet fantastic  speculator on the principles which govern the 
+movements  of  Humanity,  was  wont  to  extol  as  one  of the ruling  secrets  of 
+nature,  what  he  called  the  law  of  the  contact  of  extremes.  The  homely 
+proverb  that  "extremes  meet"  was, in his view,  a grand and potent truth  in 
+every  sphere  of  life;  an  axiom  with  which  the  philosopher  could  as  little 
+dispense  as  the  astronomer  with  the  laws  of  Kepler  or  the great discovery 
+of  Newton. 
+
+Whether  the  "contact  of  extremes"  be  such  a  universal principle  or not, 
+a  striking  illustration  of  it  may be  seen in  the  effect the  Chinese  revolution 
+seems likely to  exercise upon the civilized world. Itmay seem a very strange, 
+and  a  very  paradoxical  assertion  that  the  next  uprising  of  the  people  of 
+Europe,  and  their  next  movement  for  republican  freedom  and  economy  of 
+Government,  may  depend  more  probably  on  what  is  now  passing  in  the 
+Celestial Empire,—the  very  opposite  of  Europe,—than on  any other political 
+cause  that  now  exists,—more  even  than  on  the  menaces  of  Russia  and  the 
+consequent likelihood  of  a  general  European war.  But yet it is  no paradox, 
+as  all  may  understand  by  attentively  considering  the  circumstances  of  the 
+case. 
+
+Whatever  be  the  social  causes,  and  whatever  religious,  dynastic,  or  na 
+tional shape they may assume, that havebrought about the chronic rebellions 
+subsisting  in  China  for  about  ten  years  past,  and  now  gathered  together  in 
+one formidable revolution, the occasion of this  outbreak has unquestionably 
+been  afforded  by  the  English cannon forcing upon China that soporific drug 
+called opium.  Before  the British arms the authority of the Manchou dynasty 
+fell  to  pieces;  the  superstitious  faith  in the  eternity of the  Celestial  Empire 
+broke  down;  the  barbarous  and  hermetic  isolation from the  civilized world 
+was infringed;  and  an opening was made for that intercourse which has since 
+proceeded so rapidly under the golden attractions of California and Australia. 
+
+147 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+At  the  same  time  the  silver  coin  of  the  Empire,  its  lifeblood,  began  to  be 
+drained  away  to  the  British  East  Indies. 
+
+5 
+
+Up to  1830,  the  balance of trade being continually in favor of the Chinese, 
+there  existed  an uninterrupted importation of  silver from India,  Britain  and 
+the United States into China. Since 1833, and especially since 1840, the export 
+of  silver from China to India has become almost exhausting for the Celestial 
+Empire.  Hence  the  strong decrees  of the  Emperor  against the  opium trade, 
+responded  to  by  still  stronger  resistance  to  his  measures.  Besides  this  im 
+mediate  economical  consequence,  the  bribery  connected  with opium  smug 
+gling  has  entirely  demoralized  the  Chinese  State  officers  in  the  Southern  10 
+provinces.  Just  as  the  Emperor  was wont to  be  considered  the father  of all 
+China,  so  his  officers  were  looked  upon  as  sustaining  the  paternal relation 
+to their respective districts.  But this patriarchal authority, the only moral link 
+embracing  the vast  machinery  of the  State,  has  gradually been corroded by 
+the  corruption  of  those  officers,  who  have  made  great gains  by  conniving  15 
+at  opium  smuggling.  This  has  occurred  principally  in  the  same  Southern 
+provinces  where  the  rebellion commenced.  It is  almost needless  to  observe 
+that,  in the  same  measure in which opium has obtained the sovereignty over 
+the  Chinese,  the  Emperor  and  his  staff  of  pedantic  mandarins  have become 
+dispossessed of their own  sovereignty.  It would  seem as though history had  20 
+first  to  make  this  whole people drunk before it could rouse them  out of their 
+hereditary  stupidity. 
+
+Though  scarcely  existing  in  former  times,  the  import of  English cottons, 
+and  to  a  small  extent  of  English  woollens, has  rapidly risen  since  1833, the 
+epoch when the monopoly of trade with China was transferred from the East  25 
+India Company to private commerce, and on a much greater scale since 1840, 
+the  epoch when other  nations, and especially our own, also obtained a share 
+in  the  Chinese  trade.  This  introduction  of  foreign  manufactures  has  had  a 
+similar  effect  on  the  native  industry  to  that  which  it  formerly  had  on  Asia 
+Minor,  Persia  and  India.  In  China the  spinners  and  weavers  have  suffered  30 
+greatly  under  this  foreign  competition,  and  the  community  has  become 
+unsettled  in  proportion. 
+
+The  tribute  to  be  paid  to  England  after  the  unfortunate  war  of  1840, the 
+great  unproductive  consumption of opium,  the  drain  of  the  precious  metals 
+by  this  trade,  the  destructive  influence  of  foreign  competition  on  native  35 
+manufactures,  the  demoralized  condition  of  the  public  administration, 
+produced two things:  the old taxation became more burdensome and harass 
+ing,  and new taxation was added to the old. Thus in a decree of the Emperor, 
+dated Pekin, Jan.  5,1853, we find orders given to the viceroys and governors 
+of  the  southern  provinces  of  Woo-Chang and  Han-Yang to remit and  defer  40 
+the payment of  taxes,  and especially not in any case  to  exact more than the 
+
+148 
+
+Revolution  in  China  and  in  Europe 
+
+regular  amount;  for  otherwise,  says  the  decree,  "how  will  the  poor people 
+be  able  to  bear  it?"  "And  thus, perhaps,"  continues  the  Emperor,  "will my 
+people,  in  a  period  of  general  hardship  and  distress,  be  exempted from  the 
+evils  of  being  pursued  and  worried  by  the  tax-gatherer."  Such language  as 
+this,  and  such  concessions  we  remember  to  have  heard  from  Austria,  the 
+China  of  Germany,  in  1848. 
+
+5 
+
+All  these  dissolving  agencies  acting together on the finances, the morals, 
+the industry,  and political  structure of China, received their full development 
+under  the  English  cannon  in  1840,  which  broke  down  the  authority  of  the 
+10  Emperor,  and  forced the  Celestial  Empire  into  contact with the  terrestrial 
+world.  Complete isolation was the prime condition of the preservation of Old 
+China.  That isolation having come to a violent end by the medium of England, 
+dissolution must follow  as  surely as that of  any mummy carefully preserved 
+in a hermetically  sealed  coffin,  whenever it is  brought into  contact with the 
+15  open  air.  Now,  England  having brought  about  the  revolution  of China, the 
+question  is  how  that  revolution  will  in  time  react  on  England,  and through 
+England  on  Europe.  This  question  is  not  difficult  of  solution. 
+
+The  attention  of  our  readers  has  often  been  called  to  the  unparalleled 
+growth  of  British  manufactures  since  1850.  Amid the  most  surprising pros-
+20  perity,  it  has  not  been  difficult  to  point  out the  clear  symptoms  of  an ap-
+proacriing  industrial  crisis.  Notwithstanding  California  and  Australia,  not 
+withstanding  the  immense  and  unprecedented  emigration,  there  must ever, 
+without  any  particular  accident,  in  due  time  arrive  a  moment  when  the 
+extension of the markets is unable to  keep pace with the extension of British 
+25  Manufactures,  and this  disproportion  must bring about a new crisis with the 
+same  certainty  as  it  has  done  in  the  past.  But,  if  one  of  the  great  markets 
+suddenly  becomes  contracted,  the  arrival  of  the  crisis  is  necessarily  ac 
+celerated thereby. Now, the Chinese rebellion must, for the time being, have 
+precisely this  effect upon  England.  The  necessity  for opening new markets, 
+30  or for extending the old ones, was one of the principle causes of the reduction 
+of  the  British  tea-duties,  as,  with  an  increased  importation  of  tea,  an  in 
+creased  exportation  of  manufactures  to  China  was  expected  to  take  place. 
+Now,  the  value  of  the  annual  exports  from  the  United  Kingdom  to  China 
+amounted,  before  the repeal in  1833  of the  trading monopoly possed by the 
+35  East  India  Company,  to  only  £600,000;  in  1836,  it  reached  the  sum  of 
+£1,326,388;  in  1845, it had risen to £2,394,827; in  1852, it amounted to  about 
+£3,000,000.  The quantity of tea imported from China did not exceed, in  1793, 
+16,067,331  lbs.;  but  in  1845,  it  amounted  to  50,714,657lbs.;  in  1846,  to 
+57,584,561 lbs.;  it is  now  above  60,000,000lbs. 
+
+40 
+
+The  tea  crop of the last season will not prove  short, as shown already by 
+the  export  lists  from  Shanghai,  of  2,000,000 lbs.  above  the  preceding  year. 
+
+149 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+This  excess  is  to  be  accounted for by two  circumstances.  On one  hand,  the 
+state  of  the  market  at  the  close  of  1851  was  much depressed,  and the large 
+surplus  stock left has been thrown into the export of 1852. On the other hand, 
+the  recent  accounts  of  the  altered British legislation with regard to  imports 
+of tea, reaching China, have brought forward all the available teas to a ready 
+market,  at greatly enhanced prices.  But with respect to the coming crop, the 
+case  stands  very  differently.  This  is  shown  by  the  following  extracts  from 
+the  correspondence  of  a  large  tea-firm  in  London: 
+
+"In  Shanghai  the  terror  is  extreme.  Gold has  advanced upward of 25 per 
+cent.,  being  eagerly  sought for hoarding;  silver  has  so  far  disappeared  that 
+none  could be  obtained to  pay  the  China  dues on the British vessels requiring 
+port  clearance;  and  in  consequence  of  which  Mr. Alcock  has  consented  to 
+become responsible to the  Chinese authorities for the payment of these dues, 
+on  receipt  of  East India Company's  bills,  or  other  approved  securities.  The 
+scarcity of the precious metals is  one  of the most unfavorable features, when 
+viewed in reference to  the immediate future of commerce, as this abstraction 
+occurs  precisely  at that period when their  use  is  most needed,  to  enable the 
+tea and silk buyers to go into the interior and effect their purchases, for which 
+a  large  portion  of bullion  is paid in  advance,  to  enable  the producers  to  carry 
+on  their operations 
+arrangements  for the  new  teas,  whereas  at present  nothing is talked of but 
+the  means  of  protecting  person  and  property,  all  transactions  being  at  a 
+stand  . ..  If the means  are  not applied  to secure the leaves in April and May, 
+the  early  crop,  which  includes  all  the  finer  descriptions,  both  of  black and 
+green  teas,  will  be  as  much lost  as  unreaped  wheat  at  Christmas." 
+
+At this  period of the  year it is usual to begin making  20 
+
+25 
+
+Now  the  means  for  securing the  tea leaves, will  certainly  not be  given by 
+the  English,  American  or  French  squadrons  stationed  in  the  Chinese  seas, 
+but  these  may  easily,  by their interference, produce  such  complications,  as 
+to  cut  off  all  transactions  between  the  tea-producing  interior  and  the  tea-
+exporting  sea ports.  Thus,  for the present crop, a rise in the prices must be  30 
+expected—speculation  has  already  commenced  in  London—and  for  the crop 
+to come a large deficit is as good as certain. Nor is this all. The Chinese, ready 
+though they may be, as are all people in periods of revolutionary convulsion, 
+to  sell off to the foreigner all the bulky commodities they have on hand, will, 
+as  the  Orientals  are  used to do in the apprehension of great changes,  set to  35 
+hoarding, not taking much in return for their tea and silk, except hard money. 
+England  has  accordingly  to  expect  a  rise  in  the  price  of  one  of  her  chief 
+articles  of  consumption,  a  drain  of  bullion,  and  a  great  contraction  of  an 
+important  market  for  her  cotton  and  woolen  goods.  Even  The  Economist, 
+that  optimist  conjuror  of  all  things  menacing  the  tranquil  minds  of  the  40 
+mercantile  community,  is  compelled  to  use  language  like  this: 
+
+150 
+
+Revolution in China and  in Europe 
+
+"We  must  not  flatter  ourselves  with finding as extensive a market for our 
+exports  to  China  as  hitherto  . ..  It is  more  probable that  our  export trade to 
+China  should  suffer,  and  that  there  should  be  a diminished  demand  for  the 
+produce  of  Manchester  and  Glasgow." 
+
+5 
+
+It must  not  be  forgotten  that the  rise  in the  price  of  so  indispensable  an 
+article  as  tea,  and  the  contraction  of  so  important  a  market  as  China,  will 
+coincide  with  a  deficient  harvest  in  Western  Europe,  and,  therefore,  with 
+rising  prices  of  meat,  corn,  and  all  other  agricultural  produce.  Hence  con 
+tracted markets for manufactures, because  every rise in the prices of the first 
+10  necessaries  of  life  is  counterbalanced,  at  home  and  abroad,  by  a  cor 
+responding  deduction  in  the  demand for manufactures.  From  every  part of 
+Great  Britain  complaints  have  been received  on the  backward  state of most 
+of  the  crops.  The  Economist  says  on  this  subject: 
+
+"In  the  South  of  England  not  only  will  there  be  left  much land  unsown, 
+15  until too  late  for  a crop  of  any  sort,  but  much  of  the  sown land will prove 
+to  be foul,  or  otherwise  in  a bad  state for corn-growing.  On the  wet or poor 
+soils  destined  for  wheat,  signs  that  mischief  is  going  on  are  apparent.  The 
+time  for planting mangel-wurtzel may now be  said to have passed away, and 
+very little has  been planted,  while  the  time  for  preparing land for the turnip 
+is rapidly going by, without any adequate preparation for this important crop 
+having been  accomplished  . ..  Oat-sowing has been much interfered with by 
+the  snow  and  rain.  Few  oats  were  sown  early,  and  late  sown  oats  seldom 
+produce  a large  crop  . ..  In  many  districts  losses  among the breeding flocks 
+have  been  considerable." 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+The  price  of  other farm-produce  than  corn is from 20 to 30, and  even 50 
+per  cent,  higher  than  last  year.  On  the  Continent,  corn  has  risen  com 
+paratively more  than in  England.  Rye  has  risen in  Belgium  and  Holland full 
+100  per  cent.  Wheat  and  other  grains  are  following  suit. 
+
+Under  these  circumstances,  as  the  greater part  of  the  regular commercial 
+30 circle has already been run through by British trade, it may safely be augured 
+that  the  Chinese  revolution  will  throw  the  spark  into  the  overloaded  mine 
+of the present industrial  system and cause the explosion of the long-prepared 
+general  crisis, which,  spreading  abroad, will be  closely followed by political 
+revolutions  on the  Continent.  It would be  a curious  spectacle,  that of China 
+sending  disorder  into  the  Western  World  while  the  Western  powers,  by 
+English,  French  and  American  war-steamers,  are  conveying  "order"  to 
+Shanghai,  Nankin,  and  the  mouths  of  the  Great  Canal.  Do  these  order-
+mongering  powers,  which would attempt to  support the wavering Mantchou 
+dynasty,  forget  that  the  hatred  against  foreigners  and  their  exclusion from 
+the Empire, once the mere result of China's geographical and ethnographical 
+situation,  have  become  a  political  system  only  since  the  conquest  of  the 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+151 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+country  by  the  race  of  the  Mantchou  Tartars?  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
+the  turbulent dissensions  among the  European nations who,  at the later end 
+of the  17th century,  rivaled each other in the trade with China, lent a mighty 
+aid  to  the  exclusive  policy  adapted  by  the  Mantchous.  But  more  than  this 
+was  done by the fear of the new dynasty, lest the foreigners might favor the 
+discontent existing  among a large  proportion of  the  Chinese  during the first 
+half  century  or  thereabouts  of  their  subjection  to  the  Tartars.  From  these 
+considerations, foreigners were then prohibited from all communication with 
+the  Chinese,  except  through  Canton,  a town  at  a great  distance  from Pekín 
+and  the  tea-districts,  and  their  commerce  restricted to intercourse with the  10 
+Hong merchants, licensed by the Government expressly for the foreign trade, 
+in  order  to  keep  the  rest of its  subjects from  all  connection with the  odious 
+strangers.  In  any  case  an  interference  on the  part  of  the  Western  Govern 
+ments  at this time  can only  serve  to render the revolution more violent, and 
+protract the  stagnation of trade. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+At the  same  time  it is  to  be  observed  with regard to India, that the British 
+Government  of  that country  depends  for full one  seventh of its  revenue  on 
+the  sale  of  opium  to  the  Chinese,  while  a  considerable  proportion  of  the 
+Indian  demand  for  British  manufactures  depends  on the  production  of  that 
+opium  in  India.  The  Chinese,  it is  true,  are  no  more  likely  to  renounce the  20 
+use  of  opium  than  are  the  Germans  to  forswear  tobacco.  But  as  the  new 
+Emperor  is  understood  to  be  favorable  to  the  culture  of the  poppy  and  the 
+preparation  of  opium  in  China  itself,  it  is  evident that  a  death-blow is  very 
+likely to be  struck at once at the business of opium-raising in India, the Indian 
+revenue,  and  the  commercial  resources  of  Hindostán.  Though  this  blow  25 
+would  not  immediately  be  felt  by  the  interests  concerned,  it would  operate 
+effectually  in  due  time,  and  would  come  in  to  intensify  and  prolong  the 
+universal  financial  crisis  whose  horoscope  we  have  cast  above. 
+
+Since  the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  century  there  has  been  no 
+serious  revolution in Europe  which had not been preceded by  a commercial  30 
+and financial crisis. This applies no less to the revolution of  1789 than to that 
+of  1848.  It  is  true,  not  only  that  we  every  day  behold  more  threatening 
+symptoms  of conflict between the ruling powers  and their  subjects, between 
+the  State  and  society,  between  the  various  classes;  but  also the  conflict of 
+the  existing powers  among  each other  gradually  reaching  that  hight  where  35 
+the  sword  must  be  drawn  and  the  ultima ratio of princes  be  recurred to.  In 
+the  European  capitals,  every  day  brings  dispatches  big with universal war, 
+vanishing  under  the  dispatches  of  the  following  day,  bearing the  assurance 
+of  peace  for  a  week  or  so.  We  may be  sure, nevertheless,  that to  whatever 
+hight the conflict between the European powers may rise, however threaten-  40 
+ing  the  aspect  of  the  diplomatic  horizon  may  appear, whatever  movements 
+
+152 
+
+Revolution  in  China  and  in  Europe 
+
+may  be  attempted  by  some  enthusiastic  fraction  in  this  or that country,  the 
+rage  of princes  and  the fury of  the people  are  alike  enervated by the breath 
+of  prosperity.  Neither  wars  nor  revolutions  are  likely to put Europe by the 
+ears,  unless  in  consequence  of  a  general  commercial  and  industrial  crisis, 
+the  signal of which has,  as usual, to be given by England, the representative 
+of  European  industry  in  the  market  of  the  world. 
+
+5 
+
+It is  unnecessary to  dwell on the political consequences  such a crisis must 
+produce  in  these  times,  with  the  unprecedented  extension  of  factories  in 
+England, with the utter dissolution of her official parties, with the whole State 
+10  machinery  of  France  transformed  into  one  immense  swindling  and  stock 
+jobbing concern,  with Austria on the eve of bankruptcy, with wrongs every 
+where  accumulated  to  be revenged  by  the  people, with the conflicting inter 
+ests  of  the  reactionary  powers  themselves,  and  with  the  Russian  dream  of 
+conquest  once  more  revealed  to  the  world. 
+
+153 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i o n — " T he  T i m e s "— 
+
+R u s s i an  A g g r a n d i z e m e nt 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3794, 14. Juni 1853 
+
+The Turkish Question—The Times-
+Russian  Aggrandizement. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday,  May  31,  1853. 
+
+Admiral Corry's fleet has been seen in the Bay of Biscay on the way to Malta, 
+where it is to reinforce the squadron of Admiral Dundas. The Morning Herald 
+justly  observes: 
+
+5 
+
+"Had  Admiral  Dundas  been  permitted  to  join  the  French  squadron  at 
+Salamis,  several  weeks  ago,  the  present  state  of  affairs  would be  quite  dif 
+ferent." 
+
+10 
+
+Should  Russia  attempt,  were  it  only  for  the  salvation  of  appearances, to 
+back  up  the  ridiculous  demonstrations  of  Menchikoff by  actual  maneuvers 
+of  war,  her  first  two  steps  would  probably  consist  in the  re-occupation  of 
+the  Danubian  principalities,  and  in  the  invasion  of  the  Armenian  province 
+of  Kars  and  the  port of Batoum, territories  which  she made  every effort to  15 
+secure  by  the  treaty  of  Adrianople.  The  port of  Batoum being the  only  safe 
+refuge  for  ships  in  the  eastern part  of  the  Black  Sea,  its  possession  would 
+deprive  Turkey  of  her  last  naval  station  in  the  Pontus  and  make  the  latter 
+an  exclusively  Russian  Sea.  This  port added to  the possession of  Kars, the 
+richest  and  best  cultivated  portion  of  Armenia,  would  enable Russia to cut  20 
+off  the  commerce  of  England  with  Persia  by way of  Trebisond,  and  afford 
+a  basis  of  operations  against the  latter power, as well as against Asia Minor. 
+If,  however,  England  and  France  hold firm, Nicholas will no more carry out 
+his  projects  in  that  quarter,  than  the  Empress  Catherine  carried  out  hers 
+against Aga Mahmed,  when he  commanded  his  slaves to  drive the Russian  25 
+Ambassador  Voinovitch  and  his  companions  with  scourges  to  their  ships, 
+away  from  Asterabad. 
+
+154 
+
+The  Turkish  Question—"The  Times"—Russian  Aggrandizement 
+
+In no  quarter did the latest news  create greater consternation than in Print-
+ing-House-square.  The  first  attempt  made  by  The  Times to  lift  up  its  head 
+under  the  terrible  blow,  was  a  desperate  diatribe  against  the  electric  tele 
+graph, that "most extraordinary"  instrument.  " No correct conclusions could 
+5  be  drawn," it exclaimed,  "from  that mendacious  wire." Having thus laid its 
+own  incorrect  conclusions  to  the  fault  of  the  electric  wire,  The  Times, after 
+the  statement  of  Ministers  in Parliament,  endeavors  now  also  to  get  rid  of 
+its  ancient  "correct"  premises.  It  says: 
+
+10 
+
+"Whatever  may  be  the  ultimate  fate  of  the  Ottoman Empire,  or  rather  of 
+that  Mohammedan  Power  which  has  ruled  it  for  four  centuries,  there  can 
+be no difference of opinion between all parties in this country and in Europe, 
+that  the  gradual  progress  of  the  indigenous  Christian  population  toward 
+civilization and independent government is  the interest of the world, and that 
+these  races of men ought never to be suffered to fall under the yoke of Russia, 
+15  and to  swell her gigantic dominions. On that point we confidently hope, that 
+the  resistance  offered to  these  pretensions  of Russia would be not only that 
+of  Turkey,  but  of  all  Europe;  and  this  spirit of annexation and aggrandize 
+ment needs but to display itself in its true  shape to excite universal antipathy 
+and  an insurmountable  opposition,  in which the  Greek  and  Sclavonian  sub-
+jects  of  Turkey  are  themselves  prepared  to  take  a great  part." 
+
+20 
+
+How  did  it  happen,  that  the  poor  Times  believed  in  the  "good  faith"  of 
+Russia toward Turkey,  and her "antipathy"  against all aggrandizement? The 
+good will  of Russia  toward Turkey! Peter I. proposed to raise himself on the 
+ruins  of  Turkey.  Catherine  persuaded  Austria,  and  called  upon  France  to 
+25 participate in the proposed dismemberment of Turkey, and the establishment 
+of  a  Greek  Empire  at  Constantinople,  under  her  grandson,  who  had  been 
+educated  and  even named with a view  to  this  result.  Nicholas, more moder 
+ate,  only  demands  the  exclusive  Protectorate  of  Turkey.  Mankind  will  not 
+forget  that  Russia  was  the  protector  oí  Poland,  the  protector  oí  the  Crimea, 
+30  the  protector  of  Courland,  the  protector  oí  Georgia,  Mingrelia,  the  Circassian 
+and  Caucasian  tribes.  And  now  Russia,  the  protector  of  Turkey!  As  to 
+Russia's  antipathy  against  aggrandizement,  I  allege the following facts from 
+a  mass  of  the  acquisitions  of  Russia  since  Peter  the  Great. 
+
+The  Russian  frontier  has  advanced: 
+
+35 
+
+Toward  Berlin,  Dresden  and  Vienna  about 
+Toward  Constantinople 
+Toward  Stockholm 
+Toward  Teheran 
+
+700 miles. 
+500 
+630 
+1000 
+
+Russia's  acquisitions  from  Sweden  are  greater  than what remains  of that 
+40  Kingdom;  from  Poland  nearly  equal  to  the  Austrian  Empire;  from  Turkey 
+
+155 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+in  Europe,  greater  than  Prussia  (exclusive  of the  Rhenish Provinces;) from 
+Turkey  in  Asia,  as  large  as  the  whole  dominion  of  Germany  proper;  from 
+Persia  equal  to  England;  from  Tartary  to  an  extent  as  large  as  European 
+Turkey,  Greece,  Italy  and  Spain,  taken  together.  The  total  acquisitions  of 
+Russia  during  the  last  60  years  are  equal  in  extent  and  importance  to  the 
+whole  Empire  she  had  in  Europe  before  that  time. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+156 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  R u s s i an  H u m b u g — G l a d s t o n e 's  F a i l u r e-
+
+S ir  C h a r l es  W o o d 's  E a st  I n d i an  R e f o r ms 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3801, 22. Juni 1853 
+
+The Russian Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure-
+Sir Charles Wood's  East Indian Reforms. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  June  7,  1853. 
+
+5  According  to  a  dispatch  from  Berne,  the  Bundesrath  has  canceled  the 
+judgment  pronounced  by  the  Court  Martial  at  Fribourg  against  the  late 
+insurrectionists,  ordering  them  to  be  brought  before  the  Ordinary  Courts, 
+unless they  should be pardoned by the Cantonal Council. Here, then, we have 
+the first of the heroic deeds accompanying the  "rupture between Switzerland 
+and Austria,"  the infallible result of which I traced in a former letter on the 
+European  "Model  Republic." 
+
+10 
+
+In  transmitting  to  you  the  news  of  the  Prussian  Government having  or 
+dered  several  Artillery  officers  on  furlough  abroad to return immediately to 
+their  duties,  I  stated,  by  mistake,  that  those  officers  were  engaged  in  in-
+15 structing the Russian army, while I intended to have said the Turkish artillery, 
+
+in  field-practice. 
+
+20 
+
+All  the  Russian  Generals,  and  other  Russians  residing  at  Paris  have  re 
+ceived  orders  to  return  to  Russia  without  delay.  The  language  adopted by 
+M.  de  Kisseleff,  the  Russian Envoy  at Paris,  is  rather menacing,  and letters 
+from  Petersburg  are  ostentatiously  shown  by  him,  in  which  the  Turkish 
+question  is  treated  assez  cavalièrement.  A  rumor  has  issued  from  the  same 
+quarter,  reporting  that Russia  demands  from Persia the  cession  of the terri 
+tory of Astrabad, at the  south-eastern extremity of the Caspian Sea. Russian 
+merchants,  at  the  same  time,  dispatch,  or  are  reported to  have  dispatched, 
+25  orders to their London agents, " n o i to press any sales of grain at the present 
+juncture,  as  prices  were  expected  to  rise  in  the  imminent  eventuality  of  a 
+war."  Lastly, confidential hints are being communicated to every newspaper, 
+
+157 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+that  the  Russian  troops  are  marching  to  the  frontiers—that  the  inhabitants 
+of  Jassy  are  preparing for  their reception—that the Russian Consul at Galatz 
+has bought up an immense number of trees for the throwing of several bridges 
+across  the  Danube,  and  other  canards,  the  breeding  of  which  has  been  so 
+successfully  carried  on by  the  Augsburg Gazette and  other  Austro-Russian 
+journals. 
+
+5 
+
+These,  and  a lot of  similar reports, communications,  etc.,  are  nothing but 
+so  many  ridiculous  attempts  on  the  part  of  the  Russian  agents  to  strike  a 
+wholesome  terror  into  the  western world,  and to push it to  the  continuance 
+of  that  policy  of  extension,  under  the  cover  of  which  Russia  hopes,  as  10 
+heretofore, to  carry  out  her projects upon the East. How  systematically this 
+game  of  mystification  is  being  played,  may  be  seen  from  the  following: 
+
+Last week,  several  French papers  notoriously  in the  pay  of  Russia, made 
+the  discovery,  that  the  "real  question was  less  between Russia  and Turkey 
+than  between  Petersburg  and  Moscow—i.e.  between  the  Czar  and  the  Old  15 
+Russian  party;  and that for  the  autocrat,  there  would be  less  danger in war, 
+than  in  the  vengeance  of  that  conquest-urging  party,  which  has  so  often 
+shown  how  it  deals  with  monarchs  that  displease  it." 
+
+Prince  Menchikoff,  of  course,  is  the  "head  of  this  party."  The  Times and 
+most  of  the  English  papers  did  not fail to reproduce this  absurd  statement,  20 
+the one in consciousness of its meaning; the others, perhaps, its unconscious 
+dupes.  Now, what conclusion was the public intended to draw from this novel 
+revelation?  That  Nicholas,  in  retreating  under  ridicule,  and  abandoning bis 
+warlike  attitude  against  Turkey,  has  won  a  victory  over  his  own  warlike 
+Old-Russians,  or  that  Nicholas,  in actually going to war, only does  so from  25 
+the  necessity of yielding to that (fabulous) party.  At all events,  "there would 
+only  be  a  victory  of  Moscow  over  Petersburg,  or  of  Petersburg  over Mos 
+cow;"  and,  consequently,  none  of Europe  over  Russia. 
+
+Respecting this famous  Old-Russian party,  I happen to  know from  several 
+well-informed Russians, aristocrats themselves, with whom I have had much  30 
+intercourse  at  Paris,  that it has long been entirely extinct,  and is  only occa 
+sionally  called  back into  apparent  existence,  when  the Czar  stands  in need 
+of  some  bugbear  to  frighten  the  West of Europe  into  passive  endurance of 
+his  arrogant  claims.  Hence  the  resurrection  of  a  Menchikoff,  and  his  ap 
+propriate  outfit  in  the  fabulous  Old-Russian  style.  There  is  but  one  party  35 
+among the  Russian nobles  actually feared  by the Czar—the party whose  aim 
+is  the  establishment  of  an  aristocratico-constitutional  system,  after  the 
+pattern  of  England. 
+
+Besides  these  different  spectres  conjured  up  by  Russian  diplomacy,  for 
+the misguidance  of England  and  France,  another  attempt to bring about the  40 
+same  result has  just been made, by the  publication of  a work entitled,  L 'Em-
+
+158 
+
+The  Russian  Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure—Sir  Charles  Wood's  East  Indian  Reforms 
+
+pire  Russe  depuis  le  Congrès  de  Vienne,  by  Viscount  de  Beaumont-Vassy. 
+It will be sufficient to extract one sentence only, for thé purpose of character 
+ising  this  opusculum: 
+
+5 
+
+"It  is  well  known  that  a  deposit  of  coin  and  ingots  exists  in the  cellar of 
+the  fortress  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  This  hidden  treasure  was  officially 
+estimated,  on  the  1st of  January,  1850,  at  99,763,361  silver rubles." 
+
+Has  any  one  ever  presumed  to  speak  of  the  hidden  treasure in the  Bank 
+of  England?  The  "hidden  treasure"  of  Russia  is  simply  the  metal  reserve 
+balancing  a  three  times  larger  circulation  of  convertible notes,  not  to  speak 
+1 o of the hidden amount of inconvertible paper issued by the Imperial Treasury. 
+But,  perhaps,  this  treasure  may  yet  be  called  a  "hidden" one, inasmuch as 
+nobody  has  ever  seen  it,  except  the  few  Petersburg  merchants  selected  by 
+the Czar's  Government for the annual inspection of the bags which hide it. 
+
+15 
+
+The  chief  demonstration of  Russia in this direction is, however, an article 
+published  in  the  Journal des Débats, and signed by M.  de  St.-Marc Girardin, 
+that  old  Orleanist  sage.  I  extract: 
+
+20 
+
+"Europe  has  two  great perils, according to us: Russia, which menaces her 
+independence;  and  the  Revolution,  which  menaces  her  social  order.  Now, 
+she  cannot  be  saved  from  one  of  these  perils  except  by  exposing  herself 
+entirely to the other. Does Europe believe that the knot of her independence, 
+and  especially  of  the  independence  of  the  Continent,  is  at  Constantinople, 
+and that it is there that the question must be boldly decided; then, that is war 
+against  Russia.  In  that  war  France  and  England would  struggle  to  establish 
+the  independence  of  Europe.  What would  Germany  do?  We know not.  But 
+25  what  we  know  is,  that  in  the  present  state  of  Europe,  war  would  be  the  social 
+
+revolution." 
+
+As a matter of course, M.  de St.-Marc Girardin concludes in favor of peace 
+on any  condition  against the  social revolution,  forgetting,  however,  that the 
+Emperor  of  Russia  has,  at least,  as  much "horreur" of the revolution as  he 
+
+30  himself and his  proprietor,  M. Bertin. 
+
+Notwithstanding  all  these  soporifics,  administered by Russian diplomacy 
+to  the  Press  and people  of  England,  "that old and obstinate"  Aberdeen has 
+been compelled to order Admiral Dundas to join the French fleet on the coast 
+of  Turkey,  and  even  The  Times,  which,  during  the  last  few  months,  knew 
+35  only  how  to  write  Russian,  seems  to  have  received  a  more  English  in 
+
+spiration.  It  talks  now  very  big. 
+
+The  Danish  (once  Schleswig-Holstein)  question  is  beginning  to  create 
+considerable  interest  in England,  since the  English Press, too,  has  at length 
+discovered  that  it  involves  the  same  principle  of  Russian  extension,  as 
+40 supplies the foundation of the Eastern complication. Mr. Urquhart, M.P., the 
+well-known  admirer  of  Turkey  and  Eastern  Institutions,  has  published  a 
+
+159 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+pamphlet  on  the  Danish  Succession,  of  which  an  account  will  be  given in 
+a future  letter.  The  chief  argument put forward in this publication is that the 
+Sound  is  intended  by  Russia  to  perform  the  same  functions  for  her  in  the 
+North  as  the  Dardanelles  in  the  South,  viz.,  the  securing  her  maritime  su 
+premacy  over  the  Baltic,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  occupation  of  the 
+Dardanelles  would  do  with  regard  to  the  Euxine. 
+
+5 
+
+Some  time  since  I gave  you my opinion that the rate of interest would rise 
+in  England,  and  that  such  an  occurrence  would have  an unfavorable  effect 
+on  Mr. Gladstone's  financial  projects.  Now,  the  minimum  rate  of  discount 
+has in the past week been actually raised by the Bank of England from 3 per  10 
+cent,  to  3V2 per cent., and the failure I predicted for Mr. Gladstone's  scheme 
+of conversion  has  become  already a fact, as you may  see from the following 
+statement: 
+
+Bank of England, Thursday,  June  2,1853. 
+
+Amount of new stock accepted until this day: 
+372 per cent 
+27z per cent 
+Exchequer Bonds 
+Total 
+
+£  138,082  0s  3d 
+1,537,100 15s  lOd 
+4,200  0s  Od 
+£1,679,382  16s  Id 
+
+South  Sea House, Thursday, June 2,1853. 
+
+Amount of convertible annuities till this  day: 
+For 372 per cent annuities 
+For 272 per cent annuities 
+Exchequer Bonds 
+Total 
+
+£  67,504 12s 8d 
+986,528  5s 7d 
+5,270 18s 4d 
+£1,059,303  16s 7d 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Thus,  of  the whole  amount of South Sea annuities offered for conversion, 
+only one-eighth has been taken, and of the twenty millions new stock created 
+by  Mr. Gladstone,  only  one-twelfth  has  been  accepted.  Mr. Gladstone will, 
+therefore, be obliged to contract for a loan  at a time when the rate  of interest 
+has  increased  and  will  most  likely  continue  to  increase,  which  loan  must  30 
+amount  to £8,157,811.  Failure!  The  saving  of £100,000  anticipated from this 
+conversion,  and  already placed to the credit of the Budget, has, accordingly, 
+to  be  dispensed with.  Respecting the great bulk of the Public Debt,  viz:  the 
+£500,000,000  of  3  per  cents,  Mr. Gladstone  has  obtained,  as  the  only result 
+of  his  financial  experiment, that another year will have  elapsed on the  10th  35 
+of  Oct.,  1853,  during  which  he  has  been  unable  to  give  notice  of  any  con 
+version.  The greatest mischief, however, is this, that £3,116,000 must be paid 
+in  money in a few  days  to  holders  of  Exchequer  Bills,  who  refuse  to  renew 
+them  on  the  terms  offered  by  Mr. Gladstone.  Such  is  the  financial  success 
+of the  Government of  "all the talents." 
+
+40 
+
+160 
+
+The  Russian  Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure—Sir Charles Wood's  East Indian  Reforms 
+
+Lord John Russell, in the debate on the Ecclesiastical Revenues of Ireland, 
+
+(House  of  Commons,  31st  ult.,)  expressed  himself  as  follows: 
+
+5 
+
+"It has  been evident,  of  late  years, that the Roman Catholic Clergy—look 
+ing  to  its  proceedings  in  this  country—looking  to  that  church  acting  under 
+the  direction  of  its  head,  who  himself  a  foreign  sovereign,  has  aimed  at 
+political power,  (hear!  hear!) which appears to  me to be at variance with the 
+due  attachment  to  the  Crown  of  this  country,  (hear!  hear!)—with  the  due 
+attachment  to  the  general  cause  of  liberty—with  the  due  attachment  to  the 
+duties  a subject of the State should perform toward it—now, as I wish to  speak 
+10  with  as  much frankness  as the honorable gentleman who  spoke last, let me 
+not  be  misunderstood  in  this  House.  I  am  far  from  denying  that  there  are 
+many  members  of  this  House,  and  many  members  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
+persuasion,  both  in  this  country  and  in  Ireland,  who  are  attached  to  the 
+Throne,  and  to  the  liberties  of  this  country; but what  I  am  saying,  and that 
+15  of which I am convinced, is, that if the Roman Catholic clergy had increased 
+power  given  to  them,  and  if  they,  as  ecclesiastics,  were  to  exercise greater 
+control  and  greater  political  influence  than  they  do  now, that power would 
+not  be  exercised  in  accordance  with the general freedom that prevails  in  this 
+country—(Hurrah!)—and  that  neither  in  respect  of  political  power,  nor upon 
+20  other  subjects,  would  they  favor  that  general  freedom  of  discussion  and  that 
+activity  and  energy  of  the  human  mind,  that  belongs  to  the  spirit  of  the 
+constitution  of  this  country.  (Flourish  of  trumpets!)  I  do  not  think  that,  in 
+that  respect,  they  are  upon  a  par  with  the  Presbyterians  of  Scotland,  (bag 
+pipes!)  the  Wesleyans  of  this  country,  and  the  Established  Church  of  this 
+country.  (General  rapture.)  . ..  I  am  obliged,  then  to  conclude,  most  un 
+willingly to conclude, but most decidedly, that the endowment of the Roman 
+Catholic Religion in Ireland, in the place of the endowment of the Protestant 
+Church in  that country,  in  connection  with the  State,  is  not  an object which 
+the  Parliament  of  this  country ought  to  adopt  or  to  sanction." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+Two  days  after  this  speech of  Lord  John,  in which  he  attempted for the 
+six-thousandth  time,  to  make  a  show  of  his  love  of  "general  freedom,"  by 
+his  zealous  genuflexions  before  particular  sects  of  Protestant  bigotry, 
+Messrs.  Sadleir,  Keogh,  and Monsell gave in their resignations to the Coali 
+tion  Ministry,  in  a  letter  addressed  by  Mr. Monsell  to  My  Lord  Aberdeen. 
+35  My  Lord  Aberdeen  in  his  answer  dated  3d June,  assures  these  gentlemen 
+
+that 
+
+"The reasons given by Lord John Russell and the  sentiments of which you 
+Lord John 
+complain, are not shared by me, nor by many of my colleagues 
+Russell desires me to  say, that he did not impute want of loyalty to the Roman 
+
+40  Catholics." 
+
+Messrs.  Sadleir,  Keogh  and  Monsell  accordingly withdrew  their resigna-
+
+161 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+tions,  and  the  arrangements  for a general reconciliation passed off last night 
+in  Parliament,  "to  the  greatest  satisfaction  of  Lord  John  Russell." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The last India Bill of  1783 proved fatal to the Coalition Cabinet of Mr. Fox 
+and  Lord  North.  The  new  India Bill  of  1853  is  likely  to  prove  fatal for the 
+Coalition Cabinet of Mr. Gladstone and Lord John Russell.  But if the former 
+were  thrown  overboard,  because  of  their  attempt to  abolish  the  Courts  of 
+Directors  and  of  Proprietors,  the  latter  are threatened with a similar fate for 
+the  opposite reason.  On June 3,  Sir Charles  Wood moved for leave to bring 
+in  a bill to  provide  for  the  Government of  India.  Sir Charles commenced by 
+excusing the  anomalous length of the speech he was about to deliver, by the 
+"magnitude  of  the  subject,"  and  "the  150,000,000  of  souls  he  had  to  deal 
+with."  For  every  30,000,000  of his fellow-subjects,  Sir Charles could do  no 
+less  than  sacrifice  one  hour's  breath.  But why this  precipitate  legislation on 
+that  "great  subject,"  while  you  postpone  it  "for  even  the  most  trifling 
+matters?"  Because  the  Charter  of  the  East India Company  expires  on the  15 
+30th  April,  1854.  But  why  not  pass  a temporary continuance bill,  reserving 
+to  future  discussion  more  permanent  legislation?  Because  it  cannot  be 
+expected that we  shall ever find again "such an opportunity of dealing quietly 
+with this  vast and  important question"—i.e.,  of  burking  it in a Parliamentary 
+way.  Besides, we  are fully informed on the matter, the Directors of the East  20 
+India  Company  express  the  opinion  that  it  is  necessary  to  legislate  in  the 
+course  of  the  present  session,  and  the  Governor-General  of  India,  Lord 
+Dalhousie,  summons  the  Government  by  an  express  letter  by  all  means  to 
+conclude  our  legislation at once.  But the  most  striking  argument  wherewith 
+Sir  Charles  justifies  his  immediate  legislation  is  that,  prepared  as  he  may  25 
+appear  to  speak  of  a  world  of  questions,  "not  comprised  in  the  bill  he 
+proposed  to  bring  in,"  the  "measure  which  he  has  to  submit  is,  so  far  as 
+legislation  goes,  comprised in  a  very small  compass."  After  this introduction 
+Sir  Charles  delivered  himself  of  an  apology  for  the  administration of  India 
+for the last twenty years.  "We must look at India with somewhat of an Indian  30 
+eye"—which Indian eye  seems to  have the particular gift of seeing everything 
+bright on the  part  of  England  and  everything black on the  side  of  India.  "In 
+India  you  have  a  race  of  people  slow  of  change,  bound  up  by  religious 
+prejudices  and antiquated customs.  There  are, in fact,  all obstacles to rapid 
+progress." (Perhaps  there is  a Whig Coalition party in India.) "The points,"  35 
+said  Sir  Charles  Wood,  "upon  which  the  greatest  stress  has  been  laid,  and 
+which  are  the  heads  of  the  complaints  contained  in the petitions presented 
+to  the  Committee,  relate  to the  administration  of justice,  the  want  of public 
+works, and the tenure of land." With regard to the Public Works, the Govern 
+ment intends to undertake some of "the greatest magnitude and importance." 
+With regard  to  the tenure of lands,  Sir Charles proves very successfully that 
+
+40 
+
+162 
+
+ψ" 
+
+The  Russian  Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure—Sir Charles Wood's  East Indian  Reforms 
+
+its  three  existing  forms—the  Zemindary,  the  Ryotwari,  and  the  Village 
+systems—are  only  so  many  forms  of  fiscal  exploitation  in  the  hands  of  the 
+Company,  none  of  which  could  well  be  made  general,  nor  deserved  to  be 
+made  so.  An  idea  of  establishing  another  form,  of  an  altogether  opposite 
+5  character,  does  not  in  the  least  preoccupy  the  mind  of  Sir  Charles.  "With 
+regard  to  the  administration  of  justice,"  continues  he,  " t he  complaints  relate 
+principally  to  the  inconvenience  arising  from  the  technicalities  of  English 
+law,  to  the  alleged  incompetency  of  English  judges,  and  to  the  corruption 
+of the native  officers  and judges."  And now, in order to prove the hard labor 
+10  of providing for the administration of justice in India, Sir Charles relates that 
+already,  as  early  as  1833,  a  Law  Commission  was  appointed  in  India.  But 
+in  what  manner  did  this  Commission  act,  according  to  Sir  Charles  Wood's 
+own  testimony?  The  first  and  last  result  of  the  labors  of  that  Commission 
+was  a  penal  code,  prepared  under  the  auspices  of  Mr.Macaulay.  This  code 
+15  was  sent  to  the  various  local  authorities  in  India,  which  sent  it  back  to 
+Calcutta,  from  which  it  was  sent  to  England,  to  be  again  returned  from 
+England to  India.  In India,  Mr. Macaulay having been replaced as legislative 
+counsel  by  Mr. Bethune,  the  code  was  totally  altered,  and  on  this  plea  the 
+Governor-General,  not  being  then  of  opinion  "that  delay  is  a  source  of 
+20  weakness  and  danger,"  sent  it  back  to  England,  and  from  England  it  was 
+returned  to  the  Governor-General,  with authority to pass the code in what­
+ever shape he thought best. But now, Mr. Bethune having died, the Governor-
+General  thought  best  to  submit  the  code  to  a  third  English  lawyer,  and  to 
+a  lawyer  who  knew  nothing  about  the  habits  and  customs  of  the  Hindoos, 
+reserving himself the  right  of afterward rejecting a code concocted by wholly 
+incompetent  authority.  Such  have  been  the  adventures  of  that  yet  unborn 
+code.  As  to  the  technical  absurdities  of  the  law  in  India,  Sir  Charles  takes 
+his  stand  on  the  no  less  absurd  technicalities  of  the  English law-procedure 
+itself;  but  while  affirming  the  perfect  incorruptibility  of  the  English  judges 
+in  India,  he  nevertheless  is  ready  to  sacrifice  them  by  an  alteration  in  the 
+manner  of  nominating them.  The  general progress  of India is  demonstrated 
+by  a  comparison  of  the  present  state  of  Delhi  with  that  under  the  invasion 
+of  Khuli-Khan.  The  salt-tax  is  justified  by  the  arguments  of  the  most  re­
+nowned  political  economists,  all  of  whom  have  advised  taxation  to  be  laid 
+35  on  some  article  of  first  necessity.  But  Sir  Charles  does  not add what those 
+same  economists  would  have  said,  on  finding  that  in  the  two  years  from 
+1849—'50,  and  1851—52,  there  had  been  a  decrease  in  the  consumption  of 
+salt,  of  60,000  tuns,  a  loss  of  revenue  to  the  amount  of  £415,000,  the  total 
+salt revenue  amounting to £2,000,000. The measures proposed by Sir Charles, 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+40  and  "comprised  in  a  very  small  compass,"  are: 
+
+1.  The  Court  of  Directors,  to  consist  of  eighteen  instead  of  twenty 
+
+163 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+four  members,  twelve  to  be  elected  by  the  Proprietors,  and  six  by  the 
+Crown. 
+
+2.  The  revenue  of  Directors  to  be  raised  from  £300  to  £500  a  year,  the 
+
+Chairman  to  receive  £1,000. 
+
+3.  All  the  ordinary appointments  in the  civil  service,  and  all  the  scientific 
+in  the  military  service  of  India,  to  be  thrown  open  to  public  competition, 
+leaving  to  the  Directors  the  nomination  to  the  Cadetships  in  the  Cavalry-
+of-the-Line. 
+
+5 
+
+4.  The  Governor-Generalship  to  be  separated  from  the  Governorship  of 
+Bengal,  and  power  to  be  given  to  the  Supreme  Government to  constitute  a 
+new  Presidency  in  the  districts  on  the  Indus. 
+
+10 
+
+5.  And  lastly,  the  whole  of  this  measure  only  to  continue  until  the  Parlia­
+
+ment  shall  provide  otherwise. 
+
+The  speech  and  measure  of  Sir  Charles  Wood  was  subjected  to  a  very 
+strong  and  satirical  criticism  by  Mr. Bright,  whose  picture  of  India  ruined 
+by  the  fiscal  exertions  of  the  Company  and  Government  did  not,  of course, 
+receive  the  supplement  of  India  ruined  by  Manchester  and  Free  Trade.  As 
+to  last  night's  speech  of  an  Old  East-Indiaman,  Sir  J.Hogg,  Director  or 
+ex-Director  of  the  Company,  I  really  suspect  that  I  have  met with it already 
+in  1701,  1730,  1743,  1769,  1772,  1781,  1783,  1784,  1793,  1813,  etc.,  and  am  20 
+induced,  by  way  of  answer  to  his  directorial  panegyric,  to  quote  merely  a 
+few  facts  from  the  annual  Indian  accounts  published,  I  believe,  under  his 
+own  superintendence. 
+
+15 
+
+1849-'50 
+1850~'51 
+1851-'52 
+
+1849-'50 
+1850-'51 
+1851-'52 
+
+Total  Net-Revenues  of  India: 
+
+£20,275,831  -| 
+20,249,932  > 
+
+Loss  of Revenue within three years, 
+£348,792. 
+
+19,927,039 J 
+
+Total Charges: 
+
+£16,687,382  -| 
+17,170,707  γ 
+
+Increase of expenditure within three 
+years, £1,214,284 
+
+17,901,666 J 
+
+Land-Tax: 
+
+Bengal oscillated in last four years 
+from 
+North West oscillated in last four 
+years  from 
+Madras oscillated in last four years 
+from 
+Bombay  oscillated in last four years 
+from 
+
+£3,500,000 
+
+to £3,560,000 
+
+4,870,000 
+
+4,990,000 
+
+3,640,000 
+
+3,470,000 
+
+2,240,000 
+
+2,300,000 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+164 
+
+The  Russian  Humbug—Gladstone's  Failure—Sir Charles Wood's  East  Indian  Reforms 
+
+Gross Revenue 
+in 1851-52. 
+
+Expenditure on Public Works 
+in  1851-52. 
+
+5 
+
+Bengal 
+Madras 
+Bombay 
+Out of 
+
+£10,000,000 
+5,000,000 
+4,300,000 
+£19,300,000 
+
+£  87,800 
+20,000 
+58,590 
+but  £166,390 
+
+have  been  expended  on  roads,  canals,  bridges  and  other  works  of  public 
+necessity. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+165 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  B r i t i sh  R u le  in  I n d ia 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3804, 25. Juni  1853 
+
+The British Rule in India. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, June  10,  1853. 
+
+Telegraphic  dispatches  from  Vienna  announce  that  the  pacific  solution  of 
+the  Turkish,  Sardinian  and  Swiss  questions,  is  regarded  there  as  a  cer- 
+tainty. 
+
+5 
+
+Last  night  the  debate  on India was  continued  in the  House  of  Commons, 
+in the usual dull  manner.  Mr. Blackett charged the statements of Sir Charles 
+Wood  and  Sir  J. Hogg  with  bearing  the  stamp  of  optimist  falsehood.  A  lot 
+of  Ministerial  and Directorial advocates rebuked the charge as well as they  10 
+could,  and  the  inevitable  Mr. Hume  summed  up  by  calling  on  Ministers  to 
+withdraw  their  bill.  Debate  adjourned. 
+
+Hindostán  is  an  Italy  of  Asiatic  dimensions, the  Himalayas for the Alps, 
+the  Plains  of  Bengal  for the  Plains  of  Lombardy, the  Deccan  for the  Apen 
+nines,  and  the  Isle of Ceylon for the  Island of Sicily.  The  same rich variety  15 
+in  the  products  of  the  soil,  and  the  same  dismemberment  in  the  political 
+configuration.  Just  as  Italy  has, from  time  to  time, been compressed  by the 
+conqueror's  sword into  different  national  masses,  so  do  we find Hindostán, 
+when  not  under  the  pressure  of  the  Mohammedan,  or  the  Mogul,  or  the 
+Briton,  dissolved  into  as  many  independent  and  conflicting  States  as  it  20 
+numbered  towns, or even villages.  Yet, in a  social point of view, Hindostán 
+is  not  the  Italy,  but  the  Ireland  of  the  East.  And this  strange  combination 
+of  Italy and of Ireland, of a world of voluptuousness  and of a world of woes, 
+is  anticipated  in  the  ancient  traditions  of  the  religion  of  Hindostán.  That 
+religion  is  at  once  a  religion  of  sensualist  exuberance,  and  a  religion  of  25 
+self-torturing  asceticism; a religion of the Lingam and of the Juggernaut; the 
+religion  of  the  Monk,  and  of  the  Bayadere. 
+
+166 
+
+Köpfe  der  drei  Ausgaben  der  „New-York  Tribune", 
+in  denen  Marx'  Artikel  „The  British  Rule  in  India"  erschien 
+
+The  British  Rule in  India 
+
+5 
+
+I  share  not the  opinion of those who believe in a golden age of Hindostán, 
+without  recurring,  however,  like  Sir  Charles  Wood, for the confirmation of 
+my  view,  to  the  authority  of  Khuli-Khan.  But take,  for example, the times 
+"  of  Aurung-Zebe;  or the  epoch, when the  Mogul appeared in the North,  and 
+the  Portuguese  in  the  South;  or  the  age  of  Mohammedan invasion,  and  of 
+the  Heptarchy  in  Southern  India;  or,  if  you  will,  go  still  more  back to  an 
+tiquity,  take  the  mythological  chronology  of  the  Brahman  himself,  who 
+places  the  commencement  of  Indian  misery  in  an epoch even  more  remote 
+than  the  Christian  creation  of  the  world. 
+
+10 
+
+There  cannot, however, remain any doubt but that the misery inflicted by 
+the  British  on  Hindostán  is  of  an  essentially  different  and  infinitely  more 
+intensive  kind  than  all  Hindostán  had  to  suffer  before.  I  do  not  allude  to 
+European  despotism,  planted  upon  Asiatic  despotism,  by  the  British  East 
+India  Company,  forming  a  more  monstrous  combination  than  any  of  the 
+15  divine monsters  startling us in the Temple of Salsette.  This is no distinctive 
+feature  of  British  Colonial  rule,  but  only  an  imitation  of  the Dutch,  and  so 
+much  so  that  in  order  to  characterise  the  working of the British East India 
+Company,  it  is  sufficient  to  literally  repeat  what  Sir  Stamford  Raffles,  the 
+English  Governor  of  Java,  said  of  the  old  Dutch  East  India  Company: 
+
+20 
+
+"The  Dutch  Company,  actuated  solely by  the  spirit of gain, and viewing 
+their  subjects,  with  less  regard  or  consideration than  a  West  India  planter 
+formerly  viewed  a  gang  upon  his  estate,  because  the  latter  had  paid  the 
+purchase  money  of  human property,  which the  other had not,  employed  all 
+the  pre-existing  machinery  of  despotism  to  squeeze  from  the  people  their 
+25 utmost mite of contribution, the last dregs of their labor, and thus aggravated 
+the evils of a capricious  and semi-barbarous Government, by working it with 
+all the practised ingenuity of politicians, and all the monopolizing selfishness 
+of  traders." 
+
+AH  the  civil  wars,  invasions,  revolutions,  conquests,  famines,  strangely 
+30  complex,  rapid,  and  destructive  as  the  successive action in Hindostán may 
+appear,  did  not  go  deeper  than  its  surface.  England  has  broken  down  the 
+entire framework of Indian society, without any  symptoms of reconstitution 
+yet appearing.  This  loss  of his  old  world, with no gain of a new one, imparts 
+a  particular  kind  of  melancholy  to  the  present  misery  of  the  Hindoo,  and 
+separates  Hindostán,  ruled  by  Britain,  from  all  its  ancient  traditions,  and 
+from  the  whole  of  its  past  history. 
+
+35 
+
+There  have  been  in  Asia,  generally,  from  immemorial  times,  but  three 
+departments  of  Government;  that  of  Finance,  or the plunder of the interior; 
+that  of  War,  or  the  plunder  of  the  exterior;  and,  finally,  the  department of 
+40  Public  Works.  Climate  and territorial  conditions,  especially the  vast tracts 
+of  desert,  extending  from  the  Sahara,  through  Arabia,  Persia,  India,  and 
+
+169 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Tartary,  to  the  most  elevated  Asiatic  highlands,  constituted  artificial  ir 
+rigation by  canals  and  water-works  the  basis  of  Oriental  agriculture.  As in 
+Egypt and India, inundations  are used for fertilizing the soil in Mesopotamia, 
+Persia,  etc.;  advantage  is  taken  of  a high level for feeding irrigative  canals. 
+This  prime  necessity of  an economical and common use  of water, which, in 
+the  Occident,  drove  private  enterprise  to  voluntary association,  as  in Flan 
+ders  and Italy, necessitated, in the  Orient where civilization was too low and 
+the  territorial  extent  too  vast  to  call  into  life  voluntary  association,  the 
+interference  of the  centralizing power of  Government.  Hence an economical 
+function  devolved  upon  all  Asiatic  Governments  the  function of providing  10 
+public  works.  This  artificial fertilization  of  the  soil,  dependent on  a Central 
+Government,  and  immediately  decaying  with  the  neglect  of  irrigation  and 
+drainage,  explains the otherwise  strange fact that we now find whole territo 
+ries barren and desert that were once brilliantly cultivated, as Palmyra, Petra, 
+the  ruins  in  Yemen,  and  large  provinces  of  Egypt,  Persia,  and  Hindostán;  15 
+it also  explains  how  a  single war  of devastation has been able to depopulate 
+a  country  for  centuries,  and  to  strip  it  of  all  its  civilization. 
+
+5 
+
+Now,  the  British  in  East  India  accepted  from  their  predecessors  the 
+department  of  finance  and  of  war,  but  they  have  neglected  entirely  that  of 
+public works.  Hence the deterioration of an agriculture which is not capable  20 
+of  being  conducted  on  the  British  principle  of  free  competition,  of  laissez-
+faire and laissez-aller. But in Asiatic empires we  are  quite  accustomed to see 
+agriculture  deteriorating  under  one  government  and  reviving  again  under 
+some  other  government.  There  the  harvests  correspond  to  good  or  bad 
+government,  as  they  change  in  Europe  with good or bad seasons. Thus the  25 
+oppression and  neglect of  agriculture,  bad  as  it is,  could not be looked upon 
+as  the  final  blow  dealt  to  Indian  society  by  the  British  intruder,  had  it  not 
+been  attended  by  a circumstance  of  quite  different importance, a novelty in 
+the  annals of the whole Asiatic world.  However changing the political aspect 
+of India's past must appear, its  social condition has remained unaltered since  30 
+its  remotest  antiquity,  until  the  first  decennium  of  the  19th  century.  The 
+hand-loom  and  the  spinning-wheel,  producing their  regular  myriads of  spin 
+ners  and  weavers,  were  the  pivots  of  the  structure  of  that  society.  From 
+immemorial  times,  Europe  received  the  admirable  textures  of  Indian labor, 
+sending  in  return  for  them  her  precious  metals,  and  furnishing  thereby  his  35 
+material  to  the  goldsmith,  that  indispensable  member  of  Indian  society, 
+whose love of finery is so great that even the lowest class, those who go about 
+nearly naked, have commonly a pair of golden ear-rings and a gold ornament 
+of  some kind hung round their necks. Rings on the fingers and toes have also 
+been common. Women as well as children frequently wore massive bracelets 40 
+and  anklets  of  gold  or  silver,  and  statuettes  of  divinities  in gold  and  silver 
+
+170 
+
+The  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+were  met  with  in  the  households.  It  was  the  British intruder who  broke  up 
+the Indian hand-loom and destroyed the spinning-wheel. England begun with 
+driving the Indian cottons from the European market; it then introduced twist 
+into  Hindostán,  and in the  end inundated the  very mother country of cotton 
+5  with  cottons.  From  1818  to  1836  the  export of  twist from  Great  Britain to 
+India rose in the proportion of 1 to 5,200. In 1824 the export of British muslins 
+to  India  hardly  amounted  to  1,000,000  yards,  while  in  1837  it  surpassed 
+64,000,000  of yards. But at the  same time the population of Dacca decreased 
+from  150,000  inhabitants to  20,000.  This  decline  of Indian towns  celebrated 
+for their fabrics  was by no  means the worst consequence.  British steam and 
+science  uprooted,  over  the  whole  surface  of  Hindostán,  the  union between 
+agricultural  and  manufacturing  industry. 
+
+10 
+
+These  two  circumstances—the  Hindoo,  on the  one  hand,  leaving,  like  all 
+Oriental  peoples,  to  the  central  government  the  care  of  the  great  public 
+15  works,  the  prime  condition of  his  agriculture  and commerce, dispersed, on 
+the  other  hand,  over  the  surface  of  the country,  and agglomerated in  small 
+centers  by  the  domestic  union  of  agricultural  and  manufacturing pursuits— 
+these two circumstances had brought about, since the remotest times, a social 
+system  of  particular  features—the  so-called  v i l l a g e - s y s t e m,  which  gave 
+to each of these small unions their independent organization and distinct life. 
+The  peculiar  character  of  this  system  may  be  judged  from  the  following 
+description,  contained  in  an  old  official  report  of  the  British  House  of 
+Commons  on  Indian  affairs: 
+
+20 
+
+"A  village,  geographically  considered,  is  a  tract  of  country  comprising 
+25 some hundred or thousand acres of arable and waste lands ; politically viewed 
+it resembles  a corporation or  township.  Its  proper  establishment of officers 
+and  servants  consists  of  the  following  descriptions:  The  potail,  or  head 
+inhabitant, who has generally the superintendence of the affairs of the village, 
+settles  the  disputes  of  the  inhabitants,  attends  to  the  police,  and  performs 
+30 the duty of collecting the revenue within his village, a duty which his personal 
+influence  and  minute  acquaintance  with  the  situation  and  concerns  of  the 
+people  render  him  the  best  qualified  for  this  charge.  The  kurnum  keeps  the 
+accounts of cultivation, and registers everything connected with it. The  tallier 
+and the  totie, the duty of the former of which consists in gaining information 
+35  of  crimes  and  offenses,  and  in  escorting  and  protecting  persons  traveling 
+from  one  village  to  another; the  province  of  the  latter  appearing to  be more 
+immediately confined to the village, consisting, among other duties, in guard 
+ing  the  crops  and  assisting  in  measuring  them.  The  boundary-man,  who 
+preserves the limits of the village, or gives evidence respecting them in cases 
+40  of  dispute.  The  Superintendent of  Tanks  and  Watercourses  distributes the 
+water for the purposes of agriculture. The Brahmin, who performs the village 
+
+171 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+worship. The  schoolmaster, who is  seen teaching the  children in a village to 
+read  and  write  in  the  sand.  The calendar bralimin,  or  astrologer,  etc.  These 
+officers  and  servants  generally constitute  the establishment of a village; but 
+in  some  parts  of  the  country  it  is  of  less  extent,  some  of  the  duties  and 
+functions  above  described  being  united  in  the  same  person;  in  others  it 
+exceeds  the  above-named  number  of  individuals.  Under this  simple form of 
+municipal  government,  the  inhabitants  of  the  country  have  lived from  time 
+immemorial.  The  boundaries  of  the  villages  have  been  but  seldom altered; 
+and  though  the  villages  themselves  have  been  sometimes  injured,  and  even 
+desolated by war, famine or disease, the same name, the same limits, the same 10 
+interests,  and  even  the  same  families  have  continued  for  ages.  The  in 
+habitants  gave  themselves  no  trouble  about  the  breaking  up  and  divisions 
+of  kingdoms;  while  the  village  remains  entire, they care  not to what power 
+it  is  transferred,  or  to  what  sovereign  it  devolves;  its  internal  economy 
+remains  unchanged.  The potail  is  still  the  head  inhabitant,  and  still  acts  as  15 
+the  petty  judge  or  magistrate,  and  collector  or  renter  of  the  village." 
+
+5 
+
+These  small  stereotype  forms  of  social  organism  have  been to the greater 
+part  dissolved,  and  are  disappearing,  not  so  much  through the brutal inter 
+ference  of  the  British  tax-gatherer  and the  British  soldier,  as to the working 
+of  English  steam  and  English  free  trade.  Those  family-communities  were  20 
+based  on  domestic  industry,  in that  peculiar  combination of  hand-weaving, 
+hand-spinning  and  hand-tilling  agriculture  which gave  them  self-supporting 
+power.  English interference having placed the  spinner  in Lancashire and the 
+weaver  in  Bengal,  or  sweeping  away  both  Hindoo  spinner  and  weaver, 
+dissolved these  small  semi-barbarian,  semi-civilized communities, by blow-  25 
+ing  up their  economical basis,  and thus  produced the  greatest,  and to  speak 
+the  truth,  the  only  social revolution  ever  heard  of  in  Asia. 
+
+Now,  sickening  as  it  must  be  to  human feeling  to  witness  those  myriads 
+of  industrious  patriarchal  and  inoffensive  social  organizations  disorganized 
+and dissolved into their units, thrown into a sea of woes, and their individual  30 
+members  losing  at the  same  time their ancient form of civilization, and their 
+hereditary means  of  subsistence, we must not forget that these idyllic village-
+communities, inoffensive though they  may appear, had always been the solid 
+foundation of Oriental despotism, that they restrained the human mind within 
+the  smallest possible compass, making it the unresisting tool of superstition,  35 
+enslaving it  beneath traditional rules, depriving it of all grandeur and histori 
+cal  energies.  We must not forget the barbarian egotism which, concentrating 
+on  some miserable patch of  land,  had  quietly witnessed the ruin of empires, 
+the  perpetration  of unspeakable  cruelties,  the massacre of the population of 
+large towns, with no other consideration bestowed upon them than on natural 40 
+events,  itself  the  helpless  prey of  any aggressor who  deigned  to  notice  it at 
+
+172 
+
+The  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+all.  We  must not forget that this undignified,  stagnatory, and vegetative life, 
+that  this  passive  sort  of  existence  evoked  on  the  other  part,  in  contradis 
+tinction, wild, aimless, unbounded forces of destruction and rendered murder 
+itself  a religious  rite  in  Hindostán.  We  must not forget that these  little com 
+munities were contaminated by distinctions of caste and by slavery, that they 
+subjugated  man  to  external  circumstances  instead  of  elevating  man  the 
+sovereign  of  circumstances,  that  they  transformed  a  self-developing  social 
+state  into  never changing natural  destiny,  and thus brought about a brutaliz 
+ing  worship  of  nature,  exhibiting  its  degradation  in  the  fact  that  man,  the 
+sovereign  of  nature,  fell  down  on  his  knees  in  adoration  of  Hanuman,  the 
+monkey,  and  Sabbala,  the  cow. 
+
+England, it is true, in causing a social revolution in Hindostán, was actuated 
+only by the  vilest interests,  and was  stupid in her manner of enforcing them. 
+But  that  is  not  the  question.  The  question is,  can mankind fulfil its  destiny 
+without a fundamental revolution in the  social  state of Asia? If not, whatever 
+may have been the crimes of England she was the unconscious tool of history 
+in  bringing  about  that  revolution. 
+
+Then,  whatever  bitterness  the  spectacle  of  the  crumbling  of  an  ancient 
+world  may  have  for  our  personal  feelings,  we  have  the  right,  in  point  of 
+history,  to  exclaim  with  Goethe: 
+
+"Sollte  diese  Qual  uns  quälen 
+Da  sie  unsre  Lust  vermehrt, 
+Hat  nicht  Myriaden  Seelen 
+Timur's  Herrschaft  aufgezehrt?" 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+173 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+E n g l i sh  P r o s p e r i t y — S t r i k e s— 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i o n — I n d ia 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3809, LJuli 1853 
+
+English Prosperity—Strikes— 
+The Turkish Question—India. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+The  declared  value  of  British exports  for  the  month of 
+
+5 
+
+London,  Friday,  June  17,  1853. 
+
+April,  1853,  amounts  to 
+Against,  for  April,  1852 
+For  four  months  ending April  30 
+Against the  same  months  of  1852 
+
+£  7,578,910 
+5,268,915 
+27,970,633 
+21,844,663 
+
+Showing an increase, in the former instance, of £2,309,995, or upward of 40  10 
+per  cent.;  and  in  the  latter  of  £6,125,970,  or  nearly  28  per  cent.  Supposing 
+the  increase  to  continue  at the  same  rate,  the total exports  of Great Britain 
+would  amount,  at the  close  of  1853,  to  more  than  £100,000,000. 
+
+The  Times,  in  communicating these  startling items  to  its readers, indulged 
+in  a  kind  of  dithyrambics,  concluding  with the  words:  "We  are  all happy,  15 
+and  all  united."  This  agreeable  discovery  had  no  sooner  been  trumpeted 
+forth,  than  an  almost general  system  of  strikes burst over the whole  surface 
+of England,  particularly in the  industrial North, giving  a  strange  echo to the 
+song  of  harmony  tuned  by  The  Times.  These  strikes  are  the  necessary 
+consequence of a comparative decrease in the labor-surplus, coinciding with 20 
+a  general  rise  in  the  prices  of  the  first  necessaries.  5,000  hands  struck  at 
+Liverpool, 35,000 at Stockport, and  so on, until at length the very police force 
+was  seized by  the  epidemic,  and  250  constables  at Manchester offered their 
+resignation.  On this  occasion the middle-class press, for instance  The Globe, 
+lost  all  countenance,  and  foreswore  its  usual  philanthropic  effusions.  It  25 
+calumniated,  injured,  threatened,  and  called loudly upon the magistrates for 
+interference,  a  thing  which has  actually been  done at Liverpool in all cases 
+
+174 
+
+English  Prosperity—Strikes—The  Turkish  Question—India 
+
+5 
+
+where  the remotest legal pretext could be invoked. These magistrates, when 
+not themselves  manufacturers or traders, as is commonly the case in Lanca 
+shire  and  Yorkshire,  are  at  least  intimately connected with,  and dependant 
+on,  the  commercial  interest.  They  have  permitted  manufacturers  to  escape 
+from  the  Ten-Hours  Act,  to  evade  the  Truck  Act,  and  to  infringe  with 
+impunity  all  other  acts  passed  expressly  against the  "unadorned"  rapacity 
+of  the  manufacturer, while they interpret the Combination Act always in the 
+most  prejudiced  and  most  unfavorable  manner  for the  workingman.  These 
+same  "gallant"  free-traders,  renowned  for  their  indefatigability  in  de-
+10  nouncing government interference, these apostles of the bourgeois doctrine 
+of  laissez-faire, who  profess to leave everything and everybody to the  strug 
+gles  of  individual  interest,  are  always  the  first to  appeal to the interference 
+of  Government  as  soon  as  the individual interests of the working-man come 
+into conflict with their own class-interests. In such moments of collision they 
+look with open admiration at the Continental States, where despotic govern 
+ments, though, indeed,  not allowing the bourgeoisie to rule,  at least prevent 
+the  working-men  from  resisting.  In  what  manner  the  revolutionary  party 
+propose  to  make use of the present great conflict between masters and men, 
+I  have  no  better  means  of  explaining  than  by  communicating  to  you  the 
+foËowing  letter,  addressed  to  me  by  Ernest Jones,  the  Chartist leader,  on 
+the  eve  of  his  departure  for  Lancashire,  where  the  campaign  is  to  be 
+opened: 
+
+20 
+
+15 
+
+"My  dear  Marx:  ...  To-morrow,  I  start  for  Blackstone-Edge,  where  a 
+camp-meeting  of the  Chartists  of  Yorkshire and Lancashire is to take place, 
+25  and  I  am  happy  to  inform  you that the most extensive preparations for the 
+same  are  making  in  the  North.  It is  now  seven years  since a really national 
+gathering  took  place  on  that  spot  sacred  to  the  traditions  of  the  Chartist 
+movement,  and  the  object  of  the  present gathering  is  as  follows:  Through 
+the  treacheries  and divisions of  1848, the disruption of the organization then 
+30  existing,  by  the  incarceration  and  banishment  of  500  of  its  leading  m e n-
+through  the  thinning  of  its  ranks  by  emigration—through  the  deadening  of 
+political  energy  by  the  influences  of brisk trade—the  national  movement of 
+Chartism  had  converted  itself  into  isolated  action,  and  the  organization 
+dwindled  at the  very  time that  social knowledge  spread.  Meanwhile, a labor 
+35 movement rose on the ruins of the political one—a labor movement emanating 
+from  the  first  blind  gropings  of  social  knowledge.  This  labor  movement 
+showed itself at first in isolated cooperative  attempts ; then, when these were 
+found  to  fail,  in an energetic  action for  a ten-hour's  bill,  a restriction  of the 
+moving  power,  an  abolition  of  the  stoppage  system  in wages,  and  a  fresh 
+interpretation  of  the  Combination  Bill.  To  these  measures,  good  in them 
+selves,  the  whole  power  and  attention of the working classes was  directed. 
+
+40 
+
+175 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+The failure  of  the attempts to obtain legislative guaranties for these measures 
+has  thrown  a more  revolutionary  tendency in the labor-mind of  Britain. The 
+opportunity  is  thus  afforded for rallying the  masses  around the  standard  of 
+real  Social  Reform;  for  it  must  be  evident  to  all,  that  however  good  the 
+measures  above  alluded  to  may  be,  to  meet  the  passing  exigencies  of the 
+moment,  they  offer no  guaranties for the future, and embody no fundamental 
+principle  of  social  right.  The  opportunity  thus  given  for  a  movement,  the 
+power  for  successfully  carrying it out, is  also  afforded by the  circumstances 
+of  the  present  time—the  discontent  of  the  people  being  accompanied by  an 
+amount  of  popular  power  which  the  comparative  scarcity  of workingmen  10 
+affords in relation to the briskness of trade. Strikes are prevalent everywhere 
+and generally successful.  But it is lamentable  to behold that the power which 
+might be  directed to  a fundamental remedy, should be wasted on a temporary 
+palliative. I am, therefore, attempting, in reorganizing with numerous friends, 
+to  seize  this  great  opportunity  for uniting  the  scattered  ranks  of  Chartism  15 
+on the  sound principles of  social revolution. For this purpose I have succeed 
+ed  in reorganizing the  dormant and extinct localities,  and arranging for what 
+I  trust  will  be  a  general  and  imposing  demonstration  throughout  England. 
+The  new  campaign  begins  by  the  camp-meeting  on Blackstone  Edge,  to  be 
+followed  by  mass  meetings  in  all  the  manufacturing  Counties,  while  our  20 
+agents  are at work in the  agricultural  districts,  so  as to unite the agricultural 
+mind  with  the  rest  of  the  industrial  body,  a  point which  has  hitherto  been 
+neglected in our  movement.  The  first  step  will be  a demand for the Charter, 
+emanating  from  these  mass  meetings  of  the  people  and  an  attempt to  press 
+a  motion  on  our  corrupt  Parliament  for  the  enactment  of  that  measure  25 
+expressly and  explicitly as  the  only means  for  social  reform—a phase  under 
+which  it  has  not  yet  been  presented  to  the  House.  If  the  working  classes 
+support this movement, as  I anticipate, from their response to my appeal the 
+result  must  be  important;  for  in  case  of  refusal  on  the  part  of  Parliament, 
+the  hollow  professions  of  sham-liberals  and  philanthropic  Tories  will  be  30 
+exposed,  and  their  last  hold  on  popular credulity  will be  destroyed.  In case 
+of  their  consenting  to  entertain  and  discuss  the  motion,  a  torrent  will  be 
+loosened which it will not be in the power of temporising expediency to stop. 
+For  you must be  aware,  from your close  study of English politics, that there 
+is  no  longer any pith or any strength in aristocracy or moneyocracy to resist  35 
+any  serious movement of the  people.  The  governing powers  consist only of 
+a confused jumble  of  worn-out factions,  that have  run together  like a ship's 
+crew  that  have  quarreled  among  themselves,  join  all  hands  at  the  pump  to 
+save  the leaky vessel. There is no  strength in them and the throwing of a few 
+drops  of  bilge  water  into  the  democratic ocean will be utterly powerless to  40 
+allay  the  raging  of  its  waves.  Such,  my  friend,  is  the  opportunity  I  now 
+
+176 
+
+English  Prosperity—Strikes—The  Turkish  Question—India 
+
+behold—such  is  the  power  wherewith  I  hope  to  see  it  used,  and  such is the 
+first  immediate  object  to  which  that  power  shall  be  directed.  On the  result 
+of  the  first  demonstration  I  shall  again write  to  you. 
+
+Yours  truly,  Ernest  Jones." 
+
+5  That  there  is  no  prospect  at  all  of  the  intended  Chartist  petition  being  taken 
+into  consideration  by  Parliament,  needs  not  to  be  proved  by  argument. 
+Whatever  illusions  may have  been entertained  on this  point,  they must now 
+vanish  before  the  fact,  that  Parliament  has  just  rejected,  by  a  majority  of 
+60  votes,  the  proposition  for  the  ballot  introduced  by  Mr. Berkeley,  and 
+10  advocated by Messrs. Phillimore, Cobden, Bright, Sir Robert Peel, etc. And 
+this  is  done  by  the  very  Parliament  which went  to  the utmost in protesting 
+against  the  intimidation  and  bribery  employed  at its  own  election,  and  neg 
+lected  for  months  all  serious  business,  for  the  whim  of  decimating itself  in 
+election inquiries. The only remedy, purity Johnny has yet found out against 
+15  bribery,  intimidation  and  corrupt practices,  has  been the  disfranchisement 
+or  rather  the  narrowing  of  constituencies.  And  there is  no  doubt that, if he 
+had  succeeded in making the constituencies of the same small size as himself, 
+the Oligarchy would be able to get their votes without the trouble and expense 
+of  buying  them.  Mr. Berkeley's  resolution  was  rejected  by  the  combined 
+20  Tories and Whigs, their common interest being at stake: the preservation of 
+their  territorial  influence  over  the  tenants  at will, the petty shopkeepers and 
+other  retainers  of  the  land-owner.  "Who  has  to  pay his  rent, has to  pay his 
+vote,"  is  an  old  adage  of  the  glorious  British  Constitution. 
+
+Last  Saturday  The  Press,  a  new  weekly  paper  under  the  influence  of 
+25  Mr. Disraeli,  made  a  curious  disclosure  to  the  public  of  England,  as  fol 
+
+lows: 
+
+"Early  in  the  spring  Baron  Brunnow  communicated  to  Lord  Clarendon 
+the  demand  which  the  Emperor  of Russia was  about to  make  on the Porte, 
+that  he  did  so  with  a  statement  that  the  object  of  the  communication was 
+30 to ascertain the feeling of England on the subject—that Lord Clarendon made 
+no  objection,  nor  in any way discouraged  the intended  course,  and that the 
+Muscovite  diplomatist  communicated  to  his  imperial  master  that  England 
+was  not  indisposed  to  connive  at  his  designs  on  the  Golden  Horn." 
+
+35 
+
+Now,  The  Times of yesterday had  an elaborate  and official article emanat-
+ing from the  Foreign  Office,  in  answer  to  the grave charge of Mr. Disraeli, 
+but  which,  in  my  opinion,  tends  rather  to  strengthen  than  to  refute  that 
+charge.  The Times asserts that, early in the spring, before the arrival of Prince 
+Menchikoff  at  Constantinople,  Baron  Brunnow  made  a  complaint  to  Lord 
+John  Russell,  that  the  Porte  had  revoked  the  privileges  conferred  on  the 
+40  Greek  clergy  by  treaty,  and  that  Lord  John  Russell,  conceiving the  matter 
+only to concern the  Holy Places, gave his  assent to the  designs of the Czar. 
+
+177 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+But  The  Times  is  compelled  at  the  same  time  to  concede  that  after  Prince 
+Menchikoff's  arrival  at  Constantinople,  and  when  Lord  John  Russell  had 
+been  replaced  by  Lord  Clarendon  at  the  Foreign  Office,  Baron  Brunnow 
+made  a further  communication to  Lord  Clarendon  "purporting to convey the 
+sense  of  his  instructions,  and  some  of  the  expressions  used in the  letter of 
+credentials  of  which  Prince  Menchikoff  was  the  bearer  from  the  Emperor 
+of  Russia  to  the  Sultan."  Simultaneously,  The  Times  admits  that  "Lord 
+Clarendon  gave  his  assent  to  the  demands  communicated  by  Baron  Brun 
+now." Evidently this  second communication must have contained something 
+more  than what had been communicated to  Lord John Russell.  The  matter,  10 
+therefore, cannot stop with this declaration. Either Baron Brunnow must turn 
+out  a diplomatical cheat  or  my  Lords  Clarendon  and  Aberdeen  are  traitors. 
+We  shall  see. 
+
+5 
+
+It may be of interest to your readers to become acquainted with a document 
+concerning the  Eastern question,  which was recently published in a London  15 
+newspaper.  It  is  a  proclamation  issued  by  the  Prince  of  Armenia,  now  re 
+siding  in  London,  and  distributed  among  the  Armenians  in Turkey: 
+
+"Leo,  by  the  grace  of  God,  sovereign  Prince  of  Armenia,  etc.,  to  the 
+
+Armenians  in  Turkey: 
+
+Beloved brothers  and faithful countrymen.—Our will and our  ardent wish  20 
+
+is  that  you  should  defend  to  the  last  drop  of  your  blood  your  country  and 
+the  Sultan  against  the  tyrant  of the North.  Remember, my brothers, that in 
+Turkey there  are  no  knouts,  they  do  not tear your  nostrils  and your  women 
+are  not  flogged,  secretly  or  in  public.  Under  the  reign  of  the  Sultan,  there 
+is  humanity,  while  under that of  the tyrant  of  the  North there  are  nothing  25 
+but  atrocities.  Therefore  place  yourselves  under  the  direction  of  God,  and 
+fight bravely for the  liberty of your country and  your present  sovereign.  Pull 
+down your houses  to  make barricades,  and if  you have  no arms, break your 
+furniture  and defend yourselves with it.  May Heaven guide you on your path 
+to  glory.  My only  happiness  will  be  to  fight  in the midst of you against the  30 
+oppressor  of  your  country,  and  your  creed.  May  God  incline  the  Sultan's 
+heart to  sanction  my  demand,  because  under  his  reign,  our religion remains 
+in  its  pure  form,  while,  under  the  Northern  tyrant,  it  will  be  altered.  Re 
+member,  at least, brothers,  that the blood that runs  in the veins  of him who 
+now  addresses  you,  is  the  blood of twenty kings, it is the blood of heroes—  35 
+Lusignans—and  defenders  of  our faith;  and we  say to  you, let us  defend our 
+creed  and  its  pure  form,  until  our  last  drop  of  blood." 
+
+On the  13th inst.  Lord  Stanley gave notice to the House of Commons that 
+on  the  second  reading  of  the  India  Bill  (23d  inst.)  he  would  bring  in  the 
+following resolution: 
+
+40 
+
+"That  in  the  opinion  of  this  House  further  information  is  necessary  to 
+
+178 
+
+English  Prosperity—Strikes—The  Turkish  Question—India 
+
+enable Parliament to legislate with advantage for the permanent government 
+of India, and that at this late period of the session, it is inexpedient to proceed 
+into  a  measure,  which,  while  it  disturbs  existing  arrangements,  cannot  be 
+regarded  as  a  final  settlement." 
+
+2o 
+
+5 
+
+But in April,  1854, the Charter of the East India Company will expire, and 
+something  accordingly  must  be  done  in one way  or the  other.  The  Govern 
+ment wanted to legislate permanently ; that is, to renew the Charter for twenty 
+years  more.  The  Manchester  School  wanted  to  postpone  all  legislation, by 
+prolonging the Charter at the utmost for one  year. The Government said that 
+10  permanent legislation was necessary forthe "best" of India. The Manchester 
+men  replied  that  it  was  impossible  for  want  of  information.  The  "best"  of 
+India,  and the  want of information,  are  alike  false pretences. The governing 
+oligarchy  desired,  before  a  Reformed  House  should  meet,  to  secure  at the 
+cost  of  India,  their  own  "best"  for  twenty  years  to  come.  The  Manchester 
+15  men  desired  no  legislation  at  all  in  the unreformed Parliament, where then-
+views  had  no  chance  of  success.  Now,  the  Coalition  Cabinet,  through  Sir 
+Charles  Wood,  has,  in  contradiction  to  its  former  statements,  but  in  con 
+formity with its habitual  system of  shifting difficulties, brought in something 
+that  looked  like  legislation;  but  it  dared  not,  on  the  other hand, to  propose 
+the  renewal  of  the  Charter  for  any  definite period, but presented a "settle 
+ment,"  which  it  left  to  Parliament  to  unsettle  whenever  that  body  should 
+determine  to  do  so.  If  the  Ministerial  propositions  were  adopted,  the  East 
+India  Company  would  obtain  no  renewal  but  only  a  suspension  of  life.  In 
+all  other  respects,  the  Ministerial  project  but  apparently  alters  the  Con-
+stitution of the  India Government, the only serious novelty to be introduced 
+being  the  addition  of  some  new Governors,  although a long experience  has 
+proved  that the  parts  of  East India  administered  by  simple  Commissioners, 
+go  on  much  better  than  those  blessed  with  the  costly  luxury  of Governors 
+and  Councils.  The  Whig  invention  of  alleviating  exhausted  countries  by 
+30  burdening them with new  sinecures  for the paupers of Aristocracy, reminds 
+one  of the  old  Russell  administration when  the  Whigs were  suddenly  struck 
+with  the  state  of  spiritual  destitution,  in  which  the  Indians  and  Mahom-
+medans  of  the  East were  living,  and  determined  upon relieving them  by  the 
+importation of  some  new Bishops, the  Tories, in the plenitude of their power, 
+35  having never thought more than one to be necessary. That resolution having 
+been agreed upon, Sir John Hobhouse, the then Whig President of the Board 
+of  Control,  discovered  immediately  afterwards,  that  he  had  a  relative  ad 
+mirably  suited  for  a  Bishopric,  who  was  forthwith  appointed  to  one  of the 
+new  sees.  "In cases  of  this  kind,"  remarks  an English writer,  "where the fit 
+is  so  exact,  it is  really  hardly  possible  to  say,  whether  the  shoe  was  made 
+for the foot, or the foot for the shoe." Thus with regard to the Charles Wood's 
+
+40 
+
+25 
+
+179 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+invention;  it  would be  very  difficult to  say,  whether  the  new  Governors are 
+made  for  Indian  provinces,  or  Indian  provinces  for  the  new  Governors. 
+
+Be this  as  it may,  the  Coalition Cabinet believed it had met all clamors by 
+leaving  to  Parliament  the  power  of  altering  its  proposed  act  at  all  times. 
+Unfortunately  in  steps  Lord  Stanley,  the  Tory,  with  his  resolution  which  was  5 
+loudly  cheered  by the  "Radical"  Opposition,  when it  was  announced.  Lord 
+Stanley's  resolution  is,  nevertheless  self-contradictory.  On  one  hand,  he 
+rejects  the  Ministerial  proposition,  because  the  House  requires  more  in 
+formation for permanent legislation.  On the other hand, he rejects it, because 
+it  is  no  permanent  legislation,  but  alters  existing  arrangements,  without  10 
+pretending  to  finality.  The  Conservative  view  is,  of course,  opposed  to  the 
+bill, because it involves a change of some kind. The Radical view is opposed 
+to  it, because it involves  no  real change at all. Lord Stanley, in these coales-
+cent  times  has  found  a  formula  in  which  the  opposite  views  are  combined 
+together  against the Ministerial view of the  subject. The Coalition Ministry  15 
+affects  a  virtuous  indignation  against  such  tactics,  and  The  Chronicle,  its 
+organ,  exclaims: 
+
+"Viewed as a party-move the proposed motion for delay is in a high degree 
+This  motion is brought forward solely because 
+
+factious and discreditable 
+some  supporters  of  the  Ministry  are  pledged  to  separate  in this  particular  20 
+question  from  those  with  whom  they  usually  act." 
+
+The  anxiety  of  Ministers  seems  indeed  to  be  serious.  The  Chronicle of 
+
+to-day,  again  recurring  to  the  subject,  says: 
+
+"The  division  on  Lord  Stanley's  motion  will  probably  be  decisive of the 
+
+fate  of  the  India Bill; it is therefore of the  utmost importance that those who 
+feel  the 
+strengthen  the  Government." 
+
+importance  of  early  legislation,  should  use  every  exertion  to 
+
+25 
+
+On  the  other  hand,  we  read  in  The  Times of  to-day: 
+"The  fate  of  the  Government  India  Bill  has  been  more  respectively  de 
+lineated  . ..  The  danger  of  the  Government  lies  in the  entire conforming of  30 
+Lord  Stanley's  objections  with  the  conclusions  of  public  opinion.  Every 
+syllable  of  this  amendment tells  with deadly  effect against the  ministry." 
+
+I  shall  expose  in  a  subsequent  letter,  the  bearing  of  the  Indian  Question 
+on the  different parties in Great Britain, and the benefit the poor Hindoo may 
+reap from this quarreling of the aristocracy, the moneyocracy and the milloc-  35 
+racy  about  his  amelioration. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+180 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T u r k ey  a nd  R u s s i a-
+
+C o n n i v a n ce  of  t he  A b e r d e en  M i n i s t ry  w i th  R u s s i a-
+
+T he  B u d g e t — T ax  on  N e w s p a p er  S u p p l e m e n t s-
+
+P a r l i a m e n t a ry  C o r r u p t i on 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3814, 8.Juli  1853 
+
+Turkey  and Russia—Connivance 
+of  the  Aberdeen Ministry with Russia-
+The Budget—Tax on Newspaper Supplements-
+Parliamentary  Corruption. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday, June  21,  1853. 
+
+In  the  year  1828,  when  Russia was  permitted  to  overrun  Turkey  with war, 
+and  to  terminate  that  war  by  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  which  surrendered 
+to  her  the  whole  of  the  Eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea, from Anapa in the 
+North to  Poti in the  South,  (except Circassia) and delivered into her posses 
+sion  the  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  virtually  separated  Moldavia 
+and  Wallachia from Turkey,  and placed them under  Russian  supremacy—at 
+that  epoch  Lord  Aberdeen  happened  to  be  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  in 
+Great  Britain.  In  1853  we  find the  very  same  Aberdeen  as  the  chief  of the 
+"composite  ministry"  in  the  same  country.  This  simple  fact  goes  far  to 
+explain  the  overbearing  attitude  assumed  by  Russia  in  her  present conflict 
+with  Turkey  and  with  Europe. 
+
+I  told  you  in  my  last  letter  that  the  storm  aroused  by  the  revelations  of 
+The  Press respecting  the  secret  transactions  between  Aberdeen,  Clarendon 
+and  Baron  Brunnow,  was  not  likely to  subside  under  the  hair-splitting, tor 
+tuous  and  disingenuous  pleading of Thursday's  Times.  The  Times: was even 
+then forced to admit in a semi-official article, that Lord Clarendon had indeed 
+given  his  assent  to  the  demands  about  to  be  made  by  Russia  on  the Porte, 
+but  said  that  the  demands  as  represented  in  London,  and  those  actually 
+proposed  at  Constantinople,  had  turned  out to  be  of  quite  a  different  tenor, 
+although the papers communicated by Baron Brunnow to the British Minister 
+
+181 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+purported  to  be  "literal  extracts" from  the  instructions  forwarded to  Prince 
+Menchikoff.  On  the  following  Saturday,  however,  The  Times  retracted  its 
+assertions—undoubtedly  in  consequence  of  remonstrances made on the part 
+of  the  Russian Embassy—and  gave  Baron Brunnow  a  testimonial  of perfect 
+"candor  and  faith."  The  Morning  Herald  of  yesterday  puts  the  question 
+"whether Russia had not perhaps given false  instructions  to Baron Brunnow 
+himself,  in  order  to  deceive  the  British  Minister?"  In  the  meantime,  fresh 
+disclosures,  studiously  concealed  from  the  public  by  a corrupt  daily  press, 
+have  been  made, which exclude any  such interpretation, throwing the whole 
+blame on the  shoulders  of the  "composite  ministry,"  and quite  sufficient to 
+warrant  the  impeachment  of  Lords  Aberdeen  and  Clarendon  before  any 
+other  Parliament  than the  present,  which  is  but  a paralytic produce  of  dead 
+constituencies  artificially  stimulated  into  life  by  unexampled  bribery  and 
+intimidation. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+It  is  stated  that  a  communication was  made  to  Lord Clarendon, wherein  15 
+
+he  was  informed  that  the  affair  of  the  Shrines  was  noi the  sole object oí the 
+Russian Prince. In that communication the general question was entered into, 
+the  question  of  the  Greek  Christians  of  Turkey,  and  of  the  position  of  the 
+Emperor  of  Russia  with  respect  to  them  under  certain  treaties.  All  these 
+points  were  canvassed,  and  the  course  about to be  adopted by  Russia ex-  20 
+plicitly  stated—the  same  as  detailed  in  the  projected  convention  of  the  6th 
+of May.  Lord Clarendon, with the assent of Lord Aberdeen, in no wise either 
+disapproved or discouraged that course. While matters stood thus in London, 
+Bonaparte  sent  his  fleet  to  Salamis,  public  opinion  pressed  from  without, 
+Ministers were  interpellated  in both Houses, Russell pledged  himself to  the  25 
+maintenance  of  the  integrity  and  independence  of  Turkey,  and  Prince 
+Menchikoff  threw off the mask at Constantinople.  It now became  necessary 
+for  Lords  Aberdeen  and  Clarendon  to  initiate  the  other  Ministers  in  what 
+had been done, and the  Coalition was on the eve of being broken up, as Lord 
+Palmerston,  forced  by  his  antecedents,  urged  a  directly  opposite  line  of  30 
+policy.  In  order  to  prevent  the  dissolution  of  his  Cabinet,  Lord  Aberdeen 
+finally  yielded  to  Lord  Palmerston,  and  consented  to  the  combined  action 
+of  the  English  and  French  fleets  in  the  Dardanelles.  But  at  the  same  time, 
+in order to  fulfill his  engagements  toward Russia,  Lord Aberdeen intimated 
+through a private  dispatch to  St. Petersburg that he would not look upon the  35 
+occupation  of  the  Danubian  Principalities  by  the  Russians  as  a casus belli, 
+and  The  Times received  orders  to  prepare  public  opinion for this new inter 
+pretation of international treaties.  It would be unjust to withhold the testimo 
+nial  that  it  has  labored hard enough to  prove that black is white.  This  same 
+journal,  which  had  all  along  contended  that  the  Russian  protectorate  over  40 
+the  Greek  Christians  of  Turkey  would  not  be  of  any political  consequence 
+
+182 
+
+Turkey  and  Russia—Connivance  of  the  Aberdeen  Ministry  with  Russia—The  Budget 
+
+at  all  asserted  at  once  that  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  were  placed  under  a 
+divided  allegiance,  and formed  in reality no  integral  portions  of  the Turkish 
+Empire ; that their occupation would not be an invasion of the Turkish Empire 
+in the  "strict  sense of the word,"  inasmuch as the treaties  of Bucharest and 
+5  Adrianople  had given  to  the  Czar  a  Protectorate  over  his  co-religionists  in 
+the  Danubian  Provinces.  The  Convention  of  Balta  Liman,  concluded  on 
+May  1,1849,  distinctly  stipulates: 
+
+" 1.  That the  occupation  of  those  provinces,  if  it occurs,  shall only be by 
+
+a joint  one  of  Russian  and  Turkish  forces. 
+
+10 
+
+2.  That  the  sole  plea  for  it  shall  be  in  grave  events  taking  place  in  the 
+
+principalities." 
+
+Now  as  no  events  at  all  have  taken  place  in  those  principalities,  and 
+moreover,  as  Russia  has  no  intention  to  enter  them  in  common  with  the 
+Turks,  but  precisely  against  Turkey,  The  Times  is  of  opinion,  that  Turkey 
+15  ought to  suffer quietly the  occupation by Russia alone,  and afterward enter 
+into  negotiations  with  her.  But  if  Turkey  should be of  a less  sedate  temper 
+and  consider  the  occupation  as  a casus belli,  The  Times argues that England 
+and  France  must not do  so ; and if, nevertheless, England and France should 
+do  so,  The  Times recommends  that it  should be  done  in a gentle  manner by 
+20  no  means  as  belligerents  against  Russia,  but  only  as  defensive  allies  of 
+
+Turkey. 
+
+This  cowardly and tortuous  system of  The  Times, I cannot more appropri 
+ately  stigmatise than by quoting the following passage from its leading article 
+of  to-day.  It  is  an  incredible  combination  of  all  the  contradictions,  sub-
+terfuges,  false  pretences,  anxieties  and  lâchetés  of  Lord  Aberdeen's 
+policy: 
+
+25 
+
+"Before  proceeding  to  the  last  extremities  the  Porte  may,  if  it think fit, 
+protest  against  the  occupation  of  the  principalities,  and  with  the  support 
+of  all  the  Powers  of  Europe,  may  still  negotiate.  It  will  remain  with  the 
+30  Turkish  government,  acting  in  concert  with  the  ambassadors  of  the  four 
+Powers, to determine this momentous point, and especially to decide whether 
+the  state  of  hostilities  is  such  as  to  cause  the  Dardanelles  to  be  opened  to 
+foreign  ships  of war, under  the  Convention of  1841.  Should that question be 
+decided  in the  affirmative,  and  the  fleets  be  ordered  to  enter the  Straits,  it 
+35  will  then remain to be  seen whether we  come there as mediating Powers or 
+as  belligerents;  for  supposing  Turkey  and  Russia to  be  at  war,  and foreign 
+vessels  of  war  to  be  admitted,  casus  foederis  (!)  they  do  not  necessarily 
+acquire  a belligerent character,  and they have  a far greater interest in main 
+taining that of mediating Powers, inasmuch as they are  sent not to make war 
+40  but to  prevent it.  Such  a  measure  does not of necessity  make us principals 
+
+in  the  contest." 
+
+183 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+All  the  leaders  of  The  Times  have  been  to  no  purpose.  No  other  paper 
+would follow in its track—none would bite at its bait, and even the Ministerial 
+papers,  The  Morning  Chronicle,  Morning Post,  Globe,  and  Observertake  an 
+entirely  different  stand,  finding a loud echo on the other side of the channel, 
+where only the legitimist Assemblée JVaü'ona/epresumes to see no  casus belli 
+in  the  occupation  of  the  Danubian  Principalities. 
+
+5 
+
+The  dissension  in  the  camp  of  the  Coalition  Ministry  has  thus  been  be 
+trayed to  the  public  by the clamorous dissension in their organs. Palmerston 
+urged  upon  the  Cabinet  to  hold  the  occupation  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia 
+as a declaration of war, and he was backed up by the Whig and Sham-Radical 
+members  of  the composite Ministry.  Lord Aberdeen, having only consented 
+to  the common action of the French and English fleets upon the understand 
+ing  that  Russia  would  not  act  at  the  Dardanelles  but  in  the  Danubian 
+Provinces,  was  now  quite  "outwinded."  The  existence  of  the  Government 
+was  again  at  stake.  At  least,  at  the  pressing  instances  of  Lord  Aberdeen,  15 
+Palmerston was  prepared to give a sullen assent to the unchallenged occupa 
+tion  of  the  Principalities  by Russia, when  suddenly  a dispatch  arrived from 
+Paris  announcing that Bonaparte had resolved to view the same act as a casus 
+belli.  The  confusion  has  now  reached  its  highest  point. 
+
+10 
+
+Now,  if  this  statement  be  correct,  and  from  our  knowledge  of  Lord  20 
+
+Aberdeen's  past,  there  is  every  reason  to  consider  it  as  such—the  whole 
+mystery  of  that  Russo-Turkish  tragi-comedy  that  has  occupied  Europe  for 
+months  together,  is  laid bare.  We  understand  at once,  why  Lord Aberdeen 
+would not move the British fleet from Malta. We understand the rebuke given 
+to  Colonel  Rose  for  his  resolute  conduct  at  Constantinople,  the  bullying  25 
+behavior  of  Prince  Menchikoff,  and  the  heroic  firmness  of  the  Czar  who, 
+conceiving  the  warlike  movements  of  England  as  a mere farce,  would have 
+been glad  to  be  allowed,  by the uncontroverted occupation of Moldavia and 
+Wallachia,  not only to  withdraw from the  stage  as  the "master," but to hold 
+his  annual  grand  maneuvers  at the  cost  and  expense  of  the  subjects of the  30 
+Sultan.  We  believe  that,  if  war  should  break out,  it  will  be  because Russia 
+had gone  too  far to  withdraw  with impunity to  her  honor;  and  above all, we 
+believe her courage to be up to this notch simply because she has all the while 
+counted  on  England's  connivance. 
+
+On this head the following passage is in point from the last letter from  The 
+
+35 
+
+Englishman  on  the  Coalition-Ministry: 
+
+"The  coalition is  shaking at every breeze that flows from the Dardanelles. 
+The  fears  of the  good  Aberdeen  and the  miserable incompetence of Claren 
+don,  encouraged  Russia,  and  have  produced  the  crisis." 
+
+The  latest  news  from  Turkey  is  as  follows:  The  Turkish Ambassador  at  40 
+
+Paris  has received by telegraph, via Sernlin,  a dispatch from Constantinople, 
+
+184 
+
+Turkey  and  Russia—Connivance  of  the  Aberdeen  Ministry  with  Russia—The  Budget 
+
+informing him that the  Porte has rejected the last ultimatum of Russia, taking 
+its  stand  on  the  memorandum  forwarded  to  the  Great  Powers.  The  Sema 
+phore,  of  Marseilles,  states  that  news  had  been  received  at  Smyrna  of  the 
+capture  of  two  Turkish  trading  vessels  on  the  Black  Sea by  the  Russians; 
+5  but  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  Caucasian  tribes  had  opened  a  general 
+campaign  against the Russians, in which Shamyl had achieved a most brilliant 
+victory,  taking no  less  than 23  cannons. 
+
+10 
+
+Mr. Gladstone  has  now  announced  his  altered  proposals,  with  regard  to 
+the  Advertisement  Duty.  He  had  proposed,  in  order  to  secure  the  support 
+of  The  Times, to  strike  the  duty off  supplements œntaining advertisements 
+only.  He now proposes, intimidated by public opinion, to let all single supple 
+ments  go  free,  and  to  tax  each  double  supplement  ll2d.  Imagine  the  fury of 
+The  Times, which, by this  altered proposition, will only gain £20,000, instead 
+of £40,000  a year,  besides  seeing the market thrown open to its competitors. 
+15  This  consistent  journal  which defends to the utmost the taxes upon knowl 
+edge, and the  duty on advertisements, now opposes any tax on supplements. 
+But it may console itself.  If the  Ministry,  after  having carried the greater part 
+of  the  budget,  feel  no  longer  any  necessity  for  cajoling  The  Times,  the 
+Manchester men, as  soon as they have  secured their share of the budget, will 
+20  no longer want the Ministry. This is what the latter apprehend, and that very 
+apprehension  accounts  for the  fact  of the  budget  discussion extending over 
+the  whole  period  of  the  session.  It  is  characteristic  of  the  compensating 
+justice of  Mr. Gladstone, that while he reduces the newspaper advertisement 
+duty  from  Is.  6d.  to  Is.  3d.,  he  proposes  to  tax  the literary advertisements 
+inserted  at  the  end  of  most books  and reviews,  6  pence  each. 
+
+25 
+
+To-night the House of Commons will be occupied on two  cases of bribery. 
+During  the  present  session  47  Election-Committees  have  been  sitting,  out 
+of which, 4 are yet sitting, 43 having concluded their investigations, by finding 
+the  majority of the unseated members guilty of bribery.  To  show the respect 
+in  which  this  Parliament,  the  offspring  of  corruption  and  the  parent  of 
+Coalitions,  is  held  by  public  opinion,  it  is  sufficient  to  quote  the  following 
+words  of  to-day's  Morning  Herald: 
+
+30 
+
+"If want of clear aim and object, and still more, the tottering and quavering 
+attack,  be  symptomatic  of  imbecility,  then  it  must  be  confessed  that  this 
+35  Parliament, the child of  six months, has fallen already into  second childish 
+ness.  It is  already  subsiding and curdling  away into  small knots of spiritless 
+and  purposeless  coteries." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+185 
+
+\ 
+\ 
+\ 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+"^ast  I n d ia  C o m p a n y — I ts  H i s t o ry  a nd  R e s u l ts 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3816, 11.Juli 1853 
+
+The  East India Company-
+Its History and Results. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, June  24,  1853. 
+
+The debate  on  Lord  Stanley's  motion to postpone  legislation for India,  has 
+been  deferred  until  this  evening.  For  the  first  time  since  1783  the  India 
+Question  has  become  a  Ministerial  one  in  England.  Why  is  this? 
+
+5 
+
+The true commencement of the  East India Company  cannot be dated from 
+a more remote epoch than the year  1702, when the different societies, claim 
+ing  the  monopoly  of  the  East  India  trade,  united  together,in  one  single  10 
+Company.  Till  then  the  very  existence  of  the  original  East India Company 
+was repeatedly endangered, once suspended for years under the protectorate 
+of  Cromwell,  and  once  threatened  with utter  dissolution  by  parliamentary 
+interference  under  the reign of William  III.  It was  under the  ascendancy of 
+that  Dutch  Prince  when  the  Whigs  became  the  farmers  of  the  revenues  of  15 
+the  British  Empire,  when  the  Bank  of  England  sprung  into  life,  when  the 
+protective  system  was  firmly  established  in  England,  and  the  balance  of 
+power  in Europe  was  definitively  settled, that the existence of an East India 
+Company  was  recognized  by  Parliament.  That  era  of  apparent  liberty  was 
+in reality the era of monopolies not created by Royal grants,  as in the  times  20 
+of  Elizabeth  and  Charles  I.,  but  authorized  and nationalized by the  sanction 
+of  Parliament.  This  epoch  in  the  history  of  England  bears,  in  fact,  an 
+extreme  likeness  to  the  epoch  of  Louis  Philippe  in  France,  the  old  landed 
+aristocracy having been  defeated,  and the bourgeoisie not being able to take 
+its  place  except  under  the  banner  of  moneyocracy,  or the  "haute finance. "  25 
+The  East India  Company  excluded  the  common people  from  the commerce 
+
+186 
+
+The  East  India  Company—Its  History  and  Results 
+
+with India, at the  same time that the House of Commons excluded them from 
+parliamentary  representation.  In this  as  well  as  in  other  instances,  we find 
+the  first  decisive  victory  of  the  bourgeoisie  over  the  feudal  aristocracy 
+coinciding with the most pronounced reaction against the people, a phenome-
+5  non  which  has  driven  more  than  one  popular  writer,  like  Cobbett,  to  look 
+
+for  popular  liberty  rather  in  the  past  than  in  the  future. 
+
+10 
+
+The  union  between  the  Constitutional  Monarchy  and  the  monopolizing 
+monied  interest,  between  the  Company  of  East  India  and  the  "glorious" 
+revolution  of  1688  was  fostered  by  the  same  force  by  which  the  liberal 
+interests and a liberal dynasty have at all times  and in all countries  met and 
+combined,  by  the  force  of  corruption,  that  first  and  last  moving  power  of 
+Constitutional  Monarchy,  the  guardian  angel  of  William  III.  and  the  fatal 
+demon  of  Louis  Philippe.  So  early as  1693,  it appeared from parliamentary 
+inquiries,  that the  annual  expenditure  of the East India Company, under the 
+15  head of "gifts" to men in power, which had rarely amounted to above £1,200 
+before  the  revolution,  reached the  sum of £90,000.  The  Duke  of Leeds  was 
+impeached  for  a  bribe  of  £5,000,  and  the  virtuous  King  himself  convicted 
+of  having  received  £10,000.  Besides these  direct briberies,  rival  Companies 
+were  thrown  out  by  tempting Government with loans  of  enormous  sums  at 
+the lowest interest,  and by  buying  off  rival  Directors. 
+
+20 
+
+The  power  the  East India Company  had  obtained  by  bribing the  Govern 
+ment,  as  did also the  Bank of  England,  it was forced to  maintain by  bribing 
+again,  as  did  the  Bank  of  England.  At every epoch when its  monopoly was 
+expiring,  it could  only  effect  a renewal  of  its  charter by offering fresh loans 
+
+25  and  by  fresh presents  made  to  the  Government. 
+
+The  events  of  the  seven-years-war  transformed  the  East  India Company 
+from  a commercial  into  a  military  and territorial  power.  It was then that the 
+foundation was laid of the present British Empire in the East. Then East India 
+stock rose  to  £263,  and  dividends were then paid at the rate of  I2V2 per cent. 
+30  But then there appeared a new enemy to the Company, no longer in the shape 
+of  rival  societies,  but  in  the  shape  of  rival  ministers  and  of  a  rival  people. 
+It  was  alleged  that  the  Company's  territory  had been conquered by the  aid 
+of  British  fleets  and  British  armies,  and  that no  British  subjects  could hold 
+territorial  sovereignties  independent  of the  Crown. The ministers of the day 
+35  and  the  people  of  the  day claimed their  share in the  "wonderful treasures" 
+imagined to  have  been won by the  last conquests.  The Company only saved 
+its  existence  by  an  agreement  made  in  1767  that  it  should  annually  pay 
+£400,000  into  the  National  Exchequer. 
+
+40 
+
+But  the  East  India  Company,  instead  of  fulfilling  its  agreement,  got into 
+financial  difficulties,  and,  instead of paying  a tribute to the  English people, 
+appealed  to  Parliament for pecuniary  aid.  Serious  alterations  in the  Charter 
+
+187 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+were the consequence of this  step.  The Company's affairs failing to improve, 
+notwithstanding their  new  condition,  and  the English nation having simulta 
+neously  lost  their  colonies  in  North-America,  the  necessity  of  elsewhere 
+regaining  some  great  Colonial  Empire  became  more  and  more  universally 
+felt.  The  illustrious Fox thought the opportune moment had arrived, in  1783, 
+for  bringing  forward  his  famous  India  bill,  which  proposed  to  abolish  the 
+Courts of Directors and Proprietors, and to vest the whole Indian government 
+in  the  hands  of  seven  Commissioners  appointed  by  Parliament.  By  the 
+personal  influence  of  the  imbecile  King  over  the  House  of  Lords,  the  bill 
+of Mr. Fox was defeated, and made the instrument of breaking down the then 
+Coalition  Government  of  Fox  and  Lord  North,  and  of  placing  the  famous 
+Pitt  at  the  head  of  the  Government.  Pitt  carried  in  1784 a bill through both 
+Houses,  which directed the establishment of the Board of Control, consisting 
+of  six members  of  the  Privy Council, who  were  "to  check,  superintend  and 
+control  all  acts,  operations  and  concerns  which  in  any  wise  related  to 
+the  civil  and  military  government,  or  revenues  of  the  territories  and  pos 
+sessions  of  the  East  India  Company."  On  this  head,  Mill,  the  historian, 
+says: 
+
+"In  passing  that  law  two  objects  were  pursued.  To  avoid the  imputation 
+of  what  was  represented  as  the  heinous  object  of  Mr. Fox's  bill,  it  was 
+necessary  that  the  principal  part  of  the  power  should  appear to  remain  in 
+the  hands  of  the  Directors.  For  ministerial  advantage it was  necessary that 
+it  should  in  reality be  all  taken  away.  Mr. Pitt's  bill  professed  to  differ  from 
+that  of  his  rival,  chiefly  in this  very point,  that while  the  one  destroyed the 
+power  of  the  Directors,  the  other  left  it  almost  entire;  Under  the  act  of 
+Mr. Fox the  powers of the ministers would have been avowedly held.  Under 
+the  act  of  Mr. Pitt  they  were  held  in  secret  and  by  fraud.  The  bill  of  Fox 
+transferred  the  power  of  the  Company  to  Commissioners  appointed  by 
+Parliament.  The bill of Mr. Pitt transferred them to Commissioners appointed 
+by  the  King." 
+
+The  years  of  1783 and  1784 were thus the first, and till now the only years, 
+for the India question to become a ministerial one. The bill of Mr. Pitt having 
+been  carried,  the  charter  of  the  East India  Company was  renewed,  and  the 
+Indian question set aside for twenty years.  But in  1813 the Anti-Jacobin war, 
+and  in  1833  the  newly introduced Reform  Bui  superseded  all other  political, 
+questions. 
+
+This,  then,  is  the  first  reason  of  the  India  question's  having  failed  to 
+become a great political question, since and before 1784; that before that time 
+the  East  India Company had first to  conquer existence and importance; that 
+after  that time the  Oligarchy absorbed all of its power which it could assume 
+without  incurring  responsibility;  and  that  afterwards  the  English  people  in 
+
+188 
+
+The  East  India  Company—Its  History  and  Results 
+
+general  were  at  the  very  epochs  of  the  renewal  of  the  charter,  in  1813  and 
+at  1833,  absorbed  by  other  questions  of  overbearing  interest. 
+
+We  will  now  take  a different  view.  The  East  India Company  commenced 
+by  attempting  merely  to  establish  factories  for  their  agents,  and  places  of 
+5  deposit  for  their goods.  In order  to  protect them  they erected  several forts. 
+Although  they  had,  even  as  early  as  1689,  conceived  the  establishment  of 
+a  dominion  in  India,  and  of  making  territorial  revenue  one  of  their  sources 
+of  emolument,  yet,  down to  1744,  they  had  acquired but  a few unimportant 
+districts  around Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. The war which subsequently 
+io  broke  out  in  the  Carnatic  had  the  effect  of  rendering  them  after  various 
+struggles,  virtual  sovereigns  of  that  part  of  India.  Much more  considerable 
+results arose from the  war in Bengal and the victories of Clive. These results 
+were  the  real  occupation  of  Bengal,  Bihar,  and  Orissa.  At  the  end  of  the 
+Eighteenth  Century,  and  in  the  first  years  of  the  present  one,  there  super-
+15 vened the wars with Tippo-Saib, and in consequence of them a great advance 
+of  power, and an immense extension of the  subsidiary  system.  In the  second 
+decennium  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  the  first  convenient frontier,  that of 
+India  within  the  desert,  had  at  length  been  conquered.  It  was  not  till  then 
+that  the  British  Empire  in  the  East  reached  those  parts  of Asia, which had 
+20 been, at all times, the seat of every great central power in India. But the most 
+vulnerable  point of  the  Empire, from  which it had  been  overrun  as  often  as 
+old  conquerors  were  expelled  by  new  ones,  the  barriers  of  the  Western 
+frontier,  were  not  in  the  hands  of  the  British.  During  the period from  1838 
+to  1849,  in  the  Sikh  and  Afghan  wars,  British  rule  subjected  to  definitive 
+25  possession  the  ethnographical,  political,  and  military  frontiers  of  the  East 
+Indian  Continent,  by  the  compulsory  annexation  of  the  Punjaub  and  of 
+Scinde.  These  were  possessions  indispensable to repulse any invading force 
+issuing from Central Asia, and indispensable  against Russia advancing to the 
+frontiers  of  Persia.  During this  last  decennium  there have been added to the 
+30  British Indian territory  167,000  square miles, with a population of 8,572,630 
+souls.  As  to  the  interior,  all  the  native  States  now  became  surrounded  by 
+British  possessions,  subjected  to  British  suzeraineté  under  various  forms, 
+and  cut off from the sea-coast, with the sole exception of Guzerat and Scinde. 
+As to its  exterior,  India was  now finished.  It is  only  since  1849, that the one 
+
+35  great Anglo-Indian Empire  has  existed. 
+
+Thus  the  British  Government  has  been  fighting,  under  the  Company's 
+name,  for two centuries, till at last the natural limits  of India were reached. 
+We  understand  now,  why  during  all  this  time  all  parties  in  England  have 
+connived  in  silence,  even  those  which  had  resolved  to  become  the  loudest 
+40  with their  hypocritical  peace-cant,  after the  arrondissementoi the one Indian 
+Empire  should  have  been  completed.  Firstly,  of  course,  they  had  to  get  it 
+
+189 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+in  order  to  subject it  afterward  to their sharp philanthrophy.  From this view 
+we understand the altered position of the Indian question in the present year, 
+1853,  compared  with  all  former  periods  of  Charter  renewal. 
+
+Again,  let  us  take  a  different  view.  We  shall  still  better  understand  the 
+peculiar crisis  in Indian legislation,  on reviewing the course  of British com- 
+mereiai  intercourse  with  India  through  its  different  phases. 
+
+5 
+
+At the  commencement of the  East-India Company's operations, under the 
+reign of Elizabeth, the Company was  permitted for the  purpose of profitably 
+carrying on its trade  with India, to export an annual value of £30,000in silver, 
+gold,  and foreign  coin.  This  was  an infraction  against  all  the  prejudices  of  10 
+the  age,  and  Thomas  Mun was forced to lay down in "A Discourse on Trade 
+from England to the East Indies," the foundation of the "mercantile system," 
+admitting  that the  precious  metals were the only real wealth a country could 
+possess,  but  contending  at  the  same  time  that  their  exportation  might  be 
+safely  allowed,  provided  the  balance  of payments was  in  favor  of  the  ex- 
+porting  nation.  In  this  sense,  he  contended  that  the  commodities  imported 
+from  East  India  were  chiefly  reexported  to  other  countries,  from  which  a 
+much greater quantity of bullion was  obtained than had been required to  pay 
+for  them  in  India.  In  the  same  spirit,  Sir  Joshua  Child  wrote  "A  Treatise 
+wherein  it  is  demonstrated  that  the  East  India  Trade  is  the  most  national  20 
+Trade  of  all  Trades."  By-and-by  the  partisans  of  the  East  India  Company 
+grew  more  audacious,  and  it  may  be  noticed  as  a  curiosity,  in  this  strange 
+Indian  history,  that  the  Indian  monopolists  were  the  first preachers  of  free 
+trade  in  England. 
+
+15 
+
+Parliamentary  intervention,  with regard  to  the  East India Company, was  25 
+
+again claimed, not by the commercial, but by the industrial class, at the latter 
+end  of  the  17th  century,  and  during  the  greater  part  of  the  18th,  when  the 
+importation  of  East  Indian  cotton  and  silk  stuffs  was  declared  to  ruin  the 
+poor  British  manufacturers,  an  opinion  put  forward  in  "John  Pollexfen: 
+England and India inconsistent in their Manufactures; London,  1697," a title  30 
+strangely  verified  a  century  and  a  half  later,  but  in  a  very  different  sense. 
+Parliament did then interfere.  By the  Act  11  and  12  William HI., cap. 10, it 
+was  enacted that the wearing of wrought silks and of printed or dyed calicoes 
+from  India,  Persia  and  China  should  be  prohibited,  and  a  penalty  of  £200 
+imposed on all persons having or selling the same. Similar laws were enacted  35 
+under  George  I.,  II.  and  III.,  in  consequence  of  the  repeated  lamentations 
+of  the  afterward  so  "enlightened"  British  manufacturers.  And thus,  during 
+the  greater  part  of  the  18th  century,  Indian  manufactures  were  generally 
+imported  into  England  in  order  to  be  sold  on  the  Continent,  and to remain 
+excluded from the  English  market itself. 
+
+40 
+
+Besides  this  Parliamentary  interference  with  East  India,  solicited  by  the 
+
+190 
+
+The  East  India  Company—Its  History  and  Results 
+
+5 
+
+greedy  home manufacturer,  efforts were made  at every epoch of the renewal 
+of  the  Charter, by the merchants of London, Liverpool and Bristol, to break 
+down  the  commercial monopoly  of  the  Company,  and  to  participate  in that 
+commerce,  estimated  to  be  a  true  mine  of  gold.  In  consequence  of  these 
+efforts,  a provision was  made  in the  Act of  1793  prolonging the  Company's 
+Charter  till  March  1,1814,  by which private British individuals were author 
+ized  to  export from, and the Company's Indian servants permitted to import 
+into  England,  almost  all  sorts  of  commodities.  But  this  concession  was 
+surrounded  with  conditions  annihilating its  effects, in respect to the exports 
+to  British  India by private  merchants.  In  1813  the  Company was unable to 
+further  withstand  the pressure  of  general  commerce,  and  except the  mono 
+poly  of  the  Chinese  trade,  the  trade  to  India  was  opened,  under  certain 
+conditions,  to  private  competition.  At  the  renewal  of  the  charter  in  1833, 
+these  last restrictions  were  at  length  superseded, the Company forbidden to 
+15  carry  on  any  trade  at  all—their  commercial  character  destroyed,  and their 
+privilege  of  excluding  British  subjects  from  the  Indian  territories  with 
+drawn. 
+
+10 
+
+Meanwhile  the  East  India  trade  had  undergone  very  serious  revolutions, 
+altogether  altering the position of the different class interests in England with 
+regard to it. During the whole course of the  18th century the treasures trans 
+ported  from  India  to  England  were  gained  much  less  by  comparatively 
+insignificant  commerce,  than by  the  direct  exploitation of  that  country, and 
+by  the  colossal  fortunes  there  extorted  and  transmitted  to  England.  After 
+the  opening of  the  trade  in  1813  the  commerce with India more than trebled 
+in  a  very  short time.  But this  was  not all.  The whole character of the trade 
+was  changed.  Till  1813  India  had  been  chiefly  an  exporting  country,  while 
+it now became an importing one ; and in such a quick progression, that already 
+in  1823 the rate of exchange, which had generally been 2s. 6d. per rupee, sunk 
+down to  2s.  per rupee.  India,  the great  workshop of cotton  manufacture for 
+the  world,  since  immemorial  times,  became  now  inundated  with  English 
+twists  and  cotton  stuffs.  After  its  own  produce  had  been  excluded  from 
+England,  or  only  admitted  on  the  most  cruel  terms,  British  manufactures 
+were  poured  into  it  at  a  small  and  merely  nominal  duty,  to  the  ruin  of  the 
+native cotton fabrics once  so celebrated.  In  1780 the value of British produce 
+and  manufactures  amounted  only  to  £386,152,  the  bullion  exported  during 
+the  same  year  to  £15,041,  the  total  value  of  exports  during  1780  being 
+£12,648,616, so that the India trade amounted to only V32 of the entire foreign 
+trade.  In  1850 the  total  exports  to  India from Great Britain and Ireland were 
+£8,024,000,  of  which  cotton  goods  alone  amounted  to  £5,220,000,  so  that it 
+reached  more  than  Vs  of  the  whole  export,  and more  than  lU of the foreign 
+cotton  trade.  But,  the  cotton  manufacture  also  employed  now  78  of  the 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+191 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+population  of  Britain,  and  contributed  V1 2th  of  the whole  national revenue. 
+After  each commercial  crisis  the  East Indian trade grew of more paramount 
+importance for the British cotton manufacturers and the East India Continent 
+became  actually  their  best  market.  At  the  same  rate  at  which  the  cotton 
+manufactures  became  of  vital  interest  for  the  whole  social  frame  of  Great 
+Britain,  East  India  became  of  vital  interest for the  British cotton  manufac 
+ture. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+Till then the  interests  of the moneyocracy which had converted India into 
+its landed estates, of the oligarchy who had conquered it by their armies, and 
+of  the  millocracy who had inundated it with their fabrics, had gone hand in  10 
+hand.  But  the  more  the  industrial  interest became  dependent on the  Indian 
+market,  the  more  it  felt  the  necessity  of  creating fresh  productive  powers 
+in  India,  after  having  ruined  her  native  industry.  You  cannot  continue  to 
+inundate  a  country with your manufactures, unless you enable it to  give you 
+some produce in return. The industrial interest found that their trade declined 
+instead  of  increasing.  For  the  four  years  ending  with  1846,  the  imports  to 
+India  from  Great  Britain  were  to  the  amount  of 261  million rupees;  for the 
+four  years  ending  1850  they  were  only  253  millions,  while  the  exports  for 
+the  former  period  274  millions  of  rupees,  and  for  the  latter  period 
+254  millions.  They found  out  that  the  power of consuming their goods  was  20 
+contracted in India to the lowest possible point, that the consumption of their 
+manuf actures by the British West Indies, was of the value of about 14s. per 
+head  of  the  population per  annum,  by  Chili,  of  9s.  3.,  by  Brazil  of  6s.  5d., 
+by  Cuba,  of  6s.  2d.,  by  Peru  of  5s.  7d.,  by  Central-America  of  10d.,  while 
+it  amounted  in India  only to  about 9d.  Then  came  the  short cotton  crop in  25 
+the  United  States, which caused them a loss of £11,000,000 in 1850, and they 
+were  exasperated at depending on America, instead of deriving a sufficiency 
+of  raw  cotton from  the  East  Indies.  Besides,  they found  that  in  all  attempts 
+to  apply  capital  to  India they  met  with  impediments  and  chicanery  on the 
+part of the India authorities. Thus India became the battle-field in the contest  30 
+of  the  industrial  interest  on  the  one  side,  and  of  the  moneyocracy  and  oli 
+garchy  on  the  other.  The  manufacturers,  conscious  of  their  ascendency  in 
+England,  ask now for the  annihilation of these antagonistic powers in India, 
+for  the  destruction  of  the  whole  ancient  fabric  of  Indian  government,  and 
+for the  final  eclipse  of the  East-India Company. 
+
+35 
+
+And  now  to  the  fourth  and  last  point  of  view,  from  which  the  Indian 
+question must be judged.  Since  1784 Indian finances have got more and more 
+deeply into difficulty.  There exists  now  a national debt of 50 million pounds, 
+a  continual  decrease  in the  resources  of  the  revenue,  and  a  corresponding 
+increase  in  the  expenditure, dubiously balanced by the  gambling income  of  40 
+the  opium  tax,  now  threatened  with  extinction  by  the  Chinese  beginning 
+
+192 
+
+The  East  India  Company—Its  History  and  Results 
+
+themselves  to  cultivate  the  poppy,  and  aggravated  by  the  expenses  to  be 
+anticipated  from  the  senseless  Burmese  war.  "As  the  case  stands,"  says 
+Mr. Dickinson,  "as  it would  ruin  England  to  lose  her  Empire  in  India,  it  is 
+threatening  our  own  finances  with  ruin,  to  be  obliged  to  keep  it." 
+
+I have  shown thus, how  the  Indian question has  become  for the first time 
+
+since  1783,  an  English  question,  and  a  ministerial  question. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+193 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he 
+
+I n d i an  Q u e s t i o n — I r i sh  T e n a nt  R i g ht 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3816, 11. Juli 1853 
+
+The Indian Question—Irish Tenant Right. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, June  28,  1853. 
+
+The  debate  On  Lord  Stanley's  motion  with respect to  India commenced on 
+the 23d, continued on the 24th,  and adjourned to the 27th inst., has not been 
+brought to a close. When that  shall at length have arrived, I intend to resume 
+my  observations  on  the  India  question. 
+
+5 
+
+As  the  Coalition-Ministry  depends  on  the  support of the  Irish party,  and 
+as  all the  other  parties  composing the  House of Commons  so nicely balance 
+each other that the  Irish may at any moment turn the  scales which way they  10 
+please,  some  concessions  are  at  last  about  to  be  made  to the Irish tenants. 
+The  "Leasing Powers  (Ireland) Bill,"  which passed  the  House of Commons 
+on  Friday last,  contains  a provision that for  the improvements  made  on the 
+soil  and  separable  from  the  soil,  the  tenant  shall have  at the  termination of 
+his  lease,  a compensation in money, the incoming tenant being at liberty to  15 
+take  them  at  the  valuation,  while  with  respect  to  improvements  in the  soil, 
+compensation  for  them  shall  be  arranged  by  contract between the  landlord 
+and  the  tenant. 
+
+A  tenant  having  incorporated  his  capital,  in  one  form  or  another,  in  the 
+land,  and  having  thus  effected  an  improvement  of  the  soil,  either  directly  20 
+by irrigation, drainage, manure, or indirectly by construction of buildings for 
+agricultural  purposes,  in  steps  the  landlord  with demand for increased rent. 
+If  the  tenant  concede,  he  has  to  pay  the  interest  for  his  own  money to  the 
+landlord.  If he resist, he will be very unceremoniously ejected, and supplant 
+ed by a new  tenant, the  latter  being enabled  to  pay a higher rent by the very  25 
+expenses incurred by his predecessors, until he also, in his turn, has become 
+an  improver  of  the  land,  and  is  replaced  in  the  same  way,  or put on worse 
+
+194 
+
+The  Indian  Question—Irish  Tenant  Right 
+
+5 
+
+terms.  In  this  easy  way  a class  of  absentee  landlords  has  been  enabled  to 
+pocket,  not merely the labor, but also the capital, of whole generations, each 
+generation  of Irish peasants  sinking a grade lower in the  social scale, exactly 
+in  proportion  to  the  exertions  and  sacrifices  made  for  the  raising  of  their 
+condition  and  that  of  their  families.  If  the  tenant  was  industrious  and  en 
+terprising,  he  became  taxed  in  consequence  of  his  very  industry  and  en 
+terprise.  If,  on the  contrary,  he  grew inert and negligent, he was reproached 
+with the  "aboriginal faults of the Celtic race."  He had, accordingly, no other 
+alternative  left  but  to  become  a  pauper—to  pauperise  himself  by  industry, 
+
+10  or to pauperise by negligence.  In order to oppose this  state of things, "Ten 
+ant-Right"  was  proclaimed  in  Ireland—a right  of  the  tenant,  not  in  the  soil 
+but  in  the  improvements  of the  soil effected at his  cost  and charges.  Let us 
+see  in  what  manner  The  Times,  in  its  Saturdays  leader,  attempts  to  break 
+down  this  Irish  "Tenant-Right": 
+
+15 
+
+"There  are  two general systems of farm occupation.  Either a tenant may 
+take  a  lease  of  the  land  for  a  fixed  number  of years,  or his  holding  may be 
+terminable  at  any  time  upon  certain  notice.  In  the  first  of  these  events,  it 
+would be  obviously his  course to  adjust  and  apportion his outlay  so that all, 
+or  nearly  all,  the  benefit would find  its  way  to  him before  the  expiration of 
+20  his term.  In the  second case it  seems  equally  obvious that he should not run 
+
+the  risk  of  the  investment  without  a  proper  assurance  of  return." 
+
+Where the landlords have to deal with a class of large capitalists who may, 
+as they please, invest their stock in commerce, in manufactures or in farming, 
+there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  these  capitalist  farmers,  whether  they  take 
+long leases or no time leases  at all, know how to secure the "proper" return 
+of  their outlays. But with regard to Ireland the  supposition is  quite fictitious. 
+On  the  one  side,  you  have  there  a  small  class  of  land  monopolists,  on  the 
+other, a very large class of tenants with very petty fortunes, which they have 
+no  chance  to  invest  in  different  ways,  no  other  field of  production  opening 
+to  them,  except  the  soil.  They  are,  therefore,  forced  to  become  tenants-
+at-will.  Being once tenants-at-will, they naturally run the risk of losing then-
+revenue, provided they do not invest their small capital.  Investing it, in order 
+to  secure  their  revenue,  they  run  the  risk  of  losing  their  capital,  also. 
+
+"Perhaps,"  continues  The  Times,  "it  may  be  said,  that  in  any  case  a 
+tenantry could hardly  expire without  something being left upon the ground, 
+in  some  shape  or  another, representing the  tenant's  own property,  and that 
+for  this  compensation  should  be  forthcoming.  There  is  some  truth  in  the 
+remark,  but  the  demand  thus  created  ought,  under  proper  conditions  of 
+society, to be easily adjusted between landlord and tenant, as it might, at any 
+rate,  be provided  for  in the original contract. We  say that the conditions of 
+society  should  regulate  these  arrangements,  because  we  believe  that  no 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+195 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Parliamentary  enactment  can  be  effectually  substituted  for  such  an 
+agency." 
+
+5 
+
+Indeed,  under  "proper  conditions  of  society,"  we  should  want  no  more 
+Parliamentary interference with the Irish land-tenant,  as we should not want, 
+under  "proper conditions  of  society," the interference  of the  soldier, of the 
+policeman,  and  of  the  hangman.  Legislature,  magistracy,  and  armed force, 
+are  all of them but the offspring of improper conditions of society, preventing 
+those  arrangements  among  men which  would  make useless the  compulsory 
+intervention  of  a  third  supreme  power.  Has,  perhaps,  The  Times been con 
+verted  into  a  social  revolutionist?  Does  it  want  a  socia/  revolution,  re-  10 
+organizing  the  "conditions  of  society,"  and  the  "arrangements"  emanating 
+from  them,  instead  of  "Parliamentary  enactments?"  England has subverted 
+the  conditions  of  Irish  society.  At  first  it  confiscated  the  land,  then it  sup 
+pressed the industry by "Parliamentary enactments,"  and lastly, it broke the 
+active  energy  by  armed force.  And  thus  England  created those  abominable  15 
+"conditions  of  society"  which  enable  a  small  caste of rapacious lordlings to 
+dictate  to  the  Irish people  the terms  on which they  shall be  allowed to  hold 
+the  land  and  to  live upon  it.  Too  weak yet for  revolutionizing those  "social 
+conditions," the people  appeal to Parliament, demanding at least their mitiga 
+tion and regulation. But " N o ," says The Times; if you don't live under proper 20 
+conditions  of  society,  Parliament  can't  mend  that.  And  if  the  Irish  people, 
+on  the  advice  of  The  Times,  tried  to-morrow  to  mend  their  conditions  of 
+society,  The  Times would be  the  first to appeal to bayonets, and to pour out 
+sanguinary  denunciations  of  "the  aboriginal  faults  of  the  Celtic  race," 
+wanting the Anglo-Saxon taste for pacific progress and legal amelioration. 
+
+25 
+
+"If  a landlord,"  says  The  Times,  "deliberately injures  one  tenant,  he  will 
+find it  so much the harder to get another, and whereas his occupation consists 
+in  letting  land,  he  will  find  his  land  all  the  more  difficult  to  let." 
+
+The  case  stands  rather  differently  in Ireland.  The  more  a landlord injures 
+one tenant, the easier he will find it to oppress another. The tenant who comes  30 
+in, is the means  of  injuring the ejected one, and the ejected one is the means 
+of keeping down the new occupant. That, in due course of time, the landlord, 
+beside  injuring  the  tenant,  will  injure  himself  and  ruin  himself,  is  not  only 
+a probability,  but the  very fact,  in Ireland—a fact affording, however,  a very 
+precarious  source  of  comfort to  the  ruined tenant. 
+
+35 
+
+"The  relations  between  the  landlord  and  tenant  are  those  between  two 
+traders,"  says  The  Times.  This  is  precisely  the  petitio principii which  per 
+vades  the  whole  leader  of  The  Times.  The  needy  Irish tenant belongs to  the 
+soil,  while  the  soil  belongs  to  the  English  Lord.  As  well  you might call the 
+relation  between  the  robber  who  presents  his  pistol,  and  the  traveler  who  40 
+presents  his  purse,  a  relation  between  two  traders. 
+
+196 
+
+The  Indian  Question—Irish  Tenant  Right 
+
+"But,"  says  The  Times,  "in point of fact,  the  relation  between Irish land 
+lords  and tenants  will  soon be  reformed by  an agency more potent than that 
+of  legislation.  The  property  of  Ireland  is  fast  passing  into  new  hands, and, 
+if  the  present  rate  of  emigration continues,  its  cultivation must undergo  the 
+same  transfer." 
+
+5 
+
+Here,  at least,  The  Times has  the  truth.  British Parliament  does not inter 
+fere  at  a  moment  when  the  worked-out  old  system  is  terminating  in  the 
+common  ruin,  both of  the  thrifty landlord  and  the  needy tenant,  the  former 
+being  knocked  down  by  the  hammer  of  the  Encumbered  Estates  Com 
+ió  mission,  and the latter  expelled by  compulsory emigration.  This reminds  us 
+of the  old  Sultan of  Morocco.  Whenever there was  a case pending between 
+two  parties,  he  knew  of  no  more  "potent  agency"  for  settling  their  con 
+troversy,  than  by  killing  both  parties. 
+
+"Nothing  could  tend,"  concludes  The  Times with regard to  Tenant Right, 
+"to  greater  confusion  than  such  a  communistic  distribution  of  ownership. 
+
+15 
+
+The  only  person with  any  right  in  the  land,  is  the  landlord." 
+
+25 
+
+The  Times  seems  to  have  been  the  sleeping  Epimenides  of  the  past half 
+century,  and never to  have  heard  of  the  hot controversy going  on  during all 
+that  time  upon  the  claims  of  the  landlord,  not  among  social  reformers  and 
+20  Communists, but among the very political economists of the British middle-
+class.  Ricardo,  the creator of modern political economy in Great Britain, did 
+not  controvert  the  "right"  of  the  landlord,  as  he  was  quite  convinced  that 
+their  claims  were  based  upon  fact,  and  not  on  right,  and  that  political 
+economy in general had nothing to do with questions of right; but he attacked 
+the  land-monopoly in a more unassuming, yet more  scientific, and therefore 
+more  dangerous  manner.  He  proved  that  private  proprietorship  in  land,  as 
+distinguished  from  the  respective  claims  of  the  laborer,  and  of  the  farmer, 
+was  a  relation  quite  superfluous  in,  and  incoherent  with  the  whole  frame 
+work of modern production; that the  economical expression of that relation-
+ship  and  the  rent  of  land,  might,  with great  advantage  be  appropriated  by 
+the  State;  and  finally  that  the  interest  of  the  landlord  was  opposed  to  the 
+interest of all other classes of modern society. It would be tedious to enumer 
+ate  all  the  conclusions  drawn  from  these  premises  by  the  Ricardo  School 
+against  the  landed  monopoly.  For  my  end,  it  will  suffice  to  quote  three  of 
+the  most recent economical  authorities  of  Great  Britain. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  London  Economist,  whose  chief  editor,  Mr.  J.Wilson,  is  not  only  a 
+Free  Trade-oracle,  but  a  Whig  one,  too,  and  not  only  a  Whig,  but  also  an 
+inevitable  Treasury-appendage  in  every  Whig  or  composite  ministry,  has 
+contended  in  different  articles  that exactly  speaking there  can  exist  no  title 
+to  authorizing  any  individual,  or  any  number  of  individuals,  to  claim  the  ex 
+
+clusive  proprietorship  in  the  soil  of  a  nation. 
+
+197 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Mr.  Newman,  in  his  "Lectures  on  Political  Economy,  London,  1851," 
+
+professedly  written  for  the  purpose  of  refuting  Socialism,  tells  us: 
+
+"No  man  has,  or  can  have,  a  natural  right  to  land,  except  so  long  as  he 
+occupies  it  in  person.  His  right  is  to  the  use,  and  to the use  only.  All other 
+right  is  the  creation  of  artificial  law  (or  parliamentary  enactments  as  The 
+Times  would  call  it.)  . ..  If,  at  any  time,  land becomes  needed  to  live  upon, 
+the  right  of  private  possessors  to  withhold  it  comes  to  an  end." 
+
+5 
+
+This  is  exactly  the  case  in  Ireland,  and Mr.  Newman expressly confirms 
+the  claims  of  the  Irish  tenantry,  and in lectures held before the  most  select 
+audiences  of the  British aristocracy. 
+
+10 
+
+In  conclusion  let  me  quote  some  passages  from  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer's 
+work,  "Social  Statics,  London,  1851,"  also,  purporting  to  be  a  complete 
+refutation  of  Communism,  and  acknowledged  as  the  most  elaborate  de 
+velopment  of  the  Free  Trade  doctrines  of  modern  England. 
+
+"No  one  may  use  the  earth  in  such  a  way  as  to  prevent  the  rest  from  15 
+
+similarly using it.  Equity, therefore,  does  not permit property in land, or the 
+rest  would  live  on  the  earth  by  sufferance  only.  The  landless  men  might 
+It can never be pretended, 
+equitably be expelled from the earth altogether 
+that the  existing titles  to  such property are legitimate.  Should  any one think 
+so  let him look in the  Chronicles.  The  original deeds were written with the  20 
+sword,  rather  than  with  the  pen.  Not  lawyers  but  soldiers  were  the  con 
+veyancers:  blows were the current coingiven in payment; and for seals blood 
+was  used  in  preference  to  wax.  Could  valid  claims  be  thus  constituted? 
+Hardly.  And  if  not,  what  becomes  of  the  pretensions  of  all  subsequent 
+holders of estates  so obtained? Does  sale or bequest generate  a right where  25 
+it  did  not  previously  exist?  . ..  If  one  act  of  transfer  can give  no  title,  can 
+many?  . ..  At what rate per  annum  do  invalid claims  become  v a l i d ? . ..  The 
+right  of mankind at large to the earth's surface is still valid, all deeds, customs 
+and laws notwithstanding. It is impossible to discover any mode in which land 
+can  become  private property 
+tion.  Is  a canal,  a railway, or  a turnpike road to be made? We do not scruple 
+to  seize  just as  many  acres  as  may  be requisite. We do not wait for consent. 
+. ..  The  change  required would  simply be  a  change  of landlords 
+Instead 
+of  being  in  the  possession  of  individuals, the  country  would be  held by  the 
+great  corporate  body—society.  Instead of leasing his  acres  from  an isolated  35 
+proprietor,  the  farmer  would  lease them from the  nation.  Instead of  paying 
+his  rent  to  the  agent  of  Sir  John,  or  His  Grace,  he  will  pay  to  an  agent,  or 
+deputy  agent of  the  community.  Stewards  would be public officials, instead 
+of  private  ones,  and  tenantry  the  only  land  tenure.  . ..  Pushed  to  its  ulti 
+mate consequences, a claim to exclusive possession of the soil involves land  40 
+owning  despotism." 
+
+We  daily deny landlordism by our legisla-  30 
+
+198 
+
+The  Indian  Question—Irish  Tenant  Right 
+
+Thus, from the very point of view of modern English political economists, 
+it is not the usurping English landlord, but the Irish tenants and laborers, who 
+have  the  only  right  in  the  soil  of  their  native  country,  and  The  Times,  in 
+opposing the  demands  of the Irish people, places itself into direct antagonism 
+to  British middle-class  science. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+199 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+R u s s i an  P o l i cy  a g a i n st  T u r k e y — C h a r t i sm 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3819,  14. Juli  1853 
+
+Russian Policy Against Turkey. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, July  1,  1853. 
+
+Since the year 1815 the Great Powers of Europe have feared nothing so much 
+as  an  infraction  of  the  status  quo.  But  any  war  between  any  two  of  those 
+powers  implies  subversion of  that status quo. That is the reason why Russia's 
+encroachments  in the  East have been tolerated, and why  she has never been 
+asked for  anything in return but to  afford  some  pretext, however absurd, to 
+the Western powers, for remaining neutral,  and for being saved the necessity 
+of  interfering  with  Russian  aggressions.  Russia  has  all  along been glorified 
+for the forbearance  and generosity  of her "august master,"  who has not only 
+condescended  to  cover  the  naked  and  shameful  subserviency  of  Western 
+Cabinets, but has  displayed the magnanimity of devouring Turkey piece after 
+piece,  instead  of  swallowing  it  at  a  mouthful.  Russian  diplomacy  has  thus 
+rested  on  the  timidity  of  Western  statesmen,  and  her  diplomatic  art  has 
+gradually  sunk into  so  complete  a mannerism,  that you may trace  the  history 
+of  the  present  transactions  almost  literally  in  the  annals  of  the  past. 
+
+The  hollowness  of the new pretexts of Russia is  apparent, after the Sultan 
+has  granted,  in his new firman to the Patriarch of Constantinople,  more than 
+the  Czar  himself  had  asked  for—so  far as  religion goes.  Now was, perhaps, 
+the  "pacification  of  Greece"  a  more  solid  pretext?  When  M.  de  Villèle,  in 
+order  to  tranquilize  the  apprehensions  of the  Sultan,  and to  give  a proof of 
+the  pure  intentions  of  the  Great  Powers,  proposed  "that  the  allies  ought 
+above  all  things  to  conclude  a  Treaty  by which  the  actual  status  quo of  the 
+Ottoman  Empire  should  be  guaranteed  to  it,"  the  Russian  Ambassador  at 
+Paris  opposed  this  proposition  to  the  utmost,  affirming  "that  Russia,  in 
+displaying  generosity  in  her  relations  with  the  Porte,  and  in  showing  in-
+
+200 
+
+r 
+
+Russian  Policy  against  Turkey—Chartism 
+
+appreciable  respect for  the  wishes  of  her  allies,  had been obliged,  neverthe 
+less,  to  reserve  exclusively  to herself to  determine her own  differences with 
+the  Divan;  that  a  general  guarantee  of the  Ottoman Empire, independently 
+of  its  being  unusual  and  surprising,  would  wound  the  feelings  of his  master 
+and the rights acquired by Russia,  and the principles upon which they were 
+founded." 
+
+Russia pretends now to occupy the Danubian principalities, without giving 
+
+to  the  Porte  the  right  of  considering  this  step  as  a  casus  belli. 
+
+Russia pretended, in  1827,  "to  occupy Moldavia and Wallachia in the name 
+of  the  three  Powers." 
+While  Russia  proclaimed  the  following  in  her  declaration  of  war  of 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+April  26,1828: 
+
+"Her  allies  would  always  find  her  ready  to  concert her  march with them, 
+in  execution  of  the  Treaty  of  London,  and  ever  anxious  to  aid  in  a  work, 
+15  which  her  religion  and  all  the  sentiments  honorable  to  humanity  recom 
+mended  to  her  active  solicitude,  always  disposed  to  profit  by  her  actual 
+position  o n ly  for  the  purpose  of  accelerating  the  accomplishment  of  the 
+Treaty  of  July  6th,"  while  Russia  announced  in  her  manifesto,  A . D.  1st 
+October,  1829:  "Russia  has  remained  constantly  a  stranger  to  every desire 
+20  of  conquest—to  every  view  of  aggrandizement."  Her  Ambassador  at  Paris 
+was writing to Count Nesselrode.  "When the Imperial Cabinet examined the 
+question, whether it had become expedient to take up arms against the Porte, 
+there  might  have  existed  some  doubt  about  the  urgency  of this measure  in 
+the  eyes  of  those  who  had  not  sufficiently  reflected  upon  the  effects  of the 
+25  sanguinary  reforms,  which  the  Chief  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  has  just  execut 
+
+ed  with  such  tremendous  violence  . .. 
+
+The  Emperor  has  put  the  Turkish  system  to  the  proof,  and  His  Majesty 
+has  found  it  to  possess  a  commencement  of  physical  and  moral  organization 
+which  it hitherto  had not.  If  this  Sultan  had  been  enabled  to  offer us  a more 
+30 determined and regular resistance, while he had scarcely assembled together 
+the  elements  of  his  new  plan  of  reform  and  ameliorations,  how  formidable 
+should  we  have  found  him  had  he  had  time  to give it more  solidity.  Things 
+being  in  this  state,  we  must  congratulate  ourselves  upon  having  attacked 
+them before  they  became  more  dangerous for us, for delay would only have 
+35  made  our  relative  situation  worse,  and  prepared  us  greater  obstacles  than 
+
+those  with  which  we  meet." 
+
+Russia  proposes  now  to  make  an  aggressive  step  and  then  to  talk  about 
+
+it.  In  1829  Prince  Liewen  wrote  to  Count  Nesselrode: 
+
+40 
+
+"We  shall  confine  ourselves  to  generalities,  for  every  circumstantial 
+communication on a  subject  so  delicate would draw down real dangers, and 
+if  once  we  discuss  with  our  allies  the  articles  of  treaty  with  the  Porte,  we 
+
+201 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+shall only content them when they will imagine that they have imposed upon 
+us  irreparable  sacrifices.  It is  in  the  midst  of  our  camp  that peace must be 
+signed  and  it  is  when  it  shall  have  been  concluded that Europe  must know 
+its  conditions.  Remonstrances will then be too late  and it will then patiently 
+suffer what it can no  longer prevent." 
+
+Russia  has  now  for  several  months  been  delaying  action  under  one  pre 
+tence  or  another,  in order to  maintain  a  state  of things, which, being neither 
+war  nor  peace,  is  tolerable  to  herself,  but  ruinous  to  the  Turks.  She  acted 
+in precisely the  same  manner in the  period  we have  alluded to.  As Pozzo  di 
+Borgo  said: 
+
+"It  is  our  policy  to  see  that  nothing  new  happens  during  the  next  four 
+months  and  I  hope  we  shall  accomplish  it,  because  men  in  general prefer 
+waiting;  but  the  fifth  must  be  fruitful  in  events." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The  Czar,  after  having  inflicted  the  greatest  indignities  on  the  Turkish 
+Government,  and  notwithstanding  that  he  now threatens  to extort by force 
+the  most  humiliating  concessions,  nevertheless  raises  a  great cry  about bis 
+"friendship  for the  Sultan Abdul  Medjed"  and his  solicitude  "for the preser 
+vation of the Ottoman Empire." On the Sultan he throws the "responsibility" 
+of  opposing  his  "just  demands,"  of continuing to "wound his friendship and 
+his feelings," of rejecting his  "note," and of declining his "protectorate." 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+In  1828,  when  Pozzo  di  Borgo  was  interpellated by  Charles X.  about the 
+bad  success  of  the  Russian  arms  in  the  campaign  of  that  year,  he  replied, 
+that,  not  wishing to  push  the  war  à  outrance without absolute necessity, the 
+Emperor  had  hoped  that  the  Sultan  would  have  profited  by  his  generosity, 
+which  experiment had now failed. 
+
+25 
+
+Shortly  before  commencing  the  present  quarrel  with  the  Porte  Russia 
+sought  to  bring  about  a general coalition of the  Continental Powers  against 
+England,  on the  Refugee  question,  and  having failed in that experiment,  she 
+attempted to  bring  about  a coalition with England against France.  Similarly, 
+from  1826  to  1829,  she  intimidated  Austria  by  the  "ambitious  projects  of  30 
+Prussia"  doing  simultaneously,  all that was  in her power to  swell the power 
+and pretensions  of Prussia, in order to  enable her to balance  Austria. In her 
+present  circular  note  she  indicts  Bonaparte  as  the  only  disturber  of  peace 
+by  his  pretensions  respecting  the  Holy  Places;  but,  at  that time, in the lan 
+guage  of  Pozzo  di  Borgo,  she  attributed  "all  the  agitation  that  pervaded  35 
+Europe  to  the  agency  of  Prince  Metternich,  and  tried to make  the Duke  of 
+Wellington himself  perceive  that the deference which he would have for the 
+Cabinet of  Vienna would be  a  drawback to  his  influence  with all the others, 
+and to give such a turn to things that it would be no longer Russia that sought 
+to  compromise  France  with  Great  Britain,  but  Great  Britain  who  had  re-  40 
+pudiated  France,  in  order  to  join  the  Cabinet  of  Vienna." 
+
+202 
+
+Russian  Policy  against Turkey—Chartism 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Russia would  now  submit to  a great humiliation if she retreated. That was 
+identically  her  situation  after the  first unsuccessful campaign of  1828.  What 
+was  then her  supreme  object? We answer in the words of her diplomatist: 
+
+"A  second  campaign  is  indispensable  in  order  to  acquire  the  superiority 
+requisite for the  success  of the negotiation. When this negotiation shall take 
+place  we  must  be  in  a  state  to  dictate  the  conditions  of  it  in  a prompt  and 
+rapid  manner  . ..  With  the power  of doing more  His  Majesty would  consent 
+to  demand less.  To  obtain  this  superiority  appears  to  me  what  ought  to  be 
+the  aim  of  all  our  efforts.  This  superiority has  now  become  a  condition  of 
+our political  existence,  such  as  we  must  establish  and  maintain in the  eyes 
+
+of  the  world." 
+
+But  does  Russia  not  fear  the  common  action  of  England  and  France? 
+Certainly.  In  the  Secret  Memoirs  on  the  Means  possessed  by  Russia  for 
+breaking up  the  alliance  between  France  and  England,  revealed during the 
+reign of  Louis  Philippe,  we  are told: 
+
+"In  the  event  of  a  war,  in  which  England  should  coalesce  with  France, 
+Russia  indulges  in  no  hope  of  success,  unless  that union be  broken up;  so 
+that  at  the  least  England  should  consent  to  remain  neutral  during  the  con 
+tinental  conflict." 
+
+20 
+
+The question is: Does Russia believe in a common action of England and 
+
+France?  We  quote  again  from  Pozzo  di  Borgo's  dispatches: 
+
+"From  the  moment that the  idea of  the  ruin of the Turkish Empire ceases 
+to prevail, it is not probable that the British Government would risk a general 
+war  for  the  sake  of  exempting  the  Sultan  from  acceding  to  such  or  such 
+25 condition, above all in the state in which things will be at the commencement 
+of  the  approaching  campaign,  when everything will  be  as  yet uncertain and 
+undecided.  These  considerations  would authorize the belief that we have no 
+cause  to  fear  an open  rupture  on the  part of  Great  Britain;  and  that  she will 
+content herself with counseling the  Porte to  beg peace, and with lending the 
+30  aid  of  the good offices  in her power  during the  negotiation if it takes place, 
+
+without  going  further,  should  the  Sultan  refuse  or  we  persist." 
+
+And  as  to  Nesselrode's  opinion of the  "good"  Aberdeen, the  Minister of 
+1828,  and  the  Minister  of  1853,  it  may  be  well  to  quote  the  following from 
+a  dispatch  by  Prince  Lieven: 
+
+35 
+
+"Lord Aberdeen reiterated in his interview with me the  assurance that at 
+no  period it had entered into the intentions of England to  seek a quarrel with 
+Russia—that he  feared that the  position of the English Ministry was not well 
+understood  at  St.  Petersburg—that  he  found  himself  in  a  delicate  situation. 
+Public  opinion was  always  ready  to  burst  forth  against Russia.  The  British 
+40  Government  could  not  constantly  b r a ve  it;  and  it  would  be  dangerous  to 
+excite  it on questions  that touched  so  nearly  the national prejudices.  On the 
+
+203 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+other  side  we  could  reckon  with  entire  confidence  upon  the  friendly  dis 
+positions  of  the  English  Ministry  which  struggled  against  them." 
+
+The  only  thing  astonishing  in the  note  of  M.  de  Nesselrode,  of  June  11, 
+is  not  "The  insolent  mélange  of  professions  refuted  by  acts,  and  threats 
+veiled in declaimers," but the reception Russian diplomatica! notes meet with 5 
+for  the  first  time  in  Europe,  calling  forth,  instead  of  the  habitual  awe  and 
+admiration,  blushes  of  shame  at  the  past  and  disdainful  laughter  from  the 
+Western world at this insolent amalgamation of pretensions, finesse  and real 
+barbarism.  Yet  Nessehode's  circular  note,  and  the  "ultimatissimum"  of 
+June 16, are not a bit worse than the so much admired master-pieces of Pozzo 10 
+di  Borgo  and  Prince  Lieven.  Count  Nessekode  was  at  their  time,  what  he 
+is  now,  the  diplomatica!  head  of  Russia. 
+
+There is  a facetious  story told of two Persian naturalists who were examin 
+ing  a  bear;  the  one  who  had  never  seen  such  an  animal  before,  inquired 
+whether  that  animal  dropped its  cubs  alive or laid eggs; to which the other,  15 
+who was better informed, replied:  "That animal is capable of anything." The 
+Russian bear is  certainly  capable  of  anything,  so  long as he knows the other 
+animals  he  has  to  deal  with  to  be  capable  of  nothing. 
+
+En  passant,  I  may  mention  the  signal  victory  Russia  has  just  won  in 
+Denmark,  the  Royal  message  having passed  with  a  majority of  119 against  20 
+28,  in  the  following terms: 
+
+"In agreement with the 4th paragraph of the Constitution d. d. June 5,1849, 
+the  United  Parliament,  for  its  part,  gives  its  consent to  the  arrangement by 
+His  Majesty  of the  succession to the whole Danish Monarchy in accordance 
+with  the  Royal  message  respecting  the  succession of Oct. 4,1852, renewed  25 
+June  13,  1853." 
+
+Strikes  and  combinations  of  workmen  are  proceeding  rapidly,  and  to  an 
+unprecedented  extent.  I  have  now  before  me  reports  on  the  strikes  of  the 
+factory hands  of  all  descriptions  at Stockport, of smiths, spinners, weavers, 
+etc.,  at  Manchester,  of  carpet-weavers  at  Kidderminster,  of  colliers  at the  30 
+Ringwood Collieries, near  Bristol, of weavers  and loomers  at Blackburn, of 
+loomers  at Darwen, of the cabinet-makers at Boston, of the bleachers, finish 
+ers,  dyers  and  power-loom  weavers  of  Bolton  and  neighborhood,  of  the 
+weavers  of  Barnsley,  of  the  Spitalfields  broad-silk  weavers,  of  the  lace 
+makers  of  Nottingham,  of  all  descriptions  of  workingmen  throughout  the  35 
+Bhmingham  district,  and  in  various  other  localities.  Each  mail  brings  new 
+reports  of  strikes;  the  turn-out  grows  epidemic.  Every  one  of  the  larger 
+strikes, like those at Stockport, Liverpool, etc., necessarily generates a whole 
+series of minor strikes, through great numbers of people being unable to carry 
+out their resistance to the masters, unless they appeal to the support of their  40 
+fellow-workmen  in  the  Kingdom,  and  the  latter,  in  order  to  assist  them, 
+
+204 
+
+Russian  Policy  against  Turkey—Chartism 
+
+asking  in  their  turn  for  higher  wages.  Besides  it  becomes  alike  a  point  of 
+honor  and of interest for each locality not to isolate the efforts of their fellow 
+workmen  by  submitting  to worse terms,  and thus  strikes  in one  locality are 
+echoed  by  strikes  in  the  remotest  other  localities.  In  some  instances  the 
+demands for higher wages  are only a settlement of long-standing arrears with 
+the  masters.  So  with  the  great  Stockport  strike. 
+
+5 
+
+In  January,  1848,  the  mill-owners  of  the  town  made  a  general  reduction 
+of  10  per  cent,  from  all  descriptions  of  factory-workers'  wages.  This  re 
+duction was  submitted to  upon the  condition that when trade revived the  10 
+io  per cent, was to be restored. Accordingly the work-people memorialized their 
+employers,  early  in  March,  1853, for the promised  advance  of  10 per  cent.; 
+and  as  they  would  not  come  to  arrangements  with  them,  upward of 30,000 
+hands  struck.  In  the  majority  of  instances,  the  factory-workmen  affirmed 
+distinctly  their  right to  share in  the prosperity  of the country,  and especially 
+in the  prosperity of their  employers. 
+
+15 
+
+The  distinctive feature  of  the  present strikes is this, that they began in the 
+lower  ranks  of  unskilled  labor,  (not  factory  labor,)  actually  trained  by  the 
+direct influence of emigration, according to various strata of artizans, till they 
+reached  at  last  the  factory  people  of  the  great  industrial  centers  of  Great 
+20 Britain ; while at all former periods strikes originated regularly from the heads 
+of  the  factory-workers,  mechanics,  spinners,  etc.,  spreading  thence  to  the 
+lower  classes  of  this  great  industrial  hive,  and  reaching  only  in  the  last 
+instance, to the artizans. This phenomenon is to be ascribed solely to emigra 
+tion. 
+
+25 
+
+There exists a class of philanthropists, and even of socialists, who consider 
+strikes  as  very  mischievous  to  the  interests  of  the  "workingman  himself," 
+and whose  great  aim  consists in finding out a method of  securing permanent 
+average  wages.  Besides,  the  fact  of  the  industrial  cyclus,  with  its  various 
+phases,  putting  every  such  average  wages  out of the  question,  I  am,  on the 
+30  very contrary, convinced that the alternative  rise  and fall of wages,  and the 
+continual  conflicts between masters  and men resulting therefrom, are, in the 
+present  organization  of industry,  the  indispensable means  of holding up the 
+spirit  of  the  laboring  classes,  of  combining  them  into  one great association 
+against  the  encroachments  of the  ruling  class,  and  of  preventing them from 
+35  becoming pathetic, thoughtless, more or less well-fed instruments of produc 
+tion.  In a state of society founded upon the antagonism of classes, if we want 
+to  prevent  Slavery in fact as well  as  in name,  we must accept war.  In order 
+to rightly appreciate the value of strikes and combinations, we must not allow 
+ourselves  to  be  blinded  by  the  apparent  insignificance  of  their  economical 
+results, but hold, above  all things in view moral and political consequences. 
+Without  the  great  alternative  phases  of  dullness,  prosperity,  over-excite-
+
+40 
+
+205 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+ment,  crisis  and  distress,  which  modern  industry  traverses  in  periodically 
+recurring cycles, with the up  and down of wages resulting from them, as with 
+the  constant  warfare  between  masters  and  men closely  corresponding with 
+those  variations  in  wages  and profits,  the working-classes  of Great Britain, 
+and  of  all  Europe,  would  be  a  heart-broken,  a  weak-minded,  a  worn-out, 
+unresisting mass, whose self-emancipation would prove as impossible as that 
+of  the  slaves  of Ancient Greece  and Rome.  We  must not forget that  strikes 
+and  combinations  among the  serfs were the  hot-beds  of the  mediaeval com 
+munes,  and  that those  communes have been in their turn, the  source of life 
+of  the  now ruling bourgeoisie. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+I observed  in one  of my last letters, of what importance the present labor-
+crisis  must turn out to the Chartist movement in England,  which anticipation 
+I  now  find  realized  by  the  results  obtained  in  the  first  two  weeks  of  the 
+reopened  campaign  by  Ernest  Jones,  the  Chartist  leader.  The  first  great 
+open-air  meeting  was,  as  you  know,  to  be  held  on  the  mountain of  Black-  15 
+stone-Edge.  On the  19th ult., the  Lancashire and Yorkshire delegates of the 
+respective  Chartist  localities  congregated  there,  constituting  themselves  as 
+Delegate-Council.  Ernest  Jones's  petition for  the  Charter  was  unanimously 
+adopted  as  that proposed  to  emanate  from the meetings in the two counties, 
+and  the  presentation of the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  petitions  was  voted  20 
+to  be  entrusted  to  Mr.  Apsley Pellatt, M.P.  for  Southwark, who  had  agreed 
+to  undertake  the  presentation  of  all  Chartist  petitions.  As  to  the  general 
+meeting,  the  most  sanguine  minds  did  not  anticipate  its  possibility,  the 
+weather  being  terrific,  the  storm  increasing  hourly  in violence  and the rain 
+pouring  without  intermission.  At  first  there  appeared  only  a  few  scattered  25 
+groups  climbing up  the  hill,  but soon larger-bodies came into  sight, and from 
+an eminence that overlooked the  surrounding valleys, thin but steady streams 
+of  people  could  be  viewed  as  far  as  the  eye  could  carry,  through  the  base 
+pelting of the rain, coming upward along the roads and footpaths leading from 
+the  surrounding  country.  By  the  time at which the meeting was  announced  30 
+to  commence,  upward of 3,000 people  had met on the  spot, far removed from 
+any village or habitation, and during the long speeches, the meeting, notwith 
+standing the most violent deluge  of rain, remained steadfast on the ground. 
+
+Mr.  Edward  Hooson's  resolution:  "That  the  social  grievances  of  the 
+working  classes  of  the  country  are  the  result  of  class-legislation,  and  that  35 
+the  only  remedy  for  such  class-legislation  is  the  adoption  of  the  People's 
+Charter,"  was  supported  by  Mr.  Gammage,  of  the  Chartist Executive, and 
+Mr.  Ernest  Jones,  from  whose  speeches  I  give  some  extracts. 
+
+"The  resolution which has  been moved attributed the people's grievances 
+to  class-legislation.  He thought that no  man who had watched the course of  40 
+events could disagree with that statement. The House of Commons, so called, 
+
+206 
+
+Russian  Policy  against  Turkey—Chartism 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+had  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  all  their  complaints,  and  when  the  wail  of  misery 
+had  arisen from the people, it had been mocked and derided by the men who 
+assumed to be the representatives of the nation, and if by any singular chance 
+the  voice  of the people  found  an echo  in that house,  it was always drowned 
+in  the  clamor  of  the  murderous  majority  of  our  class-legislators.  (Loud 
+applause.)  The  House  of  Commons  not  only  refused  to  do  justice  to  the 
+people,  but it even refused to inquire into their  social condition. They would 
+all  recollect  that  sometime  ago,  Mr.  Slaney  had  introduced  into  the  House 
+a  motion  for  the  appointment  of  a  standing  commission,  whose  business  it 
+should  be  to  inquire  into  that condition and  suggest measures  of relief—but 
+such was  the  determination of the House to evade  the  question,  that on the 
+introduction  of  the  motion,  only  twenty-six members  were  present,  and  the 
+House was  counted out.  (Loud  cries  of  shame,  shame.)  And on the réintro 
+duction  of  that  motion,  so  far  from  Mr.  Slaney  being  successful,  he  (Mr. 
+15  Gammage) believed that out of 656 honorable men, but 19 were present even 
+to  enter  on  a  discussion  of  the  question.  When  he  told  them  what  was  the 
+actual  condition  of  the  people,  he  thought  they  would  agree  with him,  that 
+there  existed  abundant  reasons  for  inquiry.  They  were  told  by  Political 
+Economists  that  the  annual  production  of  this  country  was  £820,000,000. 
+20  Assuming  that  there  were  in  the  United  Kingdom  5,000,000  of  working 
+families,  and  that  such  families  received  an  average  income  of  fifteen 
+shillings per week, which he believed was a very high average compared with 
+what  they  actually  received,  (Cries  of  "a  great  deal  too  high")  supposing 
+them,  however,  to  average this  amount, they received out of their enormous 
+annual production a miserable one  hundred and  ninety-five millions,—(cries 
+of  shame,)—and  all  the  rest went into  the pockets  of idle  landlords, usurers 
+and  the  capitalist  class  generally  . ..  Did they  require  a proof that these  men 
+were robbers? They were not the worst of thieves who were confined within 
+the walls of our prisons; the greatest and cleverest of thieves were those who 
+robbed by the power of laws made by themselves, and these large robberies 
+were  the  cause  of  all  the  smaller  ones  that  were  transacted throughout the 
+country  . ..  Mr.  Gammage  then  entered  into  an  analysis  of  the  House  of 
+Commons, proving that from the classes to which the members of that House 
+belonged,  and  the  classes  which  they  represented,  it  was  impossible  that 
+there  should  exist  the  smallest  sympathy  between  them  and  the  working 
+millions. In conclusion,  said the speaker, the people must become acquainted 
+withstheir  Social  Rights." 
+Mr.  Ernest  Jones,  said: 
+"To-day  we  proclaim  that  the  Charter  shall  be  law.  (Loud  cheers.) I ask 
+40  you  now  to  reengage  in this great movement, because I know that the time 
+has  arrived  for  so  doing,  and  that  the  game  is  in  your  hands,  and  because 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+35 
+
+207 
+
+1 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+I  am  anxious  that you  should not let the  opportunity go by.  Brisk trade  and 
+emigration have  given you  a momentary power,  and  upon how  you use that 
+power  depends  your  future  position.  If you use it only for the objects of the 
+present,  you will  break down when the  circumstances  of the present  cease. 
+But if you use  it, not only to  strengthen your present position, but to secure 
+your  future  one,  you  will  triumph  over  all your  enemies.  If brisk trade  and 
+emigration  give  you  power,  that  power  must  cease  when  brisk  trade  and 
+emigration cease,  and unless  you  secure  yourself  in the interval, you will be 
+more  slaves  than  ever.  (Hear,  hear.)  But  the  very  sources  that  cause  your 
+strength  now  will  cause  your  weakness  before  long.  The  emigration  that  10 
+makes  your  labor  scarce,  will make  soon your employment  scarcer  . ..  The 
+commercial  reaction will  set  in,  and  now  I  ask you,  how  are  you preparing 
+to  meet  it?  You  are  engaged  in  a  noble  labor  movement for  short time  and 
+high  wages,  and  you  are  practically  carrying it through to  some  extent, but 
+mark!  you  are  not  carrying  it  through  Parliament.  Mark!  the  game  of  the  15 
+employer  is  this—amuse  them  with  some  concessions,  but yield to  them  no 
+law.  Don't pass a Wages bill in Parliament, but concede some of its provisions 
+in the  factory.  (Hear.) The wages  slave will then say, 'Never mind a political 
+organization  for  a  Ten  Hours'  bill  or  a  Wages  measure—we've  got  it  by 
+ourselves, without Parliament.' Yes, but can you keep it without Parliament? 20 
+What gave it you?  Brisk trade.  What will take it from you? Dull trade. Your 
+employers  know  this.  Therefore,  they  shorten  your  hours  of  work or raise 
+your  wages,  or  remit  their  stoppages,  in  hopes  that  you  will  forego  the 
+political  organization  for  these  measures.  (Cheers.)  They  shorten the  hours 
+of  work,  well  knowing  that  soon  they  will run their  mills  short time—they  25 
+raise  your  wages,  well  knowing  that  soon  they  will  give  thousands  of  you 
+no wages at all.  But they tell you also—the midland manufacturers—that, even 
+if  the  laws  were passed, this  would only force  them  to  seek other means  of 
+robbing  you—that  was  the  plain  meaning  of their words.  So that in the first 
+place,  you  can't  get  the  acts  passed,  because  you  have  not got  a People's  30 
+Parliament.  In the  second place,  if they  were passed,  they tell you that they 
+would  circumvent  them.  (Loud  cries  of  "hear.")  Now,  I  ask  you,  how  are 
+you  preparing  for  the  future?  How  are  you  using  the  vast  strength  you 
+momentarily possess?  That you will be powerless, unless you prepare now— 
+you will loose all you may have gained;  and we are here to-day to show you  35 
+how  to  keep  it  and  get  more.  Some  people  fancy  a  Chartist  organization 
+would interfere with the Labor movement.  Good Heaven! it is the very thing 
+to  make  it  successful  . ..  The  employed  cannot  do  without  the  employer, 
+unless  he  can  employ  himself.  The  employed  can  never  employ  himself, 
+unless  he can command the  means  of work—land, credit and machinery.  He  40 
+can  never  command  these,  unless  he  breaks  down the landed, moneyed and 
+
+208 
+
+Russian  Policy against Turkey—Chartism 
+
+5 
+
+mercantile  monopolies,  and  these  he  cannot  subvert  except  by  wielding 
+sovereign  power.  Why  do  you  seek  a Ten  Hours  bill?  If  political  power  is 
+not  necessary  to  secure  labour-freedom  why  go  to  Parliament  at  all?  Why 
+not  do  it in  the  factory  at  once?  Why,  because you know,  you feel,  you by 
+that  very  act  admit  tacitly,  that  political  power  is  needed  to  obtain  social 
+emanicipation.  (Loud cheers.) Then I point you to the foundation of political 
+power—I point you to  the  suffrage—I point you to the Charter.  (Enthusiastic 
+applause.)...  It may be  said:  'Why do  we  not wait till the  crisis  comes,  and 
+the  millions  rally  of  their  own  accord.'  Because  we  want  not  a  movement 
+10  of  excitement  and  danger,  but  one  of calm reason  and  moral  strength.  We 
+will not see you led away by excitement, but guided by judgment—and there 
+fore we bid you now reorganize—that you may rule the storm, instead of being 
+tossed  by it. Again, continental revolution will accompany commercial reac 
+tion—and  we  need  to  raise  a  strong  beacon  of  Chartism  to  light us through 
+the  chaos  of  tempest.  Today,  then,  we  reinaugúrate  our movement, and to 
+obtain its  official recognition,  we go through the medium of Parliament—not 
+that  we  expect  them  to  grant  the  petition—but  because  we  use  them  as the 
+most fitting mouth-piece to announce our resurrection to the world.  Yes, the 
+very  men  that  proclaimed  our  death,  shall  have  the  unsought  pleasure  to 
+20  proclaim  our  resurrection,  and this petition is  merely the baptismal register 
+
+15 
+
+announcing  to  the  world  our  second  birth."  (Loud  cheers.) 
+
+Mr.  Hooson's resolution and the petition to  Parliament were here, as well 
+as  at the  subsequent  meetings during the week, enthusiastically accepted by 
+acclamation. 
+
+25  At  the  meeting  of  Blackstone  Edge,  Ernest  Jones  had  announced  the  death 
+of  Benjamin  Rushton,  a workingman  who  seven years before,  had presided 
+at  the  great  Chartist  meeting held  at the  same  spot; and he proposed that his 
+funeral  should  be  made  a  great  political  demonstration,  and  be  connected 
+with the  West Riding meeting for the adoption of the Charter, as the noblest 
+30  obsequies  to  be  given  to  that  expired  veteran.  Never before  in the  annals 
+of  British  Democracy,  has  such  a  demonstration  been  witnessed,  as  that 
+which  attended  the  revival  of  Chartism in the  West Riding,  and the  funeral 
+of  Benjamin Rushton,  on  Sunday last, when upward of 200,000 people were 
+assembled  at  Halifax,  a  number  unprecedented  even  in  the  most  excited 
+times.  To those who  know nothing of English society but its dull, apoplectic 
+surface, it should be recommended to  assist at these workingmen's meetings 
+and to look into those  depths where its'destructive elements  are  at  work. 
+
+35 
+
+The  Coalition  has  gained  the  preliminary  battle  on  the  Indian  question, 
+Lord  Stanley's  motion  for  delay  of  legislation  having  been  rejected  by  a 
+40  majority  of  184 votes.  Pressure  of matter obliges  me to delay my comments 
+
+upon that division. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+209 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  W ar  Q u e s t i o n — T he  N e w - Y o rk  T r i b u n e" 
+
+in  t he  H o u se  of  C o m m o n s — T he  G o v e r n m e nt  of  I n d ia 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3824, 20. Juli 1853 
+
+The Turkish War Question— 
+The  New-York Tribune 
+in the  House of  Commons— 
+The  Government of  India. 
+
+Correspondence of the  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+5 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  5th July,  1853. 
+
+The  courier  bearing  the  rejection  of  the  Russian  ultimatissbnum  on the  part 
+of Reshid Pasha, reached St. Petersburg on the 24th ult., and, three days later, 
+a  messenger  was  dispatched  with  orders  for  Prince  Gorchakoff  to  cross  the 
+Pruth,  and to occupy the Principalities. 
+
+10 
+
+The  Austrian  government  has  sent  Count  Gyulai  on  an  extraordinary 
+mission to the Czar, no doubt with a view of cautioning him against the danger 
+of  revolution  lurking  behind  any  general  European  war.  We  may  infer  the 
+answer  of  the  Russian  cabinet  in  the  present  instance  from  that  which  it 
+returned  to  similar  representations  from  the  same  power in  1829.  It was  as  15 
+fojlows:— 
+
+"On this  occasion the  Austrian Cabinet has  reproduced all the motives of 
+alarm  created  by  the  fermentation  which,  according  to  its  opinion  and  the 
+information  it  possesses,  reigns  in  more  than  one  country,  as  well  as  the 
+progress lately made by the revolutionary tendencies. These apprehensions  20 
+are more particularly betrayed in the letter of the Emperor Francis to Nicho-
+• las.  We are far from denying the dangers which Austria points out to us. Since 
+by means  of foreign influence the resistance of the Porte assumes a character 
+of  obstinacy  which delays beyond our wishes and our hopes the term of this 
+crisis,  and  even  demands  redoubled  efforts  and new  sacrifices  on our part,  25 
+Russia will be  forced to  devote  more  than ever her  whole attention to inter-
+
+210 
+
+The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York  Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—India 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+ests which  so  immediately  affect the  honor  and  the welfare of her subjects; 
+from  that  moment  the  means  which  she  could  oppose  to  the  breaking  out 
+of  the  revolutionary  spirit  in  the  rest  of  Europe  must  necessarily  be  para 
+lyzed.  No  power,  then,  ought  to  be  more  interested  than  Austria  in  the 
+conclusion  of  peace,  but  of  a peace  glorious  to  the  Emperor  and  advanta 
+geous to his empire. For if the treaty we  should sign did not bear this charac 
+ter,  the  political  consideration  and  influence  of  Russia  would  experience 
+through  it  a  fatal  blow,  the  prestige  of  her  strength  would  vanish,  and  the 
+moral  support  which  she  might  perhaps  be  called  upon  to  lend  in  future 
+contingencies  to  friendly  and  allied  powers  would  be  precarious  and  in 
+efficacious."  (Secret  dispatch  from  Count  Nesselrode  to  M.  de  Tatistcheff, 
+dated  St.  Petersburg,  12th  February,  1829.) 
+
+The Press, of last  Saturday,  stated  that the  Czar,  in his disappointment at 
+the  conduct  of  England,  and  more  especially  of  Lord  Aberdeen,  had  in-
+structed  M.  de  Brunnow  to  communicate  no  longer  with that  "good,"  old 
+man,  but to  restrict himself  to  his  official  intercourse  with the  Secretary for 
+Foreign  Affairs. 
+
+The  Vienna  Lloyd,  the  organ  of  the  Austrian  bankocracy,  is  very  de 
+terminedly  in  favor  of  Austria  siding  with  England  and  France  for  the 
+
+20  purpose  of  discountenancing the  aggressive  policy  of  Russia. 
+
+You  will  remember  that  the  Coalition  Ministry  suffered  a  defeat  on  the 
+14th  of  April,  on the  occasion of the  proposed repeal of the  Advertisement 
+duty.  They have  now experienced  two more  defeats,  on the  1st inst., on the 
+identical ground.  Mr.  Gladstone  moved on that day to reduce the Advertise-
+25  ment Duty from  Is. 6d. to 6d., and to extend it to  advertisements published 
+with  any  magazine,  pamphlet,  or  other  literary  work.  Mr.  Milner  Gibson's 
+amendment  for  the  repeal of  all duties  now  payable  on advertisements  was 
+rejected by  109 against 99 votes. The retainers of Mr. Gladstone thinking that 
+victory  had  been won,  left the  House for  dinner  and  a court-ball,  when Mr. 
+30  Bright rose and made a very powerful speech against the taxes on knowledge 
+in  general,  and  the  Stamp  and Advertisement Duty in particular.  From  this 
+speech  I  will  quote  a few  passages  which  may  be  of  interest  to  you: 
+
+"He  (Mr.  Bright)  held  in  his  hand  a  newspaper  which was the  same  size 
+as  the  London  daily  newspapers  without  a  supplement,  and it was  as good 
+35 a newspaper, he undertook to say, as any published in London. It was printed 
+with a finer type  than  any  London  daily  paper. The paper, the material, was 
+exceedingly good—quite  sufficient for  all  the  purposes  of  a newspaper.  The 
+printing  could  not  be  possibly  surpassed,  and  it  contained  more  matter  for 
+its  size  than  any  daily  paper printed in London.  The first,  second  and third 
+sides were composed of advertisements. There were  a long article upon the 
+American Art-Union investigation,  a leading  article  giving  a  summary of all 
+
+40 
+
+211 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+the  latest  news from Europe,  a leading article  on the  Fisheries  dispute,  and 
+a leading article, with which he entirely concurred, stating that public dinners 
+were  public  nuisances.  (Hear,  and  a  laugh.)  He  had  seen  articles  perhaps 
+written  with  more  style  but  never  any  that  had  a  better  tone,  or  that were 
+more  likely  to  be  useful.  Then  again  there  were  'Three  days  later  from 
+Europe,' the  'Arrival of the Asia,' and a condensation from all the news from 
+Europe.  From  Great  Britain  there  was  an  elaborate  disquisition  upon  the 
+Budget of the Rt. Honorable gentleman, which did him justice in some parts, 
+but  not  in  others,  and  which,  so  far  as  the  Manchester  schools  were  con 
+cerned, certainly did them no justice whatever. (Laughter.) Then there were 
+an  account  of  Mrs.  Stowe's  visit  to  Edinburgh,  a  long  article  from  The 
+London  Tunes upon the wrongs  of dressmakers, articles from Greece, Spain 
+and  other continental countries, the Athlone election, and the returns of Her 
+Majesty's  Solicitor  General  by  exactly  189  votes—which  would  very  much 
+surprise  an  American  to  read—several  columns  of  ordinary  news  in  para-  15 
+graphs,  and  most  elaborate  mercantile  and  market  tables.  It wrote  steadily 
+in  favor  of  Temperance  and  Anti-Slavery,  and he  ventured to  say that there 
+was  not at this moment in London a better paper than that. The name of that 
+paper  was  The  New-York  Tribune,  and  it  was  laid  regularly  every  morning 
+upon  the  table  of  every  workingman of that city who  chose  to  buy it at the 
+sum of one penny.  (Hear, hear.) What he wanted to ask the Government was 
+this :  How comes it, and for what good end, and by what contrivance of fiscal 
+oppression was it that one of our workmen here  should pay 5d. for a London 
+morning  paper,  while  his  direct  competitor  in  New  York  could  buy  a paper 
+for  Id.?  We were running a race in the face  of all the world with the United  25 
+States;  but  if  our  artisans were  to  be  bound either  to  have  no  newspaper  at 
+all,  or  to  pay  5d.  for  it,  or were to be  driven to the public houses to read it, 
+while  the  artisan  in  the  United  States  could procure  it  for  Id.,  how  was  it 
+possible  that  any  fair  rivalry  could  be  maintained  between  the  artisans  of 
+the  two  countries? As well  say that a merchant in England, if he never  saw  30 
+a  price-current,  would  carry  on  his  business  with  the  same  facility  as  the 
+merchant who had that advantage every day.  (Hear, h e a r . ) . .. If the Chancel 
+lor  of  the  Exchequer  should  oppose  what  he  had  stated,  he  should tell him 
+at  once  and  without  hesitation  that  it  was  because  he  had  a latent dread of 
+the liberty of the press ; and when the right honorable gentleman spoke about 35 
+financial difficulties,  he  said  it was  but a cloak to  conceal his lurking horror 
+lest  the  people  should  have  a  free  press  and  greater  means  of  political  in 
+formation.  (Hear.)  It  was  the fear  that the press  would be  free  which made 
+them  keep  the  6d.  advertisement  duty  as  the  buttress  to  the  stamp." 
+
+20 
+
+Mr.  Craufurd then moved to  substitute  in lieu of the figure  6d.  the  cipher  40 
+
+Od.  Mr.  Cobden  supported the motion, and in reply to Mr.  Gladstone's state-
+
+212 
+
+The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York  Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—India 
+
+ment, that the Advertisement duty was no question of much importance with 
+regard  to  the  circulation  of  cheap  newspapers,  called  his  attention  to  the 
+evidence  given  by  Mr.  Horace  Greeley,  who  was  examined  before  the 
+Committee  which  had  sat  on  this  subject  in  1851. 
+
+"This  gentleman  was  one  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  great exhibition, 
+and he  was  the proprietor  of that very newspaper from which his honorable 
+friend,  Mr.  Bright,  had  quoted.  He  was  examined  as  to  what  the  effect  of 
+the  advertisement  duty  would  be  in  America,  and  his  reply  was  that  its 
+operation  would  be  to  destroy  their  new  papers." 
+
+Lord  John Russell now got up  and  said, in rather angry voice, that it was 
+hardly  fair  to  attempt  to  reverse,  in  a greatly  thinned House,  the  decisions 
+previously  adopted.  Of  course,  Lord  John did  not recollect  that on the very 
+advertisement-duty  his  colleagues  had been beaten before by  a majority  of 
+40,  and  had  only  had  now  a  majority  of  10.  Notwithstanding  Lord  John's 
+lecture on "constitutional"  fairness, the motion of Mr. Gladstone for a duty 
+of  6d.  on  each  advertisement,  was  negatived  by  68  against  63,  and  Mr. 
+Craufurd's  amendment carried by 70 against 61.  Mr. Disraeli and his friends 
+voted  with  the  Manchester  School. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+The  House  of Commons, in order  to do justice to the colossal dimensions 
+20  of  the  subject,  has been  spinning out its  Indian debate to  an unusual length 
+and breadth, although that debate has failed altogether in depth and greatness 
+of  interest.  The  division  leaving  Ministers  a  majority  of  332  against  142, is 
+in  inverse  ratio  to  the  discussion.  During the  discussion all was thistles for 
+the  Ministry,  and  Sir Charles  Wood was the  ass  officially put to the task of 
+feeding upon them. In the division all is roses, and Sir Charles Wood receives 
+the  crown  of  another  Manu.  The  same  men  who  negatived  the  plan  of  the 
+Ministry by their arguments, affirmed it by their votes. None of its supporters 
+dared to  apologise  for the  bill  itself;  on the contrary, all apologized for their 
+supporting the  bill,  the  one  because it was an infinitesimal part of a measure 
+in the right direction, the others because it was no measure at all. The former 
+pretend  that they will now mend it in Committee; the latter  say that they will 
+strip  it  of  all  the  fancy  Reform  flowers  it  parades  in. 
+
+30 
+
+The  Ministry  maintained  the  field  by  more  than  one  half  of  the  Tory 
+opposition mnning away, and a great portion of the remainder deserting with 
+35  H e m es  and  Inglis  into the Aberdeen camp, while of the  142 opposite votes 
+100  belonged  to  the  Disraeli  fraction,  and  42  to  the  Manchester  School, 
+backed  by  some  Irish  discontents  and  some  inexpressibles.  The  opposition 
+within  the  opposition  has  once  more  saved  the  Ministry. 
+
+Mr.  Halliday,  one  of  the  officials  of the  East India Company, when exa-
+40  mined  before  a  Committee  of  Inquiry,  stated:  "That  the  Charter  giving  a 
+twenty years lease to the East India Company was considered by the natives 
+
+213 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+of  India  as  farming  them  out."  This  time  at least,  the  Charter  has  not been 
+renewed  for  a  definite  period,  but  is  revokable  at will  by  Parliament.  The 
+Company,  therefore,  will  come  down  from  the  respectable  situation  of 
+hereditary fanners, to  the  precarious  condition of tenants-at-will.  This  is so 
+much  gain  for  the  natives.  The  Coalition  Ministry has  succeeded in trans- 
+forming the  Indian Government,  like  all other  questions,  into  an open ques 
+tion.  The  House  of  Commons,  on  the  other  hand,  has  given  itself  a  new 
+testimonial of  poverty,  in confessing by the  same division, its impotency for 
+legislating,  and  its  unwillingness  to  delay  legislating. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Since  the  days  of  Aristotle the world has been inundated with a frightful 
+quantity  of  dissertations,  ingenious  or  absurd,  as  it  might  happen,  on  that 
+question:  Who  shall  be  the  governing power?  But for  the  first  time  in  the 
+annals  of history, the  Senate of a people ruling over another people number 
+ing  156  millions  of  human beings  and  spreading over  a  surface  of  1,368,113 
+square  miles,  have  put  their  heads  together  in  solemn  and  public  con-  15 
+gregation,  in  order  to  answer  the  irregular  question:  Who  among  us  is  the 
+actual  governing  power  over  that  foreign  people  of  150  millions  of  souls? 
+There  was  no Œdipus in the British Senate capable of extricating this riddle. 
+The  whole  debate  exclusively twined  around it,  as  although a division took 
+place,  no  definition of  the  Indian  Government  was  arrived  at. 
+
+20 
+
+That  there  is  in  India  a permanent financial  deficit,  a regular  over-supply 
+of  wars,  and  no  supply  at  all  of  public  works,  an  abominable  system  of 
+taxation,  and  a  no  less  abominable  state  of  justice  and  law,  that these five 
+items  constitute,  as  it  were,  the five points  of the  East Indian Charter, was 
+settled beyond all doubt in the debates of  1853, as it had been in the debates  25 
+of  1833,  and in the  debates  of  1813,  as  in  all former  debates  on India.  The 
+only  thing  never  found  out,  was  the  party  responsible  for  all  this. 
+
+There  exists,  unquestionably,  a  Governor-General  of  India,  holding  the 
+
+supreme  power, but that  Governor is governed in his turn by a home govern 
+ment.  Who  is  that  home  government?  Is  it  the  Indian  Minister,  disguised  30 
+under  the  modest  title  of  President  of  the  Board  of  Control,  or  is  it  the 
+twenty-four  Directors  of  the  East India Company?  On the  threshold of  the 
+Indian  religion  we  find  a  divine  trinity,  and  thus  we  find  a profane  trinity 
+on  the  threshold  of  the  Indian  Government. 
+
+Leaving,  for  a  while,  the  Governor-General  altogether  on  one  side,  the  35 
+
+question  at issue  resolves  itself into  that of the  double Government, in which 
+form  it  is  familiar  to  the  English mind.  The  Ministers  in  their  bill,  and  the 
+House  in  its  division,  cling  to  this  dualism. 
+
+When  the  Company  of  English  merchant  adventurers,  who  conquered 
+India to make money out of it, began to enlarge their factories into an empire,  40 
+when  their  competition  with  the  Dutch  and  French  private  merchants  as-
+
+214 
+
+Γ 
+
+The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York  Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—India 
+
+sumed  the  character  of  national rivalry, then, of course, the British Govern­
+ment  commenced  meddling  with  the  affairs  of the  East India  Company,  and 
+the  double  Government  of  India  sprung  up  in fact if not in name.  Pitt's  act 
+of  1784,  by  entering  into  a  compromise  with  the  Company,  by  subjecting  it 
+to  the  superintendence  of  the  Board  of  Control,  and  by  making  the  Board 
+of Control  an appendage  to  the Ministry, accepted, regulated and settled that 
+double  Government,  arisen from circumstances, in name  as well as in fact. 
+
+5 
+
+The  act of  1833  strengthened the Board of Control, changed the proprietors 
+of the  East India Company into  mere  mortgagees  of the  East India revenues, 
+
+10 
+
+ordered the  Company to sell off its stock, dissolved its commercial existence,, 
+transformed  it,  as  far  as  it  existed  politically,  into  a  mere  trustee  of  the 
+Crown,  and  did  thus  with the  East India Company, what the  Company  had 
+been  in  the  habit  of  doing  with  the  East  India Princes.  After having  super­
+seded  them,  it  continued,  for  a  while,  still  to  govern  in  their  name.  So  far, 
+the  East  India Company has,  since  1833, no longer existed but in name  and 
+on  sufferance.  While  thus  on  one  hand,  there  seems  to  be  no  difficulty  in 
+getting rid of the Company altogether, it is, on the other hand, very indifferent 
+whether  the  English  nation  rules  over  India  under  the  personal  name  of 
+Queen  Victoria,  or  under  the  traditional  firm  of  an  anonymous  society.  The 
+20  whole  question,  therefore,  appears  to  turn  about  a  technicality  of  very 
+
+15 
+
+questionable  importance.  Still,  the  thing  is  not  quite  so  plain. 
+
+It  is  to  be  remarked,  in  the  first  instance,  that  the  Ministerial  Board  of 
+Control,  residing  in  Cannon-row,  is  as  much  a  fiction  as  the  East  India 
+Company,  supposed to reside in Leadenhall-st.  The members  composing the 
+25  Board  of  Control  are  a mere  cloak for the  supreme  rule  of the  President of 
+the  Board.  The  President  is  himself  but  a  subordinate  though  independent 
+member  of  the  Imperial  Ministry.  In  India  it  seems  to  be  assumed that  if  a 
+man  is  fit  for  nothing  it  is  best  to  make  him  a Judge,  and  get rid  of  him.  In 
+Great  Britain,  when  a  party  comes  into  office  and  finds  itself  encumbered 
+30  with  a  tenth-rate  "statesman,"  it  is  considered  best  to  make  him  President 
+of  the  Board  of  Control,  successor  of  the  Great  Mogul,  and  in that  way  to 
+get  rid  of  him—  teste  Carolo  Wood. 
+
+The  letter  of  the  law  entrusts  the  Board  of  Control,  which is  but  another 
+name for its  President, with  "full power and  authority to  superintend,  direct, 
+35  and  control  all  acts,  operations  and  concerns  of  the  East  India  Company 
+which  in  anywise  relate  to  or  concern  the  Government  or  revenues  of  the 
+Indian  territories."  Directors  are  prohibited  "from  issuing  any  orders,  in­
+structions,  dispatches,  official  letters,  or  communications  whatever relating 
+to  India,  or  to  the  Government thereof,  until  the  same  shall have been sanc-
+tioned  by  the  Board."  Directors  are  ordered  to  "prepare  instructions  or 
+orders  upon  any  subject  whatever  at  fourteen  days'  notice  from  the  Board, 
+
+40 
+
+215 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+or else to transmit the orders of the Board on the subject of India. " The Board 
+is  authorized to inspect all correspondence  and dispatches to and from India, 
+and  the  proceedings  of the  Courts  of Proprietors  and Directors.  Lastly, the 
+Court  of  Directors  has  to  appoint  a  Secret  Committee,  consisting  of  their 
+Chairman, their Deputy  Chairman and their  senior member, who  are  sworn 
+to  secrecy,  and  through  whom,  in  all  political  and  military  matters,  the 
+President  of  the  Board  may  transmit his  personal  orders  to  India,  while  the 
+Committee  acts  as  a  mere  channel  of  his  communications.  The  orders  re 
+specting the  Affghan  and Burmese  wars,  and as to the occupation of Scinde 
+were transmitted through this  secret Committee, without the Court of Direc-  10 
+tors being  any  more informed of them than the general public or Parliament. 
+So  far,  therefore,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Control would  appear  to  be 
+the real  Mogul,  and, under all circumstances, he retains  an unlimited power 
+for  doing  mischief,  as,  for  instance,  for  causing  the  most  ruinous  wars,  all 
+the  while  being hidden under the name of the irresponsible Court of Direc-  15 
+tors.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Court  of  Directors  is  not without  real  power. 
+As  they generally exercise the  initiative in administrative  measures, as they 
+form,  when  compared  with  the  Board  of  Control,  a  more  permanent  and 
+steady  body,  with  traditional  rules  for  action  and  a  certain  knowledge  of 
+details, the whole of the  ordinary internal administration necessarily falls to  20 
+their  share.  They  appoint,  too,  under  sanction  of  the  Crown,  the  Supreme 
+Government  of  India,  the  Governor-General  and  his  Councils;  possessing, 
+besides,  the  unrestricted  power  to  recall the highest  servants,  and even the 
+Governor-General,  as  they  did  under  Sir  Robert  Peel,  with  Lord  Ellen-
+borough.  But this  is  still  not their most important privilege.  Receiving only  25 
+£300 per annum,  they  are really paid in patronage, distributing all the writer-
+ships  and cadetships, from whose number the Governor-General of India and 
+the  Provincial Governors  are obliged  to fill  up all the higher places withheld 
+from  the  natives.  When  the  number  of  appointments  for  the  year  is  ascer 
+tained,  the  whole  are  divided  into 28  equal parts-of which two  are  allotted  30 
+to  the  Chairman  and  Deputy  Chairman,  two  to  the  President  of  the  Board 
+of  Control,  and  one to each of the Directors. The annual value of each share 
+of  patronage  seldom  falls  short  of  £14,000.  "All  nominations,"  says  Mr. 
+Campbell,  "are  now,  as  it  were,  the  private  property  of  individuals,  being 
+divided  among  the  Directors,  and  each  disposing of his  share  as  he  thinks  35 
+fit."  Now,  it  is  evident that the  spirit of the Court of Directors must pervade 
+the  whole  of  the  Indian  Upper  Administration,  trained,  as  it is,  at  schools 
+of  Addiscombe  and  Haileybury,  and  appointed,  as  it is, by their patronage. 
+It is  no less evident that this Court of Directors, who have to distribute, year 
+after  year,  appointments  of  the  value  of  nearly £400,000  among the  upper  40 
+classes  of  Great  Britain,  will  find little  or  no  check from  the public  opinion 
+
+216 
+
+The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York  Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—India 
+
+5 
+
+directed  by  those  very classes.  What the  spirit of the  Court of Directors  is, 
+I will  show in  a following letter  on the  actual  state  of  India.  For the present 
+it may suffice to  say that Mr.  Macaulay, in the course of the pending debates, 
+defended  the  Court  by  the  particular  plea,  that it was  impotent to  effect  all 
+the evils it might intend, so much so, that all improvements had been effected 
+in  opposition to  it,  and  against it by  individual  Governors  who  had acted on 
+their  own responsibility.  Thus  with regard  to the  suppression of the  Suttee, 
+the  abolition  of  the  abominable  transit  duties,  and  the  emancipation of the 
+East  India  press. 
+
+10 
+
+The President of the Board of Control accordingly involves  India in ruin 
+ous wars under cover of the Court of Directors, while the Court of Directors 
+corrupt the Indian Administration under the  cloak of the Board of Control. 
+
+On  looking  deeper  into  the  framework of  this  anomalous  government we 
+find  at  its  bottom  a third power, more  supreme  than either  the  Board  or the 
+15 Court, more irresponsible, and more concealed from and guarded against the 
+superintendence  of  public  opinion.  The  transient  President  of  the  Board 
+depends  on  the  permanent  clerks  of  his  establishment  in Cannon-row,  and 
+for  those  clerks  India  exists  not  in  India,  but in  Leadenhall-st.  Now, who 
+is  the  master  at  Leadenhall-st.? 
+
+20 
+
+Two  thousand persons, elderly ladies  and valetudinarian gentlemen, pos 
+sessing Indian  stock, having no other interest in India except to be paid their 
+dividends  out  of  Indian  revenue,  elect  twenty-four  Directors,  whose  only 
+qualification is the holding of £1,000 stock. Merchants, bankers and directors 
+of companies incur great trouble in order to get into the Court for the interest 
+25 of their private concerns. "A banker," said Mr. Bright, "in the City of London 
+commands 300 votes  of the East India Company, whose word for the election 
+of Directors is almost absolute law."  Hence the Court of Directors is nothing 
+but  a  succursal  to  the  English  moneyocracy.  The  so-elected  Court  forms, 
+in  its  turn,  besides  the  above-mentioned  Secret  Committee,  three  other 
+30  Committees,  which  are  1.  Political  and  Military.  2.  Finance  and Home.  3. 
+Revenue,  Judicial  and  Legislative.  These  Committees  are  every  year  ap 
+pointed  by  rotation,  so  that  a  financier is  one  year  on  the  Judicial  and  the 
+next year  on  the  Military  Committee,  and  no  one  has  any chance  of a con 
+tinued supervision over a particular department. The mode of election having 
+35  brought  in men utterly unfit for their duties,  the  system of rotation gives  to 
+whatever  fitness  they  might  perchance  retain,  the  final  blow.  Who,  then, 
+govern in fact under the  name  of the Direction?  A large staff of irresponsible 
+secretaries,  examiners  and  clerks  at  the  India  House,  of  whom,  as  Mr. 
+Campbell  observes,  in  his  Scheme  for  the  Government  of India,  only  one 
+individual  has  ever  been  in  India,  and  he  only by  accident.  Apart from the 
+trade  in patronage,  it is  therefore  a mere  fiction to  speak of the  politics, the 
+
+40 
+
+217 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+principles,  and  the  system  of  the  Court  of  Directors.  The  real  Court  of 
+Directors  and  the  real  Home  Government,  etc.,  of  India are the permanent 
+and  irresponsible  bureaucracy,  "the  creatures  of  the  desk  and the  creatures 
+of favor"  residing in  Leadenhall-st.  We  have  thus a Corporation ruling over 
+an  immense  Empire,  not  formed,  as  in Venice, by  eminent patricians,  but 
+by  old  obstinate  clerks,  and  the  like  odd  fellows. 
+
+5 
+
+No  wonder,  then,  that  there  exists  no  government by  which  so  much  is 
+written  and  so Utile  done,  as the  Government of India.  When the East India 
+Company  was  only  a  commercial  association,  they,  of  course,  requested  a 
+most detailed report on every item from the  managers  of their Indian facto- 
+ries,  as  is  done  by  every  trading  concern.  When  the  factories  grew  into  an 
+Empire,  the commercial items into  ship loads  of correspondence  and docu 
+ments,  the  Leadenhall  clerks  went  on  in  their  system,  which  made  the 
+Directors  and  the  Board  their  dependents;  and  they  succeeded  in  trans 
+forming  the  Indian  government  into  one  immense  writing  machine.  Lord  15 
+Broughton  stated in his evidence before the Official Salaries Committee, that 
+with  one  single  dispatch 45,000  pages  of  collection were  sent. 
+
+10 
+
+In order to give you some idea of the time-killing manner in which business 
+is  transacted  at  the  India-House,  I  will  quote  a  passage  from  Mr.  Dickin 
+son: 
+
+20 
+
+"When  a  dispatch  arrives  from  India,  it  is  referred,  in  the  first instance, 
+to  the  Examiners'  Department,  to  which  it  belongs;  after  which  the  chairs 
+confer with the  official in charge of that department, and settle with him the 
+tenor  of  a reply,  and transmit a draught of this  reply to  the  Indian  Minister, 
+in what is  technically called  P.C., i.e. previous communication.  The chairs,  25 
+in  this  preliminary  state  of  P.C.  depend  mainly  on  the  clerks.  Such  is  this 
+dependence  that  even  in  a  discussion  in  the  Court  of  Proprietors,  after 
+previous notice, it is pitiable to  see the chairman referring to a secretary who 
+sits  by  his  side,  and  keeps  on  whispering  and  prompting  and  chaffing  him 
+as if he were  a mere puppet,  and the  Minister at the other end of the system  30 
+is  in  the  same  predicament.  In  this  stage  of  P.C.,  if there  is  a difference  of 
+opinion  on  the  draught,  it  is  discussed,  and  almost  invariably  settled  in 
+friendly  communication  between  the  Minister  and  the  Chair;  finally  the 
+draught  is  returned  by  the  Minister,  either  adopted  or  altered;  and  then  it 
+is  submitted  to  the  Committee  of  Directors  superintending the department  35 
+to  which it belongs, with all papers bearing on the case, to be considered and 
+discussed  and  adopted  or  altered,  and  afterward  it  is  exposed  to  the  same 
+process in the aggregate Court, and then goes, for the first time, as an official 
+communication  to  the  Minister,  after  which  it  undergoes  the  same  process 
+in the  opposite  direction." 
+
+40 
+
+"When  a  measure  is  discussed  in  India,"  says  Mr.  Campbell,  "the  an-
+
+218 
+
+The  Turkish  War  Question—"The  New-York  Tribune"  in  the  House  of  Commons—India 
+
+nouncement  that  it  has  been referred to the  Court  of Directors,  is  regarded 
+as  an  indefinite  postponement." 
+
+The  close  and  abject  spirit of  this bureaucracy deserves to be  stigmatised 
+
+in  the  celebrated  words  of  Burke: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+"This tribe of vulgar politicians are the lowest of our  species. There is no 
+trade  so vile and mechanical as Government in their hands. Virtue is not then-
+habit.  They  are  out  of  themselves  in  any  course  of  conduct  recommended 
+only  by  conscience  and  glory.  A  large,  liberal  and  prospective  view  of  the 
+interests  of  States  passes  with  them  for  romance;  and  the  principles  that 
+recommend it, for the wanderings of a disordered imagination. The calcula 
+tors compute them out of their  senses. The jesters  and buffoons  shame them 
+out  of  everything  grand  and  elevated.  Littleness  in  object  and  in  means to 
+them  appears  soundness  and  sobriety." 
+
+The  clerical  establishments  of  Leadenhall-st.  and  Cannon-row  cost  the 
+Indian  people  the trifle  of  £160,000  annually.  The  oligarchy  involves  India 
+in wars, in order to find employment for their younger sons ; the moneyocracy 
+consigns  it  to  the  highest  bidder;  and  a  subordinate  Bureaucracy  paralyse 
+its  administration and perpetuate its abuses as the vital condition of their own 
+perpetuation. 
+
+20 
+
+Sir  Charles  Wood's  bill  alters  nothing in  the  existing  system.  It enlarges 
+
+the  power  of  the  Ministry,  without  adding  to  its  responsibility. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+219 
+
+L a y a r d 's  M o t i o n — S t r u g g le  o v er  t he  T en  H o u r s'  Bill 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3826, 22. Juli 1853 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  July  8,  1853. 
+
+With  the  actual  occupation  of  the  Danubian  Principalities  and  the  drawing 
+near  of the  long-predicted crisis,  the  English Press  has  remarkably lowered 
+its  warlike  language,  and  little opposition is made to the advice tendered in 
+two  consecutive leaders of  The Tïmesthat, "as the Russians could not master 
+their  propensity  for  civilizing  barbarian  provinces,  England  had  better  let 
+them  do  as  they  desired,  and  avoid  a  disturbance  of  the  peace  by  vain 
+obstinacy." 
+
+5 
+
+The anxiety of the Government to withhold all information on the pending 
+Turkish question betrayed itself in a most ridiculous farce, acted at the  same 
+time  in both Houses  of Parliament.  In the  House  of  Commons  Mr.  Layard, 
+the  celebrated  restorer  of  ancient  Nineveh,  had given notice  that he  would 
+move  this  evening  that  the  fullest  information  with  regard  to  Turkey  and 
+Russia  should be  laid before  the  House.  On this  notice  having been given,  15 
+the  following  scene  occured  in  the  lower  House: 
+
+10 
+
+Mr. Layard—The notice of my motion was gjvenf or to-morrow. I received 
+a note  yesterday  afternoon asking  me to put off the motion to  Monday,  11th 
+inst.  I was  not able to return  an answer yesterday afternoon—in fact, not  till 
+this  morning.  To  my  surprise,  I  find that,  without  my  knowledge,  I  was  in  20 
+the  House  yesterday;  for  I find from the notices of motions printed with the 
+votes, that Mr.  Layard postponed his  motion from Friday the 8th to Monday 
+11th!  It  seems  scarcely  fair that independent members  should be treated  in 
+this  way. 
+
+Mr.  Gladstone—I do  not know by whose  direction or  authority the  notice  25 
+
+of  postponement  was  placed  on  the  votes  of the  House.  Of one thing I can 
+assure  the  hon.  member,  that whatever  was  done,  was  done  in perfect  bona 
+fide. 
+
+Mr.  Layard—1  should  like  to  know  who  put that notice  of postponement 
+
+in the paper.  What reason have you for  deferring the  motion to Monday? 
+
+30 
+
+Mr.  Gladstone—An  indisposition  of  Lord  J. Russell. 
+
+220 
+
+Layard's  Motion—Struggle  over the Ten  Hours'  Bill 
+
+Mr.  Layard then  withdrew  his  motion  until  Monday. 
+Mr.  Disraeli—This  appears  to  me  an  arrangement  of  business  which re 
+quires  explanation on the part of the Government—the  more  so  as the  India 
+Bill,  too,  contrary  to  agreement,  is  placed  on the  votes  for  to-morrow. 
+
+5 
+
+After  a pause, 
+Sir  C.  Woodhumbly confesses to have been the double sinner, but, availing 
+himself of Mr.  Gladstone's suggestion, declared that he had acted with regard 
+to  Mr.  Layard  with  the  best  intentions  in  the  world. 
+
+The opposite side of the medal was exhibited in the House of Lords, where, 
+10  at  all  events,  the  bodily  disposition  of  poor  little  Russell had nothing to  do 
+with the motion of the Marquis of Clanricarde,  similar to that of Mr. Layard, 
+and  likewise  announced  for  Friday,  after  it  had  already  several  times  been 
+adjourned  on  the  request  of  Ministers. 
+
+Lord  Brougham  rose,  with  the  assurance  that  he  had  not communicated 
+15  with  any  member  of  the  Ministry,  but  that  he  found  the  motion  of  Lord 
+Clanricarde,  announced  for  to-morrow,  most  inconvenient  in  the  present 
+state of affairs. For this he would refer to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs. 
+
+Lord  Clarendon  could  certainly  not  say  that  there would be  neither  mis 
+chief nor inconvenience in a full discussion of the subject at present. Negoti-
+20  ations  were  going on;  but  after  the  various  postponements,  he  felt that he 
+ought  not  to  ask  again  his  noble  friend  to  withdraw  his  motion.  Yet  he 
+reserved  to  himself,  in reply  to  him,  to  say nothing more than that which his 
+sense  of  public  duty  allowed.  Nevertheless,  he  would  ask  his  noble  friend 
+whether he would object to at least postponing the motion until Monday next, 
+it being convenient to have this discussion in both Houses at the same time, 
+and  Lord  J. Russell  being  extremely  unwell? 
+
+25 
+
+Earl  of  Ellenborough-The  noble  Marquis  opposite  would  only  exercise 
+a  sound  discretion  if he deferred not only to  Monday, but generally, without 
+fixing  at  present  any  day  for  the  motion  of  which  he  has  given  notice  for 
+
+30  to-morrow. 
+
+Lord  Derby—He  had  been  taken by surprise  on finding the  noble  Marquis 
+bringing  the  question  under  consideration,  and  he  concurred  entirely  with 
+the  views  of  the  noble  Earl,  (Ellenborough.) 
+
+Earl  Grey—After  the  declaration  of  Lord  Clarendon  the  propriety  of 
+
+35  postponing  discussion  must be  obvious  to  every  one. 
+
+The  Marquis  of  Clanricarde  then  withdrew  his  motion. 
+Earl  Fitzwilliam—ïie  would  ask whether  the  Russian  manifesto, the decla 
+
+ration  of  a  holy  war against  Turkey,  dated  June  26,  was  authentic? 
+
+Earl  Clarendon—Re  had  received  that  document  from  Her  Majesty's 
+
+40  Minister at  St.  Petersburg. 
+
+Earl  of  Malmesbury-It  was  due  to  the  dignity  of  their  Lordships  that they 
+
+221 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+should  be  assured  by  Government  of  its  intention  to  prevent,  as  far  as  it 
+could,  a  similar  discussion taking  place  on  Monday  in  the  other  House. 
+
+Earl  of  Aberdeen—He  and  his  colleagues  would  exercise  any  influence 
+
+they  possessed  to  do  their  utmost  for  preventing  that  discussion. 
+
+To  resume:  The  House  of  Commons  is  first  made  to  adjourn discussion 
+by  a  fraud.  Then,  under  the  pretense  that  the  House  of  Commons  had 
+adjourned discussion, the House  of Lords  is  made  to do the same. Then the 
+"noble"  Lords  resolve  to  postpone  the  motion  ad  infinitum;  and  lastly,  the 
+dignity  of  the  "noblest assembly on  the  face  of  the  earth"  requires  that the 
+Commons  too  should postpone  the  motion  ad infinitum. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+On  an  interpellation  from  Mr.  Liddell,  Lord  Palmerston  declared  in  the 
+
+same  sitting: 
+
+15 
+
+"The  recent  obstruction  of  the  navigation  of  the  Sulina-Canal  of  the 
+Danube,  had  been  caused  by  the  accidental  circumstance  of  the  waters  of 
+the river having overflowed and spread over the banks, and so far diminished 
+the  force  of  the  current  as  to  increase the  quantity  of  mud  on the bar.  I  am 
+bound  to  say  that,  for  many  years  past,  the  Government has  had  reason to 
+complain  of  the  neglect  of  the  Government  of  Russia to  perform its  duties 
+as  the  possessor  of  the  territory  of  which  the  Delta  of  the Danube  is  com 
+posed,  and  to  maintain  the  Canal  of  the  Sulina in  efficient navigable  state,  20 
+although  Russia  always  admitted  that  it was her duty to  do  so, by virtue  of 
+the  treaty  of  Adrianople.  While  these  mouths  of  the  Danube  formed  parts 
+of  the  Turkish territory,  there  was  maintained  a depth of  16 feet on the bar, 
+whereas,  by  neglect  of  the  Russian  authorities  the  depth had  dinunished to 
+11  feet,  and  even  these  11  feet were  reduced  to  a  small  and  narrow  canal  25 
+from  obstructions  on the  sides,  from  sand-banks  and from vessels  wrecked 
+and  sunk,  and  allowed  to  remain there,  so'that it was difficult for any vessel 
+to  pass  except in calm  weather  and with  a  skillful pilot.  There was rivalship 
+on  the  part  of  Odessa,  where  existed  a  desire  to  obstruct  the  export  of 
+produce by  the  Danube,  and to  divert it,  if  possible  by  way  of Odessa." 
+
+30 
+
+Probably  the  English  Ministry  hope  that,  in  case  of  the  Principalities 
+becoming  Russian,  the  mouths  of  the  Danube  will  reopen according as the 
+rivalry  of  Odessa  will  be  shut. 
+
+A  few  months  ago  I  took  occasion  to  remark  on the  progress  of  the  Ten 
+Hours'  agitation  in the  Factory  districts.  The movement has been going on  35 
+all  the  while,  and  has  at  last  found  an  echo  in  the  Legislature.  On  the  5th 
+inst.,  Mr.  Cobbett,  M.P.  for  Oldham,  moved  for  leave  to  bring  in  a bill to 
+restrict  factory  labor  to  ten  hours  on the  first five  days  of the  week,  and to 
+seven  and  a  half  hours  on  Saturday.  Leave  was  given  to  bring  in  the  bill. 
+During  the  preliminary  debate,  Lord  Palmerston,  in  the  warmth  of  im-  40 
+provisation,  allowed  a distinct threat to  escape him, that,  if no  other  means 
+
+222 
+
+Layard's  Motion-Struggle  over  the  Ten  Hours'  Bill 
+
+5 
+
+for  protecting  the  factory  women  and  children  existed,  he  would  propose 
+a restriction  of the  moving power.  The  sentence had  scarcely fallen from his 
+lips,  when  a  general  storm  of  indignation burst forth against the  incautious 
+statesman,  not  only  from  the  direct  representatives  of  miUocracy,  but par-
+ticularly from their and his  own Whig friends,  such as Sir George Grey, Mr. 
+Labouchere,  etc.  Lord J. Russell  having  taken  Palmerston  aside,  and  after 
+half  an  hour's  private  pour-parler,  had  to  labor  very  hard  to  appease  the 
+storm,  by  assuring  them  that  "it  appeared  to  him  that  his  honorable  friend 
+had been entirely misunderstood,  and  that in expressing himself fora restric-
+tion  of  the  moving  power,  his  friend  had  meant  to  express  himself  against 
+it."  Such  absurd  compromises  are  the  daily  bread  of  the  Coalition.  At  all 
+events  they have  the right to  say  one  thing  and to mean another.  As to Lord 
+Palmerston  himself,  be  it  not  forgotten  that  that  old  dandy  of  Liberalism 
+expelled  a  few  years  ago  some  hundred  Irish  families  from  his  "estates," 
+15  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  Duchess  of  Sutherland  did with  the  ancient 
+
+10 
+
+clansmen. 
+
+Mr.  Cobbett,  who  moved  the  bill,  is  the  son  of  the  renowned  William 
+Cobbett,  and  represents  the  same  borough  his  father  did.  His  politics,  like 
+his  seat,  are  the  inheritance  of his father, and therefore independent indeed, 
+zo  but rather incoherent with the  state  of present parties. William Cobbett was 
+the  most  able  representative,  or, rather,  the  creator of old  English Radical 
+ism.  He  was  the  first  who  revealed  the  mystery  of  the  hereditary  party 
+warfare  between  Tories  and  Whigs,  stripped  the  parasitic  Whig  Oligarchy 
+of their  sham liberalism, opposed landlordism in its every form, ridiculed the 
+25  hypocritical  rapacity  of  the  Established  Church,  and  attacked  the  money-
+ocracy in its two most eminent incarnations—the "Old Lady of Threadneedle-
+st."  (Bank  of  England)  and  Mr.  Muckworm & Co.  (the  national  creditors). 
+He  proposed  to  cancel  the  national  debt,  to  confiscate  the Church estates, 
+and  to  abolish  all  sorts  of  paper  money.  He  watched  step  for  step  the  en-
+30  croachments  of  political  centralization  on  local  self-government,  and  de 
+nounced  it  as  an  infringement  on  the  privileges  and  liberties  of  the  English 
+subject.  He  did  not  understand  its  being  the  necessary  result  of  industrial 
+centralization.  He proclaimed  all the political demands which have afterward 
+been  combined  in  the  national  charter;  yet  with  him  they  were  rather  the 
+35  political  charter  of  the  petty  industrial  middle-class  than  of  the  industrial 
+proletarian.  A plebeian by instinct and by sympathy, his intellect rarely broke 
+through the boundaries of middle-class reform. It was not until  1834,  shortly 
+before his  death,  after the  establishment  of the  new Poor Law, that William 
+Cobbett began to suspect the existence of a millocracy as hostile to the mass 
+40  of the people,  as  landlords, banklords,  public creditors,  and the clergymen 
+of  the  established  Church.  If  William  Cobbett  was  thus,  on  one  hand,  an 
+
+223 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+anticipated  modem  Chartist,  he  was,  on the  other hand,  and  much more, an 
+inveterate  John  Bull.  He  was  at  once  the  most  conservative  and  the  most 
+destructive  man  of Great Britain—the purest incarnation of  Old England and 
+the  most  audacious  initiator  of  Young  England.  He  dated  the  decline  of 
+England from the  period of the  Reformation,  and the  ulterior prostration of 
+the English people from the  so-called glorious Revolution of  1688. With him, 
+therefore,  revolution  was  not  innovation,  but  restoration;  not the  creation 
+of  a new  age,  but the rehabilitation of the  "good old times." What he did not 
+see,  was  that  the  epoch  of  the  pretended  decline  of  the  English  people 
+coincided  exactly  with  the  beginning ascendancy  of  the  middle  class, with  10 
+the  development  of  modern  commerce  and  industry,  and  that,  at  the  same 
+pace  as  the latter grew  up, the  material  situation of the people declined, and 
+local  self-government  disappeared before  political centralization.  The  great 
+changes  attending  the  decomposition  of  the  old  English  Society  since  the 
+eighteenth  century  struck his  eyes  and  made  his heart bleed.  But if he  saw  15 
+the effects, he did not understand the causes, the new social agencies at work. 
+He  did  not  see  the  modern  bourgeoisie,  but only that fraction of the  aristoc 
+racy  which  held  the  hereditary  monopoly  of  office,  and  which  sanctioned 
+by law  all the  changes  necessitated by the new wants and pretensions of the 
+middle-class.  He  saw  the machine, but not the hidden motive power.  In his  20 
+eyes, therefore, the Whigs  were responsible for all the changes supervening 
+since  1688.  They  were  the  prime  motors  of  the  decline  of  England and  the 
+degradation  of  its  people.  Hence  his  fanatical  hatred  against,  and  his  ever 
+recurring  denunciation of the Whig oligarchy.  Hence  the  curious phenome 
+non, that William Cobbett, who represented by instinct the mass of the people  25 
+against  the  encroachments  of  the  middle-class,  passed  in  the  eyes  of  the 
+world  and  in  his  own  conviction  for  the  representative  of  the  industrial 
+middle-class  against the  hereditary aristocracy.  As  a writer  he  has  not been 
+surpassed. 
+
+The  present Mr.  Cobbett,  by  continuing under altered circumstances the  30 
+
+politics  of his  father,  has  necessarily  sunk into the class  of uberai Tories. 
+
+The  Times,  anxious  to  make  good  for  its  humble  attitude  against  the 
+Russian Czar by increased insolence against the English workingmen, brings 
+a  leader  on  Mr.  Cobbett's  motion  that  aims  to  be  monstrous,  but  happens 
+to  turn  out plainly absurd.  It cannot deny that the restriction of the  moving  35 
+power  is  the  only  means  for  enforcing upon the  factory lords  a  submission 
+to  the  existing  laws  with regard to  the  hours  of  factory labor.  But it fails  to 
+understand  how any man of common sense who aims  at attaining an end can 
+propose  the  only  adequate  means  to  it. The existing  ten-and-a-half-hours act, 
+like  all  other  factory  laws,  is  but a fictitious  concession made by the ruling  40 
+classes  to  the  working-people;  and  the  working-men,  not  satisfied with the 
+
+224 
+
+Layard's  Motion—Struggle  over the  Ten  Hours'  Bill 
+
+5 
+
+mere  appearance  of  a concession, dare insist upon its reality.  The  Times has 
+never  heard  of  a  thing  more  ridiculous  or  more  extravagant.  If  a  master 
+should  be  prevented  by  Parliament  from  working  his  hands  during  12,  16, 
+or  any  other  number  of  hours,  then,  says  The  Times,  "England is  no  longer 
+a  place  for  a  freeman  to  live  in."  Thus  the  South  Carolina  gentleman who 
+was  placed  before  and  condemned  by  a  London  Magistrate  for  having 
+publicly  whipped  the  negro  he had brought with him from  the  other  side  of 
+the  Atlantic,  exclaimed in  a most exasperated  state of mind,  "You don't call 
+this  a  free  country  where  a  man  is forbidden to whip  his  own nigger?"  If  a 
+10  man becomes a factory hand, and enters into contract with a master, in virtue 
+of  which he  sells  himself  for  sixteen or  eighteen hours, instead of taking his 
+sleep  as  better-circumstanced  mortals can do, you have to explain that,  says 
+The  Times,  "by  that  natural  impulse  which  perpetually  adjusts  the  supply 
+to  the  demand,  and  directs  people to  the occupation most agreeable and most 
+suited  to  themselves." Legislation,  of  course,  must  not  interfere  with  this 
+travail attrayant.  If you  restrict the  moving power  of  machinery to  a  definite 
+portion of  the  day,  say from  6  o'clock,  a.m.  to 6 p.m., then,  says  The  Times, 
+you  might  as  well  suppress  machinery  altogether.  If  you  stop  the  gas-light 
+in  the  public  thoroughfares  as  soon  as  the  sun  rises,  you  must  stop  it  also 
+20  during  the  night.  The  Times  forbids  legislative  interference  with  private 
+
+15 
+
+concerns, and therefore, perhaps, it defends the duty on paper, on advertise 
+ments,  and the newspaper-stamp, in order to keep down the private concerns 
+of  its  competitors,  asking  the  Legislature  to  relieve  its  own concern of the 
+supplement  duty.  It  professes  an  utter  abhorrence  of  parliamentary  inter-
+25 f erence with the sacred interest of mill-lords, where the lives and the morals 
+of  whole  generations  are  at stake,  while it has  croaked its  most determined 
+interference with cabmen and hackneycoach proprietors, where nothing was 
+at  stake  except  the  conveniences  of  some  fat  city-men,  and  perhaps  the 
+gentlemen  of  Printing-house-square.  Till  now  the  middle-class  economists 
+30  have  told  us  that  the  principal  use  of  machinery  was  its  shortening  and 
+superseding  bodily  labor  and  drudgery.  Now  The  Times  confesses  that, 
+under  present  class-arrangements  machinery  does  not  shorten  but prolong 
+the  hours  of  labor—that it firstly bereaves  the  individual  labor  of its quality, 
+and then forces the laborer to make up for the loss in quality by quantity—thus 
+adding hour to  hour, night labor to day labor,  in a process which only stops 
+at  the  intervals  of  industrial  crises,  when  the  man  is  refused  any  labor  at 
+all—when the factory is  shut before his nose, and when he may enjoy holidays 
+or  hang  himself  if  he  pleases. 
+
+35 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+225 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+T he  R u s s o - T u r k i sh  D i f f i c u l t y-
+
+D u c k i ng  a nd  D o d g i ng  of  t he  B r i t i sh  C a b i n e t— 
+
+N e s s e l r ö d en  L a st  N o t e — T he  E a s t - I n d ia  Q u e s t i on 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3828, 25. Juli 1853 
+
+The  Russo-Turkish  Difficulty-
+Ducking and Dodging of the  British Cabinet— 
+Nesselröden  Last Note— 
+The East-India Question. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  July  12,1853. 
+
+The  Parliamentary  farce  of  Thursday  last  was  continued  and  brought  to  a 
+close in the  sitting of Friday, 8th inst. Lord Palmerston requested Mr. Layard 
+not  only  to  put  off  his  motion  to  Monday,  but  never  to  make  any  mention 
+of it again.  "Monday was  now to go the way of Friday."  Mr.  Bright took the 
+opportunity  of  congratulating  Lord  Aberdeen  on  his  cautious  policy,  and 
+generally  to  assure  him  of  his  entire  confidence. 
+
+"Were  the  Peace  Society  itself  the  Cabinet,"  says  The  Morning  Advertiser, 
+"it  could  not  have  done  more  to  encourage  Russia,  to  discourage  France, 
+to  endanger  Turkey,  and  discredit  England,  than  the  very  good  Aberdeen. 
+Mr.  Bright's  speech  was  meant  as  a  sort  of  Manchester  manifesto  in favor 
+of  the  tremblers  of  the  Cabinet." 
+
+The  Ministerial  efforts  for  burking  the  intended  question  of  Mr.  Layard 
+originated in  a well-founded  fear that the internal dissensions in the  Cabinet 
+could  have  no  longer  been  kept  a  secret  to  the  public.  Turkey  must fall  to 
+pieces,  that  the  Coalition  may  keep  together.  Next  to  Lord  Aberdeen,  the 
+Ministers most favorable to the tricks of Russia, are the following: The Duke 
+of  Argyll,  Lord  Clarendon,  Lord  Granville,  Mr.  Sidney Herbert,  Mr.  Card-
+well,  and  the  "Radical"  Sir  William  Molesworth.  Lord  Aberdeen is  said to 
+have threatened at one time to offer his resignation. The "vigorous" Palmer-
+
+226 
+
+The  Russo-Turkish  Difficulty—  Nesselrode's  Last  Note—The  East-India  Question 
+
+ston  (civis  Romanus  sum)  party,  of  course, was  but wanting  such a pretext 
+for  yielding.  They  resolved  that  a  common  representation  should  be  ad 
+dressed  to  the  Courts  of  St.  Petersburg and Constantinople, recommending 
+that  the  "privileges  demanded  by  the  Czar for the  Greek Christians  should 
+5  be secured to Christians of all denominations in the Turkish dominions, under 
+a  treaty  of  guaranty,  to  which  the  great  powers  should  be  parties."  This 
+identical  proposition was,  however,  already  made  to  Prince Menchikoff, on 
+the eve of his  departure from Constantinople,  and was  made,  as  everybody 
+knows, to  no purpose.  It is, therefore, utterly ridiculous to expect any result 
+from its  repetition,  the  more  so, as it is now a matter beyond all doubt that 
+what  Russia  insists  upon having  is  exactly  a treaty which the  great powers, 
+viz:  Austria  and  Prussia,  now  no  longer  resist.  Count  Buoi,  the  Austrian 
+Premier,  is brother-in-law to  Count Peter Meyendorff, the Russian Minister, 
+and  acts  in  perfect  agreement  with  Russia.  On  the  same  day  on which the 
+two  Coalition parties, the slumbering and the "vigorous," came to the above 
+resolution,  the  Patrie  published  the  following: 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+"The  new  Internuncio  of  Austria,  at  Constantinople,  M.  de  Bruck, com 
+menced  by calling upon the  Porte  to  pay  5,000,000 piasters as an indemnity, 
+and  to  consent  to  the  delivery  of  the  ports  of  Kleck  and  Sutorina.  This 
+
+20  demand  was  considered  as  a  support given to  Russia." 
+
+This  is  not the  only  support  given by  Austria  to  the  Russian  interests  at 
+Constantinople.  In  1848,  it  will  be  remembered,  that  whenever  the Princes 
+wanted to  shoot their people, they provided a "misunderstanding." The same 
+stratagem  is  now  being  employed  against  Turkey.  The  Austrian  Consul  at 
+25  Smyrna causes the kidnapping of a Hungarian from an English coffee house 
+on  board  an  Austrian  vessel,  and  after  the  refugees  have  answered  this 
+attempt by the  killing of  an Austrian officer  and  the wounding  another one, 
+M.  de  Bruck demands  satisfaction from the  Porte  within 24 hours.  Simulta 
+neously  with  this  news,  The  Morning Post oí  Saturday  reports  a  rumor  that 
+the  Austrians  had  entered  Bosnia.  The  Coalition,  questioned  as to  the  au 
+thenticity of  this  rumor,  in yesterday's  sitting of both Houses of Parliament, 
+had,  of  course,  received  "no  information;"  Russell  alone  venturing  the 
+suggestion  that  the  rumor  had  probably  no  other  foundation  than  the  fact 
+that  the  Austrians  collected  troops  at  Peterwardein.  Thus  is  fulfilled  the 
+35 prediction of M. de Tatistchef f, in 1828, that Austria, when things were come 
+to  a  decisive  turn,  would  eagerly  make  ready  for  sharing  in  the  spoil. 
+
+30 
+
+A  dispatch from  Constantinople,  dated  26th ult.,  states: 
+"The  Sultan,  in  consequence  of  the  rumors  that  the  whole  Russian  fleet 
+has  left  Sebastopol  and  is  directing  its  course  toward  the  Bosphorus,  has 
+inquired  of  the  Ambassadors  of  England  and  France whether, in the  event 
+of the Russians making a demonstration before the Bosphorus, the combined 
+
+40 
+
+227 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+fleets  are  ready  to  pass  the  Dardanelles.  Both answered in the  affirmative. 
+A Turkish  steamer,  with French and English officers  on board, has just been 
+sent  from  the  Bosphorus  to  the  Black  Sea,  in  order  to  reconnoitre." 
+
+5 
+
+The first thing the Russians did after their entry into the PrincipaUties, was 
+to  prohibit  the  publication  of  the  Sultan's  firman  confirming  the  privileges 
+of  all kinds  of Christians,  and to  suppress  a German paper  edited  at Bucha 
+rest,  which  had  dared  to  publish  an  article  on  the  Eastern question.  At the 
+same  time,  they  pressed  from  the  Turkish  Government  the  first  annuity 
+stipulated  for  their  former  occupation  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  in 
+1848—49.  Since  1828  the  Protectorate  of  Russia has  cost the Principalities  10 
+150,000,000  piastres,  beside  the  immense losses  caused through pillage  and 
+devastation.  England defrayed the expenses of Russia's wars against France, 
+France  that  of  her  war  against Persia, Persia that of her war against Turkey, 
+Turkey and England that of her war against Poland;  Hungary and the Princi 
+palities have  now to  pay her war  against Turkey. 
+
+15 
+
+The  most  important  event  of  the  day  is  the  new  circular  note  of  Count 
+Nesselrode dated St. Petersburg, 20th June, 1853. It declares that the Russian 
+armies will  not evacuate the PrincipaUties until the Sultan shall have yielded 
+to  all the  demands  of the Czar,  and the  French and English fleets shall have 
+left  the  Turkish  waters.  The  note  in  question  reads  like  a  direct  scorn  of  20 
+England  and  France.  Thus  it  says: 
+
+"The  position taken by the two maritime Powers is  a maritime occupation 
+which  gives  us  a  reason for  reëstabUshing the  equilibrium  of the  reciprocal 
+situations  by  taking  up  a  military  position." 
+
+Be  it  remarked,  that  Besika  Bay  is  at  a  distance  of  150 miles  from  Con-  25 
+
+stantinople.  The  Czar  claims  for  himself  the  right  of  occupying  Turkish 
+territory,  while  he  defies  England  and  France  to  occupy  neutral  waters 
+without his  special permission.  He  extols his own magnanimous forbearance 
+in  having left  the  Porte  complete  mistress  of  choosing under what form  She 
+will  abdicate  her  sovereignty—whether  "convention,  sened,  or  other  syn-  30 
+allagmatic  act,  or  even  under  the  form  of  signing  a  simple  note."  He  is 
+persuaded  that  "impartial  Europe"  must  understand  that  the  treaty  of 
+Kainardji,  which  gives  Russia  the  right  of protecting  a  single  Greek  chapel 
+at  Stamboul,  proclaims  her  eo ipso the  Rome  of the  Orient.  He  regrets  that 
+the  West  is  ignorant  of  the  inoffensive  character  of  a  Russian  religious 
+protectorate  in  foreign  countries.  He  proves  his  solicitude for the integrity 
+of  the  Turkish  Empire  by historical facts—"the  very  moderate  use  he  made 
+in  1829 of his victory of Adrianople," when he was only prevented from being 
+immoderate  by  the  miserable  condition of his  army, and by the threat of the 
+English  admiral,  that,  authorized  or  not  authorized,  he  would  bombard  every  40 
+coast-place  along  the  Black  Sea;  when  all he  obtained was  due to  the  "for-
+
+35 
+
+228 
+
+The  Russo-Turki'sh  Difficulty—Nesselrode's  Last  Note—The  East-India  Question 
+
+5 
+
+bearance"  of  the  Western  Cabinets,  and  the  perfidious  destruction  of  the 
+Turkish fleet at Navarino.  "In  1833,  he  alone  in Europe  saved Turkey from 
+inevitable dismemberment." In 1833 the Czar concluded, through the famous 
+treaty  of  Unkiar-Skelessi,  a  defensiveaffiancewithTurkey,by  whichforeign 
+fleets  were  forbidden  to  approach  Constantinople,  by  which  Turkey  was 
+saved  only from  dismemberment,  in  order to be  saved entire for Russia.  "In 
+1839  he  took the initiative  with the  other Powers  in the propositions  which, 
+executed in common, prevented the  Sultan from  seeing his  throne give place 
+to  a new Arabian Empire."  That is to  say, in 1839 he made the other Powers 
+1 o take the initiative in the destruction of the Egyptian fleet, and in the reduction 
+to impotence  of the  only  man who  might have converted Turkey into a vital 
+danger  to  Russia,  and  to  replace  a  "dressed up turban" by a real head.  "The 
+fundamental  principle  of  the  policy  of  our  august  master  has  always  been 
+to  maintain,  as  long  as  possible,  the  status  quo of the  East." Just so.  He has 
+carefully  preserved  the  decomposition  of  the  Turkish  State,  under the  ex 
+clusive  guardianship  of  Russia. 
+
+15 
+
+It must be granted that a more ironical document the East has never dared 
+to  throw  in  the  face  of  the  West.  But  its  author  is  Nesselrode—a  nettle,  at 
+once,  and  a rod.  It is a document, indeed, of Europe's degradation under the 
+rod of counter-revolution.  Revolutionists may congratulate the Czar on this 
+masterpiece.  If Europe withdraws,  she withdraws  not with a  simple  defeat, 
+but  passes,  as  it  were,  under  furcae  caudinae. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+While  the  English Queen is,  at this  moment,  feasting Russian Princesses; 
+while  an enlightened English aristocracy  and bourgeoisie lie prostrate before 
+the  barbarian  autocrat,  the  English  proletariat  alone  protests  against  the 
+impotency  and  degradation  of  the  ruling  classes.  On  the  7th July the  Man 
+chester  School  held  a  great  Peace  meeting  in  the  Odd-Fellows  Hall,  at 
+Halifax.  Crossley,  M.P.  for  Halifax,  and  all  the  other  "great  men"  of  the 
+School  had  especially  flocked  to  the  meeting  from  "town."  The  hall  was 
+30  crowded,  and  many  thousands  could  obtain  no  admittance.  Ernest Jones, 
+(whose agitation in the factory districts is gloriously progressing, as you may 
+infer from the  number  of Charter petitions presented to Parliament, and from 
+the attacks of the middle-class provincial press,) was, at the time, at Durham. 
+The  Chartists  of  Halifax,  the  place  where  he  has  twice been  nominated and 
+35  declared  by  show  of  hands  as  a  candidate  for  the  House  of  Commons, 
+summoned  him  by  electric  telegraph,  and  he  appeared  just  in  time  for  the 
+meeting.  Already  the  gentlemen  of  the  Manchester  School  believed  they 
+would  carry  their  resolution,  and  would  be  able  to  bring  home the  support 
+of  the  manufacturing  districts  to  their  good  Aberdeen,  when  Ernest  Jones 
+rose  and put  an amendment pledging  the  people  to  war,  and declaring that 
+before  liberty  was  established  peace  was  a  crime.  There  ensued  a  most 
+
+40 
+
+229 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+violent  discussion,  but  the  amendment  of  Ernest  Jones  was  carried  by  an 
+immense  majority. 
+
+5 
+
+The  clauses  of  the  India  Bill  are passing one by one, the debate  scarcely 
+offering  any  remarkable features,  except the inconsistency  of the  so-called 
+India  Reformers.  There  is,  for  instance,  my  Lord  Jocelyn,  M.P.,  who  has 
+made  a  kind  of  political  livelihood by  bis  periodical  denunciation of Indian 
+wrongs,  and  of  the  mal-administration of the  East  India Company. What do 
+you  think  his  amendment  amounted  to?  To give the  East India Company  a 
+lease  for  10  years.  Happily,  it  compromised  no  one  but  himself.  There  is 
+another  professional  "Reformer,"  Mr.  Jos.  Hume,  who,  during  his  long  10 
+parliamentary  life,  has  succeeded  in  transforming  opposition  itself  into  a 
+particular  manner  of supporting the  ministry.  He proposed not to reduce the 
+number  of  East  India  Directors  from  24  to  18.  The  only  amendment  of 
+common  sense,  yet  agreed to,  was  that  of  Mr.  Bright,  exempting Directors 
+nominated  by  the  Government  from  the  qualification  in  East  India  Stock,  15 
+imposed  by  the  Directors  elected  by  the  Court  of  Proprietors.  Go  through 
+the  pamphlets  published  by  the  East  Indian  Reform  Association,  and  you 
+will  feel  a  similar  sensation  as  when,  hearing of  one  great act of  accusation 
+against Bonaparte,  devised in common by Legitimists, Orleanists, Blue  and 
+Red Republicans, and even disappointed Bonapartists. Their only merit until 20 
+now has been to draw public attention to Indian affairs in general, and further 
+they  cannot  go  in  their  present  form  of  eclectic  opposition.  For  instance, 
+while  they  attack the  doings  of the English aristocracy in India, they protest 
+against  the  destruction  of  the  Indian  aristocracy  of  native  princes. 
+
+After  the  British  intruders  had once  put their feet on India,  and made up  25 
+
+their  mind  to  hold  it,  there  remained  no  alternative  but to break the power 
+of  the  native  princes  by  force  or by intrigue.  Placed with regard to  them in 
+similar  circumstances  as  the ancient Romans with regard to their allies, they 
+followed  in  the  track  of  Roman  politics.  "It was,"  says  an  English writer, 
+"a system of fattening allies, as we fatten oxen, till they were worthy of being  30 
+devoured."  After  having  won  over  their  allies  in the  way of  ancient Rome, 
+the  East-India  Company  executed  them  in the  modern  manner  of  Change-
+Alley.  In  order  to  discharge  the  engagements  they  had  entered into with the 
+Company,  the  native  princes  were  forced  to  borrow  enormous  sums  from 
+Englishmen at usurious interest. When their embarrassment had reached the  35 
+highest  pitch,  the  creditor  got  inexorable,  "the  screw  was  turned"  and  the 
+princes  were  compelled  either  to  concede  their  territories  amicably  to  the 
+Company,  or  to  begin  war;  to  become  pensioners  on  their  usurpers  in  one 
+case,  or  to  be  deposed  as  traitors  in  the  other.  At  this  moment  the  native 
+States occupy an area of 690,261 square miles, with a population of 52,941,263 40 
+souls,  being,  however,  no  longer  the  allies,  but  only  the  dependents  of  the 
+
+230 
+
+The  Russo-Turk'ish  Difficulty—Nesselrode's  Last  Note—The  East-India  Question 
+
+British  Government,  upon  multifarious  conditions,  and  under  the  various 
+forms  of  the  subsidiary and of the protective  systems.  These  systems have 
+in  common  the  relinquishment,  by  the  native  States  of  the  right  of  self-
+defense,  of  maintaining  diplomatic  relations,  and  of  settling  the  disputes 
+among themselves  without the interference  of the Governor-General. All of 
+them  have  to  pay  a  tribute,  either  in hard  cash,  or  in a contingent of  armed 
+forces,  commanded  by  British  officers.  The  final  absorption or annexation 
+of  these  native  States  is  at  present  eagerly  controverted  between  the  re 
+formers  who  denounce  it  as  a  crime,  and  the  men  of  business  who  excuse 
+it as  a necessity. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+In  my  opinion  the  question  itself  is  altogether  improperly  put.  As  to  the 
+native  States  they  virtually  ceased  to  exist  from  the  moment  they  became 
+subsidiary  to  or  protected  by  the  Company.  If  you  divide the  revenue  of  a 
+country between two governments, you are  sure to cripple the resources of 
+the one  and the  administration of both. Under the present system the native 
+States  succumb under the double incubus of their native Administration and 
+the  tributes  and  inordinate  military  establishments  imposed  upon  them  by 
+the  Company.  The  conditions  under  which  they  are  allowed to retain their 
+apparent  independence  are  at  the  same  time  the  conditions  of  a permanent 
+20  decay,  and  of  an  utter  inability  of  improvement.  Organic  weakness  is  the 
+constitutional law  of  their  existence,  as  of  all  existences  living upon  suffer 
+ance.  It is, therefore,  not the native  States,  but the native  Princes and Courts 
+about whose maintenance the question revolves. Now, is it not a strange thing 
+that  the  same  men  who  denounce  "the  barbarous  splendors  of  the  Crown 
+25  and  Aristocracy  of  England"  are  shedding tears  at the  downfall  of  Indian 
+Nabobs,  Rajahs,  and  Jagheerdars,  the  great  majority  of  whom possess  not 
+even the prestige  òf  antiquity,  being generally usurpers  of  very recent date, 
+set up by English intrigue ! There exists in the whole world no despotism more 
+ridiculous,  absurd  and  childish  than  that  of  those  Schazenans and  Schariars 
+30  of  the  Arabian Nights.  The  Duke  of  Wellington,  Sir J. Malcolm,  Sir Henry 
+Russell,  Lord  Ellenborough,  General  Briggs,  and  other  authorities,  have 
+pronounced  in  favor  of  the  status  quo;  but  on  what  grounds?  Because  the 
+native  troops under  English rule want employment in the petty warfares with 
+their  own countrymen,  in  order  to  prevent  them from  turning their  strength 
+35  against their own European masters. Because the existence of independent 
+States  gives  occasional  employment  to  the  English  troops.  Because  the 
+hereditary princes  are the most servile tools of English despotism, and check 
+the  rise  of  those  bold  military  adventurers  with  whom  India  has  and  ever 
+will abound.  Because the independent territories afford a refuge to all discon-
+tented  and  enterprising  native  spirits.  Leaving  aside  all  these  arguments, 
+which  state  in  so  many words  that the native princes  are the  strongholds of 
+
+40 
+
+231 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+the present  abominable  English  system  and the  greatest obstacles  to  Indian 
+progress,  I  come  to  Sir Thomas  Munro  and  Lord  Elphinstone, who were  at 
+least  men  of  superior  genius,  and  of  real  sympathy  for  the  Indian  people. 
+They  think  that  without  a  native  aristocracy  there  can be  no  energy in any 
+other class of the community, and that the  subversion of that aristocracy will 
+not raise but debase a whole people. They may be right as long as the natives, 
+under  direct  English  rule  are  systematically  excluded  from  all  superior 
+offices,  military  and  civil.  Where  there  can be  no  great  men  by  their  own 
+exertion,  there  must  be  great  men  by  birth,  to leave to  a conquered people 
+some greatness  of their own.  That exclusion, however, of the native people  10 
+from  the  English territory, has been effected only by the maintenance  of the 
+hereditary  princes  in  the  so-called  independent territories. And one of these 
+two  concessions  had  to  be  made  to  the  native  army,  on  whose  strength  all 
+British  rule  in  India  depends.  I  think  we  may  trust  the  assertion  of  Mr. 
+Campbell that the native Indian Aristocracy are the least enabled to fill higher 
+offices ;  that for  all fresh requirements it is  necessary to  create a fresh class ; 
+and that "from the  acuteness and aptness to learn of the inferior classes, this 
+can  be  done  in  India  as  it  can  be  done  in  no  other  country." 
+
+15 
+
+The  native  princes  themselves  are  fast  disappearing  by the  extinction of 
+their  houses;  but,  since  the  commencement  of  this  century,  the  British  20 
+Government  has  observed  the  policy  of  allowing  them  to  make  heirs  by 
+adoption,  or  of filling up their vacant seats  with puppets  of English creation. 
+The great Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, was the first to protest openly 
+against this  system.  Were not the natural course of things artificially resisted, 
+there would be wanted neither wars nor expenses to do away with the native  25 
+princes. 
+
+As to the pensioned princes, the £2,468,969 assigned to them by the British 
+Government  on  the  Indian  revenue  is  a  most  heavy  charge  upon  a  people 
+living on  rice,  and  deprived  of the  first necessaries  of life.  If  they are  good 
+for  any  thing,  it is  for  exhibiting  Royalty  in  its  lowest  stage  of degradation  30 
+and ridicule.  Take, for instance,  the Great Mogul, the descendant of Timour 
+Tamerlane:  He  is  allowed  £120,000  a  year.  His  authority  does  not  extend 
+beyond  the  walls  of his palace, withing which the  Royal idiotic race, left to 
+itself,  propagates  as  freely  as  rabbits.  Even  the  police  of  Delhi  is  held  by 
+Englishmen  above  bis control. There  he  sits on his throne, a little  shriveled  35 
+yellow  old  man trimmed in  a theatrical  dress,  embroidered with gold,  much 
+like  that  of  the  dancing girls  of  Hindostán.  On  certain  State  occasions, the 
+tinsel-covered puppet  issues  forth to  gladden the  hearts  of  the  loyal.  On his 
+days  of  reception  strangers  have  to  pay  a fee,  in the  form of guineas,  as  to 
+any  other  saltimbanque  exhibiting  himself  in  public;  while  he,  in his  turn,  40 
+presents  them with turbans,  diamonds, etc.  On looking nearer  at them, they 
+
+232 
+
+The  Russo-Turkish  Difficulty—Nesselröden  Last  Note—The  East-India  Question 
+
+find  that  the  Royal  diamonds  are,  like  so  many  pieces  of  ordinary  glass, 
+grossly painted  and  imitating as roughly as possible the precious  stones, and 
+jointed  so  wretchedly,  that  they  break in the  hand  like  gingerbread. 
+
+The  English  money-lenders,  combined  with  the  English  Aristocracy, 
+understand,  we  must  own,  the  art  of  degrading  Royalty,  reducing  it  to  the 
+nullity of  constitutionalism  at home, and to the  skeleton of etiquette  abroad. 
+And  now,  here  are  the  Radicals,  exasperated  at  this  spectacle! 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+233 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+W ar  in  B u r m a — T he  R u s s i an  Q u e s t i o n-
+
+C u r i o us  D i p l o m a t ic  C o r r e s p o n d e n ce 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3833, 30. Juli 1853 
+
+War in Burmah—The Russian Question-
+Curious  Diplomatic  Correspondence. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune 
+
+London,  Friday,  July  15,1853. 
+
+By  the  latest  overland  mail  from  India,  intelligence  has  been  received that 
+the  Burmese  ambassadors  have  rejected  the  treaty  proposed  by  General 
+Godwin.  The  General  afforded  them  24  hours  more  for  reflection,  but  the 
+Burmese  departed  within  10  hours.  A  third  edition  of  the  interminable 
+Burmese  war  appears  to  be  inevitable. 
+
+5 
+
+Of  all  the  warlike  expeditions  of  the  British  in the  East,  none  have ever  10 
+
+been  undertaken  on  less  warranted  grounds  than  those  against  Burmah. 
+There  was  no  possible  danger  of  invasion from  that  side,  as  there was from 
+the  North-West,  Bengal being  separated from  Burmah by  a range  of  moun 
+tains,  across  which  troops  cannot  be  marched.  To  go  to  war  with  Burmah 
+the  Indian  Government  is  obliged  to  go  to  sea.  To  speak  of  maritime  ag-  15 
+gressions  on  the  part  of  the  Burmese  is  as  ridiculous,  as  the  idea  of  their 
+coast-junks  fronting  the  Company's  war  steamers  would  be  preposterous. 
+The  pretension that the Yankees had strong annexation propensities applied 
+to  Pegu,  is  borne  out  by no facts.  No  argument, therefore,  remains behind, 
+but the want of  employment for a needy  aristocracy, the necessity of creat-  20 
+ing,  as  an  English  writer  says,  "a  regular  quality-workhouse,  or  Hampton 
+Court in the  East."  The  first Burmese war, (1824—26) entered into under the 
+Quixotic  administration of  Lord  Amherst,  although it lasted little more than 
+two  years,  added  thirteen  millions  to  the  Indian  debt.  The  maintenance  of 
+the Eastern settlements  at Singapore, Penang and Malacca, exclusive of the  25 
+pay  of  troops,  causes  an annual excess of expenditure over income  amount 
+ing to £100,000. The territoriy taken from the Burmese in  1826 costs as much 
+
+234 
+
+War in  Burma—The  Russian  Question-Curious  Diplomatie Correspondence 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+more. The territory of Pegu is  still more ruinous. Now, why is it that England 
+shrinks from the  most necessary war in Europe, as now against Russia, while 
+she tumbles, year after year, into the most reckless wars in Asia? The national 
+debt has  made her  a trembler in  Europe—the charges of the Asiatic wars are 
+thrown  on  the  shoulders  of the  Hindoos.  But we may expect from  the now 
+impending  extinction  of  the  Opium  revenue  of  Bengal,  combined  with  the 
+expenses  of  another  Burmese war, that they will produce such a crisis in the 
+Indian exchequer,  as will cause a more thorough reform of the Indian Empire 
+than  all  the  speeches  and  tracts  of  the  Parliamentary  Reformers  in  Eng-
+land. 
+
+Yesterday,  in  the  House  of  Commons,  Mr.  Disraeli  asked  Ministers, 
+whether,  after  the  latest  circular  note  of  the  Russian  Cabinet,  Mr.  Layard 
+might  not  very  properly  bring  in  his  motion.  Lord  John Russell  answered, 
+that  it  appeared  to  him  by  far  the  best  not  to  hear  Mr.  Layard  at  present,. 
+as,  since  the  publication  of  that  note,  it  was  more  important than  ever  to 
+negotiate.  "The notion of the honorable member, that negotiations had come 
+now  to  a  dead  lock,  was  an  erroneous  notion."  Lord  John,  while  actually 
+confessing  his  Aberdeen  credo,  attempted to  re-vindicate  the  dignity  of  the 
+civis-Romanus-sum  party  in  the  following  words: 
+
+20  "I  naturally  supposed  that  a  person  of  the  experience  and  sagacity  of  Count 
+Nesselrode,  would  not  have  affixed  his  signature  to  a  document  declaring 
+to  all  the  world  that  the  Russian  Government  made  the  removal  of  the 
+combined  fleets  the  condition  of  its  evacuation  of  the  Principalities." 
+
+25 
+
+In  the  subsequent  Indian  debate  Mr.  Bright  moved,  that  from  the  ninth 
+clause  which  provides,  "that  six of the directors not elected by the  Crown, 
+shall be persons who have been ten years in India in the service of the Crown 
+or the Company." The words,  "in the service of the Crown or the Company," 
+should  be  expunged.  The  amendment  was  agreed  to.  It  is  significant,  that 
+during the whole Indian debate no amendments are agreed to by the Ministry, 
+30  and  consequently  carried  by  the  House,  except  those  of  Mr.  Bright.  The 
+peace  Ministry,  at this  moment  does  everything to  secure its  entente cordiale 
+with the  Peace  party,  Manchester  school,  who  are  opposed  to  any  kind  of 
+warfare,  except  by  cotton  bales  and  price  currents. 
+
+35 
+
+M.  Drouin de L'Huys, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, once upper 
+clerk  at  the  Foreign  Office  under  M.  Guizot,  and  declared  by  his  chef,  to 
+possess  hardly  the  necessary  qualifications  for  that place,  is  now  indulging 
+freely in the  pleasure  of  exchanging notes  and circulars  with Count Nessel 
+rode.  The  Moniteur of  yesterday  brings  his  reply  to  the  last  (2d)  circulate 
+of  the  Russian  Minister,  which  concludes  in  the  following  terms: 
+
+40 
+
+"The moderation of France takes from her all responsibility* and gives her 
+the  right  to  hope  that  all  the  sacrifices  which  she  has  made  to  secure  the 
+
+235 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+tranquillity of  the  East will  not have  been in vain;  that the Russian Govern 
+ment  will  at  length  discover  some  mode  of  reconciling its  pretensions  with 
+the  prerogatives  of  the  Sultan's  sovereignty;  and  that  an  arrangement  be 
+devised that shall  settle, without a resort to force, a question, on the  solution 
+of which,  so  many interests  are  dependant." 
+
+I mentioned in a former letter the propositions once made by M.  de Villèle 
+to  Russia,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  integrity  of  the  Ottoman  Empire, by 
+a treaty of guarantee between all the Great Powers, propositions which called 
+forth  this  reply  from  Count  Pozzo  di  Borgo: 
+
+5 
+
+"That  a  general  guarantee  of  the  Ottoman Empire,  independently of  its 
+being unusual and  surprising,  would wound the rights acquired by Russia and 
+the  principles  upon  which  they  are  founded." 
+
+10 
+
+Well,  in  1841,  Russia  nevertheless  agreed  to  become  party  to  such  an 
+unusual  treaty,  and  Nesselrode  himself,  in  his  note  of  20th  June  (2d  July) 
+refers  to  that  treaty.  Why  did  Russia  assent  to  it,  in  contradiction  to  its  15 
+traditional  policy?  Because  that  treaty  was  not  one  of  "guarantee  of  the 
+Ottoman Empire,"  but rather of execution against its then only vital element, 
+Egypt, under  Mehemet Ah—because it was a coalition against France, at least 
+in  its  original  intention. 
+
+The  Paris  journal  La  Presse gives  in  its  number of today, which has  just  20 
+
+come  to  my  hands,  a  correspondence  never  before  published  between  the 
+late  General  Sebastiani,  Ambassador  in London,  and  Mme.  Adelaide, sister 
+of Louis Philippe,  a correspondence which reflects a remarkable light on the 
+diplomatic transactions  of that epoch.  It contains clear proofs that the Treaty 
+of  1841,  far  from having  been  originated  by  Russia,  as  Nessehode  affirms  25 
+in  his  note, was, on the  contrary,  originated by France  and  England  against 
+Russia,  and  was  only  afterward  turned  by  Russia  into  a  weapon  against 
+France.  I  translate  from  this  important  correspondence  as  much  as  the 
+pressure  of  time  permits  me  to  do: 
+
+I.) 
+
+London, April 21,  1836.  30 
+
+In  this  country  all  parties  are  unanimous  as  to  the  necessity  of  closely 
+watching Russia,  and I believe  that the  Tory party is  more  decided than the 
+Whigs,  or  at  least  it  seems  so,  because  it  is  not  moderated  by  office. 
+
+II.) 
+
+London, June  12,  1838. 
+
+I have had to-day  a conference  of two  hours'  duration with Lord Palmer-  35 
+
+ston.  I  have  been  highly  satisfied  with  him.  I  was  not mistaken in assuring 
+you  that  he  was  a friend of  King Leopold,  and  above  all a great partisan of 
+the  French  alliance.  Lord  Palmerston  has  conversed  a  great  deal  with  me 
+on  Oriental  affairs.  He  thinks  that  the  Pasha  of  Egypt  is  decided  as  to  his 
+
+236 
+
+F 
+
+War  in  Burma—The  Russian  Question—Curious  Diplomatic  Correspondence 
+
+5 
+
+course  of  action.  He  wishes  that  England  and  France  should  make  fresh 
+efforts,  supported  by  the  presence  of  their  fleets,  in  order  to  intimidate 
+Mehemet,  and  that  simultaneously  our  Ambassadors  at  Constantinople 
+should  inform  the  Sultan  that  they  have  received  orders  from their  Courts 
+to  assure  him  of  their  support  against  the  attempts  of  the  Pasha  of  Egypt, 
+under the condition that he would not take the initiative in hostilities. I believe 
+this  to  be  a  prudent  course,  and  advisable  to  be  followed  by  England  and 
+France.  We  must  maintain the  Porte  and  not  suffer the  Provinces  of Egypt, 
+Syria  and  Celesyria  to  become  detached  from  it.  Russia  only  awaits  the 
+10  moment  for  marching  up  her  succours  to  the  Sultan,  and  that  assistance 
+
+would  be  the  end  of  the  Ottoman  Empte. 
+
+15 
+
+III.) 
+
+London,  My  6,  1838. 
+People  in  this  country  believe  in  the general understanding of Europe  as 
+to  the  Oriental  question.  The  answer  from  Paris  is  impatiently  looked  for. 
+I  think  not  to  have  surpassed  the  line  of  conduct traced to  me by the  King 
+in  several  conversations.  As  soon  as  the  entente  shall  be  established  in 
+principle,  the  manner  of  action  and  the  position  to  be  taken  up  by  each  of 
+the  Powers,  will  be  regulated  according  to  contingencies.  The  part Russia 
+has  to  play  must,  of  course,  be  maritime,  like  that  of  France  and England, 
+20  and  in  order  to  prevent  any  danger  that might result from the  action of  the 
+fleet  in  the  Black  Sea,  she  must  be  brought  to  the  understanding  that  her 
+squadron  in  the  combined  fleet  is  to  be  drawn  from  the  Baltic. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+TV.) 
+
+London,  October  3,  1839. 
+England has  not  accepted the  Russian propositions, and Lord Palmerston 
+informed me,  on the part of the  Government,  that  she  had refused,  in order 
+to  remain  true  to  the  French  Alliance.  Induced  by  the  same  feeling  she 
+consents  that Mehemet AM shall receive the hereditary possession of Egypt, 
+and of that portion of Syria within a boundary to be demarked, which should 
+go  from  St.  Jean  d'Acre  to  the  lake  of  Tabarie.  We  have,  not  without  dif-
+ficulty, obtained the assent of the English Government to these latter propo 
+sitions.  I  do  not think that  such  an  arrangement would be  rejected by either 
+France  or  Mehemet  Ali.  The  Oriental  question  simplifies  itself;  it  will  be 
+terminated  by the  concurrence  of the Powers, and under the guaranty of the 
+integrity  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  All  the  principles  are  maintained.  The 
+35  Sublime  Porte  is  admitted  to  the  law  of  nations  of  Europe.  The  exclusive 
+protectorate  of  Russia  is  annihilated.  I  have  asked  myself  why  the  Re 
+publican  faction  in  France  showed  itself  so  favoAble  to  Mehemet Ali,  and 
+why  it  has  so  warmly  espoused  his  cause.  I  have  not  been  able to find  out 
+any  other  motive,  but the  revolutionary principle, that  of  trying to  support, 
+
+237 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+to  encourage  all  that is  likely to  subvert established governments.  I believe 
+we  ought  never  to  give  in to  such  a  snare. 
+
+V.) 
+
+London,  November  30,  1839. 
+I  learn  from  an  authentic  source, that Lord Palmerston, in the last council 
+of Ministers, in giving an account of the situation of Oriental affairs, and on 
+the differences existing between the French and English policies, did so with 
+a  moderation  and  a  regard  for  the  alliance  of  both  countries,  that  deserve 
+our gratitude.  He  has  even  drawn the attention of his colleagues to a system 
+similar  to  that  mentioned  by  me.  In  conclusion  he  has yielded  as to  forms, 
+and has  renounced  a policy  of  action  and  of inevitable  complication. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+VI.) 
+
+London,  Dec.  12,1839. 
+I  have  seen  Lord  Palmerston,  as  I was  anxious  to know,  whether he had 
+to  inform  me  of  anything  respecting  the  communication  he  recently  made 
+to  me.  He  has  read  to  me the letter of M.  de Nessekodeto the Russian  Chargé 
+d'Affaires,  which  corresponded  exactly to  what he  had told me. The arrival 
+of  M.  de Brunnow will initiate  us  into  the  secret thoughts  of  the  Cabinet of 
+St.  Petersburg.  Lord  Palmerston has  been  charming in forms  and  in matter. 
+He  views  with pleasure  the  return  of good feelings between the French and 
+English  Cabinets,  and the continuation of the  alliance.  Believe me, I do  not 
+exaggerate  in  this.  I  told  him  with  the  confidence  of  truth,  that  the  new  20 
+situation was  exactly such as France had  ever wished it to be.  He was forced 
+to  recognize  it  himself.  The  Prince  of  Esterhazy  has  written  to  his  Chargé 
+d'Affaires  that  he  had  been  extremely  content  with  the  Marshal,  and  that 
+he  was  trying  at  this  moment to bring back the French Cabinet to an  entente 
+with Austria, but that he had found the King unmanageable. I can well believe 25 
+it.  The  King does not lend his mind to  such impracticable  divagations. This 
+I write for you alone.  Indeed, I believe with your Royal Highness that Russia 
+will  be  caught  in  her  own  nets. 
+
+VII.) 
+
+London,  December,  18th  1839. 
+
+I  have  received  this  morning a dispatch,  more than usually  strange, from  30 
+
+the  Marshal.  It  is  an  answer  to  the  letter  in which  I reported to him on the 
+communication  I  made  to  Lord  Palmerston,  in  regard  to  the  impression 
+evoked at Paris on the announcement of the new mission of M. de Brunnow, 
+and  of  its  aim.  I  have  read  to  Lord  Palmerston  textuellement the  paragraph 
+of the  dispatch addressed to me by the Marshal. But in the statement I made  35 
+to  him about it, I made use of such terms as rendered the  same ideas without 
+being  identical  with  those  of the Marshal.  Now the Marshal is  kind enough 
+to  assure  me  that  there  was  no  difference  between  my  words  and  his  own 
+
+238 
+
+War in  Burma—The  Russian Question—Curious  Diplomatie Correspondence 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+expression; but he recommends me that I ought to double my circumspection 
+and  endeavor  to  reestablish  in  our  negotiations  the  textual  meaning  of  his 
+own dispatches.  I  am much mistaken if this be  not a  querelle allemande, a 
+subtlety  worthy  of  a  Grec  du  Bas-Empte...  The  Marshal  is  a novice in the 
+career of  diplomacy,  and  I fear that he seeks ability in fineness. He can find 
+it  only  in  sincerity  and  straightforwardness. 
+
+VITI.) 
+
+London,  Jan.  13,1840. 
+
+Yesterday  Lord  Palmerston  dined  with  me,  in  common  with  the  whole 
+Corps  Diplomatique  . ..  He  told  me  that Ministers  were  going to  ask for  a 
+supplementary  vote  for  their naval forces, but he  stated that he would pro 
+pose  to  his  colleagues  not  to  demand it  on  account  of  the  reinforcements 
+of the  French  fleet,  in  order to  avoid wounding  an  ally by the least allusion. 
+Lord  Holland  and  Lord  John  Russell  are  admirable  in  their  efforts  for 
+maintaining  the  alliance. 
+
+15 
+
+IX.) 
+
+London,  Jan.  20,1840. 
+Lord Palmerston has  communicated to  me  the  project  of  a convention to 
+be  submitted  to  the  Great Powers  and to the Porte  . ..  It is  not a convention 
+of the five Great Powers between themselves, but a convention of those same 
+Powers with the Porte. M. de Brunnow objects to that form (see Nesselrode's 
+20  note,  dated  2d July,  inst.,  about the Russian initiative!)  . .. This convention 
+consists  of  a  preamble  and  of  VIII  articles:  in  the  former  it  is  stated  in  a 
+positive  manner,  and  almost  textualry,  that  the  integrity  of  the  Ottoman 
+Empire  being  essentially  necessary  for  the  maintenance  of  the  peace  of 
+Europe,  the  five  Powers  are  disposed  to  lend  it  the  requisite  support,  and 
+to  make  it  enter  into  the  international  confidence  of  Europe.  The  articles 
+regulate  that  s u p p o r t . .. 
+
+25 
+
+P.S.—I  learn,  at  this  moment,  that  Brunnow  and  Neumann  are  utterly 
+
+discontented  with  the  convention  of Lord Palmerston. 
+
+30 
+
+X.) 
+
+London,  January  21,1840. 
+The  project  of  convention  drawn  up  by  Lord  Palmerston  appears  to  me 
+to  have  been  rejected  by  the  Russian  and  Austrian  negotiators.  M.  de 
+Neumann  distinguished  himself  by  the  violence,  and,  I  venture  to  say,  the 
+stupidity  of  his  complaints.  He  unveils  the  policy  of  his  Court.  Prince 
+Metternich,  who  intended  to  sustain  in  his  hands  the  balance  of  power, 
+35  openly avows  his hatred of Russia.  He  flattered  himself to  see the proposi 
+tions  of  Brunnow  received  without  restrictions,  and  both  have  been  dis 
+appointed  to  find  in  Lord  Palmerston  a  Minister  who  desires  sincerely  an 
+alliance  with  France,  and  who  is  anxious  to  operate  in  understanding  with 
+her. 
+
+239 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+XI.) 
+
+London,  Jan.  24,  1840. 
+To-day I had a long conversation with Lord Melbourne, who is  a thorough 
+partisan of the alliance with our King.  He repeatedly called upon me to show 
+him some means by which a combination of the  French and English proposi 
+tions  could  be  effected. 
+
+5 
+
+He judges  in the  same light as we do the  intentions  of Russia, and he told 
+me, in a conference with regard to the  Vienna Cabinet,  that it was not to be 
+trusted, because it ever turned out in the end, to be the devoted partisan of 
+Russia. 
+
+XII.) 
+
+London, January 27,  1840.  10 
+
+The turn now being taken by the Oriental affairs is alarming to m e . .. There 
+is  no  doubt that Russia is  pushing to war, and that Austria supports her with 
+all  her  forces  . ..  They  have  succeeded  in  frightening  England  with  the 
+"projects  of  France  on  the  Mediterranean."  Algiers  and  Mehemet  Ali  are 
+the  two  means  employed by  them  . ..  I  make  all possible  efforts  to  obtain  15 
+the  rejection  of  the  Brunnow  propositions,  and  I  had  narrowly  succeeded 
+in it,  when they  heard  of it,  and Austria now presents the Brunnow proposi 
+tions  as  her  own.  This  is  an  evident  trickery.  But  the  Council  has  been 
+convoked,  in order to  deliberate  on the Austrian propositions.  It  is  divided. 
+On the one side, there are Lord Melbourne, Lord Holland and Mr. Labouche-  20 
+re ; on the other, Lord Palmerston, Lord J. Russell, and Lord Minto. The other 
+members  are  fluctuating  between  the  two  opinions. 
+
+XHI.) 
+
+London,  January  28,1840. 
+
+The  Council  has  hitherto  only  deliberated  on  one  point  of the project of 
+Lord  Palmerston.  It  has  decided  that  the  Convention  should be  contracted  25 
+between  six,  and not between five  (powers,)  as proposed by  M.  de Brunnow, 
+who  was  not  wanting  in  zeal  for  his  particular  interests,  (solicitude for the 
+Ottoman  Empire!)  The  Porte  would  not consent to  a  Convention  discussed 
+and  settled without its cooperation. By signing a Treaty with the five Great 
+Powers she would come in consequence of this fact itself under the European 30 
+law  of nations. 
+
+XIV.) 
+
+London,  15th  August,  1840. 
+
+Are  the  politics  and  the  interest  of  the  King  given  up  to  the  caprices  of 
+M.  Thiers  and his  newspaper? The system founded with so great pains, with 
+such efforts, and maintained, notwithstanding so many difficulties, for more  35 
+than  ten  years,  is  doomed  to  destruction. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+240 
+
+T he  W ar  Q u e s t i o n — D o i n gs  of  P a r l i a m e n t — I n d ia 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3838, 5. August 1853 
+
+The War Question-
+Doings  of  Parliament—India. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday, July  19,  1853. 
+
+15 
+
+5  The  Czar  has  not  only  commenced  war, he  has  already terminated  his first 
+campaign.  The  line  of  operations  is  no  longer  behind  the  Pruth,  but  along 
+the Danube. Meanwhile, what are the Western Powers  about? They counsel, 
+i.e.  compel the Sultan to consider the war as peace. Their answers to the acts 
+of  the  autocrat are not cannons, but notes.  The  Emperor is  assailed,  not by 
+1 o the two fleets, but by no less than four projects of negotiation. One emanating 
+from  the  English Cabinet,  the  other from  the French, the third presented by 
+Austria,  and the fourth improvised by the "brother-in-law" of Potsdam.  The 
+Czar,  it  is  hoped,  will  consent to  select from  this  embarras  de richesse that 
+which  is  most  suitable to  his  purposes.  The  (second)  reply of M.  Drouin de 
+l'Huys to the (second) note of M. de Nesselrode takes infinite pains to prove 
+that  "it  was  not  England  and  France  who  made  the  first  demonstration." 
+Russia  only  throws  out  so  many notes  to  the western diplomats, like bones 
+to  dogs,  in order to  set them  at an innocent amusement,  while  she reaps the 
+advantage  of  further  gaining  time.  England  and France, of course, catch the 
+20  bait.  As  if  the  receipt  of  such  a  note  were  not  a  sufficient  degradation,  it 
+received  a  most  pacific  comment  in  the  Journal  de 1'Empte  in  an  article 
+signed by M.  de la Guéronnière, but written from notes given by the Emperor 
+and^ revised  by  him.  That  article  "would  permit  to  Russia  the  caprice  of 
+negotiating  on  the  right  bank  rather  than  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Pruth."  It 
+actually  converts  the  second  note  of Count Nesselrode  into an  "attempt at 
+reconciliation."  This  is  done  in the following  style:  "Count Nessehode now 
+speaks only of a moral guarantee, and he announces that, for it, is substituted 
+
+25 
+
+241 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+provisionally a material guarantee thus making a direct appeal to negotiation. 
+That  being  the  case  it  is  impossible  to  consider  the  action  of  diplomatists 
+exhausted."  The  Assemblée Nationale,  the  Russian  Moniteur  at  Paris,  ironi 
+cally congratulates  the  Journal de l'Empire for its  discovery, however late 
+it had come to it, and regrets only that so much noise should have been made 
+to  no  purpose. 
+
+5 
+
+The English press has lost all countenance. "The Czar cannot comprehend 
+the  courtesy  which  the  Western  Powers  have  shown  to  him  . ..  He  is  in 
+capable  of  courteous  demeanor  in  his  transactions  with other powers."  So 
+says The Morning Advertiser. The Morning Post is exasperated because the 10 
+Czar  takes  so  Utile  note  of  the  internal  embarras of  his  opponents: 
+
+"To  have  put  forward, in the  mere wantonness  of insolence,  a claim  that 
+possessed no  character of immediate  urgency,  and to  have  done  so  without 
+any reference to the inflammable state of Europe, was an indiscretion almost 
+incredible." 
+
+The  writer  of  the  Money  Market  article  in  The  Economist finds  out 
+"that  men  discover  now  to  their  cost,  how  inconvenient  it  is  that  all  the 
+most  secret interests of the world (i.e., of the Exchange,) are dependent upon 
+the  vagaries  of  one  man." 
+
+15 
+
+Yet in  1848 and  '49 you could  see the bust of the  Emperor of Russia side  20 
+
+by  side  with  the  veau  d'or itself. 
+
+Meanwhile the position of the Sultan is becoming every hour more difficult 
+and  compUcated.  His  financial  embarrassments  increase  the  more,  as  he 
+bears  all  the  burdens,  without  reaping  any  of  the  good  chances  of  war. 
+Popular  enthusiasm turns round upon him for want of being directed against 
+the  Czar.  The fanaticism of the Mussulman threatens him with palace revolu 
+tions,  while  the  fanaticism  of  the  Greek  menaces  him  with  popular  in 
+surrections.  The  papers  of  to-day  contain  reports  of  a  conspiracy  directed 
+against the Sultan's Ufe by Mussulman students belonging to the old Turkish 
+party,  who  wanted to  place  Abdul-Aziz on the  throne. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+In  the  House  of  Lords,  yesterday,  Lord  Clarendon was  asked  by  Lords 
+Beaumont and  Malmesbury to  state his intentions, now that the Emperor of 
+France had not hesitated to pronounce his. Lord Clarendon, however, beside 
+a  brief  avowal  that  England had  indorsed the  note  of  M.  Drouin  de  l'Huys, 
+concealed  himself  behind  his  entrenchment  of promises that he would  cer-  35 
+tainly very  soon give full information to the  House.  On the question whether 
+it  was  true  that  the  Russians  had  also  seized the  Civil Government and the 
+Post-Offices  of  the  PrincipaUties,  which  they  had  placed  under  military 
+occupation,  Lord  Clarendon  remained  "silent,"  of  course!  "He  would  not 
+beüeve  it,  after the  proclamation of Prince  Gortschakoff."  Lord Beaumont  40 
+replied,  he  seemed  to  be  very  sanguine  indeed. 
+
+242 
+
+The  War  Question—Doings  of  Parliament—India 
+
+5 
+
+To  a  question  concerning  the  late  Smyrna affray,  put by  Sir J. Walmsley 
+in  the  House  of  Commons,  Lord  John  Russell  replied  that  he  had  heard 
+indeed  of the kidnapping of one Hungarian refugee by the Consul of Austria; 
+but  as  to  Austria  having  demanded  the  extradition  of  all  Hungarian  and 
+Italian refugees,  he  had  certainly heard nothing of that.  Lord John manages 
+interpellations  in  a  style  altogether  pleasant  and  not  without  convenience 
+to  himself.  Official  information  he  never  receives;  and  in  the  news 
+papers  he  never  reads  anything  that  you  want  him,  or  expect  him  to  have 
+read. 
+
+10 
+
+The  Kölnische  Zeitung in  a  letter  dated  Vienna,  July  11,  contains  the 
+
+following  report  on  the  Smyrna  affair: 
+
+"Shekib  Effendi  has  been  sent  to  Smyrna  in  order  to  commence  an  in 
+struction  against  the  authors  of  the  sedition  in  which  M.  de  Hackelberg 
+perished.  Shekib has  also  received  orders  to  deliver  to  Austria the  refugees 
+15  of  Austrian or Tuscan  origin.  Mr.  Brown,  Chargé  d'Affaires  of the United 
+States, has  had communications on this  subject with Reshid Pasha, the result 
+of which was not yet known.  I hear at this  moment that the assassin of Baron 
+Hackelberg  has  received  from  the  American  Consul  at  Smyrna  a  passport 
+that places him out of the reach of the Turkish authorities. This fact proves 
+20 that the United States intend intervening in European affairs. It is also sure 
+that three American men-of-war are with the Turkish fleet in the Bosphorus, 
+and  further,  that  the  American  frigate  Cumberland  has  brought  80,000,000 
+of  piasters  to  the  Turkish  Government." 
+
+Whatever truth there be  in this and like reports, they prove one thing, viz: 
+that American intervention is expected everywhere, and is even looked upon 
+with favor by portions  of  the  English public.  The  behavior  of  the  American 
+Captain and Consul are loudly praised in popular meetings, and the "English 
+man"  in  The Advertiser oí  yesterday  called  the  Stars  and  Stripes  to  appear 
+in  the  Mediterranean  and  to  shame  the  "muddy  old  Union  Jack"  into  ac-
+tion. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+To  sum  up  the  Eastern  question  in  a  few  words:  The  Czar,  vexed  and 
+dissatisfied at seeing his immense Empire confined to one sole port of export, 
+and that even  situated  in  a  sea innavigable  through one half of the year, and 
+assailable  by  Englishmen through the  other half, is pushing the design of his 
+35  ancestors,  to  get  access  to  the  Mediterranean;  he  is  separating,  one  after 
+another, the  remotest members  of the  Ottoman  Empire  from its main body, 
+tiH  at  last  Constantinople,  the  heart,  must  cease  to  beat.  He  repeats  his 
+periodical invasions  as  often as  he thinks his designs on Turkey endangered 
+by  the  apparent  consolidation  of  the  Turkish  government,  or  by  the  more 
+40  dangerous  symptoms of self-emancipation manifest amongst the Slavonians. 
+Counting  on  the  cowardice  and  apprehensions  of  the  Western  Powers,  he 
+
+243 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+bullies Europe, and pushes his demands as far as possible, in order to appear 
+magnanimous  afterward,  by  contenting  himself  with  what  he  immediately 
+wanted. 
+
+The  Western  Powers,  on  the  other  hand,  inconsistent,  pusillanimous, 
+suspecting  each  other,  commence  by  encouraging  the  Sultan  to  resist  the 
+Czar,  from fear of the encroachments of Russia, and terminate by compelling 
+the former to yield, from fear of a general war giving rise to  a general revolu 
+tion.  Too  impotent  and  too  timid  to  undertake  the  reconstruction  of  the 
+Ottoman  Empire  by  the  establishment  of  a  Greek  Empire,  or  of  a  Federal 
+Republic  of  Slavonic  States,  all  they  aim  at,  is  to  maintain  the  status  quo,  10 
+i.e., the  state of putrefaction which forbids the  Sultan to emancipate himself 
+from  the  Czar,  and  the  Slavonians  to  emancipate  themselves  from  the 
+Sultan. 
+
+5 
+
+The revolutionary party can only congratulate  itself on this  state of things. 
+The humiliation of the reactionary western governments, and their manifest  15 
+impotency  to  guard  the  interests  of  European  civilization  against  Russian 
+encroachment cannot fail to work out a wholesome indignation in the people 
+who  have  suffered  themselves,  since  1849,  to  be  subjected  to  the  rule  of 
+Counter-revolution.  The  approaching  industrial  crisis,  also,  is  affected  and 
+accelerated  quite  as  much by this semi-Eastern complication as by the com-  20 
+pletely  Eastern  complication  of  China.  While  the  prices  of  corn  are  rising, 
+business  in general is  suspended,  at the same time that the rate of Exchange 
+is  setting  against  England,  and  gold  is  beginning  to  flow  to  the  Continent. 
+The  stock  of  bullion  in  the  Bank  of  France  has  fallen  off  between  the  9th 
+of  June  and  the  14th  of July  the  sum  of £2,220,000, which is more than the  25 
+entire  augmentation  which  had  taken  place  during  the  preceding  three 
+months. 
+
+The  progress  of  the  India  bill  through  the  Committee  has  little  interest. 
+It  is  significant,  that  all  amendments  are  thrown  out  now  by  the  Coalition 
+coalescing  with  the  Tories  against  their  own  allies  of  the  Manchester  30 
+School. 
+
+The  actual  state  of  India  may  be  illustrated  by  a  few  facts.  The  Home 
+Establishment absorbs 3  per cent,  of the net revenue,  and the annual interest 
+for Home Debt and Dividends  14 per cent—together  17 per cent. If we deduct 
+these  annual  remittances  from  India  to  England,  the  military  charges  amount  35 
+to  about  two-thirds of the whole expenditure  available for India, or to 56 per 
+cent,  while  the  charges  for  Public  Works do  not amount to  more  than 2lU 
+per cent, of the general revenue, or for Bengal  1  per cent., Agra TU, Punjaub 
+Vs, Madras  V2,  and Bombay  1  per cent, of their respective revenues. These 
+figures  are  the  official  ones  of  the  Company  itself. 
+
+40 
+
+On the  other hand nearly three-fifths of the whole  net revenue  are  derived 
+
+244 
+
+The  War  Question—Doings  of  Parliament—India 
+
+from  the  land,  about  one-seventh  from  opium,  and  upward  of  one-ninth 
+from  salt.  These  resources  together  yield  85  per  cent,  of  the  whole  re 
+ceipts. 
+
+As  to minor items  of  expenditure  and  charges,  it may  suffice to  state that 
+the  Moturpha  revenue  maintained  in  the  Presidency  of  Madras,  and levied 
+on  shops,  looms,  sheep,  cattle,  sundry  professions,  etc.,  yields  somewhat 
+about £50,000,  while  the  yearly  dinners  of the  East India House cost about 
+the  same  sum. 
+
+The great bulk of the revenue is derived from the land. As the various kinds 
+of  Indian  land-tenure  have  recently  been  described  in  so  many places,  and 
+in  popular  style,  too,  I  propose  to  limit  my  observations  on  the  subject  to 
+a  few  general  remarks  on  the  Zemindaree  and  Ryotwar  systems. 
+
+The  Zemindaree  and  Ryotwar  were  both  of  them  agrarian  revolutions, 
+effected by  British  ukases,  and  opposed  to  each  other;  the  one  aristocratic, 
+the other  democratic;  the one  a caricature  of  English landlordism, the other 
+of French peasant-proprietorship; both pernicious, both combining the most 
+contradictory character—both made not for the people, who cultivate the soil, 
+nor  for  the  holder,  who  owns  it,  but  for  the  Government  that  taxes  it. 
+
+By  the  Zemindaree  system,  the people  of the Presidency of  Bengal were 
+depossessed  at  once  of  their  hereditary  claims  to  the  soil,  in  favor  of  the 
+native  tax gatherers called Zemindars. By the ryotwar system introduced into 
+the  Presidencies  of  Madras  and  Bombay,  the  native  nobility,  with  their 
+territorial  claims,  merassees,  jagheers  etc., were  reduced with the  common 
+people  to  the  holding of  minute fields,  cultivated by themselves  in favor of 
+the  Collector  of  the  East  India  Company.  But  a  curious  sort  of  English 
+landlord was the zemindar, receiving only one-tenth of the rent, while he had 
+to  make  over nine-tenths  of  it to  the  Government.  A  curious  sort of French 
+peasant  was  the  ryot,  without  any  permanent  title  in the  soil,  and  with the 
+taxation changing every  year  in proportion to  his harvest. The original class 
+of  Zemindars,  notwithstanding  their  unmitigated  and uncontrolled  rapacity 
+against the  depossessed  mass  of  the ex-hereditary landholders,  soon melted 
+away  under  the  pressure  of  the  Company,  in  order  to  be  replaced  by  mer 
+cantile  speculators  who  now  hold  all  the  land  of  Bengal, with exception of 
+the estates returned under the  direct management of the Government. These 
+speculators  have  introduced  a  variety  of  the  Zemindaree  tenure  called 
+patnee.  Not  content  to  be  placed  with  regard  to  the  British  Government in 
+the  situation of middlemen, they have created in their turn a class of "heredi 
+tary"  middlemen  called patnetas, who created again their  sub-patnetas,  etc., 
+so  that  a  perfect  scale  of  hierarchy  of  middlemen  has  sprung  up,  which 
+presses  with  its  entire weight on the unfortunate cultivator.  As to the ryots 
+in  Madras  and  Bombay,  the  system  soon  degenerated  into  one  of  forced 
+
+245 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+cultivation,  and  the  land lost  all its  value.  "The  land,"  says  Mr.  Campbell, 
+"would  be  sold  for balances by the  Collector,  as  in Bengal, but generally is 
+not,  for  a  very  good  reason,  viz:  that  nobody  will  buy  it." 
+
+5 
+
+Thus, in Bengal, we have a combination of English landlordism of the Irish 
+middlemen  system,  of  the  Austrian  system,  transforming  the  landlord  into 
+the  taxgatherer, and of the Asiatic  system making the State the real landlord. 
+In  Madras  and  Bombay  we  have  a French peasant proprietor who is  at the 
+same  time  a  serf,  and  a  metayer  of  the  State.  The  drawbacks  of  all  these 
+various  systems  accumulate  upon  him  without  his  enjoying  any  of  their 
+redeeming  features.  The  ryot  is  subject,  like  the  French  peasant,  to  the  10 
+extortion of the  private  usurer; but he has no  hereditary, no permanent title 
+in his  land, like  the  French peasant.  Like the serf he is forced to cultivation, 
+but  he  is  not  secured  against want like  the  serf.  Like  the  metayer he  has  to 
+divide  his  produce  with the  State,  but the  State  is  not  obliged,  with regard 
+to him, to  advance  the funds  and the  stock,  as it is obliged to do with regard  15 
+to the metayer. In Bengal, as in Madras and Bombay, under the Zemindaree 
+as  under  the  ryotwar,  the  ryots—and  they  form  "/nths  of  the  whole  Indian 
+population—have  been  wretchedly  pauperized;  and  if  they  are,  morally 
+speaking,  not  sunk  as  low  as  the Irish cottiers, they owe it to their climate, 
+the men of the  South being possessed of less wants, and of more imagination  20 
+than  the  men  of  the  North. 
+
+Conjointly with  the land-tax we have to consider the  salt-tax. Notoriously 
+the  Company retain the monopoly of that article which they sell at three times 
+its  mercantile  value—and  this  in  a  country  where  it is  furnished by the  sea, 
+by  the  lakes,  by  the  mountains  and the  earth  itself.  The  practical  working  25 
+of  this  monopoly  was  described  by  the  Earl  of  Albemarle  in  the  following 
+words: 
+
+"A  great  proportion  of  the  salt  for  inland  consumption  throughout  the 
+country  is  purchased  from  the  Company  by  large  wholesale  merchants  at 
+less  than 4 rupees per maund:  these mix  a fixed proportion of  sand,  chiefly  30 
+got a few miles to the  south-east of Dacca, and  send the mixture to a second, 
+or,  counting  the  Government  as  the  first,  to  a  third  monopolist  at  about  5 
+or 6 rupees.  This  dealer  adds  more  earth or ashes,  and thus passing through 
+more  hands,  from  the  large  towns  to  villages,  the  price  is  still  raised  from 
+8  to  10  rupees  and  the  proportion  of  adulteration from 25 to 40 per cent.  It  35 
+appears  then  that  the  people  pay  from  £21,17s.  2d.  to  £27,6s.  2d.  for  their 
+salt,  or  in  other  words,  from  30 to  36 times  as  much as the wealthy people 
+of  Great  Britain." 
+
+As  an instance  of English bourgeois morals,  I may allege, that Mr. Camp 
+
+bell  defends  the  Opium  monopoly  because  it  prevents  the  Chinese  from  40 
+consuming  too  much  of  the  drug,  and  that he defends the Brandy monopoly 
+
+246 
+
+The War Question—Doings of  Parliament—India 
+
+(licenses  for  spMt-selling  in India)  because  it has wonderfully increased the 
+consumption  of  Brandy  in  India. 
+
+The  Zemindar  tenure,  the  ryotwar,  and  the  salt  tax,  combined  with  the 
+Indian  climate,  were  the  hotbeds  of the cholera—the Indian's revenge upon 
+the Western World—a striking and  severe example of the solidarity of human 
+woes  and  wrongs. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+247 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+T he  F u t u re  R e s u l ts  of  B r i t i sh  R u le 
+
+in  I n d ia 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3840, 8. August 1853 
+
+The Future Results of British Rule in India. 
+
+Correspondence of The N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Friday, July 22, 1853. 
+
+I propose in this letter to conclude my observations on India. 
+
+5 
+
+How came it that English supremacy was established in India? The para- 
+mount power of the Great Mogul was broken by the  Mogul Viceroys. The 
+power  of  the  Viceroys  was  broken  by  the  Mahrattas.  The  power  of  the 
+Mahrattas was broken by the Af fghans, and while all were struggling against 
+all, the Briton rushed in and was enabled to subdue them all. A country not 
+only divided between Mahommedan and Hindoo, but between tribe and tribe, ι o 
+between  caste  and  caste;  a  society  whose  framework was  based  on  a  sort 
+of  equilibrium,  resulting  from  a  general  repulsion  and  constitutional  ex-
+clusiveness between all its members. Such a country and such a society, were 
+they not the predestined prey of conquest? If we knew nothing of the past 
+history of Hindostán, would there not be the one great and incontestable fact,  15 
+that even at this moment India is held in English thraldom by an Indian army 
+maintained at the cost of India? India, then, could not escape the fate of being 
+conquered,  and the  whole  of her  past history, if it be  anything, is the history 
+of the  successive conquests  she has undergone. Indian society has no history 
+at  all,  at  least  no  known history.  What we call its history,  is but the history  20 
+of  the  successive  intruders who founded  their  empires  on the passive  basis 
+of  that  unresisting  and  unchanging  society.  The  question,  therefore,  is  not 
+whether  the English had a right to conquer India, but whether we are to prefer 
+India  conquered  by  the  Turk,  by  the  Persian,  by the  Russian,  to  India con 
+quered  by the  Briton. 
+
+25 
+
+England  has  to  fulfill  a double mission in India: one destructive, the other 
+regenerating—the  annihilation  of  old  Asiatic  society,  and  the  laying  the 
+material  foundations  of  Western  society  in  Asia. 
+
+248 
+
+The  Future  Results  of  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+5 
+
+Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Moguls, who had successively overrun India, soon 
+became  Hindooized,  the  barbarian  conquerors  being,  by  an  eternal  law  of 
+history,  conquered themselves  by the  superior  civilization of their  subjects. 
+The  British  were  the  first  conquerors  superior,  and  therefore,  inaccessible 
+to  Hindoo  civilization.  They  destroyed  it  by  breaking  up  the  native  com 
+munities, by uprooting the native industry, and by levelling all that was great 
+and  elevated  in  the  native  society.  The  historic  pages  of  their  rule  in India 
+report  hardly  anything  beyond  that  destruction.  The  work  of  regeneration 
+hardly  transpires  through  a  heap  of  ruins.  Nevertheless  it  has  begun. 
+
+is 
+
+10 
+
+The political unity of India, more consolidated, and extending farther than 
+it ever did under the  Great Moguls, was the first condition of its regeneration. 
+That  unity,  imposed  by  the  British  sword,  will  now  be  strengthened  and 
+perpetuated by the electric telegraph. The native army, organized and trained 
+by  the  British  drill-sergeant,  was  the  sine  qua non of  Indian  self-émancipa 
+tion,  and  of  India  ceasing  to  be  the  prey  of  the  first  foreign  intruder.  The 
+free  press,  introduced  for  the  first  time  into  Asiatic  society,  and  managed 
+principally  by  the  common  offspring  of  Hindoos  and  Europeans,  is  a  new 
+and  powerful  agent  of  reconstruction.  The  Zemindaree  and Ryotwar  them 
+selves,  abominable as they are, involve two distinct forms of private property 
+in land—the  great  desideratum  of  Asiatic  society.  From  the  Indian natives, 
+reluctantly  and  sparingly  educated  at  Calcutta,  under  English  superin 
+tendence,  a  fresh  class  is  springing  up,  endowed with the requirements  for 
+government  and  imbued  with  European  science.  Steam  has  brought  India 
+into  regular  and  rapid  communication with Europe,  has  connected  its chief 
+25  ports  with  those  of  the  whole  south-eastern  ocean,  and  has  revindicated it 
+from  the  isolated  position  which  was  the  prime  law  of  its  stagnation.  The 
+day  is  not  far distant when, by a combination of railways  and  steam-vessels, 
+the distance between England and India, measured by time, will be shortened 
+to  eight  days,  and  when  that  once  fabulous  country  will  thus  be  actually 
+
+20 
+
+30  annexed  to  the  Western world. 
+
+35 
+
+The  ruling  classes  of  Great  Britain  have  had,  t ul  now, but an accidental, 
+transitory  and  exceptional interest in the progress  of India.  The  aristocracy 
+wanted  to  conquer  it,  the  moneyocracy to  plunder it,  and  the  millocracy to 
+undersell it.  But now the tables  are turned.  The  millocracy have discovered 
+that  the  transformation of India into  a reproductive  country has become of 
+vital  importance  to  them,  and that, to  that end, it is  necessary,  above  all, to 
+gift her with means of irrigation and of internal communication.  They intend 
+now  drawing  a  net  of  railroads  over  India.  And  they  will  do it.  The  results 
+must  be  inappreciable. 
+
+40 
+
+It  is  notorious  that  the  productive  powers  of  India  are  paralyzed  by  the 
+utter  want  of  means  for  conveying  and  exchanging  its  various  produce. 
+
+249 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Nowhere, more than in India, do we meet with social destitution in the midst 
+of  natural  plenty,  for  want  of the  means  of  exchange.  It  was  proved before 
+a Committee of the British House of Commons, which sat in 1848, that "when 
+grain  was  selling  from  6s.  to  8s.  a  quarter  at  Kandeish,  it was  sold  at  64s. 
+to  70s.  at  Poonah,  where  the  people  were  dying  in  the  streets  of  famine, 
+without the  possibility  of  gaining  supplies from Kandeish, because the clay-
+roads  were  impracticable." 
+
+5 
+
+The introduction of  railroads  may  be  easily made to  subserve  agricultural 
+purposes  by  the  formation  of  tanks,  where  ground  is  required  for  em 
+bankment,  and  by  the  conveyance  of  water  along the  different lines. Thus  10 
+irrigation,  the  sine-qua-non of farming in the East, might be greatly extended, 
+and  the  frequently  recurring  local  famines,  arising from  the  want of  water, 
+would  be  averted.  The  general  importance  of  railways,  viewed under  this 
+head,  must  become  evident,  when  we  remember  that  irrigated  lands,  even 
+in the  districts near Ghauts, pay three times  as  much in taxes, afford ten or  15 
+twelve times  as much employment, and yield twelve or fifteen times as much 
+profit,  as  the  same  area  without  irrigation. 
+
+Railways  will  afford  the  means  of  diminishing the  amount and the cost of 
+the  military  establishments.  Col.  Warren,  Town  Major  of  the  Fort  St.  Wil 
+liam,  stated  before  a  Select  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons: 
+
+20 
+
+"The  practicability  of  receiving  intelligence  from  distant  parts  of  the 
+country,  in as many hours as at present it requires days and even weeks, and 
+of  sending instructions, with troops  and  stores,  in the more brief period, are 
+considerations  which cannot be  too  highly  estimated.  Troops  could be  kept 
+at  more  distant  and  healthier  stations than at present,  and  much loss  of life  25 
+from  sickness would by  this  means  be  spared.  Stores could not to the  same 
+extent  be  required  at  the  various  dépôts,  and  the  loss  by  decay,  and  the 
+destruction  incidental  to  the  climate,  would  also  be  avoided.  The  num 
+ber  of  troops  might  be  diminished  in  direct  proportion  to  their  effective 
+ness." 
+
+30 
+
+We  know  that  the  municipal  organization  and the economical basis of the 
+village  communities  has  been  broken  up,  but  their  worst  feature,  the  dis 
+solution  of  society  into  stereotype  and  disconnected  atoms,  has  survived 
+their  vitality.  The  village-isolation  produced  the  absence  of  roads  in India, 
+and  the  absence  of  roads  perpetuated  the  village  isolation.  On  this  plan  a  35 
+community  existed  with  a given  scale  of low conveniences,  almost without 
+intercourse with other villages, without the  desires and  efforts indispensable 
+to  social  advance.  The  British  having  broken  up  this  self-sufficient  inertia 
+of  the  villages,  railways  will  provide  the  new  want  of  communication  and 
+intercourse.  Besides, "one of the effects of the railway system will be to bring  40 
+into  every  village  affected  by  it  such  knowledge  of  the  contrivances  and 
+
+250 
+
+The  Future  Results  of  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+appliances of other countries, and such means of obtaining them,  as will first 
+put  the  hereditary  and  stipendiary  village  artisanship  of  India  to  full proof 
+of  its  capabilities,  and then  supply  its  defects."  (Chapman,  the  Cotton and 
+Commerce  of  India.) 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+I  know  that  the  English  millocracy  intend  to  endow  India with  railways 
+with the  exclusive view of extracting at  tìminished  expenses the Cotton and 
+other  raw  materials  for  their  manufactures.  But  when  you  have  once  in 
+troduced  machinery  into  the  locomotion of  a country,  which possesses iron 
+and  coals,  you  are  unable  to  withhold  it  from  its  fabrication.  You  cannot 
+10  maintain a net of railways  over an immense  country without introducing all 
+those  industrial  processes  necessary  to  meet  the  immediate  and  current 
+wants  of  railway  locomotion,  and  out  of which there must grow the applica 
+tion of  machinery to  those  branches  of  industry not immediately connected 
+with railways.  The railway-system will therefore become, in India, truly the 
+forerunner  of modern industry. This is the more  certain as the Hindoos  are 
+allowed  by  British  authorities  themselves to  possess  particular  aptitude  for 
+accommodating themselves to entirely new labor, and acquiring the requisite 
+knowledge  of  machinery.  Ample proof  of this fact is afforded by the capaci 
+ties  and expertness  of the  native  engineers  in the  Calcutta mint, where they 
+20  have been for years employed in working the steam machinery, by the natives 
+attached  to  the  several  steam  engines  in  the  Hurdwar  coal  district,  and  by 
+other  instances.  Mr.  Campbell  himself,  greatly  influenced  as  he  is  by  the 
+prejudices of the East India company, is obliged to avow "that the great mass 
+of  the  Indian  people  possesses  a  great  industrial  energy,  is  well  fitted  to 
+accumulate  capital,  and  remarkable  for  a  mathematical  clearness  of  head, 
+and  talent  for  figures  and exact  sciences."  "Their intellects,"  he  says,  "are 
+excellent." Modern industry, resulting from the railway system, will dissolve 
+the  hereditary  divisions  of  labor,  upon  which  rest  the  Indian  castes,  those 
+decisive  impediments  to  Indian  progress  and  Indian  power. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+All  the  English bourgeoisie  may be  forced  to  do  will neither emancipate 
+nor materially mend the social condition of the mass of the people, depending 
+not only on the  development of the productive powers, but on their appropri 
+ation  by  the  people.  But  what  they  will  not  fail  to  do  is  to  lay  down  the 
+material premises for both.  Has the bourgeoisie ever done more? Has it ever 
+effected  a progress  without  dragging  individuals  and people through blood 
+and  dirt,  through  misery  and  degradation? 
+
+The Indians will not reap the fruits of the new elements of society scattered 
+among  them  by  the  British bourgeoisie,  till  in  Great  Britain  itself  the  now 
+ruling classes  shall  have  been  supplanted by  the  industrial proletariat, or till 
+the  Hindoos  themselves  shall  have  grown  strong  enough to  throw  off  the 
+English yoke altogether. At all events, we may safely expect to see, at a more 
+
+40 
+
+251 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+or less  remote  period,  the regeneration of that great and interesting country, 
+whose gentle  natives  are,  to  use  the  expression of Prince  Soltykow, even in 
+the  most inferior  classes,  "plus fins et plus adroits que les Italiens, " whose 
+submission even is  counterbalanced by a certain calm nobility, who, notwith 
+standing  their  natural  langor,  have  astonished  the  British  officers  by  their 
+bravery, whose  country has been the  source of our languages, our religions, 
+and  who  represent  the  type  of  the  ancient  German  in  the  Jat,  and the  type 
+of  the  ancient  Greek  in  the  Brahmin. 
+
+5 
+
+I cannot part with the subject of India without some concludingremarks. 
+The profound hypocrisy  and inherent barbarism  of bourgeois-civilization  10 
+
+lies  unveiled  before  our  eyes,  turning  from  its  home,  where  it  assumes 
+respectable  forms,  to  the  colonies,  where  it  goes  naked.  They  are  the  de 
+fenders  of  property,  but  did  any  revolutionary party  ever  originate  agrarian 
+revolutions  like  those  in  Bengal,  in  Madras,  and  in Bombay?  Did they not, 
+in  India,  to  borrow  an  expression  of  that  great robber,  Lord  Clive  himself,  15 
+resort  to  atrocious  extortion,  when  simple  corruption  could  not  keep  pace 
+with their rapacity? While they prated in Europe about the inviolable sanctity 
+of  the  national  debt,  did  they  not  confiscate  in  India the  dividends  of  the 
+rayahs, who had invested their private  savings in the Company's own funds? 
+While  they combatted the  French revolution under the pretext of defending  20 
+"our  holy religion,"  did they not forbid,  at the  same  time,  Christianity to be 
+propagated  in  India,  and  did  they  not,  in  order  to  make  money  out  of  the 
+pilgrims  streaming  to  the  temples  of  Orissa  and  Bengal,  take  up  the  trade 
+in the murder and prostitution perpetrated in the temple of Juggernaut? These 
+are  the  men of  "Property,  Order,  Family,  and  Religion." 
+
+25 
+
+The  devastating  effects  of  English  industry,  when  contemplated  with 
+regard  to India,  a country  as vast as  Europe,  and containing  150  millions  of 
+acres,  are  palpable  and  confounding.  But we  must  not forget  that  they  are 
+only  the  organic  results  of  the  whole  system  of  production  as  it  is  now 
+constituted.  That  production  rests  on  the  supreme  rule  of  capital.  The  30 
+centralization  of  capital  is  essential  to  the  existence  of  capital  as  an  inde 
+pendent  power.  The  destructive  influence  of  that  centralization  upon  the 
+markets  of  the  world  does  but  reveal,  in  the  most  gigantic  dimensions,  the 
+inherent  organic  laws  of  political  economy  now  at work  in  every  civilized 
+town.  The bourgeois period of history has to create the material basis of the  35 
+new  world—on the  one  hand  universal  intercourse founded upon the mutual 
+dependency of mankind, and the means of that intercourse ; on the other hand 
+the  development  of  the  productive  powers  of  man  and  the  transformation 
+of  material  production  into  a  scientific  domination  of  natural  agencies. 
+Bourgeois  industry and commerce create these material conditions of a new  40 
+world  in  the  same  way  as  geological  revolutions  have  created  the  surface 
+
+252 
+
+The  Future  Results  of  British  Rule  in  India 
+
+of  the  earth.  When a great  social revolution  shall have mastered the results 
+of  the  bourgeois-epoch, the  market of the world and the  modern powers of 
+production,  and subjected them to the common control of the most advanced 
+peoples, then only will human progress cease to resemble that hideous pagan 
+idol,  who  would  not  drink  the  nectar  but from  the  skulls  of  the  slain. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+253 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+F i n a n c i al  F a i l u re  of  G o v e r n m e n t — C a b s— 
+
+I r e l a n d — T he  R u s s i an  Q u e s t i on 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3844,12. August 1853 
+
+Financial  Failure  of  Government—Cabs-
+Ireland—The Russian Question. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday, July 29,  1853. 
+
+Mr.  Gladstone, in the  sitting of the House of Commons of last night brought 
+forward  a resolution  that  provision  should  be  made  out  of the  Consolidated 
+Fund  for  paying  off  the  South-Sea-Stock  not  commuted  under  his  financial 
+scheme.  To  bring  forward such a resolution was to own the complete failure 
+of  his  commutation  plan.  Beside  this  small  defeat  the  Ministry  has  had  to 
+undergo  a  very  heavy  one  concerning  their  India  Bill.  Sir  John  Pakington 
+moved the insertion of a clause, by virtue of which the salt-monopoly should 
+cease,  and  enacting  that  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  salt  in  India  shall  be 
+absolutely free,  subject only to excise or other duty. The motion was  carried 
+by  117  against  107,  notwithstanding the  desperate  exertions  of  Sir  Charles 
+Wood,  Lord  John Russell,  Sir  J. Hogg,  Sir  H. Maddock,  and  Mr.  Lowe  (of 
+The  Times).  The  oligarchy  having  succeeded  in  raising  the  salary  of  the 
+President of the Board of Control to £5,000, propose now to raise the salaries 
+of the  immaculate East India Directors from £300 to £1,000, and those of the 
+Chairman  and Deputy-Chairman to  £1,500.  Evidently they  suppose  Indiato 
+possess the  same miraculous power as is attributed in Hindostán to the leaves 
+of a fabulous tree on the extreme hights of the Himalaya, viz: that it converts 
+into  gold  everything that it touches—the  only  difference  being that what the 
+credulous  Hindoo  expects  from  the  juice  of  the  leaves,  the  enlightened 
+Englishman  expects  from  the  blood  of  the  natives. 
+
+The  Chinese  Sultan of the Arabian Nights, who rose one fine morning and 
+went  to  his  window  to  look  at  Aladdin's  palace,  was  astonished  to  behold 
+nothing but an empty place.  He called  his  Grand  Vizier  and  asked  him  if he 
+
+254 
+
+Financial  Failure  of Government—Cabs—Ireland—The  Russian  Question 
+
+could  see  the  palace.  The  Grand Vizier could  see  nothing,  and  was  not less 
+astonished  than  the  Sultan,  who  flew  into  a  passion  and  gave  orders  to  his 
+guards  to  arrest Aladdin. The public of London, when it rose on Wednesday 
+morning,  found  itself  much  in  the  situation  of  that Chinese  Sultan.  London 
+looked  as  if London had gone  out-of-town.  There were and there continued 
+to  be  empty  places  where  we  were  wont  to  see  something.  And  as  the  eye 
+was  amazed  at the  emptiness  of  the  places,  so  the ear was  amazed  at their 
+tomb-like  tranquillity.  What  was  it  that  had  happened  to  London?  A  cab-
+revolution;  cabmen  and  cabs  have  disappeared,  as  though by  miracle,  from 
+the  streets, from their stands, from the railway stations. The cab-proprietors 
+and the drivers are in rebellion against the new Cab act, that great and almost 
+"unique"  act  of  the  Ministry  of  all  the  talents.  They  have  struck. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+It has  often been observed  that the British public is  seized with periodical 
+fits  of  morality,  and that  once  every  six or  seven years, its virtue becomes 
+15  outrageous,  and  must  make  a  stand  against  vice.  The  object of  this  moral 
+and patriotic fit happened for the present to be poor cabby. His extortions 
+from  unprotected females  and fat city men were to  be put down, and  his fare 
+to be reduced from  Is. to 6d.  per mile. The  sixpenny morality grew epidemic. 
+The  ministry,  by the  organ of  Mr.  Fitzroy, brought in a draconic law against 
+20  Cabby, prescribing the terms of the contracts he had to fulfil with the public, 
+and  subjecting at the  same time his fares and his  "Hansoms," his horses and 
+his  morals to Parliamentary legislation. Cabby, it appears, was to be forcibly 
+transformed  into  the  type  of  British  respectability.  The  present generation 
+could not do  without improvising at least one virtuous and disinterested class 
+25  of citizens,  and Cabby was  selected to form  it.  So  anxious was the ministry 
+of  all  the  talents  to  perform its  masterpiece  of legislation, that the  Cab-act, 
+hardly  carried  through  the  House,  was  put  into  operation before  any  part 
+of  the  machinery  for  working  it  was  ready.  Instead  of  authentic  copies  of 
+the  new  regulations  and tables  of fares  and  distances, the  Cadis of  London 
+30  having  been  provided  before-hand,  the  police  magistrates  were  advised  to 
+decide  any  conflict  arising  between  Cabby  and  the public in the most  sum 
+mary way.  Thus,  we had during two weeks the various and elevating specta 
+cle  of  a  continuous  fight  before  the  magistrates  between  a  real  army of 6d 
+Hampdens  and the  "atrocious"  cabmen,  the  one  fighting for virtue,  and the 
+35  others  for  money.  Day  after  day  was  Cabby  moralized,  sentenced,  im 
+prisoned.  At  last  he  made  sure that he  was unable to pay his proprietor the 
+old  rent  with the new tariff, and proprietor and driver  seceded to their Möns 
+Sacer,  to  the  National  Hall,  in  Holborn,  where  they  came  to  the  terrible 
+resolution which for three days has produced the cab-desolation of London. 
+40  Two things they have  already effected: firstly, that the Ministry through the 
+organ  of  Mr.  Fitzroy,  have  amended  their  own  act  so  much  as  nearly  to 
+
+255 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+annihilate it; and secondly, that the Eastern question, the Danish coup d'état, 
+the  bad  harvest,  and  the  approaching  cholera  have  all  disappeared  before 
+that one great  struggle  of public virtue,  which  persists in paying only 6d per 
+mile,  and  the  private  interest which persists  in  asking  12 pence. 
+
+"Strike"  is  the  order  of  the  day.  During  the  present  week5,000miners  have  5 
+
+struck  in  the  northern  coal  district;  400  to  500  journeymen  cork-cutters  in 
+London;  about 2,000  laborers  employed  by  the  different wharfingers on the 
+Thames;  the  police  force  at  Hull,  similar  attempts  being  made  by  the  City 
+and  general  Metropolitan Police;  and finally the bricklayers employed  at St. 
+Stephens,  under the  very  nose  of Parliament. 
+
+10 
+
+"The  world  is  becoming  a  very  paradise  for laborers.  Men are  becoming 
+valuable,"  exclaims  The  Times.  In  the  years  1849,  '50,  '51,  '52, while com 
+merce  was  progressively growing,  industry  extending to  unheard-of  dimen 
+sions,  and profits continually augmenting, wages in general remained station 
+ary, and were  in most instances  even maintained at the reduced  scale occa-  15 
+sioned  by  the  crisis  of  1847.  Emigration  having  reduced  the  numbers,  and 
+the  rise  in the  prices  of  the first necessaries  having  sharpened  the  appetites 
+of  the  people,  strikes  broke  out,  and  wages  rose  in  consequence  of  those 
+strikes, and lo ! the world becomes a paradise for laborers—in the eyes of  The 
+Times.  In  order  to  reduce  that  paradise  to  terrestrial  dimensions,  the  mill-  20 
+lords  of  Lancashire  have  formed  an  association,  for  mutually  assisting  and 
+supporting  each  other  against the  demands  of  the  people.  But  not  content 
+with  opposing  combination  to  combination,  the  bourgeoisie  threaten  to 
+appeal  to  the  interference  of  law—of  law  dictated  by  themselves.  In  what 
+manner  this  is  done  may  be  inferred  from  the  following  expectorations  of  25 
+The Morning Post, the organ of the liberal and  amiable Palmerston. 
+
+"Ii  there  be  a  piece  of  wickedness  which  preeminently  deserves  to  be 
+punished  with  an ton hand,  it is the  system  of  strikes.  . ..  What is wanted 
+is  some  stringent and  summary mode of punishing the leaders  and chief men 
+of  these  combinations.  It would be  no interference with the freedom of the  30 
+labor market  to  treat these fellows  to a ñogging....  It is  idle  to  say that this 
+would interfere with the labor market.  As long as those who  supply the labor 
+market  refrain  from  jeopardizing  the  interests  of  the  country,  they may be 
+left to  make  their  own  terms  with  the  employers." 
+
+Within a certain conventional limit, the laborers shall be allowed to imagine 35 
+
+themselves to be free  agents of production, and that their contracts with their 
+masters  are  settled  by  mutual  convention;  but  that  limit passed, labor  is  to 
+be  openly  enforced upon them  on conditions  prescribed by Parliament, that 
+permanent  Combination Committee  of  the  ruling classes  against the people. 
+The  deep  and  philosophical  mind  of  the  Palmerstonian  organ  is  curiously  40 
+disclosed in its yesterday's discovery, on that "the hardest used of all classes 
+
+256 
+
+F 
+
+Financial  Failure  of Government—Cabs—Ireland—The  Russian  Question 
+
+in this  country is  the poor of the higher ranks,"  the  poor  aristocrat  who is 
+forced  to  use  a  cab  instead  of  a  "brougham"  of  his  own. 
+
+Like  the  world  in  general,  we  are  assured,  that  Ireland  in  particular  is 
+becoming  a paradise  for the  laborer,  in  consequence  of famine  and  exodus. 
+5  Why  then,  if  wages  really  are  so high in Ireland, is it that Irish laborers  are 
+flocking  in  such  masses  over  to  England  to  settle  permanently on this  side 
+of  the  "pond,"  while  they  formerly  used  to  return  after  every  harvest?  If 
+the  social  amelioration  of  the  Irish  people  is  making  such progress,  how is 
+it  that,  on  the  other  hand,  insanity  has  made  such  terrific  progress  among 
+them  since  1847, and especially  since 1851? Look at the following data from 
+"The  Sixth Report on the  District Criminal  and  Private  Lunatic  Asylums  in 
+Ireland": 
+
+10 
+
+1851—Sum  total  of  admissions  in  Lunatic  Asylums 
+
+2,584 
+
+(1,301  males  and  1,283  females.) 
+
+15 
+
+1852 
+
+(1,376  males  and  1,346  females.) 
+
+March,  1853 
+
+(1,447  males  and  1,423  females.) 
+
+2,722 
+
+2,870 
+
+And  this  is  the  same  country  in  which the  celebrated  Swift,  the founder 
+20  of  the  first  Lunatic  Asylum in Ireland,  doubted  whether 90 madmen could 
+
+be  found. 
+
+The Chartist agitation reopened by Ernest Jones, is proceeding vigorously, 
+and  on  the  30th  i n s t,  a  great  open-air  meeting  of  the  Chartists  of  London 
+will  be  held  on  Kennington  Common,  the  place  where  the  great gathering 
+
+25  of April  10,  1848, took place. 
+
+Mr.  Cobbett  has  withdrawn  his  Factory  Bill,  mtimating his  intention  of 
+
+reintroducing  it  early  in  next  session. 
+
+As  to  the  financial  and  general  prospects  of  England  The  Manchester 
+Guardian  of  the  27th  inst.,  entirely  confirms  my  own  previous  predictions 
+in the  following passages  of  a leading  article:— 
+
+30 
+
+"Seldom  perhaps  has  there  been  a  time  when  there  were  floating  in  our 
+commercial atmosphere so many elements of uncertainty calculated to excite 
+uneasiness—we  use  that  wild  word  advisedly.  At  any  former  period  before 
+the  repeal  of  the  Corn  Laws,  and  the  general  adaptation  of  the  free  trade 
+35  policy,  we  should  have  used  the  stronger term  of  serious alarm. These  ele 
+ments  are  firstly  the  apprehended  deficiency  of  the  crops,  secondly  the 
+continued  abstraction  of  gold  from  the  cellars  of  the  bank,  and  thirdly  the 
+great  probability  of  war." 
+
+The last of the Constitutions of  1848, has now been overthrown by the coup 
+d'état of the  Danish King.  A Russian  Constitution has  been conferred upon 
+
+40 
+
+257 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+the country, which, by the abolition of the Lex Regia, was doomed to become 
+a Russian Province.  In a subsequent letter I shall give an exposé of the affairs 
+of  that  country. 
+
+"It  is  our  policy  to  see  that  nothing  new  happens  during  the  next  four 
+months,  and  I  hope  we  shall  accomplish it,  because  men in general prefer 
+waiting;  but  the  fifth  must  be  fruitful  in  events." 
+
+5 
+
+Thus wrote Count Pozzo di Borgo on the 28th Nov.  1828, to Count Nessel 
+rode,  and  Count  Nesselrode  is  now  acting  on  the  same  maxim.  While  the 
+military  assumption  of  the  Principalities  was  completed by  the  assumption 
+of  their  Civil  Government  by  the  Russians,  while  troops  after  troops  are  10 
+pouring into Bessarabia and the Crimea, a hint has been given to Austria that 
+her mediation might be accepted, and another to Bonaparte that his proposals 
+were  likely to  be  met with  a favorable  reception by  the  Czar. The Ministers 
+at Paris  and  London were  comforted  with the prospect that Nicholas would 
+condescend  to  definitively  accept their  excuses.  All  the  Courts of Europe,  15 
+transformed  into  so  many  Sultanas,  were  anxiously  waiting which of them, 
+the  magnanimous  commander  of the  faithful would  throw  his  handkerchief 
+to.  Having  kept them in this manner for weeks,  nay for months, in suspense, 
+Nicholas  suddenly makes  a declaration that neither England, nor France, nor 
+Austria,  nor Prussia,  had  any  business  in his quarrel with Turkey, and that  20 
+with  Turkey  alone  he  could  negotiate.  It was  probably in order  to  facilitate 
+his  negotiations  with  Turkey,  that  he  recalled  his  embassy  from  Con 
+stantinople.  But  while  he  declares  that  the  Powers  are  not  to  meddle  in 
+Russia's  concerns,  we  are  informed  on  the  other  hand  that the  representa 
+tives  of  France,  England,  Austria  and  Prussia kill  their  time  in  meeting  at  25 
+Vienna  in  conference,  and  in  hatching  projects  for  the  arrangement  of  the 
+Eastern Question, neither the Turkish nor Russian Ambassador participating 
+in  these  mock-conferences.  The  Sultan  had  appointed,  on  the  8th  inst.,  a 
+warlike  ministry,  in  order  to  escape  from  his  armed  suspension,  but  was 
+compelled by Lord Redcliffe to  dismiss it on the same evening. He has now  30 
+been  so  much  confused  that  he  intends  to  send  an  Austrian  courier  to  St. 
+Petersburgh with the mission,  of asking whether the Czar would re-enter into 
+direct  negotiations.  On  the  return  of that courier  and the  answer he brings, 
+shall depend, whether Rechid Pasha is himself to go to St. Petersburgh. From 
+St. Petersburg he is to send new draft notes to Constantinople ; the new draft 35 
+notes  are to be  returned to  St. Petersburg, and nothing will be  settled before 
+the  last  answer is again returned from  St. Petersburg to Constantinople—and 
+then the fifth month will have arrived, and no fleets can enter the Black Sea; 
+and  then the  Czar will quietly remain during the  winter  in  the principalities, 
+where  he  pays  with  the  same  promises  that  still  circulate  there  from  his  40 
+former  occupations,  and  as  far  back  as  1820. 
+
+258 
+
+Financial  Failure  of  Government—Cabs—Ireland—The  Russian  Question 
+
+You know  that the  Serbian Minister  Garashanin  has  been removed  at the 
+instance  of  Russia.  Russia  insists  now,  following  up  that  first triumph,  on 
+all  anti Russian officers being expelled the service. This measure, in its turn, 
+was intended to be followed by the reigning Prince Alexander, being replaced 
+5  by  Prince  Michel  Obrenowich,  the  absolute  tool  of  Russia  and  Russian 
+interests. Prince Alexander, to escape from this calamity, and likewise under 
+the  pressure  of  Austria,  has  struck  against  the  Sultan,  and  declared  his 
+intention of  observing  a  strict neutrality. The Russian intrigues in Serbia are 
+thus  described  in  the  Presse  of  Paris: 
+
+10 
+
+"Every  body  knows  that the  Russian  Consulate  at  Orsowa—a miserable 
+village  where  not  a  single  Russian  subject is  to  be  found,  but  situated in the 
+midst  of  a  Servian  population,  is  only  a poor  establishment,  yet  it  is  made 
+the  hotbed  of  Muscovite  propaganda.  The  hand  of  Russia  was  judiciarily 
+seized  and  established  in  the  affair  of  Ibraila  in  1840,  and of John Sutzo  in 
+15  1850,  in the  affair  of the  recent  arrest  of  14  Russian officers,  which  arrest 
+became  the  cause  of the resignation of  Garashanin's  Ministry.  It is likewise 
+known  that  Prince  Menchikoff,  during  his  stay at Constantinople, fomented 
+similar  intrigues  through  his  agents  at  Broussa,  Smyrna,  as  in Thessalonia, 
+Albania  and  Greece." 
+
+20 
+
+There  is  no  more  striking feature  in  the  politics of Russia than the tradi 
+tional  identity  not  only  of  her  objects,  but  of her  manner in pursuing them. 
+There  is  no  complication  of  the  present  Eastern  Question,  no  transaction, 
+no  official  note,  which  does  not  bear  the  stamp  of  quotation  from  known 
+pages  of  history. 
+
+25 
+
+Russia  has  now  no  other  pretext  to  urge  against  the  Sultan,  except the 
+treaty  of  Kainardji,  although  that treaty gave her,  instead of  a protectorate 
+over  her  correligionists, only the right to  build  a chapel  at Stamboul,  and  to 
+implore  the  Sultan's  clemency  for  his  Christian  subjects,  as  Reschid Pasha 
+justly urged against the Czar in his note of the  14th inst. But already in  1774, 
+30  when  that  treaty  was  signed,  Russia intended  to  interpret  it one  day  or the 
+other  in  the  sense  of  1853.  The  then  Austrian  Internuncio  at  the  Ottoman 
+Porte, Baron Thugut, wrote in the year 1774 to his Court: "Henceforth Russia 
+will  always  be  in  a  situation to  effect,  whenever  she may deem the opportu 
+nity  favorable,  and without  much preliminary  arrangement,  a descent upon 
+35  Constantinople  from  her  ports  on  the  Black  Sea.  In  that case  a conspiracy 
+concerted  in  advance  with the  chiefs  of the  Greek religion,  would no  doubt 
+burst forth,  and  it would only remain for the  Sultan to  quit his  palace  at the 
+first intelligence  of  this  movement  of  the  Russians, to  fly  into  the  depth of 
+Asia,  and  abandon  the  throne  of  European  Turkey  to  a more  experienced 
+40  possessor.  When  the  capital  shall have  been  conquered,  terrorism  and the 
+faithful assistance of the  Greek Christians will indubitably and easily reduce, 
+
+259 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+beneath  the  scepter  of  Russia,  the  whole  of the  Archipelago,  the  coast  of 
+Asia  Minor  and  all  Greece,  as  far  as  the  shore  of  the  Adriatic.  Then  the 
+possession  of  these  countries,  so  much  favored  by  nature,  with  which  no 
+other part of the world can be compared in respect to the fertility and richness 
+of the  soil,  will  elevate  Russia to  a  degree  of  superiority  surpassing all the 
+fabulous  wonders  which history  relates  of  the  grandeurs  of  the  monarchies 
+of  ancient  times." 
+
+5 
+
+In  1774,  as  now,  Russia  was  tempting  the  ambition  of  Austria  with  the 
+prospect  of  Bosnia,  Servia  and  Albania  being  incorporated  with  her.  The 
+same  Baron  Thugut  writes  thus  on  this  subject:  "Such  aggrandizement  of  10 
+the  Austrian  territory  would  not  excite  the  jealousy  of  Russia.  The reason 
+is  that  the  requisition  which  Austria  would  make  of  Bosnia,  Servia,  etc., 
+although  of  great  importance  under  other  circumstances,  would  not  be  of 
+the  least utility to Russia, the moment the remainder of the Ottoman Empire 
+should have fallen into her hands.  For these provinces are inhabited almost  15 
+entirely  by  Mahommedans  and  Greek  Christians:  the  former  would  not be 
+tolerated  as  residents  there;  the  latter,  considering the close vicinity of the 
+Oriental  Russian  Empire  would  not  hesitate  to  emigrate  thither;  or  if  they 
+remained,  their faithlessness to Austria would occasion continuous troubles; 
+and  thus  an  extension  of  territory,  without  intrinsic  strength,  so  far  from  20 
+augmenting the power  of the Emperor of Austria would only serve to weaken 
+it." 
+
+Politicians  are  wont to  refer to  the  testament of  Peter  I.,  in order to  show 
+the traditional policy of Russia in general, and particularly with regard to her 
+views on Constantinople. They might have gone back still further. More than 25 
+eight  centuries  ago,  Swätoslaw,  the  yet  Pagan  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  de 
+clared  in  an assembly of his  Boyars, that  "not only Bulgaria, but the  Greek 
+Empire  in  Europe,  together  with  Bohemia  and  Hungary,  ought  to  undergo 
+the  rule  of  Russia."  Swätoslaw  conquered  Silistria  and  threatened  Con 
+stantinople, A.D. 967, as Nicholas did in 1828. The Rurik dynasty transferred, 30 
+soon  after  the  foundation  of  the  Russian Empire, their capital from  Nowgo 
+rod to Kiew, in order to be nearer to Byzantium. In the eleventh century Kiew 
+imitated  in  all  things  Constantinople,  and  was  called  the  second  Con 
+stantinople,  thus  expressing  the  everlasting  aspirations  of  Russia.  The  re 
+ligion  and  civilization  of  Russia  are  of  Byzantine  offspring,  and  that  she  35 
+should have aimed at subduing the Byzantine Empire, then in the same decay 
+as  the  Ottoman  Empire  is  now  in,  was  more  natural  than  that  the  German 
+Emperors  should have  aimed  at the  conquest of  Rome  and Italy. The unity, 
+then, in the  objects  of Russian policy,  is  given by her historical past, by her 
+geographical  conditions,  and  by  her necessity  of gaining  open  sea-ports  in  40 
+the  Archipelago  as  in  the  Baltic,  if  she wants  to maintain her  supremacy in 
+
+260 
+
+Financial  Failure  of Government—Cabs-Ireland—The  Russian  Question 
+
+5 
+
+Europe.  But  the  traditional  manner  in  which Russia pursues  those  objects, 
+is  far from  meriting  that tribute  of  admiration paid  to  it by  European politi 
+cians.  If  the  success  of  her  hereditary  policy  proves  the  weakness  of  the 
+Western  Powers,  the  stereotyped  mannerism  of  that  policy  proves  the  in-
+trinsic  barbarism  of  Russia  herself.  Who  would  not  laugh  at  the  idea  of 
+French politics being conducted on the testament of Richelieu, or the capitu 
+laries  of  Charlemagne?  Go  through  the  most  celebrated  documents  of 
+Russian diplomacy, and you will find that shrewd, judicious, cunning,  subtle 
+as  it  is  in  discovering  the  weak  points  of  European  Rings,  ministers  and 
+10  courts,  its  wisdom  is  at  a  complete  dead-lock  as  often  as  the  historical 
+movements of the Western peoples themselves are concerned. Prince Lieven 
+judged  very  accurately  of  the  character  of  the  good  Aberdeen  when  he 
+speculated  on his  connivance  with the  Czar,  but he  was  grossly mistaken in 
+his  judgment  of  the  English  people  when  he  predicted  the  continuance  of 
+15  Tory  rule  on  the  eve  of  the  Reform  move  of  1831.  Count Pozzo  di  Borgo 
+judged  very  correctly  of  Charles  X., but  he  made  the  greatest blunder with 
+regard  to  the  French  people  when  he  induced  his  "august  master"  to treat 
+with  that  King  of  the  partition  of  Europe  on  the  eve  of  his  expulsion from 
+France. The Russian policy, with its traditional craft, cheats and subterfuges, 
+20  may impose upon the European Courts which are themselves but traditional 
+things,  but it will prove utterly powerless with the revolutionized peoples. 
+
+At  Beyrut,  the  Americans  have  abstracted  another  Hungarian  refugee 
+from  the  claws  of  the  Austrian  eagle.  It  is  cheering  to  see  the  American 
+intervention in Europe beginning just with the Eastern question. Besides the 
+25  commercial  and  military  importance  resulting  from  the  situation  of  Con 
+stantinople,  there  are  other historical considerations,  making its  possession 
+the  hotly-controverted  and  permanent  subject  of  dispute  between the  East 
+and the West—and America is the  youngest but most vigorous representative 
+of  the  West. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+Constantinople is the eternal city—the Rome of the East. Under the ancient 
+Greek Emperors, Western civilization amalgamated there  so far with Eastern 
+barbarism, and under the Turks, Eastern barbarism amalgamated so far with 
+Western  civilization,  as  to  make  this  center  of  a  theocratical  Empire  the 
+effectual  bar  against  European  progress.  When  the  Greek  Emperors  were 
+turned  out by the  Sultans  of  Iconium,  the  genius  of the  ancient  Byzantine 
+Empire  survived  this  change  of  dynasties,  and  if  the  Sultan  were  to  be 
+supplanted  by  the  Czar,  the  Bas-Empire would be  restored to life  with  more 
+demoralizing  influences  than  under  the  ancient  Emperors,  and  with  more 
+aggressive  power  than  under  the  Sultan.  The  Czar  would  be for  Byzantine 
+40  civilization  what  Russian  adventurers  were  for  centuries  to  the  Emperors 
+of  the  Lower  Empire—the  corps  de  garde  of  their  soldiers.  The  struggle 
+
+261 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+between Western Europe  and Russia about the possession of Constantinople 
+involves the question whether Byzantinism is to fall before Western civiliza 
+tion, or whether its  antagonism  shall revive in amore terrible and conquering 
+form than ever  before.  Constantinople  is  the golden  bridge thrown between 
+the  West  and  the  East,  and  Western  civilization  cannot,  like  the  sun,  go 
+around  the  world  without  passing  that bridge;  and it cannot pass  it  without 
+a  struggle with Russia.  The  Sultan holds Constantinople only in trust for the 
+revolution,  and  the  present  nominal  dignitaries  of  Western  Europe,  them 
+selves finding the last stronghold of their  "order" on the  shores of the Neva, 
+can  do  nothing but  keep  the  question  in  suspense  until  Russia has  to  meet 
+her  real  antagonist,  the  Revolution.  The  Revolution  which  will  break  the 
+Rome  of the West will also overpower the demoniac influences of the Rome 
+of  the  East. 
+
+Those  of  your readers who, having read my letters on German Revolution 
+and Counter-Revolution, written for  The  Tribune some two years ago, desire 
+to  have  an  immediate  intuition  of  it,  will  do  well  to  inspect  the  picture  by 
+Mr.  Hasenclever,  now  being  exhibited  in  the  New-York  Crystal  Palace, 
+representing  the  presentation of  a workingmen's  petition to  the  magistrates 
+of  Düsseldorf  in  1848.  What  the  writer  could  only  analyze,  the  eminent 
+painter  has  reproduced  in  its  dramatic  vitality. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+262 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+In  t he  H o u se  of  C o m m o n s — T he  P r e ss 
+
+on  t he  E a s t e rn  Q u e s t i o n— 
+
+T he  C z a r 's  M a n i f e s t o — D e n m a rk 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3847,16. August 1853 
+
+London, Tuesday,  Aug.  2,1853. 
+
+London  has  ceased  to  be  cabless.  Cabby parted with his  system of passive 
+resistance  on  Saturday  last.  Meanwhile Parliament continues to break down 
+its  great act of the  session, removing step by  step every casus òe/ù'between 
+Cabby  and  the  House  of  Commons. 
+
+5 
+
+The  India bill has passed  on Friday through its last stage, after the ministe 
+rial  propositions for raising the  Directors'  and Chairmen's  salaries had been 
+rejected,  and the latter reduced to £500 and £1,000 respectively. The Special 
+10  Court  of  East  India  Proprietors  which  met  on  Friday  last,  offered  a  most 
+lugubrious  spectacle,  the  desponding  cries  and  speeches  clearly  betraying 
+the  apprehensions  of  the  worthy  proprietors,  that the Indian Empire  might 
+have  been their  property  for  the  better time.  One right honorable gentleman 
+gave  notice  of  his  intention  to  move resolutions in the House of Commons 
+rejecting  the  present  bill,  and  on  the  part  of  the  proprietors  and Directors 
+declining  to  accept the  part  assigned to  them by the  Ministerial  measure.  A 
+strike  of  the  honorable  East India Proprietors  and Directors. Very  striking, 
+indeed!  The Abolition of the  Company's Salt-monopoly by the British House 
+of  Commons  was  the  first  step  to  bringing  the  finances  of  India  under  its 
+
+15 
+
+20  direct management. 
+
+25 
+
+The  Naval  Coast-Volunteers'  bill  passed  through  Committee  in  yester 
+day's  sitting.  The  object  of  this  measure  is  to  form  a body  of  10,000  men, 
+to  be trained during four weeks annually for the defense of the British Coasts. 
+They  are  to receive a bounty of £6, as in the case of the militia. Their service 
+is  to  be limited to five years in times of peace, and to  six in time of danger. 
+When called out, they will receive the pay of able seamen, with an additional 
+two-pence  per  day  during  the  last  year.  The  men  are  not  to  be taken more 
+than  fifty  leagues  from  the  coasts  in  time  of  peace,  and  100  in  time  of 
+danger. 
+
+263 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+The  Irish  Landlords'  and  Tenants'  bill  likewise  passed  through  the  third 
+reading yesterday  night.  One  important  amendment  in favor  of  the  Tenants 
+was  added,  viz.:  the  prohibition  of  Landlords  to  seize  and  sell the  standing 
+crops  of  a  Tenant. 
+
+Mr. Cobden has published a pamphlet on the origin of the Burmese war. 
+So great are the fears  of a deficient harvest in France, that the Government 
+of  Louis  Bonaparte  has  treated  with  the  Syndicate  of  the  Paris  bakers  for 
+a  slight  reduction  in  the  prices  of  bread  during  the  first  half  of  August, 
+notwithstanding the steady rise in flour at the Halle aux blés. The bakers are 
+to be mdernnified by a subsequent augmentation of prices.  "This,"  says  The  10 
+Economist,  "is  a  conspiracy  on  the  part  of the  French Government to  cheat 
+the  people  into  a  belief  that  the  crops  are  not  short,  when  they  are." 
+
+5 
+
+Day  after  day  the  columns  of  the  Press  are  inundated  with  conflicting 
+dispatches  on the Eastern affairs,  manufactured in Vienna and  Berlin, partly 
+by  Russian  agents,  in  order  to  deceive  the  French  and  British public  as  to  15 
+the  operations  of Russia,  and partly on orders  sent expressly from Paris, for 
+stockjobbing  purposes.  A  declaration  contained  in  to-day's  Morning Post 
+would  command  consideration  were  it  not that the Palmerstonian organ had 
+quite  abused  such  threats,  which  it  only proffered one  day in order to  take 
+them in again the  day  after. 
+
+20 
+
+"By  the  10th  of  August  the  whole  matter  will  be  terminated  peaceably, 
+or  the  combined  fleets  will  be  commanded to  proceed to  the  Bosphorus,  or 
+perhaps  to  the  Black  Sea.  Active  measures will  succeed patient negotiation, 
+and the threat of  danger  will no  longer prevent the  strong means which may 
+ensure safety. If the Czar accepts the proposal now made, the first condition  25 
+will  be  the  immediate  evacuation  of  the  Principalities." 
+
+The  Morning Post then  asserts,  that on the  24th  ult.  the  representatives 
+of  England,  France,  Austria  and  Prussia  convened  on  the  terms  of  an  ulti 
+matum  immediately  forwarded  to  St.  Petersburg.  This  assertion,  however, 
+is  contradictory  to  the  late  declaration  of  Lord  Clarendon  and  Lord  John  30 
+Russell,  who  spoke  only of  a joint note  of  France  and England,  and is  alto 
+gether ignored by the French press. Yet, be this as it may, it indicates at least, 
+that  the  Palmerston  party  in  the  Cabinet  has  handed  an  ultimatum  to  the 
+good  Aberdeen,  which  the  latter  is  to  answer  on the  10th of August. 
+
+As  though  we  had  not  yet  enough  of  conferences  at  Vienna  and  Con-  35 
+
+stantinople,  we learn from the  National Zeitung, that other conferences  are 
+now to  sit at Berlin too. The Emperor of Russia, to provide these conferences 
+with the required "stuff" has complacently declared, that, with all his willing 
+ness, to renounce the occupation of the Principalities as the material guaranty 
+for  his  religious  associations,  he  would  now  be  obliged  to  hold  them  as  a  40 
+guaranty for the  indemnification for his present expenses of occupying them. 
+
+264 
+
+r 
+
+In  the  Commons—The  Press  on  the  Eastern  Question—The  Czar's  Manifesto—Denmark 
+
+While  Prince  Gortschakoff  announced  in  his  proclamations  that  Russia 
+pledged  herself  to  abstain  from  all  interference  with  the  constituted  au 
+thorities of the Principalities, the Czar issues  a decree forbidding the Hospo-
+dars  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  to  pay  any  tribute  to,  or  to  hold any com-
+5  munication  with,  the  Government  of  Turkey.  In  consequence  of  this  noti 
+fication the  Hospodar  of  Wallachia informed  the  Russian  Consul  at Bucha 
+rest,  that  he  had  already  sent  his  tribute  money to  the  Sultan,  to  which the 
+Consul replied: c'est de l'argent perdu, as the Hospodar would have to pay 
+it  again  to  Russia. 
+
+10 
+
+The  Patrie  of  yesterday  communicates  the  fact  that  three  of  the  most 
+influential  Boyars  of  Moldavia had  left Jassy for Petersburg,  with the espe 
+cial  consent  of  the  Hospodar,  in  order  to  remonstrate with the  Czar  on the 
+conduct  of  the  Russian  soldiers,  who,  in  violation  of  the  solemn  promise 
+given to  the  Porte,  treated  the  Danubian Provinces  as  a  conquered country, 
+15  and  committed  numberless  extortions  therein.  The  Russians  can certainly 
+not be accused of seeking to make propaganda by making themselves popular 
+in  the  Principalities. 
+
+Russia  continues  its  armaments  with the  same  ostentation  as  before.  The 
+Hamburger Nachrichten publishes  the  following  Imperial manifesto,  dated 
+
+20  Petersburg,  23d July:  "By  the  Grace  of  God, we, Nicholas  I., by our mani 
+
+festo  of  August  1st,  (13th)  1834,  have  ordered  that  every  year  levies  shall 
+take  place  in  certain  parts  of  our  empire:  to-day  we  order: 
+
+1. For  completing  our  forces,  maritime  as  well  as  land,  the  tenth  partial 
+recrutement  shall  take  place  in  the  Eastern  part  of  our  Empire,  at  the  rate 
+25  of 7 men in every 1,000, the same as the recruitment which took place in 1852 
+
+in  the  Western  portion  of  the  Empire. 
+
+2.  Besides,  a  levy  of  3  in  every  1,000  shall  take  place  in  the  Eastern 
+Provinces  of  our  Empire  as  completing  the  proportion  of  6  in  every  1,000, 
+of  which  only  one  half  had  been  levied  by  the  previous  recruitment. 
+
+30 
+
+3.  To  the  Districts  of  Pskow,  Vitebsk,  and  Mohilew,  which  had  been 
+exempted  in  virtue  of  our  manifesto  of  31st  Oct.,  1845,  and  of  26th  Sept., 
+1846,  on  account  of  the  bad  harvest,  the  recruitment for  1853  shall be pro 
+ceeded  with  at  the  rate  of  3  in  every  1,000.  With  regard  to  the  Jews  in the 
+Districts  of  Vitebsk  and  Mohilew,  the  recruitment  among  them  shall  take 
+
+35  place  the  same  as  in the  other  Districts,  at the  rate  of  10 in  every  1,000. 
+
+4.  The  levy  shall  begin  on  1st  November  and  be  completed  on  1st  De 
+
+cember. 
+
+Given  at  St.  Petersburgh. 
+The manifesto is followed by two ukases, regulating the details of this new 
+40  and  extraordinary  levy.  Beside  the  above-mentioned  districts,  there  shall 
+take place,  according to a third ukase, a recruitment among the odnodworzes 
+
+Nicholas  I." 
+
+265 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+and inhabitants  of towns  in the  districts  of Kiew, Podolia, Volhynia, Minsk, 
+Grodno,  Wilna  and  Kowno. 
+
+The  Hamburger  Correspondent reports  as  follows: 
+"The  armaments  in  the  interior  of  the  Empire  continue  without  inter 
+ruption.  The  reserve  battalions  of  the  4th  infantry  corps  are  being  con- 
+centrated  near  Tula.  We  learn from  an order  of  the  day that the  guards  and 
+grenadiers  still  occupy  their positions in the camps  near  Krasnoe  Selo,  and 
+near Pudosh,  not far from  Gatshina. The field maneuvers  of these two corps, 
+amounting  to  100,000  men,  continue." 
+
+5 
+
+The Post Zeitung of Stockholm,  of July  16, announces that the Emperor  10 
+
+of  Russia had given orders  for the  arming  and fitting out of  the  Baltic  fleet, 
+composed of 20 vessels of the line, and of 15 frigates. The Kölnische Zeitung 
+of  29th July,  states: 
+
+"The  return  of  the  Danish-Swedish  fleet  before  the  term  fixed  for  its 
+evolutions  has  taken  place,  in  consequence  of  an  order  received  by  the  15 
+commander  to  immediately  repair  to  the  Baltic." 
+
+Both the  French journals  and  The Morning Chronicle, of to-day, contain 
+a telegraphic  dispatch from Vienna of the  30th of  July,  stating that America 
+had  offered  the  Porte  money  and  active  assistance. 
+
+The  impression  produced  on  the  Continental  mind,  by  the  threatening  20 
+
+attitude  of  Russia,  combined  with the  threatening prospect of the  harvests, 
+is  most  significantly  reflected  in  the  following  words  of  The  Economist: 
+
+"The  Czar  has  awakened  into  life  and  hope  the  revolutionary  spirit  of 
+Europe,  and  we  read of plots  in Austria, plots  in Italy,  and plots  in France; 
+and  there  begins  to  be  more  alarm  lest there  should be fresh revolutionary  25 
+disturbances  than  that  governments  should  go  to  war." 
+
+A  well  informed  Danish  gentleman,  who  has  very  recently  arrived  here 
+from  fear  of  the  cholera  now  raging  in  Copenhagen  to  such  an  extent  that 
+already 4,000 persons have been attacked with it,  and that no less than 15,000 
+applications  for passports  to  leave  the  Danish capital  have  been  made,  in-  30 
+forms  me  that  the  Royal  message  concerning  the  succession  was  chiefly 
+carried  through the  abstention from  voting  of  a great  number of Eydermen, 
+who  had  hoped  to  avoid  a  crisis  by  their  passive  attitude.  The  crisis which 
+they  apprehended,  however,  has  come  upon  them  in  the  shape  of  the 
+octroyed  Constitution,  and that Constitution is  aimed especially against the  35 
+"peasant's  friends"-party by  whose  support the Danish Crown has  achieved 
+its  previous  triumphs  in  the  succession  question.  As  I  propose  to  recur  to 
+this  subject  in  a  special  letter,  I  will  merely  observe  here,  that  the  Danish 
+government  has  laid  before  the  United  Diet,  (the  Landthing  and  the 
+Volksthing  together)  the  notes  exchanged  with  the  Great  Powers  on  the  40 
+subject  of  its  propositions. 
+
+266 
+
+In the Commons—The Press on the Eastern Question—The Czar's Manifesto—Denmark 
+
+Of  these  documents  the  most  interesting  pieces  are  especially  at  this 
+moment, the note of England and the note of Russia. The "silent" Clarendon 
+not  only  approves  of  the  Royal  Message,  but distinctly hints to  the Danish 
+Government  that  it  could  not  go  on  with  the  old  Democratic  Constitution, 
+5  with Universal  Suffrage,  and with no  House of Lords. The silent Clarendon 
+therefore  has  taken the initiative,  for the  interests  of Russia, to recommend 
+and  provoke  the  Danish  coup  d'état.  The  Russian note, addressed by Count 
+Nessekode  to  Baron  Ungern-Sternberg,  after  having  reviewed  the  articles 
+of  the  Treaty  of  London,  dated  8th  of  May,  1852,  concludes  as  follows: 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+20 
+
+10 
+
+"The  treaty  of  the  8th  of  May  does  not formally  prescribe  that the  Lex 
+Regia  should  be  canceled;  because  such  a disposition would  not have been 
+opportune  in  a treaty  concluded between independent States. It would have 
+been  contrary  to  diplomatic  usage,  and  still  more  to  the  respect  due  to  the 
+sovereign  dignity  of the  Danish crown.  But the Powers in giving their assent 
+to  a  retrocession  destined  to  supplant  the  arrangements  of  the  Lex  Regia, 
+where the necessity of employing it would occur, in promising their support, 
+have  naturally  been  obliged  to  leave  to  his  Majesty  the  King  of  Denmark 
+the  choice  of  the  means  adequate  toward  realizing  the  object  by  way  of 
+legislating. His majesty, by making use of his royal prerogative, has manif est-
+ed  his  intention  of  establishing  an  order  of  succession,  for  all  the  States 
+subject to his rule, by which, in case of the male descendants of Frederic III. 
+becoming extinct,  all claims  arising from articles  27 and 40 of the Lex Regia 
+should  be  excluded,  and  Prince  Christian  of  Glücksburg  called  upon  the 
+throne  with  a  view  of  securing  the  Danish  crown to  him  and his  male  de-
+scendants  by  his  marriage  with  Princess  Louisa  of  Hesse.  Such  are  the 
+stipulations of the Royal Message of October4,1852. They express the views 
+which,  at  least  on  the  part  of the  Imperial  Government,  have  served as  the 
+foundation of the  present negotiations.  They form in the eyes of the Imperial 
+Cabinet,  a  whole  and  cannot  be  retrenched;  for,  it  appears  to  us  that the 
+abrogation of Articles 27 and 40 of the Lex Regia is a necessary consequence 
+and  a  condition  sine qua non not only of the  stipulations which called Prince 
+Christian  of  Glücksburg  and  his  descendants  to  the  throne,  but  also  of the 
+principle  established  in  the  preambulum  of the treaty; that a contingency by 
+which the male descendants should be called to the succession of the throne, 
+in  the  totality  of  the  States  now  subjected  to  the  sovereignty of Denmark, 
+was  the  safest  means  for  securing  the  integrity  of that  monarchy 
+They 
+declare  in article  Π.  of  the treaty that they recognize in a permanent manner 
+the principle of the integrity of the Danish monarchy... They have promptly 
+made  known  their  intention  of  preventing,  combinedly,  the  return  of  the 
+40  complications  which  have  signaled  in  so  unfortunate  a  manner the  course 
+of  the  last  year  . ..  The  extinction  of  the  male  line  of  Prince  Christian  de 
+
+35 
+
+30 
+
+267 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Glücksburg  would  revive,  without  contradiction,  the  eventual claims  which 
+His  Majesty  the  Emperor  has  renounced  in  favor  of  that  Prince.  The  in 
+itiative,  however,  expressly  reserved to  the King of Denmark, as well as the 
+cooperation of  the three  Great Powers, in the aforesaid contingencies, when 
+they  shall  happen,  offer  henceforth  a  guarantee  to  the  Danish  patriots  against  5 
+the  ambitious  plans  and  designs existing nowhere except in their own imagi 
+nation." 
+
+Thus  Russia  gives  to  understand,  that  the  temporary  suppression  of  the 
+Lex  Regia as agreed upon in the protocol of the 8th May must be interpreted 
+as a permanent one, that the permanent resignation of the Emperor of Russia 1 o 
+is  only  a temporary  one,  but that the Danish patriots may henceforth repose 
+on  the  protection  of  their  country's  integrity  by  the  European  Powers.  Do 
+they  not  witness  how  the  integrity  of  Turkey  has  been  protected  since the 
+treaty  of  1841? 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+15 
+
+268 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A d v e r t i s e m e nt  D u t y — R u s s i an  M o v e m e n t s-
+
+D e n m a r k — T he  U n i t ed  S t a t es 
+
+in  E u r o pe 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3850,19. August 1853 
+
+Advertisement Duty—Russian  Movements-
+Denmark—The United  States in Europe. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Friday, Aug.  5,  1853. 
+
+5  The  act for the repeal of  the Advertisement Duty received the Royal assent 
+last night,  and comes into  operation this  day.  Several of the morning papers 
+have  already published their reduced terms for advertisements of all kinds. 
+
+The  dock-laborers  of  London  are  on  the  strike.  The  Company  endeavor 
+
+to  get fresh men.  A battle between the old and new hands is  apprehended. 
+
+15 
+
+10  The  Emperor  of  Russia  has  discovered  new  reasons  for  holding  the  Princi 
+palities.  He will hold them no longer as a material guarantee for his  spiritual 
+aspirations,  or  as  an indemnity for the costs of occupying them, but he must 
+hold  them  now  on  account  of  "internal  disturbances"  as  provided  by  the 
+Treaty  of  Balta-Liman.  And,  as  the  Russians  have  actually  put  everything 
+in the  Principalities  topsy-turvy,  the existence of  such disturbances  cannot 
+be  denied.  Lord  Clarendon  confirmed,  in the  sitting  of  the  House  of  Lords 
+of  August 2d,  the  statement given in my last letter with regard to the Hospo-
+dars  having  been  prohibited  from  transmitting  their  tribute  to  Con 
+stantinople,  and  from  entertaining  further  communications  with  Turkey. 
+20  Lord  Clarendon declared with great gravity of countenance, and a pompous 
+solemnity  of manner,  that he would  "instruct,  by  the messenger who leaves 
+London  this  night,  Sir  Hamilton  Seymour  to  demand  from  the  Russian 
+Cabinet  the  explanation  which  England  is  entitled  to."  While  Clarendon 
+sends  all the  way  to  St.  Petersburg to  request  explanations,  the  Patrie of 
+to-day  has  intelligence  from  Jassy of the 20th ultimo, that the Russians  are 
+fortifying Bucharest  and Jassy;  that the  Hospodars  of  Moldavia  and Walla 
+chia  are  placed  under  a Russian Board  of  Control  composed  of  three  mem-
+
+25 
+
+269 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+bers;  that  contributions  in  kind  are  levied  on  the  people,  and  that  some 
+refractory Boyards have been incorporated in Russian regiments.  This is the 
+"explanation"  of  the  manifesto  of  Prince  Gortschakoff,  according  to  which 
+"his  august  master  had  no  intention  of  modifying  the  institutions  which 
+governed  the  country,  and  the  presence  of  his  troops  would  impose  upon 
+the people neither new contributions nor charges." In the sitting of the House 
+of  Commons  of  the  same  day  Lord  John  Russell  declared,  in  answer  to  a 
+question  put  by  Lord  Dudley  Stuart,  that the  four powers  had  convened  at 
+Vienna  on  a  common  proposition  to  be  made  to  the  Czar,  "acceptable"  to 
+Russia and to Turkey,  and that it had been forwarded to St. Petersburgh. In  10 
+answer  to  Mr.  Disraeli  he  stated:  "The  proposition was  in fact  an Austrian 
+proposition,  though it came  originally from the Government of France. " This 
+original  Frenchman,  naturalized  in  Austria,  looks very  suspicious,  and  The 
+Neue Preussische Zeiiunggives, in a Vienna letter, the explanation that "the 
+Russian  and  Austrian Cabinets  have fully resolved in common not to  allow  15 
+English  influence  to  predominate  in  the  East."  The  Englishman  observes, 
+on the  explanations of the  coaUtion-ministry:  "They  are great in humiliation, 
+strong  in  imbecility,  and  most  eloquent  in  taciturnity." 
+
+Moldavia  and  Wallachia  once  Russified,  Gallicia,  Hungary  and  Transyl 
+
+vania would be  transformed into  Russian  "enclaves. " 
+
+20 
+
+I  have  spoken in a former letter of the  "hidden treasures"  in the  Bank of 
+St.  Petersburg,  forming  the  metal  reserve  for  a  three  times  larger  paper 
+circulation.  Now, the Russian Minister of War has just applied for the trans 
+fer  of  a  portion  of  this  treasure  into  the  military  chest.  The  Minister  of 
+Finance having objected to this step, the Emperor applied himself to the Holy 
+Synod,  the  depository  of  the  Church-Property,  for  a loan  of  60 millions of 
+rubles. While the  Czar is wanting in wealth, his troops are wanting in health. 
+It is stated on very reliable authority, that the troops occupying the Principali 
+ties  have  suffered  enormously  from  heat  on  their  march,  that  the  number 
+of sick is extraordinary, and that many private houses at Bucharest and Jassy  30 
+have  been  converted  into  hospitals. 
+
+25 
+
+The  Times  of  yesterday  denounced  the  ambitious  plans  of  Russia  on 
+Turkey, but tried, at the  same time, to cover her intrigues in Denmark. It does 
+the  work  of  its  august  master  even  while  ostentatiously  quarreling  with 
+him. 
+
+35 
+
+"We  discredit,"  says  The  Times,  "the  assertion  that the  Russian  Cabinet 
+has  succeeded  in  estabhshing  its  hold  upon  the  Court  of  Copenhagen,  and 
+the  statement  that  the  Danish  Government have  proceeded,  under  Russian 
+influence,  to  abrogate  or  impair  the  Constitution  of  1849,  is  wholly  inac 
+curate.  The  Danish  Government have  caused  a bill or draft to be published  40 
+containing  some modifications  of the  Constitution now in force, but this bill 
+
+270 
+
+Advertisement  Duty—Russian  Movements—Denmark—The  United  States  in  Europe 
+
+is  to  be  submitted  to  the  discussion  and  vote  of  the  Chambers  when  they 
+reassemble,  and  it  has  not  been  promulgated  by  Royal  authority." 
+
+5 
+
+The dissolution of a Legislative Assembly into four separate feudal provin 
+cial  diets,  the  right  of  self-assessment  canceled,  the  election  by  universal 
+suffrage  suppressed,  the  liberty  of  the  press  abolished,  free  competition 
+supplanted  by  the  revival  of  close  guilds,  the  whole  official,  i.e.  the  only 
+intelligent  class  in  Denmark  excluded  from  being  eligible  except  on  Royal 
+permission,  that you  call "some  modifications of the Constitution?" As  well 
+you  might  call  Slavery  a  slight  modification  of  Freedom.  It  is  true that the 
+10  Danish King has not dared to promulgate this new "fundamental law" as law. 
+He  has  only  sent,  after  the  fashion  of  Oriental  Sultans,  the  silken  string to 
+the  Chambers  with  orders  to  strangle  themselves.  Such  a  proposition  in 
+volves  the  threat of  inforcing it if  not voluntarily  submitted  to.  So much for 
+the  "some  modifications  of  the  Constitution."  Now  to  the  "Russian  in-
+fluence." 
+
+15 
+
+In  what  way  did  the  conflict  between  the  Danish  King  and  the  Danish 
+Chambers  arise?  He  proposed  to  abrogate the  Lex Regia, viz:  The  existing 
+law  of  succession  to  the  throne  of  Denmark.  Who  urged  the  King  to  take 
+this  step? Russia,  as you will have  seen from the note of Count Nesselrode, 
+20  dated  11th May,  1853, communicated in my last letter. Who will gain by that 
+abrogation of the  Lex  Regia? No one but Russia.  The Lex Regia enables the 
+female  line  of  the reigning family to  succeed to the throne. By its abrogation 
+the  agnates would remove from the  succession all the claims of the cognates 
+hitherto  standing  in  their  way.  You  know  that  the  kingdom  of  Denmark 
+25  comprehends,  besides  Denmark Proper,  viz:  the Isles and Jutland,  also the 
+two  Duchies  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein. The  succession to Denmark Proper 
+and  Schleswig  is  regulated  by  the  same  Lex  Regia,  while  in  the  Duchy  of 
+Holstein,  being  a  German  fief,  it  devolves  to  the  agnates,  according  to  the 
+Lex  Salica.  By  the  abrogation of the  Lex Regia the  succession to  Denmark 
+and Schleswig would be assimilated to that of the German Duchy of Holstein, 
+and Russia,  having the  next claims  on Holstein,  as  the representative of the 
+house  of  Holstein-Gottorp, would  in the  quality  of  chief  agnate,  also obtain 
+the  next  claim  on  the  Danish throne.  In  1848—50,  Denmark,  being  assisted 
+by Russian  notes  and  fleets,  made  over  to Germany in order to maintain the 
+35  Lex  Regia,  which  forbade  Schleswig  to  be  united  with  Holstein,  and  to be 
+separated from  Denmark.  After having beaten the German revolution, under 
+the  pretext  of  the  Lex Regia,  the  Czar  confiscates  democratic  Denmark by 
+abrogating  the  same  law.  The  Scandinavians  and  the  Germans  have  thus 
+made the experience that they must not found their respective national claims 
+40  on  the  feudal  laws  of  Royal  succession.  They  have  made  the  better  ex 
+
+30 
+
+perience, that,  by  quarrelling amongst themselves, instead of confederating, 
+
+271 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Germans  and  Scandinavians,  both of them belonging to the  same great race, 
+only  prepare  his  way  to  their  hereditary  enemy,  the  Sclave. 
+
+The  great  event  of  the  day  is  the  appearance  of  American  policy  on  the 
+European  horizon.  Saluted  by  one  party,  detested  by  the  other,  the  fact  is 
+admitted by  all. 
+
+5 
+
+"Austria  must  look  to  the  dismemberment  of  the  Turkish  Empire  for 
+indemnification  for  the  loss  of  her  Italian  provinces—a  contingency  not 
+rendered  less  likely by  the  quarrel  she  has  had  the  folly to bring on her with 
+Uncle  Sam.  An  American  squadron  in  the  Adriatic  would  be  a very  pretty 
+complication of  an Italian insurrection,  and we  may  all live  to  see  it, for the  10 
+Anglo-Saxon  spirit  is  not  yet  dead  in  the  West." 
+
+Thus  speaks  The Morning Herald,  the  old  organ  of  the  English  Aristoc­
+
+racy. 
+
+"The  Koszta affair,"  says  the  Paris Presse, "is far from being terminated. 
+We  are  informed  that  the  Vienna  Cabinet  has  asked  from  the  Washington 
+Cabinet  a reparation, which  it  may be  quite  sure  not to receive.  Meanwhile, 
+Koszta  remains  under  the  safeguard  of  the  French  Consul." 
+
+15 
+
+"We  must  go  out  of  the  way  of  the  Yankee,  who  is  half  of  a  buccanier 
+and  half  a  backwoodsman,  and  no  gentleman  at  all,"  whispers  the  Vienna 
+Presse. 
+
+20 
+
+The  German  papers  grumble  about  the  secret  treaty  pretended  to  have 
+been concluded between  the  United  States  and Turkey,  according to  which 
+the  latter  would  receive  money  and  maritime  support,  and  the  former  the 
+harbor  of  Enos  in  Rumelia,  which  would afford a  sure  and convenient place 
+for  a  commercial  and  military  station  of  the  American  Republic  in  the  25 
+Mediterranean. 
+
+" In  due  course  of  time,"  says  the  Brussels  Emancipation,  " t he  conflict 
+at  Smyrna between the American Government and the Austrian one, caused 
+by  the  capture  of  the  refugee  Kosta,  will  be  placed in the  first line  of events 
+of  1853. Compared with this fact, the occupation of the Danubian PrincipaU-  30 
+ties  and the movements of the western diplomacy and of the combined navies 
+at  Constantinople,  may  be  considered  as  of  second-rate  importance.  The 
+event  of  Smyrna  is  the  beginning  of  a  new  history,  while  the  accident  at 
+Constantinople  is  only  the  unraveling  of an old question about to expire." 
+
+An  Italian paper,  Π Parlamento,  has  a leader  under  the  title  " La Politica  35 
+
+Americana  in  Europa,"  from  which  I  translate  the  following  passages  liter­
+ally: 
+
+" It  is  well known,"  says the Parlamento,  "that along time  has  elapsed  since 
+the  United  States  have  tried  to get a maritime  station in the  Mediterranean 
+and  in Italy,  and more particularly at such epochs when complications arose  40 
+in  the  Orient.  Thus  for  instance  in  1840,  when  the  great  Egyptian  question 
+
+272 
+
+Advertisement  Duty—Russian  Movements-Denmark—The  United  States  in  Europe 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+was  agitated,  and  when St. Jean d'Acre was assailed, the Government of the 
+United  States  asked in vain from the  King of the Two Sicilies to temporarily 
+grant it the great harbor of Syracuse. To-day the tendency of American policy 
+for  interfering  with  European  affairs  cannot  be  but  more  lively  and  more 
+steadfast.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  actual  Democratic  Ad 
+ministration of the Union manifests the  most clamorous  sympathies with the 
+victims  of  the  Italian  and  Hungarian revolution, that it cares  nothing  about 
+an  interruption  of  the  diplomatica!  intercourse  with  Austria,  and  that  at 
+Smyrna  it  has  supported  its  system  with the threat of the  cannon.  It would 
+10  be  unjust  to  grumble  at  this  aspiration  of the  great transatlantic  nation,  or 
+to  call  it  inconsistent  or  ridiculous.  The  Americans  certainly  do  not intend 
+conquering  the  Orient  and  going  to  have  a  land  war  with  Russia,  But  if 
+England  and  France  make  the best of  their maritime forces, why should not 
+the Americans do  so, particularly as soon as they will have obtained a station, 
+a point of retreat and of 'approvisionnement' in the Mediterranean? For them 
+there  are  great interests  at  stake, the republican element being diametrically 
+opposed  to  the  Cossack  one.  Commerce  and  navigation  having multiplied 
+the  legitimate  relations  and contracts between all peoples of the world, none 
+can  consider  itself  a  stranger  to  any  sea of  the  Old  or New  Continent, or to 
+20  any  great  question  like  that  of  the  destiny  of  the  Ottoman  Empire.  The 
+American commerce,  and  the  residents who  exercise  it on the  shores of our 
+seas,  require  the  protection  of  the  stars  and  stripes,  and  in  order  to  make 
+it  permanent  and  valid  in  all  seasons  of  the  year,  they  want  a  port  for  a 
+military  marine  that  ranks  already  in  the  third  line  among  the  maritime 
+25  powers  of  the  world.  If  England  and  France  interfere  directly with all that 
+regards  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  if  the  former  of  those  powers  goes  as  far 
+as  to  invent  a  king  of  the  Mosquitoes,  in  order  to  oppose  territorial  rights 
+to  the  operations  of  the  United  States,  if they  have  come to the final under 
+standing,  that  the  passage  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  shall  be  opened 
+to all nations, and be possessed by a neutral State, is it not evident then, that 
+the  United  States  must pretend  at  exercising the  same vigilance with regard 
+to the liberty and neutrality of the Isthmus of Suez, holding their eyes closely 
+fixed  on  the  dissolution  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  which  will  be  likely  to 
+devolve  Egypt and  Syria wholly  or partly  to the dominion of some first-rate 
+35  power?  Suez and Panama are the two great doorways of the Orient, which, 
+shut till now, will hereafter compete with each other. The best way to  secure 
+their ascendency in the Transatlantic question is to cooperate in the Mediter 
+ranean question.  We are assured that the American men-of-war in the neigh 
+borhood  of  the  Dardanelles  do  not  renounce  the  pretension  to  enter  them 
+40  whenever they please,  without being  subjected to the restrictions convened 
+upon  by  the  Great Powers  in  1841,  and this  for the  incontrovertible reason, 
+
+30 
+
+273 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+that  the  American  Government  did  not  participate  in  that  Convention. 
+Europe  is  amazed  at this  boldness,  because  it has  been,  since the peace of 
+1783, in the habit of considering the  United  States  as in the condition of the 
+Swiss  Cantons  after the Westphalian treaty, viz: as peoples allowed a legiti 
+mate  existence,  but  which  it  would  be  too  arduous  to  ask  to  enter into the 
+aristocracy  of  the  primitive  Powers,  and  to  give  their  votes  on  subjects  of 
+general  policy.  But  on  the  other  side  of  the  Ocean  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
+sprung  up  to  the  most  exalted  degree  of  wealth,  civilization  and  power, 
+cannot  any  longer  accept the  humble  position  assigned to  it in the past.  The 
+pressure  exercised  by the  American Union on the Council  of Amphictyons  10 
+of the Five Powers, till now the arbiters of the globe, is a new force that must 
+contribute to the  downfall of the exclusive  system  established by the treaties 
+of  Vienna.  Till  the  Republic  of  the  United  States  succeed  in  acquiring  a 
+positive  right  and  an  official  seat  in  the  Congresses  arbitrating  on  general 
+political questions, it exercises with an immense grandeur, and with a particu-  15 
+lar  dignity  the  more  humane  action of  natural  rights  and  of  the  jus gentium. 
+Its  banner covers  the  victims  of the civil wars  without distinction of parties, 
+and  during  the  immense  conflagration  of  1848—49  the  hospitality  of  the 
+American  Navy  never  submitted  to  any  humiliation  or  disgrace." 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+20 
+
+274 
+
+Γ" 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+T he  W ar  Q u e s t i o n — B r i t i sh  P o p u l a t i on 
+
+a nd  T r a de  R e t u r n s — D o i n gs  of  P a r l i a m e nt 
+
+The  War  Question—British Population 
+and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament. 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3854, 24. August 1853 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  Aug.  12,  1853. 
+
+5  Bonaparte  compensates  the  French  Navy  for  their  humiliating position  in 
+Besika  Bay  by  a  reduction  in  the  price  of  tobacco  to  the  sailors,  as  we  are 
+informed  by to-day's Moniteur. He won his throne by sausages. Why should 
+he  not try to  hold it by tobacco? At all events, the Eastern complication will 
+have  produced  the  démonétisation  of  Louis  Bonaparte  in  the  eyes  of  the 
+10  French peasants  and the  army.  They have  learned that the  loss  of liberty  at 
+home is  not made up by a gain of glory abroad. The "Empire of all the glories" 
+has  sunk  even  lower  than  the  "Cabinet  of  all  the  talents." 
+
+From  the  Constantinople  journals  which  have  just  arrived,  we  learn that 
+the  Sultan's  manifesto  to  his  subjects  appeared  on  the  1st  August, that the 
+15  Russian  Consul  at  Adrianople  has  received  orders  from  St.  Petersburg to 
+withdraw from Turkey, that the  other Russian Consuls expect similar orders, 
+and that the  Constantinople papers have been prohibited in the Principalities. 
+The  Impartial of  Smyrna,  of  Aug.  1,  has  the  following  communication  with 
+regard  to  Persia: 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+"The  Shah  of  Persia,  after  the  correspondence  exchanged  between  the 
+Porte  and  the  Russian  Cabinet  on  the  occasion of  the  pending  dispute,  had 
+been  communicated  to him on his request, has officially declared that all the 
+right was on the  side of the Porte, and that in case of war, he will fairly  stand 
+by  her.  This  news  had  made  a great impression on the Russian Ambassador 
+at  Teheran,  who  is  said  to  prepare  for  demanding his  passports." 
+
+The contents of the proposition made to Russia, and accepted by the Czar, 
+according  to  the  mysterious  Petersburg  dispatch,  form  the  subject  of  con-
+
+275 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+jecture  through  the  whole  European  Press.  The  Palmerstonian MorningPost 
+avers: 
+
+5 
+
+"On the 25th of July M.  de Meyendorff transmitted to  his Imperial master, 
+not indeed the formal propositions,  (accepted at the Vienna Conference,) but 
+an account of what had passed  at the  conference of the 24th 
+We believe 
+we  shall not be far wrong when we confidently affirm that the affair is settled 
+in  such a manner  as  to  preserve  intact the independence  and integrity of the 
+Ottoman  Empire.  The  mode  of  settlement  will  be  this:  Reschid  Pasha  will 
+address  the  Count  Nesselrode  a  note,  in  which  he  will  inclose  the  firmans 
+in which are  accorded to the Greek Christians,  subjects of the Sultan, more  10 
+privileges than even Russia had asked for them.  He will say many civil things 
+to  the Czar and assure him of the excellent disposition of the  Sultan towards 
+his  own  subjects, to whom  he  has  accorded  such and  such rights.  This  note 
+will  be  presented by  a Turkish  Ambassador,  and the affair will be at an end. 
+. ..  By the  10th of  September  the last Russian soldier will have  crossed the  15 
+Prath!" 
+
+On  the other hand, private letters from Vienna, alluding to the appearance 
+of  Russian  gun-boats  above  the  confluence  of  the  Pruth  and  the  Danube, 
+confirm  the  statement  given  in  my  last letter,  that  the  propositions  sent  to 
+St.  Petersburgh,  do  not include  at  all  the withdrawal of the Russian armies  20 
+from  the  Principalities,  that  they  emanate  from  the  Austrian  Cabinet,  to 
+whose  intervention  the  British  Ambassador  at  Vienna,  "that true  lover  of 
+harmony,"  had  appealed,  after  the  French  and  English proposals  had been 
+rejected  by  the  Czar;  and  that  they  afford  Russia  the  desired  opportunity 
+for  prolonging  negotiations  in  infinitum.  According  to  the  semi-official  25 
+Frankfort  Ober-Postamts-Zeitung,  Russia  has  only  permitted  Austria  to 
+enlighten  Turkey  with  regard  to  her  own  interests. 
+
+The  lately  published  Population  Returns  prove  the  slow  but  steady  de 
+
+crease of the population of Great Britain. In the quarter ending June,  1853, 
+the  number of deaths was 
+while  the  number  of births was 
+
+Nett increase  of births 
+
+as  far  as  the  registered  districts  are  concerned. 
+
+The  excess  of  births  over  deaths  in  the  United  Kingdom 
+
+is  assumed  to be 
+Number of emigrants  during the  Quarter 
+
+79,820 
+115,959 
+Excess  of  emigration  over  increase  of births 
+36,139 
+The  last  Return  showed  an  excess  of  emigration  over  births  of  only 
+
+30,000. 
+
+The  decrease  of  population,  resulting  from  emigration  coincides with an  40 
+
+unprecedented  increase  in the  powers  of  production  and capital.  When we 
+
+276 
+
+107,861 
+158,718 
+50,857 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+remember  Parson  Malthus  denying  emigration  any  such  influence,  and 
+imagining  he  had  established,  by  the  most  elaborate  calculations,  that the 
+united  navies  of  the  world  could  never  suffice  for  an  emigration  of  such 
+dimensions  as  were  likely  to  affect  in  any  way  the  overstocking  of human 
+beings,  the whole mystery of modern political economy is  unraveled to  our 
+eyes.  It consists  simply  in transforming transitory  social relations belonging 
+to  a  determined  epoch  of  history  and  corresponding with  a  given  state  of 
+material production, into eternal, general, never-changing laws, natural laws, 
+as  they  call  them.  The  thorough  transformation  of  the  social  relations  re 
+sulting from the revolutions and evolutions in the process of material produc 
+tion,  is  viewed  by  the  political  economists  as  a  mere  Utopia.  They  see  the 
+economical  limits  of  a given  epoch,  but  they  do  not understand  how these 
+limits  are  limited  themselves,  and  must  disappear  through  the  working  of 
+history,  as  they  have  been  created  by  it. 
+
+The  accounts  relating to  Trade  and  Navigation for  the  six  months  ending 
+July  5,  1853,  as  published  by  the  Board  of  Trade,  show in general  a great 
+increase  when  compared  with  the  exports,  imports,  and  shipping  in  the 
+corresponding  period  of  the  year  1852.  The  import  of  oxen,  bulls,  cows, 
+calves,  sheep  and  lambs  has  considerably  increased. 
+
+The  total  import  of  grains  amounted,  in  the 
+six  months  ending July  5th,  1852,  to 
+But  in  the  corresponding  months  of  1853,  to 
+The  total  imports  of  Flour  and Meal  amounted,  during 
+six  months  of  1852,  to 
+And  in  the  corresponding  months,  1853,  to 
+Total  imports  of  Coffee,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Coffee,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Wine,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Wine,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Eggs,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Eggs,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Potatoes,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Potatoes,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Flax,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Flax,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Raw  Silk,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Raw  Silk,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Cotton,  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Cotton,  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Wool,  (sheep  and  lambs)  1852 
+
+qrs. 
+qrs. 
+
+2,604,201 
+3,984,374 
+
+qrs. 
+qrs. 
+lbs. 
+lbs. 
+gals. 
+gals. 
+No. 
+No. 
+cwts. 
+cwts. 
+cwts. 
+cwts. 
+lbs. 
+lbs. 
+cwts. 
+cwts. 
+lbs. 
+
+1,931,363 
+2,577,340 
+19,397,185 
+21,908,954 
+2,850,862 
+4,581,300 
+64,418,591 
+67,631,380 
+189,410 
+713,941 
+410,876 
+627,173 
+2,354,690 
+2,909,733 
+4,935,317 
+5,134,680 
+26,916,002 
+
+277 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Total  imports  of  Wool,  (sheep  and  lambs)  1853 
+Total  imports  of  Hides,  (tanned)  1852 
+Total  imports  of  Hides,  (tanned)  1853 
+
+lbs. 
+lbs. 
+lbs. 
+
+40,189,398 
+1,075,207 
+3,604,769 
+
+A  decrease  is  found  in  cocoa,  guano,  unrefined  sugar,  tea, etc.  As  to  the 
+
+exports  we  find: 
+Those  of  Cotton  Manufactures  in  1852 
+Those  of  Cotton  Manufactures  in  1853 
+
+£11,386,491 
+13,155,679 
+
+As  to  cotton yarn—and the  same remark applies to linen and silk yarn—we 
+find  that  the  exported  quantity has  decreased,  but that the  declared  value 
+had  considerably  risen. 
+
+Linen  Manufactures,  1852 
+Linen  Manufactures,  1853 
+Silk Manufactures,  1852 
+Silk  Manufactures,  1853 
+Woolen  Manufactures,  1852 
+Woolen  Manufactures,  1853 
+Earthen  Ware  Manufactures,  1852 
+Earthen  Ware  Manufactures,  1853 
+Glass  Manufactures,  1852 
+Glass  Manufactures,  1853 
+Haberdashery  and  Millinery,  1852 
+Haberdashery  and  Millinery,  1853 
+Hardware  and  Cutlery,  1852 
+Hardware  and  Cutlery,  1853 
+Machinery,  1852 
+Machinery,  1853 
+Iron  Bars,  Bolts  and  Rods,  1852 
+Iron  Bars,  Bolts  and  Rods,  1853 
+Wrought  Iron,  1852 
+Wrought  Iron,  1853 
+Wire,  1852 
+Wire,  1853 
+
+£2,006,951 
+2,251,260 
+467,838 
+806,419 
+3,894,506 
+4,941,357 
+590,663 
+627,218 
+187,470 
+236,797 
+884,324 
+1,806,007 
+1,246,639 
+1,663,302 
+476,078 
+760,288 
+1,455,952 
+2,730,479 
+696,089 
+1,187,059 
+42,979 
+106,610 
+
+With regard to the imports of manufactures, the greatest increase is found 
+ih  shoes, boots  and gloves,  and the  greatest decrease in glass manufactures, 
+watches,  woolen  stuffs,  and  Indian  silk  manufactures.  With  regard  to  ex 
+ports,  the  increase  is  greatest  in linen,  silks, woolens  and metals.  As to the 
+importations  of  articles  of  consumption,  we  find  that, with the exception of 
+grains  and  cattle,  the  increase  in  nearly  all  articles  bears  witness  that  the 
+
+278 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+home  consumption of the higher and middle classes has advanced in a much 
+larger  proportion than  that  of  the  working  classes.  While,  for instance, the 
+consumption  of  wine  has  doubled,  the  consumption  of  cocoa,  unrefined 
+sugar,  and  tea  has  decidedly  retrograded. 
+
+5 
+
+Out  of  260 reports  on  the  wheat  crops  throughout  the  United  Kingdom, 
+only  25  speak  of the  crop  as  fine  and  abundant,  30  as  an  average one, and 
+above  200 reports  declare  it to be bad and  deficient.  Oats, barley and beans 
+are  expected  to  turn  out  less  unfavorable,  as  the  wet  has  benefitted  them; 
+but  the  potatoes  are  blighted  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Messrs.  J.  and 
+
+10  C. Sturge  & C o.  remark,  in their  last  circular  on the  wheat  crop: 
+
+"The  wheat  crop  on  the  aggregate  will  probably  be  the  least productive 
+of any since  1816, and unless the harvest of 1854 is very early, we may require 
+an  importation  of  all  kinds  of  grain  and  breadstuffs  greater  even  than  that 
+of  1847—probably  not  less  than  15,000,000  quarters—but  our  present prices 
+are  sufficient to induce imports to this extent, unless France should compete 
+with  us  in  the  producing  markets." 
+
+15 
+
+As  to  a  very  early  crop  in  1854,  there  seems  to  be  no  great prospect  of 
+that,  inasmuch  as  experience  has  shown that bad harvests  generally  follow 
+in succession just as the good ones; and the succession of good harvests since 
+20  1848  has  already been unusually long. That England will obtain a sufficient 
+supply  of  corn  from  foreign  countries  is,  perhaps,  pretty  sure; but that the 
+exportation of  her  manufactures  will, as Freetraders expect, keep pace with 
+the  importations  of  grains,  cannot, be  presumed.  The  probable  excess  of 
+importation  over  exportation  will,  besides,  be  accompanied by  a falling  off 
+in the home  consumption of manufactures.  Even now the bullion reserve in 
+the  Bank  of  England  is  decreasing  week  after  week,  and  has  sunk  to 
+£17,739,107. 
+
+25 
+
+The  House  of  Lords  in  its  sitting of  Friday last rejected  the  Combination 
+of  Workmen bill,  which had passed through the  Commons. This bill was but 
+a  new  interpretation  of  the  old  Combination-Act  of  1825, and intended, by 
+removing its  cumbrous and equivocal terminology^ to place the workingmen 
+on  a more equal footing with their employers, as far as the legality of combi 
+nation is concerned. The  sentimental lords who please themselves in treating 
+the  workingmen  as  their  humble  clients,  feel  exasperated  whenever  that 
+rabble  asks  for  rights  instead  of  sympathies.  The  so-called  Radical papers 
+have,  of  course,  eagerly  seized  on  this  opportunity  to  denounce  the  Lords 
+to  the  proletarians  as their  "hereditary  foes."  I  am far from  denying it.  But 
+let us  now  look at these  Radicals, the  "natural friends" of the  workingmen. 
+I  told  you  in  a  former  letter  that the  Manchester  master-spinners  and manu-
+facturers  were  getting up  an  association for  resisting  the  demands  of  their 
+"hands."  This  association  calls  itself  "an  association  for  the  purpose  of 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+279 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+aiding  the  trade  in  regulating  the  excitement  among  the  operatives  in  the 
+Manchester  district."  It  purports  to  have  been  formed  for  the  following 
+purposes: 
+
+" 1.  The  establishment  of  wages  for  various  operations  connected  with 
+spinning and weaving, similar to those paid in the other districts of the cotton 
+trade. 
+
+5 
+
+2. The  mutual  protection  of  its  members  in  the  payment  of  such  wages 
+against the resistance offered to them on the part of the operatives employed 
+by  them  respectively. 
+
+3. The securing to the operatives themselves the advantage of a uniformity 
+of  adequate  wages,  to  be  paid  to  them  throughout  town  and  neighbor 
+hood." 
+
+10 
+
+In  order  to  effect  these  purposes  they  have  resolved  to  set  up  a  whole 
+organization, by forming local associations  of master-spinners and manufac 
+turers,  with  a  central  committee.  "They  will  resist  all  demands  made  by  15 
+associated  bodies  of  mill-hands,  as  any  concession  to  them  would  be  in 
+jurious  to  employers,  operatives,  and  the  trade  generally."  They  will  not 
+allow the  machinery  set up  by  and  for themselves to be counterbalanced by 
+a similar machinery  set up  by their men. They intend fortifying the monopoly 
+of  capital  by  the  monopoly  of  combination.  They  will  dictate  terms  as  an  20 
+associated body.  But the  laborers  shall  only  dispute them in their individual 
+capacity.  They  will  attack  in  ranged  battle,  but  they  will  not  be  resisted, 
+except  in  single  fight.  This  is  "fat  competition, "  as  understood  by  the 
+Manchester  radicals  and  model  free  traders. 
+
+In  its  sitting of  Aug.  9,  the  House  of  Lords  had  to  decide  on the  fate  of  25 
+
+three  Ireland  Bills,  carried  through  the  Commons  after  ten  months  de 
+liberation, viz: the Landlord and Tenant Bill, removing the laws concerning 
+mortgages,  which  form  at  present  an  insuperable bar  to  the  effective  sale 
+of  the  smaller  estates  not  falling  under  the  Encumbered  Estates  Act;  the 
+Leasing Powers Bill,  amending  and  consolidating  more  than  sixty  acts of  30 
+Parliament  which prohibit  leases  to  be  entered  into for 21  years, regulating 
+the tenant's compensation for improvements in all instances where contracts 
+exist,  and  preventing  the  system  of  sub-letting;  lastly,  the  Tenant's  Im 
+provement  Compensation  Bill,  providing  compensation  for improvements 
+effected by the tenant in the  absence  of any contract with the landlord, and  35 
+containing  a  clause  for  the  retrospective  operation  of  this  provision.  The 
+House  of  Lords  could,  of  course,  not  object  to  parliamentary  interference 
+between  landlord  and tenant,  as  it  has  laden  the  statute book from the  time 
+of  Edward  TV  to  the  present  day,  with  acts  of  legislation  on  landlord  and 
+tenant,  and  as  its  very  existence  is  founded  on laws  meddling  with  landed  40 
+property,  as  for  instance  the  law of Entail.  This  time,  the noble lords  sitting 
+
+280 
+
+The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+10 
+
+as  Judges  on their own cause, allowed themselves to run into a passion quite 
+surprising  in  that  hospital  of  invalids.  "Such  a  bill,"  exclaimed  the  Earl  of 
+Clanricarde,  "as  the Tenants'  Compensation Bill,  such a total violation and 
+disregard  of  all  contracts,  was  never  before,  he  believed,  submitted  to 
+5  Parliament,  nor  had  he  ever  heard  of  any  government  having  ventured  to 
+propose  such  a  measure  as  was  carried  out  in  the  retrospective  clauses  of 
+the bill. " The Lords went as far as to threaten the Crown with the withdrawal 
+of their feudal allegiance, and to  hold out the prospect of  a landlord rebellion 
+in  Ireland.  "The  question,"  remarked  the  same nobleman,  "touched nearly 
+the  whole question of the loyalty and confidence of the landed proprietors 
+in  Ireland  in  the  Government  of  this  country.  If  they  saw  landed  property 
+in  Ireland  treated  in  such  a way,  he  would like  to  know  what was  to  secure 
+their  attachment  to  the  Crown,  and  their  obedience  to  its  supremacy?" 
+Gently, my lord, gently! What was to secure their obedience to the supremacy 
+15  of  the  Crown?  One  magistrate  and  two  constables.  A  landlord  rebellion  in 
+Great Britain!  Has  there  ever been  uttered amore monstrous  anachronism? 
+But for a long time the poor Lords have only lived upon anachronisms. They 
+naturally  encourage  themselves  to  resist the  House of Commons and public 
+opinion.  "Let not their lordships,"  said old Lord St.  Leonards,  "for the  sake 
+20  of  preventing  what  was  called  a  collision with  the  other  House,  or  for  the 
+sake  of popularity, or on  account of a pressure from without, pass imperfect 
+measures like  these."  "I do  not belong to  any party,"  exclaimed the  Earl of 
+Roden,  "but I  am highly  interested in the welfare of Ireland." That is to  say, 
+his  lordship  supposes  Ireland  to  be  highly  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the 
+25  Earl  of  Roden.  "This  is  no  party  question, but a Lords'  question,"  was the 
+unanimous shout of the House; and so it was. But between bothparties, Whig 
+Lords  and  Tory  Lords,  Coalition  Lords  and  Opposition  Lords,  there  has 
+existed  from  the  beginning a secret understanding to throw the bills  out, and 
+the  whole  impassioned  discussion  was  a  mere  farce,  performed  for  the 
+
+30  benefit  of  the  newspaper  reporters. 
+
+35 
+
+This  will  be  evident  when  we  remember  that  the  bills  which  formed  the 
+subject  of  so hot a controversy were originated, not by the Coalition Cabinet, 
+but by Mr. Napier, the Irish Attorney-General under the Derby Ministry, and 
+that the  Tories  at  the  last  elections  in  Ireland  appealed to the testimony  of 
+these  bills  introduced  by  them.  The  only  substantial  change  made  by  the 
+House  of  Commons  in  the  measures  introduced  by  the  Tory  Government 
+was  the  excluding  of  the  growing  crops  from  being  distrained  upon.  "The 
+bills  are  not the  same,"  exclaimed the Earl of Malmesbury, asking the Duke 
+of  Newcastle  whether  he  did  not  believe  him.  "Certainly  not,"  replied  the 
+40 Duke. "But whose assertion would you then believe?" "That of Mr. Napier," 
+answered  the  Duke.  "Now,"  said  the  Earl,  "here  is  a  letter  of Mr.  Napier, 
+
+281 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+stating that the bills  are not the  same."  "There,"  said the Duke,  "is  another 
+letter  of  Mr.  Napier,  stating  that  they  are." 
+
+If  the  Tories had remained in, the Coälition-lords would have opposed the 
+Ireland  Bills.  The  Coalition being in,  on the Tories fell the task of opposing 
+their  own  measures.  The  Coalition  having  inherited  these  bills  from  the 
+Tories  and  having  introduced  the  Irish  party  into  their  own  cabinet,  could 
+of course, not oppose the bills in the House of Commons ; but they were sure 
+of  their  being burked in the House  of  Lords.  The Duke  of  Newcastle  made 
+a  faint  resistance,  but  Lord  Aberdeen  declared  himself  contented  with  the 
+bills  passing formally through a  second reading, and being really thrown out  10 
+for  the  session. This accordingly was done.  Lord Derby, the chief of the late 
+ministry,  and  Lord  Lansdowne,  the  nominal  President  of  the  present 
+ministry, yet at the  same time one of the largest proprietors of land in Ireland, 
+managed,  wisely,  to  be  absent  from  indisposition. 
+
+5 
+
+On the  same day the House of Commons carried the Hackney Carriages  15 
+
+Duties  Bill through  the  third  reading,  renewing the  official price-regulations 
+of  the  17th  century,  and  accepting  the  clause  proposed  by  Mr. F. Scully, 
+which  subjects  cab proprietors'  strikes  to legal penalties.  We have  not now 
+to  settle  the  question of  state  interference  with  private  concerns.  We  have 
+only  to  state  that  this  passed  in  a free-trade  House.  But,  they  say,  that in  20 
+the  cab  trade  there  exists  monopoly  and  not  free  competition.  This  is  a 
+curious  sort  of  logic.  First they  subject  a  particular  trade  to  a  duty,  called 
+license,  and  to  special  police regulations, and then they affirm that, in virtue 
+of these  very burdens imposed upon it, the trade loses its free-trade character 
+and becomes  transformed into  a  state  monopoly. 
+
+25 
+
+The  Transportation  Bill  has  also  passed  through  Committee.  Except  a 
+small  number  of  convicts  who  will  continue  to  be  transported  to  Western 
+Australia,  the  penalty  of  transportation  is  abolished  by  this  bill.  After  a 
+certain period of preliminary imprisonment the  offenders will receive tickets 
+of leave in Great Britain, liable to be revoked, and then they will be employed 30 
+on the  public  works  at wages to be  determined by Government. The philan 
+thropic  object  of  the  latter  clause  is  the  erection  of  an  artificial  surplus  in 
+the  labor  market  by  drawing forced convict-labor into competition with free 
+labor;  the  same  philanthropists  forbidding  the  workhouse  paupers  all  sort 
+of productive labor from fear of creating competition with private capital. 
+
+35 
+
+The London Press, a weekly journal, inspired by Mr.  Disraeli, and certainly 
+the  best informed paper as far as ministerial mysteries are concerned, made, 
+on  Saturday  last,  and  accordingly  before  the  arrival  of  the  Petersburg  dis 
+patch,  the  following  curious  statement: 
+
+"We are informed, that in their private and confidential circles, the minis-  40 
+
+ters  declare  that  there  is  not  only  now  no  danger  of war,  but that the  peril, 
+
+282 
+
+The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+5 
+
+if it ever existed, has long been averted. It seems that the proposition formally 
+forwarded to St.  Petersburg,  had been previously  approved by the  Emperor; 
+and while the British Government assume in public countenance a tone which 
+is  exercising  a  deleterious  influence  on  the  trade  of  the  country, in private 
+t h ey  treat  the  panic  as  a  hoax,  scoff  at  any  idea  of  war  having  ever  been 
+seriously  contemplated  by  any  power,  and  speak  of  the  misunderstanding 
+in  question  'as  a thing  that  has  been  settled  these  three weeks.' What does 
+all  this  mean,  what  is  the  mystery  of  all this  conduct?  . ..  The propositions 
+now  at St.  Petersburg, and which were  approved by the Emperor before they 
+10 were transmitted to St. Petersburg, involve a complete concession by Turkey 
+to  Russia  of  all  those  demands,  a  resistance  to  which  brought  about  the 
+present  war  between these  two  countries.  Those  demands  were  resisted by 
+the  Porte  under  the  counsel  and  at  the  special  instigation  of  England  and 
+France.  By the advice  and  special instigation of England  and France, those 
+15  demands,  according  to  this  project,  are  now  to  be  complied  with.  There  is 
+some  change  of  form,  but  there  is  nothing  material  in  that  change.  The 
+Emperor  of  Russia,  in virtually  establishing the Protectorate  over the  great 
+bulk  of  the  population  of  European  Turkey,  is  to  declare,  that  in  so  doing 
+he  has  no  wish  to  impugn the  sovereign rights  of  the  Sultan.  Magnanimous 
+
+20  admission!" 
+
+Royalty  in  Great  Britain  is  supposed  to  be  only  a  nominal  power,  an 
+assumption which accounts for the peace all parties keep with it. If you were 
+to  ask  a Radical why  his  party  abstained  from  attacking the  prerogatives  of 
+the  Crown,  he  would  answer  you:  It  is  a  mere  State  decoration  which  we 
+25  don't care  about. He would tell you that Queen Victoria has only once dared 
+to  have  a  will  of  her  own,  at  the  time  of  the  famous  bed  chambermaid's 
+catastrophe,  when  she  insisted  upon  retaining  her  female  Whig  entourage, 
+but  was  forced  to  yield  to  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  dismiss  it.  Various  circum 
+stances,  however,  connected  with  the  Oriental  question—the  inexplicable 
+
+30  policy  of  the  Ministry,  the  denunciations  of foreign journals,  and the  suc 
+cessive  arrival of Russian princes and princesses, at a moment when England 
+was  supposed to  be  on the  eve  of  a war  with the  Autocrat—have  accredited 
+the  rumor  that there  existed,  during  the  whole  epoch  of the  Eastern crisis, 
+a  Court  conspiracy  with  Russia,  sustaining  the good old Aberdeen in office, 
+35  paralyzing  the  showy  alliance  with  France,  and  counteracting  the  official 
+resistance  to  Russian encroachments.  The  Portuguese  counter revolution is 
+hinted  at,  which  was  enforced  by  an  English  fleet,  for  the  sole  interest  of 
+the  Coburg  family.  It  is  iterated  that  Lord  Palmerston,  too,  had  been  dis 
+missed  from  the  Foreign  Office  in  consequence  of  Court  intrigues.  The 
+40  notorious  friendship  between  the  Queen  and  the  Duchess  of  Orleans  is 
+alluded  to.  It  is  remembered  that  the  Royal  Consort  is  a  Coburg,  that  the 
+
+283 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Queen's  uncle  is  another Coburg, highly interested as  King of  Belgium  and 
+as  the  son-in-law  of  Louis  Philippe,  in  the  fall  of  Bonaparte,  and  officially 
+received into the circle of the Holy Alliance, by the marriage of his  son with 
+an  Austrian  Archduchess.  Lastly,  the  reception  which  the  Russian guests 
+meet with, is contrasted with the imprisonment and chicanery English travel- 
+ers  lately  met  with  in  Russia. 
+
+5 
+
+The Paris  Siècle some weeks  ago denounced the English Court. A German 
+paper dwelt on the  Coburg-Orleans  conspiracy, which, for the sake of family 
+interests,  had,  through  the  medium  of  King  Leopold  and  Prince  Albert, 
+enforced upon the English Ministry a Une of policy dangerous to the Western  10 
+nations,  and  fostering  the  secret  intentions  of Russia.  The  Brussels  Nation 
+had  a  long  report of  a  Cabinet  Council held  at  London,  in which the  Queen 
+had formally declared that Bonaparte, by his pretensions to the Holy Shrines, 
+had  been  the  only  cause  of  the  present complications, that the  Emperor of 
+Russia wished  less  to  humiliate  Turkey than  his  French rival,  and that she  15 
+would  never give  her Royal assent to any war against Russia for the interest 
+of  a  Bonaparte. 
+
+These  rumors  have been delicately alluded to by  The Morning Advertiser, 
+and  have  found  a  loud echo  in the  public,  and a cautious  one in the  weekly 
+press. 
+
+20 
+
+"Without  desiring,"  says  The  Leader,  "to  put constructions  too  wide,  let 
+us  simply  observe  facts.  The  Princess  Olga  has  come  to  England  with  her 
+husband,  and her  sister, the  Duchess of  Leuchtenberg, the  Emperor's most 
+diplomatic  daughter.  She  has  been  received  by  Baron Brunnow,  and  she  is 
+at  once  welcomed  at Court,  and  surrounded by the representatives  of good  25 
+society  in  England,  Lord  Aberdeen  being  among  that  number."  Even  The 
+Examiner,  the  first  of  the  first-rate  London  weekly  papers,  announces  the 
+arrival  of  these  guests  under  the  laconic  rubric  "More Russians.  " In  one  of 
+its leaders we find the remark,  "No earthly reason now exists why the Peace 
+Society  should  not  reappear  before  the  world,  in  the  most  approved form,  30 
+under the patronage of His Royal Highness, Prince Albert." A more direct 
+allusion  is  not  allowable  in  a  journal  of  the  standing  of  The  Examiner.  It 
+concludes  the  article  from  which  I  quote  by  contrasting  the  English 
+Monarchy  with  the  Transatlantic  Republic:  "If  the  Americans  should  be 
+ambitious to seize the place we once held in Europe, that is no affair of ours.  35 
+Let them reap the present honor and ultimate  advantage of enforcing the law 
+of  nations,  and  of  being  reverenced  as  the  protectors  of  the  feeble  against 
+the  strong.  England is content, provided only Consols be at par, and her own 
+coasts  secure  against  any  immediate  attack  of  a  foreign  army." 
+
+On a vote of £5,820, to defray the charge of works, repairs, furniture, etc.,  40 
+
+at the  residence  of the  British  Ambassador  at Paris, for the year ending 31st 
+
+284 
+
+The  War  Question—British  Population  and  Trade  Returns—Doings  of  Parliament 
+
+5 
+
+March,  1854, being proposed, Mr. Wise asked what had become of the £1,100 
+a year,  voted for the last thirty years, in order to keep in repair the residence 
+of  the  British Ambassador  at Paris.  Sir  William  Molesworth was  compelled 
+to  own  that  the  public  money  had  been  misapplied,  and  that,  according  to 
+the  architect  Albano,  sent  by  Government  to  Paris,  the  residence  of  the 
+British  Ambassador  was  in  a  most  dilapidated  state.  The  verandah  around 
+the  house  had  fallen  in;  the  walls  were  in  a  state  of  decay;  the  house  had 
+not been painted for several years; the  staircases were unsafe; the cesspools 
+were  exhaling  a  most  offensive  effluvium;  the  rooms  were  full  of  vermin, 
+10  which were  nirming over the tables,  and maggots were in every place on the 
+furniture  and  on the  curtains,  while  the  carpets  were  stained by the  dirt of 
+dogs  and  cats. 
+
+Lord Palmerston's  Smoke Nuisance Suppression Bill has passed a second 
+reading. This  measure once carried, the metropolis will assume anew aspect, 
+15  and  there will remain no dirty houses in London, except the House of Lords 
+
+and  the  House  of  Commons. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+285 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+U r q u h a r t — B e r n — T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i on 
+
+in  t he  H o u se  of  L o r ds 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3862, 2. September 1853 
+
+Urquhart—Bern—The Turkish Question 
+in the  House  of  Lords. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday,  August  16,  1853. 
+
+David  Urquhart  has  published  four  letters  on  the  Oriental  question,  pur- 
+porting  to  expose  four  delusions—firstly,  that  regarding  the  identity  of  the 
+Oriental  and  Russian  Churches;  secondly,  of  there  being  a  diplomatica! 
+contest  between England  and Russia; thirdly,  of there being  a possibility of 
+war  between  England  and  Russia;  and  lastly,  the delusion of union between 
+England  and  France.  As  I  intend  to  recur  another  time  more fully to these  10 
+letters,  I  confine myself for the present to  communicating to you the follow 
+ing  letter  addressed  by  Bern  to  Rechid  Pasha,  a letter  published for the first 
+time  by  Mr.  Urquhart. 
+
+5 
+
+"Monseigneur!  Not  seeing  the  order  arrive  to  command  my  presence  at 
+Constantinople, I conceive it to be my duty to address to your Highness some  15 
+considerations  which  appear  to  me  to  be  urgent.  I  commence  by declaring 
+that  the  Turkish  troops  which  I  have  seen,  cavalry,  infantry,  and  field 
+artillery,  are  excellent.  In bearing, instruction, and military  spirit, there  can 
+be  no  better. The horses  surpass those of any European cavalry.  That which 
+is  inappreciable  is  the  desire  felt  by  all  the  officers  and  all  the  soldiers  to  20 
+fight  against  Russia.  With  such  troops  I  would  willingly  engage to  attack a 
+Russian force  double  their  number,  and  I  should  be  victorious.  And  as  the 
+Ottoman  Empire  can  march  against  the  Russians  more  troops  than  that 
+Power  can  oppose  to  them, it is  evident that the  Sultan may have  the  satis 
+faction  to  see  restored  to  his  sceptre  all  the  Provinces  treacherously  25 
+withdrawn  from  his  ancestors  by  the  Czars  of  Moscow  . ..  Bern." 
+
+The  Austrian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  has  sent  to  all  the  European 
+
+286 
+
+Urquhart—Bern—The  Turkish  Question  in  the  House  of  Lords 
+
+Courts  a  note  relative  to  the  conduct  of  the  American  frigate  St.  Louis, in 
+the  Koszta  affair,  denouncing the  American policy  in  general.  Austria con 
+tends that  she  has the right to kidnap foreigners from the territory of a neutral 
+power, while the United States have no right to commence hostilities in order 
+to  defend them. 
+
+5 
+
+On  Friday,  in  the House of Lords, the Earl of Malmesbury did not inquire 
+into the mystery of the Vienna Conference,  or of the propositions forwarded 
+by  it  to  the  Czar,  nor  did  he  inquire  as  to the  present  state of transactions. 
+His  curiosity  was  rather of a retrospective  and  antiquarian character.  What 
+10  he moved for was  "simple translations" of the two manifestos addressed by 
+the  Emperor,  in  May and June,  to  his  diplomatical agents,  and published in 
+the  Sr.  Petersburg Gazette,  and  also  "for  any answer which Her Majesty's 
+Government  might have  sent to the  statements therein contained." The Earl 
+of  Malmesbury  is  no  ancient  Roman.  Nothing  could  be  more  repulsive  to 
+15  his  feelings  than  the  Roman  manner  of  openly  examining  foreign  Am 
+bassadors  amid  the  patres  conscripti.  The  two  Russian circulars  he  stated 
+himself  to  "have  been  published  openly  to  all  Europe  by  the  Emperor  of 
+Russia in his own language, and have also appeared in the English and French 
+languages,  in the  public prints."  What possible good, then, could result from 
+translating  them  again from  the  language  of  the writers  of the public prints 
+into  the  language  of  the  clerks  of the  foreign  office?  "The  French  Govern 
+ment  did  answer  the  circulars  immediately  and  ably  . ..  The  English reply, 
+as  we  are  told,  was  made  soon  after  that of the  French  Government."  The 
+Earl  of  Malmesbury  was  anxious  to  know  how  the  indifferent prose  of  M. 
+25  Drouyn de l'Huys might look when translated into the noble prose of the Earl 
+
+20 
+
+of  Clarendon. 
+
+He  felt  himself  bound  to  remind  "his  noble  friend  opposite,"  that  John 
+Bull,  after  thirty  years  of  peace,  of  commercial  habits,  and  of  industrial 
+pursuits,  had  become  "somewhat  nervous"  with regard to  war,  and that this 
+30  nervosity had,  since the month of March last, "increased from the continued 
+and  lengthened  mystery  which  the  Government  have  drawn  over  their 
+operations  and  negotiations."  In  the  interest  of  peace,  therefore,  Lord 
+Malmesbury  interpellates,  but in the  same interest of peace the Government 
+keeps  silence. 
+
+35 
+
+The  first  signs  of  aggression  of  Russia on  European Turkey  no  one was 
+more  annoyed  at than the  noble  Earl himself.  He  had never  suspected  such 
+a  thing  as  Russian  designs  upon  Turkey.  He  would  not  believe  in what  he 
+saw.  There  was  above  all "the honor of the Emperor of Russia." But did the 
+aggrandizement of his Empire ever damage the honor of an Emperor? There 
+40  was  "his  conservative  policy  which  he  had emphatically proved during the 
+revolutions  of  1848."  Indeed,  the  Autocrat  did  not  join  in  the  wickedness 
+
+287 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  those  revolutions.  Especially,  in  1852,  when  the  noble  Earl  held  the 
+Foreign  office  "it  was  impossible  for  any  Sovereign to  give  more  repeated 
+assurances,  or  to  show  a  more  sincere  interest  in  the  maintenance  of  the 
+treaties  by  which  Europe  is  bound,  and  the  maintenance  of  the  territorial 
+arrangements  which  have  existed  for the  happiness  of Europe for so  many 
+years."  Certainly, when the Baron Brunnow induced the Earl of Malmesbury 
+to sign the treaty of 8th May,  1852, with regard to the succession of the Danish 
+throne,  he  caught him with repeated assurances as to the foible of his august 
+master  for existing treaties; and when he persuaded him, at the time the Earl 
+hailed the usurpation of Bonaparte, to enter into a secret alliance with Russia, 10 
+Prussia,  and  Austria  against this  same  Bonaparte, he  made  a great  show  of 
+his  sincere  interest  in  the  maintenance  of  the  existing  territorial  arrange 
+ments. 
+
+5 
+
+In  order  to  account  for  the  sudden  and  unexpected  change  which  has 
+overcome  the  Emperor  of  Russia, the  Earl of Malmesbury then enters into  15 
+a  psychological  analysis  of  "the  new  impressions  made  on  the  Emperor of 
+Russia's mind." The "feelings" of the Emperor, he ventures to affirm, "were 
+irritated  at  the  conduct  of  the  French  Government  in  regard  to  the  Holy 
+Shrines  in  Palestine."  Bonaparte,  it  is  true,  in  order  to  allay those irritated 
+feelings,  dispatched  M.  de  la  Cour  to  Constantinople,  "a man of  singularly  20 
+mild  and  conciliatory  conduct."  But  says  the  Earl,  "it  appears  that  in  the 
+Emperor  of  Russia's  mind, what had passed had  not been effaced,"  and that 
+there  remained  a  residue  of  bitter  feeling  with  regard  to  France.  M.  De  la 
+Cour,  it  must  be  confessed,  settled  the  question  finally  and  satisfactorily, 
+before  Prince  Menchikoff's  arrival at Constantinople.  "Still the impression  25 
+on the mind of the Russian Emperor remained unaltered." So strong was this 
+impression,  and  the  mental  aberration  resulting  from  it,  "that the  Emperor 
+still  suspected  the  Turkish  Government  of  wishing  to  impose  upon  Russia 
+conditions which she had no right to impose." The Earl of Malmesbury owns 
+that  it  is  "impossible"  not  only  for  "any  human  being,"  but  even  for  an  30 
+English  Lord,  to  "read  the  human  mind;"  nevertheless,  "he  cannot  help 
+thinking that he  can  account for those  strange  impressions  effected upon the 
+Emperor  of  Russia's  mind."  The  moment,  he  says,  had  arrived,  which  the 
+Russian  population  had  been  taught  for  many  generations  to  look  forward 
+to  as  the  "predestinated  epoch  of  their  obtaining  Constantinople,  and  re-  35 
+storing  the  Byzantine  Empire."  Now  he  supposes  "these  feelings"  to  have 
+been  shared  by  "the  present  Emperor."  Originally,  the  sagacious  Earl  in 
+tended  to  explain  the  Emperor's  obstinate  suspicion,  that  the  Turkish 
+government wanted to  hurt him in his  rights,  and now  he  informs  us that he 
+suspected  Turkey,  because  he  thought  the  proper  moment to  have  arrived  40 
+of  swallowing  her.  Arrived  at  this  point  the  noble  Earl  had  necessarily  to 
+
+288 
+
+r 
+
+Urquhart—Bern—The  Turkish  Question  in  the  House  of  Lords 
+
+change  the  course  of  his  deductions.  Instead  of  accounting  for  the  new 
+impressions  on  the  Emperor  of  Russia's  mind  which  altered  the  old  cir 
+cumstances,  he  accounts  now  for  the  circumstances,  which  restrained  for 
+some time the ambitious mind and the old traditional feeling of the Czar, from 
+"giving way to temptation." These circumstances resolve themselves in the 
+one  great fact,  that at one  period the Earl of Malmesbury was "in,"  and that 
+at  the  other  period  he  was  "out." 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+When  "in"  he was  the first, not only to  acknowledge  Boustrapa, but also 
+to  apologize for his  perjury, his murders, and his usurpation. But, then, "the 
+10  newspapers  of  the  day continually found fault with what they  called  a  sub 
+servient and cringing policy to the French Emperor." The Coalition Ministry 
+came, and with it Sir J. Graham and Sir Charles Wood, "condemning at public 
+meetings  the  policy  and character  of the  French  Emperor,  and  condemning 
+the French people,  too, for the choice of this prince as their sovereign. " Then 
+followed the  Montenegro affair, and the coalition "allowing Austria to insist 
+on  the  Sultan  giving up any further coercion of the rebellious  Montenegrins, 
+and  not even  securing to the Turkish army a safe  and peaceable retreat, thus 
+causing Turkey a loss of from  1,500 to  2,000 men. " At a later period the recall 
+of  Col.  Rose  from  Constantinople,  the  refusal  of the  British Government to 
+20  order  simultaneously with  France  their  fleet  to  Besika  Bay  or  Smyrna—all 
+these  circumstances  together,  produced  the  impression  on  the  Emperor of 
+Russia's  mind  that the people  and  the  Government of  England  were  hostile 
+to  the  French  Emperor,  and  that no true  alliance was  possible between  the 
+two  countries. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+Having  thus  traced  with  a  delicacy  worthy  of  a  romance-writer,  who 
+analyzes  the  undulating  feelings  of  his  heroine,  the  succession  of  cir 
+cumstances  belaboring  the  Emperor  of  Russia's  impressionable  mind  and 
+seducing him from the path of virtue, the Earl of Malmesbury flatters himself 
+to  have  broken  through  the  prejudices  and  antipathies  which had  alienated 
+for  centuries  the  French  from the  English people by bis  close  alliance with 
+the  oppressor  of  the  French  people,  he  congratulates  the  present  Govern 
+ment upon having  inherited from him the intimate alliance with the Western 
+Czar,  and  upon  having  reaped  where  the  Tories  had  sown.  He forgets  that 
+it is  exactly this intimate alliance under the auspices of which the Sultan has 
+35  been sacrificed to Russia, the Coalition being backed by the French Emperor, 
+while  the  French  Soulouque  eagerly  seizes  the  opportunity  of  slipping  on 
+the  shoulders of the Mussulman into a sort of Vienna Congress and becoming 
+respectable.  In  the  same  breath  in  which  he  congratulates  the  Ministry  on 
+their  close  alliance  with Bonaparte,  he denounces the very policy which has 
+been  the  fruit  of  that  mésalliance. 
+
+40 
+
+We  shall  not  follow  the  Earl  in  his  expectorations  on  the  importance  of 
+
+289 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Turkish integrity, in his denial of her decay, in his repudiation of the Russian 
+religious  Protectorate,  nor  in  his  reproaches  to  the  Government  for  not 
+having declared the invasion of the Principalities  a casus belli,  and for not 
+having  answered  the  crossing of  the  Pruth by  sending out their fleet. He has 
+nothing  new  except  the  following  letter,  "perfectly  unsurpassed  for  in 
+solence,"  addressed  by  Prince  Menchikoff  to  Rechid  Pasha  on  the  eve  of 
+his  departure  from  Constantinople: 
+
+"Bujukdere,  May  9,  (21st.) 
+
+the  Eastern  Church,  which, 
+
+At  the  moment  of  departure  from  Constantinople,  the  undersigned  am 
+bassador of Russia, has  learnt that the Sublime Porte manifested its intention 
+to  proclaim  a  guaranty  for  the  exercise  of  the  spiritual  rights  vested in the 
+clergy  of 
+in  fact,  renders  doubtful  the 
+maintenance of the other privileges which that Church enjoys. Whatever may 
+be  the  motive  of  this  determination,  the  undersigned  is  under the  necessity 
+of informing his  Highness,  the  Minister of  Foreign Affairs, that a declaration 
+or  any  other  act, which,  although it may preserve  the  integrity of the purely 
+spiritual rights of the orthodox Eastern Church, tends to invalidate the other 
+rights,  privileges  and  immunities  accorded  to  her  religion  and  clergy, from 
+the  most  ancient  times,  and  which  they  enjoy  at  the  present  moment,  will 
+be  considered  by  the  Imperial  Cabinet  as  an  act  of  hostility  to  Russia  and 
+to  her  religion. 
+
+The  undersigned  begs,  etc. 
+
+Menchikoffr 
+
+The  Earl  of  Malmesbury  "could  hardly  believe  that  the  Russian  Emperor 
+countenanced  the  conduct  of  Prince  Menchikoff,  or the  manner in which he 
+acted,"  a  doubt  confirmed  by  Nesselrode's  notes  following  Menchikoff's 
+departure,  and  the  Russian  army  following  Nesselrode's  notes. 
+
+The  "silent"  Clarendon,  "painful  as  it  was  to  him,"  was  obliged  "to  give 
+the  same  answer over and over again," viz:  to give no  answer  at all. He felt 
+it  "his  public  duty not to  say  a word" which he had not already  said, of "not 
+laying  any  communication  before  them,  and  of not producing  any  separate 
+dispatch. " The noble Earl accordingly gave not one iota of information which 
+we  did  not  know  before.  His principal aim was to  establish that,  during the 
+whole  time  that  the  Austrian  and  Russian  Cabinets  were  making  their  en 
+croachments, he  was in "constant communication"  with them. Thus he was 
+in  constant  communication  with  the  Austrian  Government  when  it  sent 
+Prince Leiningen to Constantinople and its troops to the frontier, "because," 
+at least this,  says the innocent Clarendon, was the  "reason given"—"because 
+it  apprehended  an  outbreak  of  its  own  subjects  on  the  frontier."  After the 
+
+290 
+
+Urquhart—Bern—The  Turkish  Question  in  the  House  of  Lords 
+
+5 
+
+Sultan  had  yielded  to  Austria,  by  withdrawing  his  force,  the  energetic 
+Clarendon  "was  again in communication  with Austria, in order to insure the 
+full  execution of  the  treaty."  "I  believe,"  continues  the  credulous  Lord,  "it 
+was  carried  out,  for the  Austrian  Government  assured us  that  such  was  the 
+case."  Very  good,  my  Lord!  As  to  the  entente  cordiale with France, it had 
+ever existed  since  1815! As to the part the French and English Governments 
+took  "with respect to  the  sending of  their  respective  fleets,"  there  "was not 
+a  shade  of  difference."  Bonaparte  ordered  his  fleet  to  proceed to  Salamis, 
+"believing  that  danger  was  imminent,"  and,  "although  he  (Clarendon)  told 
+10  him  the  danger  was  not  so  imminent,  and  that  for  the  moment it  was  not 
+necessary  for  the  French  fleet  to  leave  the  French  ports,  he  ordered  the 
+French  fleet  to  leave  them;  but this  circumstance  did not make the  slightest 
+difference  because it was much more handy and more advantageous to have 
+one  fleet  at  Salamis  and  the  other  at  Malta,  than  to  have  one  at  Malta and 
+the  other  at  Toulon."  Lord  Clarendon  further  states  that  throughout  the 
+insolent  pressure  of  Prince  Menchikoff  on  the  Porte  "it  was  a  matter  of 
+satisfaction  that the  fleet was  not ordered out because no one could  say that 
+the Turkish government acted under their dictation."  After what has passed, 
+it  is  indeed  probable,  that,  had  the  fleet  then  been  ordered  out,  the  Sultan 
+20  would have been forced to draw in. As to Menchikoff's "valedictory letter," 
+Clarendon  owned  it  to  be  correct,  "but  such  language  in  diplomatic  ne 
+gotiations with governments  was, fortunately, rare, and he hoped would long 
+remain  so."  As to  the  invasion of the  Principalities, the  English and  French 
+governments  "advised  the  Sultan  to  waive  his  undoubted  right  of  treating 
+the occupation of the Principalities as a casus belli." 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+As  to  the  negotiations  yet pending,  all he  would  say was that, "an official 
+communication had been received this morning from Sir Hamilton Seymour, 
+that  the  propositions  agreed  upon  by  the  Ambassadors  at Vienna, if slightly 
+modified,  would  be  received  at  St.  Petersburgh."  As  to  the  terms  of  the 
+settlement,  he  would  rather  die  than let them  slip  out. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  noble  Lord  was  responded  to  by  Lord  Beaumont,  the  Earl  of 
+Hardwicke, the  Marquis of Clanricarde, and the Earl of Ellenborough. There 
+was  not one single voice to felicitate her Majesty's Government on the course 
+pursued  in  these  negotiations.  There  were  very  great  apprehensions  on  all 
+sides that the ministerial policy had been the wrong way; that they had acted 
+as  mediators  in behalf of Russia, instead of as  defenders of Turkey, and that 
+an early  display  of firmness  on  the  part of  England and  France, would have 
+placed  them  in  a  better  position  than  that  which  they  now  hold.  The  old 
+obstinate  Aberdeen  answered  them,  that  "it was .easy  to  speculate  on what. 
+40  would  have  been the  case,  after the  event had occurred; to  say what might 
+have been the case, had they followed a different course." However, his most 
+
+291 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+startling  and important  statement was the following:  "Their Lordships must 
+be  aware that they were not bound by any treaty.  He denied that this country 
+was  bound by the  stipulations  of  any treaty to take  part in any hostilities in 
+support  of  the  Turkish  Empire." 
+
+The  Emperor  of  Russia,  when  England  and  France  first  showed  then-
+disposition  to  meddle  with the  pending Turkish affair, utterly repudiated the 
+binding force  of the treaty of  1841  upon his own dealings with the Porte, and 
+the  right  of  interposition  resulting  therefrom  on  the  part  of  the  Western 
+Cabinets.  At  the  same  time  he  insisted upon the  exclusion  of  the  ships  of 
+war  of  the  other  Powers  from  the  Dardanelles,  in virtue  of the  same treaty 
+of  1841.  Now, Lord Aberdeen,  in open and  solemn assembly of Parliament, 
+endorses  this  arrogant  interpretation  of  a treaty  which is  only respected by 
+the  Autocrat when  it  excludes  Great  Britain  from  the  Euxine. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+292 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  Q u e s t i on 
+
+in  t he  C o m m o ns 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3862,  2. September  1853 
+
+The Turkish Question in the Commons. 
+
+London, Friday, Aug.  19,  1853. 
+
+Correspondence  of  the  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+5 
+
+Lord  John  Russell  having  postponed his  explanations  on the  Turkish  ques-
+tion  again  and  again,  till  at  last,  the  last  week of the  Parliamentary  session 
+had happily arrived, came  suddenly forward on Monday last, and gave notice 
+that he  would  make  his  long  deferred  statement on Tuesday.  The noble lord 
+had  ascertained  that  Mr.  Disraeli  had  left  London  on  Monday  morning.  In 
+the  same  manner  Sir Charles  Wood, when he  knew  Sir J. Pakington  and his 
+10  partisans  to  be  out  of  the  House,  suddenly  brought  in  his  India  Bill,  as 
+amended by the House of Lords, and carried, in a thin house without division, 
+the  re-enactment of  the  Salt-Monopoly.  Such mean  and  petty  tricks  are  the 
+nerves  and  sinews  of  Whig Parliamentary  tactics. 
+
+15 
+
+The  Eastern  question  in  the  House  of  Commons,  was  a most interesting 
+spectacle.  Lord  J.Russell  opened  the  performances  in  a  tone  quite  con 
+formed  to  the  part  he  had  to  play.  This  diminutive  earthman,  supposed  to 
+be  the  last  representative  of  the  once  powerful Whig tribe,  spoke in a dull, 
+low,  dry,  monotonous,  and  barren-spirited manner—not like  a Minister,  but 
+like  a  police  reporter,  who  mitigates  the  horrors  of  his  tale  by  the  trivial, 
+20  common-place, and business-like  style in which he relates  it.  He offered no 
+"apology,"  but  he  made  a  confession.  If  there  was  any  redeeming  feature 
+in  his  speech,  it  was  its  stiffness  itself,  which  seemed  intended  to  conceal 
+some  painful  impressions  laboring  in  the  little  man.  Even  the  inevitable 
+phrase of  "the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire," sounded 
+like  an  old  reminiscence,  recurring,  by  some  inadvertence,  in  a  funeral 
+oration  over  that  same  Empire.  The  impression  produced  by  this  speech, 
+which  purported  to  announce  the  settlement  of  the  Eastern  complication, 
+
+25 
+
+293 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+may be judged from the fact that, as soon as transmitted by telegraph to Paris, 
+the  funds  fell  immediately. 
+
+5 
+
+Lord  John was  right  in  stating  that he  had  not to defend the Government, 
+the  Government not having been attacked; on the contrary, every disposition 
+had been  shown on the  part of the  House  to  leave  negotiations  in the hands 
+of  the  Executive.  Indeed  no  motion  has  been  put  by  any  member  of  Par 
+liament  to  force  discussion upon Ministers,  and  there  has not been held any 
+meeting  out  of  the  House  to  force  such  a  motion  upon  members  of  Par 
+liament.  If  the  ministerial policy  has  been one  of  secrecy and mystification, 
+it  was  so  with the  silent consent  of  Parliament  and of the  public.  As to the  10 
+withholding  of  documents  while  negotiations  were  pending,  Lord  John 
+asserted  it  to  be  an  eternal  law  established  by  parliamentary  tradition.  It 
+would  be  tedious  to  follow  him  in  the  narration  of  events  familiar  to 
+everybody,  and infused  with no new life by his manner of rather enumerating 
+than  reciting  them.  There  are,  however,  some  important points  Lord  John  15 
+was  the  first  officially  to  confirm. 
+
+Before  Prince  Menchikoff's  arrival  at  Constantinople  the  Russian  Am 
+bassador  informed Lord John that the Czar intended to  send a special mission 
+to  Constantinople  with  propositions  relating  exclusively  to  the  Holy Cross 
+and the  immunities  of the  Greek Church connected with them. The British  20 
+Ambassador at St. Petersburg, and the British government at home suspected 
+no  other  intention  on  the  part  of  Russia.  It  was  not  until  the  beginning  of 
+March,  when  the  Turkish  Minister  informed  Lord  Stratford  (Mr.  Layard, 
+however,  affirms  that  Colonel  Rose  and  many  other  persons  at  Constan 
+tinople  were  already  initiated  in  the  secret)  that  Prince  Menchikoff  had  25 
+proposed  a  secret treaty  incompatible  with  Turkish independence,  and that 
+he  had  declared  it  to  be  the  intention  of  Russia  to  consider  any  communi 
+cation  of  the  fact  to  either  France  or  England  as  an  act  of  direct  hostility 
+against  Russia.  It  was  known  at  the  same  time,  not  from  mere  rumor,  but 
+from authentic reports  that Russia was accumulating great masses of troops  30 
+on  the  frontiers  of  Turkey  and  at  Odessa. 
+
+As to the note forwarded by the Vienna Conference to the Czar, and agreed 
+upon  by  him,  it  had  been  prepared  at  Paris  by  M. Drouyn  de  l'Huys,  who 
+took  the  reply of Rechid  Pasha to  the  last Russian note  for  his  basis.  It was 
+afterward  taken  up,  in an altered form, by  Austria,  as her own proposition,  35 
+on the 24th July, and received its final touch on the 31 st of July. The Austrian 
+Minister  having  previously  communicated  it to  the  Russian  Ambassador  at 
+Vienna, it was already, on the 24th, conveyed to St. Petersburg before it was 
+finally  arranged,  and it was  not  sent to  Constantinople  till the  2d of August, 
+when  the  Czar  had  already  agreed  to  it.  Thus, after all, it is a Russian note  40 
+addressed  through the  means  of  the  Four  Powers  to  the  Sultan,  instead of 
+
+294 
+
+The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+5 
+
+a note of the Four Powers addressed to Russia and Turkey. Lord John Russell 
+states  that  this  note  has  "not the  exact form  of Prince Menchikoff's note" 
+owning  thereby  that  it  has  its  exact contents.  To  leave  no  doubt behind,  he 
+adds:  "The Emperor considers that his objects will be attained. " T he draft 
+contains  not  even  an  allusion  to  the  evacuation  of  the  Principahties. 
+"Supposing that note," says Lord John, "to be finally agreed upon by Russia 
+and Turkey,  there  will still remain  the great question of the evacuation of 
+the  Principalities."  He  adds  at  the  same  time,  that  the  British  Government 
+"considers this evacuation to be essential," but upon the mode by which this 
+10  object  is  to  be  obtained  he  asks  permission  to  say  nothing.  He  gives  us, 
+however,  sufficiently  to  understand  that  the  fleets  of  England  and  France 
+may  have  to leave  Besika Bay before the  Cossacks  shall have  left the  Prin 
+cipalities.  "We  ought not to  consent to  any  arrangement by which it may be 
+stipulated  that  the  advance  of  the  fleets  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Dar-
+15  danelles  should  be  considered  as  equivalent  to  an  actual  invasion  of  the 
+Turkish Territories.  But, of course, if the matter is settled, if peace is secured, 
+Besika  Bay  is  not  a  station  which  would  be  of  any  advantage  either  to 
+England  or  France."  Now,  as  no  man in his  senses  has  ever  supposed the 
+French and English fleets are to remain for all time at Besika Bay, or France 
+and  England  to  enter  into  a  formal  stipulation  forbidding  them to  advance 
+to  the  neutral  neighborhood  of the Dardanelles, these  ambiguous  and  cum 
+brous phrases, if they have any meaning at all, mean that the fleets will retire, 
+after  the  note  shall  have  been  accepted  by  the  Sultan  and  the  Cossack 
+promised  to  evacuate  the  Principalities.  "When the  Russian Government," 
+says  Lord  John,  "had  occupied  the  Principalities,  Austria declared  that, in 
+conformity  with the  spirit  of the Treaty of  1841, it was absolutely necessary 
+that the representatives  of the Powers should meet in conference, and should 
+endeavor to  obtain  some  amicable  solution of a difficulty which might other 
+wise  threaten  the  peace  of  Europe." 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+Lord Aberdeen, on the contrary, declared some days  ago in the House of 
+Lords,  and  also,  as  we  are  informed  from  other  sources,  in  a  formal  note 
+communicated  to  the  Cabinets  of  St.  Petersburg  and Constantinople  in the 
+course  of last June, that "the Treaty of  1841  did not in any way impose upon 
+the  Powers  who  signed  it the  obligation of  actual  assistance  in behalf of the 
+35  Porte,"  (but of  a temporary abstention from entering the Dardanelles!) "and 
+that  the  Government of  Her  British  Majesty  held  themselves  perfectly free 
+t o a ct  or  not  to  act,  according  to  its  own  interests."  Lord  Aberdeen  only 
+repudiates  all  obligations  toward  Turkey,  in  order  not  to  possess  any right 
+against  Russia. 
+
+40 
+
+Lord  John  Russell  concludes  with  "a  fat  aspect"  of  the  negotiations 
+approaching  their  crowning  result.  This  seems  a very  sanguine view of the 
+
+295 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+matter,  at the  moment when the  Russian  note,  arranged  at Vienna and to be 
+presented  by  Turkey  to  the  Czar,  has  not  yet  been accepted  by the  Sultan, 
+and  when  the  sine  qua  non of  the  Western  Powers,  viz:  the  evacuation  of 
+the  Principalities,  has  not  yet  been  pressed  upon  the  Czar. 
+
+Mr.  Layard,  the  first  speaker  who  rose  in response  to  Lord  John,  made 
+by  far  the  best  and  most  powerful  speech—bold,  concise,  substantial,  filled 
+with facts,  and  proving the  illustrious  scholar to be as intimately acquainted 
+with  Nicholas  as  with  Sardanapalus,  and  with  the  actual  intrigues  in  the 
+Orient  as  well  as  with  the  mysterious  traditions  of  its  past. 
+
+5 
+
+Mr.  Layard regretted that Lord Aberdeen had "on several occasions, and 
+in  several  places,  declared  that  his  policy  is  essentially  a  policy  based  on 
+peace."  If  England  shrunk from maintaining her honor and interests by war, 
+she encouraged on the part of a lawless Power like Russia, pretensions which 
+must  inevitably  lead  sooner  or  later  to  war.  The  present  conduct of  Russia 
+must  not be  considered  as  a  mere  casual  and  temporary  occurence,  but as  15 
+part  and  parcel  of  a  great  scheme  of  policy. 
+
+10 
+
+As  to  the  "concessions"  made  to  France  and  the  "intrigues"  of  M.  de 
+Lavalette,  they could not even afford a pretext to Russia, because "a draught 
+of  the  firman  making  those  concessions,  of  which  Russia  complains,  was 
+delivered  by  the  Porte  to  M.  de  Titoff  some  days,  if  not weeks,  before  it  20 
+was  issued,  and  no  objection  whatever  was  made  to  the  terms  of  that  fir 
+man." 
+
+Russia's designs with regard to  Servia, Moldo-Wallachia and the Christian 
+population  of  Turkey  were  not  to  be  misunderstood.  Immediately  after  his 
+public  entry  at Constantinople, Prince Menschikoff demanded the dismissal  25 
+of  M.  Garashanin,  from  his  post  of  Servian  minister.  That  demand  was 
+complied  with,  although  the  Servian  Synod  protested.  M.  Garashanin  was 
+one  of  the  men  brought  forward  by  the  insurrection  of  1842,  that  national 
+movement against Russian influence which expelled the then reigning Prince 
+Michel from Servia; he and his family being mere tools in the hands of Russia. 30 
+In  1843  the  Russian  Government  claimed the right of interference in Servia. 
+Completely unauthorized by  any treaty, she was authorized by Lord Aber 
+deen,  then  Minister  of  Foreign Affairs,  who declared,  "that Russia had the 
+right to place her own construction on her own treaties. " "By her success 
+in that transaction,"  says Mr. Layard, "Russia showed that she was mistress  35 
+of  Servia  and  could  check  any  rising  independent  nationality." 
+
+As  to  the  Danubian  Principalities,  Russia  first  took  advantage  of  the 
+national movement of 1848 in those provinces, compelling the Porte to expel 
+from  them  every man of  liberal  and independent opinions. Then,  she forced 
+upon the Sultan the treaty of Balta Liman, by which she established her right  40 
+to  interfere  in  all  the  internal  affairs  of  the Principalities,  "and her present 
+
+296 
+
+The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+occupation of them has  proved that  Moldavia and Wallachia are to all intents 
+and  purposes  Russian  provinces." 
+
+There  remained  the  Greeks  of  Turkey  and  the  Slavonians  of  Bulgaria 
+professing  the  Christian  religion.  "The  spirit  of  inquiry  and  independence 
+5  has  sprung  up  among  the  Greeks,  and  this  together with their  commercial 
+intercourse  with the free  States  of  Europe,  has  greatly  alarmed  the Russian 
+Government.  There was another cause, viz: the spread of the Protestant faith 
+among the Christians  of the  East,  mainly through the influence and teachings 
+of American missionaries,  scarcely  a considerable  town exists in Turkey, in 
+10  which  there  is  not  a  nucleus  of  a Protestant  community.  (Another  motive 
+for American intervention.) The Greek clergy, backed by the Russian mission 
+have  done  all in their power to check this movement, and, when persecution 
+was no  longer available, Prince Menchikoff  appeared at Constantinople. The 
+great  end  of  Russia  has  been  to  crush  the  spirit  of  religious  and  political 
+independence, which has manifested itself of late years among the Christian 
+subjects  of  the  Porte." 
+
+15 
+
+As  to  the  establishment of  a  so-called  Greek Empte  at Constantinople, 
+Mr.  Layard,  meaning  of  course  the  Greeks  in  contradistinction  to  the 
+Slavonians,  stated  that  the  Greeks  amount  hardly  to  1,750,000;  that  the 
+20  Slavonians  and  Bulgarians  have  been  struggling  for  years  to  throw  off  all 
+connection with them,  by  refusing  to  accept for their clergy and bishops the 
+priests of the Greek nation; that the Servians have created a Patriarch of their 
+own  in  lieu  of  that  at  Constantinople;  and  that  establishing  the  Greeks  at 
+Constantinople  would  be  playing  the  whole  of  Turkey  into  the  hands  of 
+
+25  Russia. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+To  the  members  of  the  House,  who  declared  that  it  would  signify  little 
+whether Constantinople was in the hands of Russia or not, Mr. Layard replied 
+that,  Constantinople  being  broken,  all the  great Provinces which constitute 
+Turkey, as, for instance, Asia-Minor, Syria and Mesopotamia, would fall into 
+a  state  of  confusion  and  anarchy.  The  power  into  whose  hands  they were 
+to  fall,  would command India. The power which held Constantinople, would 
+ever  be  looked  upon  in  the  East  as  the  dominant  power  of  the  world. 
+
+Russia,  however,  was  aware  that no  European  State  would  permit her  to 
+take  possession  of  Constantinople  at  this  time.  Meanwhile,  "her  object  is 
+to render all independent nationalities in that country impossible—to weaken 
+the  Turkish  power  gradually,  but  surely;  and  to  show  to  those  who  would 
+oppose  her  designs, that any  such opposition  is  not only useless, but would 
+entail upon them her vengeance; in fact, to render any other government but 
+her own impossible in Turkey.  In those designs she has enttely succeeded 
+
+40  on this occasion." 
+
+Mr. Layard represented that the  Government,  after the demand of a secret 
+
+297 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+treaty  by  Prince  Menchikoff,  and  the  great  Russian  armaments  on  the 
+frontier  and  at  Odessa,  they  were  satisfied  with  the  explanations  and  as 
+surances  given  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  failed  to  declare  that  England  and 
+France would consider the passing of the Pruth as  a  casus belli, and that they 
+had  not  interdicted  Russia from  entering  into  any  treaties  or  engagements 
+with  Turkey  without  their  participation.  "If  we  had  taken  that  step  Russia 
+would  never  have  dared  to  cross  the  Pruth." 
+
+5 
+
+Mr.  Layard  then exposed how  the Principalities, independent, united with 
+Bessarabia  and leaning on Hungary,  would ultimately be the only  means  of 
+preserving  Constantinople  from  the  Russians,  and  for  cutting  the  great  10 
+Sclave  race  in  two.  He  thinks  that  Russia  will evacuate  the  Principalities. 
+"It  would  not be  worth the while  of  Russia  to engage in a war with the great 
+Powers  of  Europe  on  account  of  those  provinces, which are  already, to  all 
+intents  and purposes, her own. Russia has gained, without firing a shot, what 
+is  worth  to  her  a bloody  and  expensive  campaign;  she  has  established  her  15 
+power  in  the  East;  she  has  humiliated Turkey;  she  has  compelled her to  go 
+to  all  the  expense  of  a  war,  and  has  exhausted  her  resources;  but,  what  is 
+more,  she  has  humiliated  this  country  and  France  in  the  eyes  of  her  own 
+subjects  and  of  the  populations  of  the  East." 
+
+The  note  drawn  up  by  the  Vienna  Conference  will  have  the  result that,  20 
+
+"if  the  Porte  declines  to  adhere  to  it,  Russia  will  have  turned  the  tables 
+completely  upon  us,  and made  us  her  ally  against Turkey in compelling her 
+to  accept  an unjust proposal.  If  she  accept, England has directly  sanctioned 
+the  right of  Russia to  interfere in behalf of twelve millions of Christians, the 
+subjects  of  the  Porte  . ..  Look  at the question as we  will, it is clear that we  25 
+have  taken  the  place  of  a  second-rate  Power  in  it,  and  conceded  that  of  a 
+first-rate  Power to  Russia  alone  . ..  We  had  an  opportunity  which,  perhaps, 
+will  never occur  again of settling on a proper basis this great Eastern question 
+. ..  Russia  has  been  enabled  to  strike  a blow from  which Turkey  will  never 
+recover  . ..  The result of  the  policy which this  country has pursued will  not  30 
+end here.  Sweden,  Denmark,  every weak State of Europe, which has placed 
+dependence  on  the  character  of  this  country,  will  see  that  it  is useless  any 
+more  to  struggle  against  the  encroachments  of  Russia." 
+
+Sir  John  Pakington  next  made  some  remarks,  which  were  important  as 
+declaratory of the views of the Tory opposition. He regretted that Lord John  35 
+Russell  could  not  make  a  statement  more  satisfactory  to  the  House  and  to 
+the  country.  He  assured  the  Government that its  determination to  consider 
+the  evacuation of  the  Principalities as a sine qua non, will "be  supported not 
+only  by  the  opinion  of this  House, but by the  almost unanimous  opinion of 
+the  people  of  this  country."  Till  the papers  should have been produced, he  40 
+must  reserve  his judgment  on the  policy  of  advising  Turkey  not  to consider 
+
+298 
+
+Γ' 
+
+The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+the occupation of the Principalities as a casus belli, of not following a more 
+vigorous  and  decisive  policy  at  an  earlier  period,  of  injuring  and  holding  in 
+suspense  the  interests  of  Turkey  and  of  Great  Britain,  and  their  commerce, 
+by  transactions  protracted  for  six  months. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Lord  Dudley  Stuart  indulged  in  one  of  his  habitual  good-natured  De­
+mocratic  declamations,  which  are  certainly  more  gratifying  to  the  man  who 
+spouts  them  than to  anybody else.  If you compress  inflated balloons  or blown 
+up phrases, there remains nothing in your hands, not even the wind that made 
+them  appear  like  something.  Dudley  Stuart  repeated  the  often  repeated 
+statements  on  the  improvements  going  on  in  Turkey,  and  on  the  greater 
+liberality  of  the  Sultan's  rule,  whether  in  regard  to  religion  or  commerce, 
+when  compared  with  that  of Russia.  He  remarked,  justly,  that it was useless 
+to  boast  of  peace,  while  the  unhappy  inhabitants  of  the  Danubian  Prin­
+cipalities  actually endured the  horrors  of war.  He  claimed for the inhabitants 
+of  these  provinces  the  protection of  Europe  against the  terrible  oppression 
+to  which  they  were  now  subjected.  He  showed,  by  facts  from Parliamentary 
+history,  that  the  members  of  the  House  had  the  right  of  speechifying,  even 
+while  negotiations  were  going  on.  He  forgot hardly  anything,  which  must be 
+familiar  to  a  true  and  constant  reader  of  The  Daily News.  There  were  two 
+"points"  in his  speech:  "Although the  explanation of the  noble lord (J. Rus­
+sell)  had  not been  very full,  for  he  told  the  House  nothing but  what  it  knew 
+before,  still,  from  its  very  omissions,  he  was  afraid  that  they  must  come  to 
+the  conclusion,  that the noble lord had been doing something of which he 
+ought  to  be  ashamed."  As  to  the  Earl  of  Aberdeen,  "he  had  told  them  that 
+peace  had  been  preserved  for  thirty  years,  with  great  advantage  to  the 
+prosperity  and  liberty  of  Europe,  but  he  (Dudley  Stuart)  denied  that  the 
+liberty  of  Europe  had  been  benefited  by  the  peace.  Where,  he  would  ask, 
+was  Poland?  where  Italy?  where  Hungary?—nay,  where  Germany?"  Borne 
+along  by  the  power  of  fluency,  that  fatal  gift  of  third-rate  orators,  the 
+30  Democratic  lord  cannot  stop,  till  he  arrives,  from the  despots  of  the  Con­
+
+25 
+
+20 
+
+tinent,  to  his  native  monarch,  "who  rules  in  the  hearts  of  her  subjects." 
+
+Mr.  M. Milnes,  one  of  those  ministerial  retainers,  on  whose  brow  you 
+
+read: 
+
+"Do  not  talk  of  him 
+But  as  a  property," 
+
+did  not  dare  to  make  a decidedly ministerial  speech.  He made  an alternative 
+speech.  On the  one  side  he  found  that  Ministers,  by  withholding  the  papers 
+from  the  table  of  the  House, "acted with very great prudence and judgment," 
+but,  on  the  other  hand,  he  gave  them  to  understand  that  they  would  have 
+acted  "more  strongly and firmly" the other way.  On the one hand he thought 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+299 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the  Government  might  have  been  right  in  submitting  to  the  demands  of 
+Russia,  but,  on the  other hand,  it  seemed questionable to  him whether they 
+had  not, in  some degree, encouraged Turkey to pursue a line of policy which 
+they were  not prepared to  support, etc., etc. On the whole, he made out that 
+"the  more  he  reflected  on  those  subjects,  the  more  extreme  were  the  dif- 
+ficulties  which  they  presented  to  his  mind"—the  less  he  understood  those 
+subjects,  the  better  he  understood  the  temporizing  policy  of  the  Govern 
+ment. 
+
+5 
+
+After  the  alternative  juggle  and  perplexed  mind  of  Mr.  Monckton Milnes 
+we  are  refreshed  by  the  rough  straightforwardness  of Mr.  Muntz,  M.P.  for  10 
+Birmingham, and one of the matadores of the Reform-House of 1831. "When 
+the Dutch Ambassador made to Charles II.  some very objectionable proposi 
+tion,  the  King  replied:  'God  bless  me!  you  never  made  such  a  proposition 
+to  Oliver  Cromwell.'  'No,'  said  the  Ambassador,  'you  are  a  very  different 
+man from Oliver Cromwell.' If this country had had now such a man as Oliver  15 
+Cromwell,  we  should  have  had  a  different  Minister,  and  a  very  different 
+Government,  and  Russia  would  never  have  marched  into  the  Danubian 
+Provinces.  The  Emperor  of  Russia  knew,  that  nothing  would  make  this 
+country go  to war:  witness  Poland, witness Hungary. This country was now 
+reaping the benefit of its  own conduct in those instances.  He considered the  20 
+state of this  country in relation to its foreign affairs was  a very objectionable 
+and  a  very  unsatisfactory  one.  And  he  believed that the  people  of  England 
+felt  that  their  character  had  been  degraded,  and  that  all  sense  of  honor  on 
+the  part of the  Government  was  absorbed in consideration  of  mere pounds, 
+sliulings  and  pence.  The  only  questions  mooted  by  the  Government  now  25 
+were,  simply what  would  be the expense, and would war be agreeable to the 
+different  tradesmen of  the  nation?"  Birmingham  happening to be the center 
+of  an  armament-manufacturing  and  musket-selling  population,  the  men  of 
+that  town  naturally  scoff  at  the  Manchester  Cotton-Peace-Fraternity. 
+
+Mr.  Blackett, the member for Newcastle-on-Tyne, did not believe that the  30 
+
+Russians would evacuate the Principalities. He warned the Government  "noi 
+to  be  swayed by any dynastic sympathies  or antipathies. " 
+
+Assailed  on  all  sides,  from  all  shades  of  opinion,  the  ministers  sat  there 
+mournful,  depressed,  inanimate,  broken  down;  when Richard  Cobden  sud 
+denly rose, congratulating them for having adopted his peace doctrines  and  35 
+applying that doctrine to the given case, with all the sharp ingenuity and f air 
+sincerity  of  the  monomaniac;  with all  the  contradictions  of the  idéologue, 
+and with all the calculating cowardice of the  shop-keeper.  He preached what 
+the  ministry  had  openly  acted,  what  the  Parliament  had  silently  approved, 
+and what the ruling classes had enabled the ministry to do and the Parliament  40 
+to  accept.  From  fear  of  war  he  attained  for  the  first time  to  something like 
+
+300 
+
+Γ 
+
+The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+historical  ideas.  He  betrayed  the  mystery  of  middle-class  policy,  and  there­
+fore  he  was  repudiated  as  a  traitor.  He  forced  middle-class  England  to  see 
+herself  as  in  a  mnror,  and  as  the  image  was  by  no  means  a  flattering  one, 
+he  was  ignominiously  hissed.  He  was  inconsistent,  but  his  inconsistency 
+itself  was  consistent.  Was  it  his  fault  if  the  traditional  fierce  phrases  of  the 
+aristocratic past did not harmonize with the pusiUanimous facts of the stock­
+jobbing  present? 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+He  commenced  by  declaring  that  there  was  no  difference  of  opinion  on 
+the  question:  "Still,  there  was  apparently  very  great  uneasiness  on  the 
+subject  of  Turkey."  Why  was  this?  Within  the  last  twenty  years  there  had 
+been a growing conviction that the Turks in Europe were intruders in Europe ; 
+that  they were  not  domiciled  there;  that their  home  was  Asia;  that Moham­
+medanism could  not  exist in  civilized  States;  that  we could not maintain the 
+independence  of  any  country,  if  she  could  not  maintain  it  for  herself;  that 
+it was now known that there were three Christians to every Turk hi European 
+Turkey.  "We  could  not  take  a  course  which  would insure  Turkey in Europe 
+as  an independent power  against Russia, unless the great bulk of the popula­
+tion were with us  in our desire  to prevent another power from  taking posses­
+sion of that c o u n t r y . .. As to sending our fleets up to Besika Bay, and keeping 
+20 out the Russians, no doubt we could do that, because Russia would not come 
+into collision with a maritime power ; but we were keeping up these enormous 
+armaments, and were not settling the  Eastern Question... The question was, 
+what  were  they  going to  do  with Turkey,  and  with the  Christian  population 
+of  Turkey.  Mohammedanism  could  not  be  maintained;  and  we  should  be 
+sorry  to  see  this  country  fighting  for  Mohammedanism  in  Europe."  Lord 
+Dudley  Stuart had talked about maintaining Turkey on account of commerce. 
+He  (Cobden)  never  would  fight  for  a  tariff.  He  had  too  much  faith  in  free 
+trade principles  to  think that they needed fighting for.  The exports to Turkey 
+had  been  overrated.  Very  little  of  it  was  consumed  in  the  countries  under 
+the  dominions  of  the  Turks.  "All  the  commerce  which we  had  in the  Black 
+Sea,  was  owing to the encroachments of Russia upon the Turkish coast.  Our 
+grain  and  flax  we  did not now  get from  Turkey, but from  Russia.  And would 
+not  Russia  be  as  glad  to  send  us  her  tallow,  hemp  and  corn,  whatever  ag­
+gressions  she  might  make  on  Turkey?  We  had  a  trade  with  Russia  in  the 
+35  Baltic  . ..  What  prospect  had  we  of  a  trade  with  Turkey?  It  was  a  country 
+without  a  road.  Russia  was  the  more  commercial  people.  Let us  look  at  St. 
+Petersburg,  at  her  quays  and  wharves,  and  warehouses  . ..  What  national 
+alliance  then  could  we  have  with  such  a country  as  Turkey?  . ..  Something 
+had  been  said  about  the  balance  of  power.  That  was  a  political view  of  the 
+40  question  . ..  A  great  deal  had  been  said  about the  power  of Russia,  and  the 
+danger  to  England  in  consequence  of her  occupying those  countries  on the 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+301 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Bosphorus. Why, what an absurdity it was to talk of Russia coming to invade 
+England.  Russia could  not  move  an  army  across  her  own frontiers,  without 
+coming to Western Europe for a l o a n . .. A country so poor, amere aggregate 
+of villages without capital and without resources, as compared with England, 
+never  could come  and injure us, or America, or France  . ..  England was ten 
+times  more  powerful than  she  had  ever been,  and far  more able to resist the 
+aggressions  of  a  country  like  Russia." 
+
+5 
+
+And  now  Cobden  passed  to  the  incomparably  greater  dangers  of  war  to 
+England in her present condition, than at former epochs.  The manufacturing 
+population  had  greatly  increased.  They  were  far  more  dependent  on  the  10 
+export  of  their  produce  and  on the import of raw materials. They possessed 
+no  longer  the  monopoly  of  manufacture.  The repeal  of the  navigation laws 
+had thrown England open to the competition of the world in shipping as well 
+as in everything else.  "He begged Mr. Blackett to consider that no port would 
+suffer  more  than  that  which  he  represented.  The  Government  had  done  15 
+wisely  in  disregarding  the  cry  of  thoughtless  men  . ..  Their  taking  up  a 
+position for maintaining the integrity  of the Turkish Empire he did not blame, 
+as  that was  a  traditional  policy  handed  down to  them  . ..  The  Government 
+of  the  day  would  obtain  credit  for  having  been  as  peaceable  as  the  people 
+would  allow  them  to be." 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Richard  Cobden  was  the  true  hero  of  the  drama,  and  shared  the  fate  of 
+all true  heroes—a tragical  one.  But then came the  sham hero; the fosterer of 
+all  delusions,  the  man  of  fashionable  lies  and  of  courtly  promises;  the 
+mouth-piece  of all brave  words that  may  be  said in the act of rurming away; 
+Lord Palmerston came. This old, experienced and crafty debater saw at once 
+that the criminal might escape  sentence by disavowing his advocate.  He  saw 
+that  the  Ministry,  attacked  on  all  sides,  might  turn  the  tables  by  a brilliant 
+diatribe against the  only  man who  dared to  defend it, and by refuting the only 
+grounds  on  which  its  policy  possibly  might  have  been  excused.  There  was 
+nothing easier than to show the contradictions of Mr. Cobden.  He had stated  30 
+his  perfect  concurrence  with  the  precedent orators,  and  ended by  differing 
+from  them  on  every  point.  He had  defended the integrity of Turkey,  and did 
+everything to  show that she was worth no defence. He, the preacher of peace, 
+had  advocated  the  aggressions  of  Russia.  Russia was  weak, but a war with 
+Russia  would  be  inevitable  ruin  to  England.  Russia was  a conglomerate  of  35 
+mere  villages,  but  St.  Petersburg  being  a  finer  city  than  Constantinople, 
+Russia  was  entitled  to  possess  them  both.  He  was  a  free-trader,  but  he 
+preferred the protective  system of Russia to the free-trade system of Turkey. 
+Whether  Turkey  consumed  herself,  or  was  a  canal  through  which  passed 
+articles  of  consumption to  other parts  of  Asia, was it indifferent to England  40 
+that  she  should  remain a free passage? Mr.  Cobden was  a great advocate for 
+
+302 
+
+ir 
+
+The  Turkish  Question  in  the  Commons 
+
+5 
+
+the  principle  of  non-intervention,  and now  he  would  dispose,  by parliamen 
+tary  enactments,  of  the  destinies  of  the  Mahomedans,  Greeks,  Slavonians, 
+and  other  races  inhabiting the Turkish Empire.  Lord Palmerston exalted the 
+progress  Turkey  had  made,  and  the  forces  she  now  commanded.  "Turkey, 
+it  is  certain,  has  no  Poland  and  no  Siberia."  Because  Turkey  possessed  so 
+much  strength,  Lord  Palmerston  would,  of  course,  compel  her  to  suffer  a 
+few  provinces  to  be  invaded  by  the  Russians.  A  strong  empire  can  suffer 
+anything.  Lord  Palmerston proved  to Richard Cobden that there existed not 
+one  sound reason for adopting  the  course  adopted by  Lord  Palmerston  and 
+10  his  colleagues, and, interrupted at each sentence by enthusiastic cheers, the 
+old histrion contrived to  sit  down,  with the impudent and self-contradictory 
+phrase:  "I  am  satisfied  that Turkey has  within itself the elements of life and 
+prosperity,  and  I believe  that the  course  adopted  by  Her  Majesty's  govern 
+ment is  a  sound policy, deserving the approbation of the country, and which 
+15 it will be the duty of every English government to pursue." (Cheers.) Palmer 
+ston was  great in  "fearful bravery, " as  Shakespeare calls it.  He showed, as 
+Sidney  said,  "a  fearful  boldness,  daring  to  do  that  which  he  knew  that  he 
+knew  not  how  to  do." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+303 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A f f a i rs  C o n t i n e n t al  a nd  E n g l i sh 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3864,  5. September  1853 
+
+Affairs  Continental  and English. 
+
+Correspondence  of  the  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday, Aug.  23,  1853. 
+
+The  German  and  Belgian  papers  affirm,  on  the  authority  of  telegraphic 
+dispatches  from Constantinople, of the  13th inst, that the Porte has acceded 
+to  the  proposals  of  the  Vienna  conference.  The  French  papers,  however, 
+having  received  dispatches  from  Constantinople  of  the  same  date,  state 
+merely  that  the  Divan  had  shown  a willingness  to  receive  those proposals. 
+The  definitive  answer  could  hardly  reach  Vienna  before  the  20th inst.  The 
+pending question,  and  a very  serious  one, is, whether the  Porte  will send its 
+Ambassador to  St. Petersburgh before or  after the withdrawal of the Russian 
+troops  from  the  Principalities. 
+
+The  last  accounts  from  the  Black  Sea announce  that the north-east winds 
+had  begun  to  disturb  the  navigation.  Several  ships  anchored  at Penderaklia 
+and  other  places  on  the  coast,  had  been  compelled  to  quit  their  anchorage 
+to  avoid  being  cast  ashore. 
+
+You  know  that after the events in Moldavia and Wallachia, the  Sultan had 
+ordered  the  Hospodars  to  leave  the  Principalities  for  Constantinople,  and 
+that  the  Hospodars  refused  to  comply  with their  sovereign's  demands.  The 
+Sultan has  now deposed the Hospodar of Wallachia on account of his favor 
+able  reception  of  the  Russian  troops  and  the  support he  gave  them.  On the 
+9th  inst.  this  firman  was  read to  the  Assembly  of  Boyards,  who  resolved to 
+petition  the  Hospodar not to  abandon the Government in the present critical 
+circumstances.  The  Prince  acted accordingly.  Mano,  the Secretary of State, 
+and  Yvandis,  the  Director  of  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  have  also  been 
+summoned  to  Constantinople;  they,  however,  refused to go,  on the pretext 
+that public order might be  disturbed.  The  French  and  British Consuls, upon 
+this,  suspended  immediately  all  relations  with  the  rebel  Government. 
+
+304 
+
+Affairs  Continental  and  English 
+
+Affairs  in  Servia  are  taking  a  complicated  turn.  The Paris  Constitutionnel 
+of last  Friday had the  following  Constantinople intelligence.  Austria, taking 
+advantage of the Sultan's difficulties, had pressed certain demands upon him. 
+An Austrian Consul General, having lately made a tour of inspection through 
+5  Bosnia and  Servia,  declared to  Alexander, the Prince of Servia, that Austria 
+was  prepared  to  occupy  Servia  with  her  troops  in  order  to  suppress  any 
+dangerous  movement among the  population.  The Prince, having refused the 
+offer  of  the  Consul  General,  at  once  dispatched  a  special  messenger  to 
+Constantinople with  an account of this Austrian overture, and Rechid Pasha 
+referred  to  the  Baron  de  Bruck  for  explanations.  The  latter  said  that  the 
+Consul  General  had  previously  communicated with the  Prince,  alleging the 
+fear Austria was in, lest her subjects, on the borders of Servia, should become 
+involved  in  any  disturbances  arising  in  that province.  The  reply  of  Rechid 
+Pasha  was  to  the  effect  that  any  occupation  of  Servia  by  Austrian  troops 
+15  would  be  considered  an  act  of  hostility by the Porte, which would itself be 
+answerable  for  the  tranquillity  of  that  province;  moreover,  the  Pasha 
+promised  that  a  special  Commissioner  should  be  at  once  sent  to  see  and 
+report  on  the  state  of  affairs  in  Servia. 
+
+10 
+
+The  day after,  several London papers  announced the entrance into Servia 
+20  of  the  Austrian  troops,  an  announcement which,  however,  has  turned  out 
+to  be  unfounded.  Yesterday  the  same  papers  communicated  the  outbreak 
+of  a counter-revolution in  Servia,  yet this  news  likewise  rested  on no better 
+foundation  than  a  false  translation  of  the  German  word,  Auflauf,  the  fact 
+being  that  only  a  small  riot  had  taken  place.  To-day  the  German  papers 
+25 publish news from Constantinople of the 9th inst. According to them, several 
+divans  had  been  held  on  Servian  affairs.  The  conduct of Prince  Alexander 
+was  much  approved  of,  and  the  decision  arrived  at that,  if  Austrian troops 
+should  attempt  to  occupy  that  province,  they  should,  if  necessary,  be  ex 
+pelled by force.  A  division of  troops  has  actually been  directed towards the 
+30 frontiers of Bosnia. Private letters received at Constantinople on the 8th inst., 
+conveyed  thither  the  news  of  Prince  Alexander  having,  in  consequence  of 
+his conflict with the Austrian Consul,  appealed to the decision of the Consuls 
+of  France  and  England,  and  absented  himself  momentarily from  Belgrade. 
+It  is  said  that  he  went  to  Nissa,  there  to  wait  for  orders  from  the  Porte. 
+35  Mr.  D.  Urquhart,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  The  Morning  Advertiser  of  this 
+
+day,  remarks,  with regard  to  the  Servian  complication: 
+
+"War  with  Turkey  is  not  at  present  contemplated  by  Russia;  for,  by the 
+cooperation  of  Austria,  she  would  lose  her  Greek  allies,  but  she  involves 
+Austria  in  a  preparatory  collision,  which will  bring  Servia  into  a  condition 
+40  parallel  to  that  of  the  Principalities.  Thus  will  be  introduced  a  religious 
+warfare  between  Latins  and  Greeks  . ..  Russia,  by  a  sudden  shifting  of 
+
+305 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+decorations,  may render her own occupation of the Principalities  acceptable 
+to Turkey, as a protection against the Austrian occupation of Servia, and thus 
+mutually  engage  Austria  and  Turkey  in  projects  of  dismemberment,  and 
+support  them  therein." 
+
+The  Hospodar  of  Moldavia  proposes  to  contract  a  loan  with  Russian 
+
+5 
+
+bankers  in  order  to  meet  the  extraordinary  expenses  of  the  occupation. 
+
+The  want  of  provisions  is  so  great  in  the  fortresses  of  Bulgaria  that  the 
+strictest  economy  has  to  be  observed,  and  the  garrisons  are  suffering 
+severely. 
+
+10 
+
+The Journal de  Constantinople reports from Aleppo: 
+"A  discovery  has  recently  been  made  of  a  gang  of  evil-disposed  Turks 
+about  to  rise,  as  in  1850,  against the Christian population of that town.  But 
+thanks  to  the  extreme  vigilance  of  the  Governor  Pasha,  and  of  Ah'  Asmi 
+Pasha, the  commander-in-chief  of the troops  at  Aleppo, their attempts have 
+been  suppressed  and  public  order  has  been  preserved.  On  this  occasion  15 
+Demetrius,  the  patriarch  of  the  Greek  Catholic  creed,  and  Basilius,  the 
+patriarch  of  the  Armenian  creed,  have  addressed  in  the  name  of  their  re 
+spective  communities,  a collective  letter  of  gratitude  to  Rechid  Pacha,  for 
+the  protection  afforded  to  the  Christians  by  the  Sultan's  government." 
+
+The  German  St.  Petersburgh  Gazette  has  the  following  in  a  leader  on  20 
+
+Oriental  Affairs: 
+
+"What the friends  of  peace  could  only  hope  for  at the  comhiencement of 
+July,  has  become  a  certainty  in  the  latter  days.  The  work  of  mediation 
+between  Russia  and  Turkey  is  now  definitively  placed  in  the  hands  of-
+Austria.  At Vienna there  will be  devised  a  solution of the  Eastern question,  25 
+which  in these  latter  times  has  kept  in  suspense  all  the  action between the 
+Black  Sea  and  the  Ocean,  and  which  alone  has  prevented  European  Di 
+plomacy  from  taking  its  habitual  holidays." 
+
+Observe  the  studious  affectation  with which,  in lieu of  the  Four  Powers, 
+Austria  alone  is  constituted  mediator,  and  which  places  the  suspense  of  30 
+nations, in the true Russian style, only on a scale with the interrupted holidays 
+of  diplomacy. 
+
+The  Berlin  National  Zeitung publishes  a  letter  from  Georgia,  dated  15th 
+July,  stating  that  Russia intends  a new  campaign  against the  people  of  the 
+Caucasus at the end of the present month, and that a fleet in the sea of Azof f 35 
+is  fitted  out  in  order  to  support  the  operations  of  the  land  army. 
+
+The  session  of  1853  was  brought  to  a  close  on Saturday last—Parliament 
+being  prorogued  until  October  27.  A  very  indifferent  and  meager  speech, 
+purporting  to  be  the  Queen's  message, was read by commission.  In answer 
+to  Mr.  Milnes  Lord  Palmerston  assured  Parliament that it could  safely  dis-  40 
+band,  as  far  as  the  evacuation  of  the  Principalities  was  concerned,  giving, 
+
+306 
+
+Affairs  Continental  and  English 
+
+5 
+
+however,  no  pledge  of  any  kind  but  "his  confidence  in  the  honor  and  the 
+character  of  the  Russian  Emperor,"  which would move him  to withdraw his 
+troops  voluntarily  from  the  Principalities.  The  Coalition  Cabinet  thus  re 
+venged  itself  for  his  speech  against  Mr. Cobden,  by  forcing  him  to  record 
+solemnly  his  "confidence  in the  character  and the  honor" of the  Czar.  The 
+same Palmerston received on the  same day a deputation from the aristocratic 
+fraction of the Polish Emigration at Paris and its collateral branch at London, 
+presenting  his  lordship  with  an  address  and  medallions  in  gold,  silver  and 
+bronze  of  Prince  Adam  Czartoryski,  in  testimony  of  their  gratitude  to  his 
+lordship for allowing the  sequestration of Cracow in  1846, and for otherwise 
+exhibiting  sympathy  with  the  cause  of Poland.  The  inevitable  Lord Dudley 
+Stuart,  the  patron of  the  London branch of  the  Paris  society,  was  of course 
+the  master  of  ceremonies.  Lord  Palmerston  assured  these  simple-minded 
+men  "of  his  deep  interest in the  history of Poland, which was a very painful 
+15  history."  The  noble  lord  omitted  not  to remind  them  that he  spoke  not  as 
+a  member  of  the  Cabinet,  but received  them  only  as  a  private  amateur. 
+
+10 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+The  first half  of  the  long protracted  session of  1853 was filled up with the 
+death-struggle  of  the  Derby  Ministry,  with  the  formation  and  final  victory 
+of  the  Coalition  Cabinet,  and  with  the  Easter  recess  of  Parliament.  As  to 
+the real  session, its  most remarkable features were the  dissolution of all the 
+old  political  parties,  the  corruption  of  the  members  of  Parliament,  and  the 
+petrifaction  of  the  privileged  constituencies  revealing  the  curious  working 
+of  the  Government,  embracing  all the  shades  of  opinion,  and  all the talents 
+of  the  official  world,  proclaiming  postponement  of  the  solution of  all  ques-
+tions,  shifting  all  difficulties  by  half  and  half  measures,  feeding  upon 
+promises,  declaring "performance as a kind of will or testament which argues 
+a  great  weakness  in  his  judgment  that  makes  it,"  retracting,  modifying, 
+unsettling its own legislative acts  as quickly as it brought them in, living upon 
+the  inheritance  of  predecessors  whom  it  had  fiercely  denounced,  leaving 
+the  initiative  of  its  own  measures  to  the  house  which  it  presumed  to 
+lead,  and  reaping  failure  as  the  inevitable  fate  of  the  few  acts,  the  uncon-
+troverted  authorship  of  which it holds.  Thus parliamentary reform, national 
+education reform,  and  law reform  (a few trifles  apart) have been postponed. 
+The  Transportation  bill,  the  Navigation  bill,  etc.,  were  inherited  from  the 
+35  Derby  Cabinet.  The  Canada Clergy  Reserves  bill  was  dreadfully mutilated 
+by the  Government  a few  days  after  having introduced it.  As  to  the budget, 
+the  Succession  act  was  proposed  by  the  Chancellor of  the  Exchequer  only 
+after  he  had voted  against it.  The Advertisement  act was  undergone by him 
+only when his opposition to it had twice been voted down. The new regulation 
+40  of the licensing  system was finally  abandoned,  after it had  suffered various 
+transformations.  Introduced  by  Mr.  Gladstone  with pretensions  to  a  great 
+
+30 
+
+307 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+I 
+! 
+
+scheme,  a  thing  worth the  budget  as  a  whole,  it  came  out  of  the  House  as 
+a  miserable  patch-work,  as  a  mere  conglomerate  of  fortuitous,  incoherent 
+and  contradictory  little  items.  The  only  great  feature  of  the  India bill,  the 
+non-renewal of the Company's  charter, was  introduced by the Ministry after 
+they had  announced  its  renewal  for  20  years  more.  The  two  acts truly and 
+exclusively  belonging  to  the  Ministry of all  the  talents;  the  Cab-act and  the 
+Conversion  of  the  Public  Debt,  had  scarcely  passed  the  threshold  of  the 
+House,  when they were publicly hissed as failures. The foreign policy of the 
+"strongest  Government  England  ever  saw,"  is  owned by  its  own partisans 
+to  have  been  the  nec  plus  ultra  of  helpless,  vacillating  weakness.  The 
+Chesham  Place  Treaty,  however,  contracted  between  the  Peelite  bureau 
+crats,  the  Whig  oligarchs  and  the  sham-Radicals,  has  been linked the  more 
+strongly  by  the  threatening  aspect  of  things  abroad  and  by  the  even  more 
+imminent  symptoms  of  popular  discontent at home—manifested  through the 
+unprecedented  intensity  and  generality  of  strikes,  and  the  renewal  of  the 
+Chartist agitation.  In judging the  external policy of the ruling classes and of 
+the  Cabinet,  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  a  war  with Russia training behind it 
+a general revolutionary conflagration of the  Continent,  and  at this time likely 
+to  meet  with  a  fatal  echo  from  the  masses  of  Great  Britain. 
+
+As  to  the  House  of  Lords,  its  doings  admit of  a very  short résumé.  It has 
+exhibited  its  bigotry  by  the  rejection  of  the  Jewish  Emancipation  bill,  its 
+hostility  to  the  working classes  by  burking the  Workingmen's  Combination 
+bill, its  interested hatred of the  Irish people by  shelving the Irish Land bills, 
+and  its  stupid  predilection  for  Indian  abuses  by  re-establishing  the  Salt 
+monopoly.  It has acted throughout in secret understanding with the Govern 
+ment  that  whatever  progressive  measures  might  by  chance  pass  the  Com 
+mons,  should  be  canceled  by  the  enlightened  Lords. 
+
+Among  the  papers  laid  on  the  table  of Parliament before  its  prorogation, 
+there  is  a  voluminous  correspondence  carried  on  between  the  British  and 
+Russian  Governments  with  regard  to  the  obstructions  to  navigation  in  the 
+Sulina mouth of the Danube.  The correspondence begins on Feb. 9,1849, and 
+concludes  in  July,  1853,  having  concluded  nothing whatever.  Things  have 
+now  arrived  at  such  a  point that  even  the  Austrian  Government is forced to 
+announce  that  the  mouth of  the  Danube  has  become  impassable for naviga 
+tion,  and that its  own  mails  to  Constantinople  will be  henceforth forwarded 
+by Trieste.  The  whole  difficulty  is  the  fruit  of British connivance at Musco 
+vite  encroachments.  In  1836  the  English  Government  acquiesced  in  the 
+usurpation  of  the  mouth  of  the  Danube  by  Russia,  after  having  instructed 
+a  commercial  firm  to  resist  the  interference  of  the  officers  of  the  Russian 
+Government. 
+
+The  so-called peace concluded with Burmah, announced with a proclama-
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+308 
+
+I 
+
+fr 
+
+Affairs  Continental  and  English 
+
+tion  of the  Governor-General  of  India,  dated June  30,1853, and upon which 
+the  Queen is  made to  congratulate  Parliament,  is nothing but a simple truce. 
+The  King  of  Ava,  starved  into  submission,  expressed  his  desire  for  the 
+cessation  of  war,  set  the  British  prisoners  at liberty,  asked  for  the  raising 
+5  of  the  river  blockade,  and  forbade  his  troops  to  attack  the  territories  of 
+Mecadeay  and  Tungaoo,  where  the  British  Government  had  placed  garri 
+sons—in  the  same  manner  as  the  Turkish  Government  has  forbidden  its 
+troops  to  attack the Russians  stationed  in the Principalities. But he does not 
+recognize  the  claims  of  England  to  Pegu  or  to  any  other  portion  of  the 
+10  Burmese  Empire.  All  that  England  has  got  by  this  struggle  is  a  dangerous 
+and  controverted  frontier  instead  of  a  secure  and  acknowledged  one.  She 
+has been driven out of the ethnographical, geographical and political circum 
+scription  of  her Indian  dominions,  and the  Celestial  Empire  itself  no  longer 
+forms  any natural  barrier to  her conquering force.  She  has  lost her point of 
+15  gravitation in Asia and pushed into the indefinite.  She is no longer mistress 
+of  her  own  movements, there being no  stopping but where the land falls into 
+the  sea.  England  seems  thus  to  be  destined  to  open  the  remotest  Orient to 
+Western  intercourse,  but  not  to  enjoy  nor  to  hold  it. 
+
+The great colliers' strikes in South Wales not only continue, but out of them 
+20 have arisen new strikes among the men employed at the iron mines. A general 
+strike  among  the  British  sailors  is  anticipated  for  the  moment  when  the 
+Merchant Shipping bill will come into operation, the foreigners being, as they 
+say,  admitted  only for the purpose  of lowering their wages. The importance 
+of the present strikes, to which I have repeatedly called the attention of your 
+25 readers, begins now to be understood even by the London middle-class press. 
+
+Thus,  The  Weekly  Times of last  Saturday  remarks: 
+
+"The  relations  between  employer  and  employed  have  been  violently dis 
+turbed.  Labor  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land has  bearded 
+capital,  and  it  may  safely be  asserted  that the  quarrel thus  evoked  has  only 
+just commenced. The working classes have been putting forth strong feelers 
+to  try  their  position.  The  agitation  at  present  is  limited  to  a  series  of  inde 
+pendent  skirmishes,  but  there  are  indications  that  the  period  is  not  very 
+distant  when  this  desultory  warfare  will  be  turned  into  a  systematic  and 
+universal  combination  against  capital." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+309 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+M i c h a el  B a k u n in 
+
+To  t he  E d i t or  of  t he  " M o r n i ng  A d v e r t i s e r" 
+
+The  Morning  Advertiser. 
+Nr. 19406,  2.September  1853 
+
+Michael Bakunin. 
+
+To 
+
+t he  E d i t or  of 
+
+t he  M o r n i ng  A d v e r t i s e r. 
+
+Sir—Messrs.  Herzen  and  Golovine  have  chosen  to  connect  the  New  Rhenish 
+Gazette,  edited by  me in  1848  and 1849, with the polemics going on between 
+them  and  "F.M.,"  with regard to Bakunin.  They  tell the  English public that 
+the  calumny  against  Bakunin  took  origin  in  that  paper,  which  had  even 
+ventured  to  appeal  to  the  testimony  of  George  Sand.  Now,  I  care  nothing 
+about  the  insinuations  of  Messrs.  Herzen  and  Golovine.  But,  as  it  may 
+contribute  to  the  settlement of  the question raised about Michael Bakunin,  10 
+permit  me  to  state  the  real  facts  of  the  case: 
+
+5 
+
+On  July  5th,  1848,  the  New Rhenish  Gazette  received  two  letters  from 
+Paris—the  one being the authographic correspondence of the Havas-Bureau, 
+and  the  other  a  private  correspondence,  emanating  from  a  Polish  refugee, 
+quite  unconnected  with that concern—both  stating that George  Sand was  in  15 
+possession  of  papers  compromising  Bakunin  as  having  lately  entered  into 
+relations  with  the  Russian  Government. 
+
+The  New  Rhenish  Gazette,  on  July  6th,  published  the  letter  of  its  Paris 
+
+correspondent. 
+
+Bakunin, on his part, declared in the Neue Oder Zeitung (a Breslau paper), 20 
+
+that, before the appearance of the Paris correspondence in the New Rhenish 
+Gazette,  similar  rumours  had  been  secretly  colported  at  Breslau,  that they 
+emanated  from  the  Russian embassies,  and that  he  could  not better  answer 
+them,  than  by  appealing  to  George  Sand.  His  letter  to  George  Sand  was 
+published  simultaneously with his declaration.  Both the declaration and the  25 
+letter  were  reprinted  immediately  by  the  New Rhenish  Gazette,  (vide  New 
+Rhenish Gazette, July 16,1848). On August 3,1848, the New Rhenish Gazette 
+
+310 
+
+Michael  Bakunin.  To  the  Editor  of  "The  Morning  Advertiser" 
+
+received  from  Bakunin,  through  the  means  of  M. Koscielski,  a  letter  ad 
+dressed by  George  Sand to its  editor, which was published on the  same day, 
+with  the  following  introductory  remarks:— 
+
+"In  number  36,  of  this  paper,  we  communicated  a rumour  circulating  in 
+5  Paris,  according to  which George Sand was  stated to be possessed of papers 
+which  placed  the  Russian  refugee,  Bakunin,  in  the  position  of  an  agent  of 
+the  Emperor  Nicholas.  We  gave  publicity to this  statement, because it was 
+communicated  to  us  simultaneously  by  two  correspondents  wholly uncon 
+nected  with  each  other.  By  so  doing,  we  only accomplished the  duty  of the 
+10 public press, which has severely to watch public characters. And, at the same 
+time  we gave  to  Mr.  Bakunin  an  opportunity  of  silencing  suspicions thrown 
+upon  him  in  certain  Paris  circles.  We  reprinted  also  from  the  Nieue  Oder 
+Zeitung,  Mr.  Bakunin's  declaration,  and his  letter addressed to George Sand, 
+without waiting for his request. We publish now a literal translation of alerter 
+15 addressed to the Editor of the New Rhenish Gazette, by George Sand, which 
+
+perfectly  settles  this  affair."—(Vide  New Rhenish  Gazette, Aug. 3,1848.) 
+
+In  the  latter  part  of  August,  1848,1  passed  through  Berlin,  saw Bakunin 
+there,  and  renewed  with  him  the  intimate friendship  which united us before 
+the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  of  February. 
+
+20  In  its  number  of  October  13,1848,  the  New  Rhenish  Gazette  attacked  the 
+Prussian  ministry  for  having  expelled  Bakunin,  and  for  having  threatened 
+him  with  being  delivered  up  to  Russia  if  he  dared  to  re-enter  the  Prussian 
+States. 
+
+25 
+
+In  its  number  of  February  15,1849,  the  New Rhenish  Gazette brought out 
+a  leading  article  on  Bakunin's  pamphlet—"Aufruf  an  die  Slaven,"  which 
+article  commenced  with  these  words—"Bakunin  is  our Mend.  This  shall not 
+prevent  us  from  subjecting  his  pamphlet  to  a  severe  criticism." 
+
+In  my letters, addressed to the New  York Daily Tribune, on  "Revolution 
+and Contre-revolution in Germany," I was, as far as I know, the first German 
+30  writer who  paid to Bakunin the tribute due to him for his participation in our 
+movements,  and,  especially in the Dresden insurrection,  denouncing,  at the 
+same  time,  the  German press  and  the  German people for the most cowardly 
+manner  in  which  they  surrendered  him  to  his  and  their  enemies. 
+
+35 
+
+As  to  "F.M." proceeding, as he does, from the fixed idea, that continental 
+revolutions  are  fostering  the  secret  plans  of  Russia,  he  must, if he pretend 
+to  anything  like  consistency,  condemn  not  only  Bakunin,  but  every  con 
+tinental  revolutionist  as  a  Russian  agent.  In  his  eyes  revolution  itself is  a 
+Russian  agent.  Why  not  Bakunin? 
+
+40  London, August 30,  1853. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+311 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+R i se  in  t he  P r i ce  of  C o r n — C h o l e r a — S t r i k e s-
+
+S a i l o r s'  M o v e m e nt 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3873,15. September  1853 
+
+Rise in the Price  of Corn—Cholera—Strikes-
+Sailors' Movement. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London, Tuesday, Aug.  30,  1853. 
+
+The  Breslaw  Gazette  states  that  the  exportation  of  corn from Wallachia is 
+definitively  prohibited. 
+
+5 
+
+There  is  at  this  moment  a  somewhat  greater  question  at  issue  than  the 
+Eastern  one,  viz:  the  question  of  subsistence.  Prices  of  corn have  risen  at 
+Königsberg,  Stettin, Dantzic, Rostock, Cologne, Hamburg, Rotterdam, and 
+Antwerp,  and of course  at all importing markets. At the principal provincial 
+markets  in  England  wheat has advanced from 4 to 6s. per qr. The constantly 
+increasing  prices  of  wheat  and  rye  in  Belgium  and  France,  and  the  con 
+sequent  dearness  of  bread,  create  much  anxiety.  The  French  Government 
+is  buying  up  grain  in  England,  at  Odessa,  and in the  Baltic.  The conclusive 
+report of the  crops in England will not be out before next week. The potatoe  15 
+disease  is  more  general  here  than in  Ireland.  The  export  of  grain  has  been 
+prohibited  by  all  Italian  Governments,  including  that  of  Lombardy. 
+
+io 
+
+Some  cases  of  decided Asiatic cholera occurred in London during the last 
+
+week.  We  also  hear that the  cholera has  now  reached  Berlin. 
+
+The  battle  between  labor  and  capital,  between  wages  and  profits,  con-  20 
+
+tinues.  There  have been new  strikes  in London on the part of the coal-heav 
+ers, of the barbers, of the tailors, ladies' boot and shoe makers, umbrella and 
+parasol  coverers,  shirtmakers  and  makers  of  underclothing  generally,  and 
+of  other  working  people  employed  by  slopsellers  and  wholesale  export-
+houses.  Yesterday,  a  strike  was  announced  from  several  bricklayers,  and  25 
+from  the  Thames  lightermen,  employed  in the  transit of  goods  between the 
+wharfs  and  ships  in  the  river.  The  strikes  of  the  colliers  and  iron-workers 
+
+312 
+
+i 
+
+Rise  in  the  Price  of  Corn—Cholera—Strikes—Sailors'  Movement 
+
+in  South  Wales  continues,  and  a  new  strike  of  colüers  in  Resolven  has  to 
+be  added  to  the  list,  etc.,  etc. 
+
+It  would  be  tedious  to  go  on enumerating,  letter  after letter,  the  different 
+strikes  which  come  to  my  knowledge  week  after  week.  I  shall  therefore 
+5  merely  dwell  occasionally  on  such  as  offer  peculiar  features  of  interest, 
+among  which, though  not yet  exactly  a  strike,  the  pending  conflict  between 
+the  police-constables  and  their  chief,  Sir  Richard  Mayne,  deserves  to  be 
+mentioned.  Sir Richard  Mayne, in his circular addressed to the several divi 
+sions  of the metropolitan police force, has prohibited policemen from holding 
+10  meetings,  or  combining,  while  he  professed  himself  willing  to  attend  to 
+individual  complaints.  The  policemen  respond  to  him that they consider the 
+right  of  meeting  to  be  inalienable  from  Englishmen.  He  reminds  them that 
+their  scale  of wages  was  struck at a time when provisions were much dearer 
+than they  are  at present.  The  men reply  that  "their claim is not grounded on 
+the price of provisions only, but that it rests on the assurance that flesh and 
+blood  are  not  so  cheap  as  they  have  been." 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+The  most important incident in this  history of  strikes is the declaration of 
+the  "Seamen's  United  Friendly  Association,"  calling itself the Anglo-Saxon 
+Sailor's  Bill  of  Rights. This declaration refers to the Merchant Shipping Bill, 
+20  which repeals  the  clause  of the  Navigation  Act,  rendering  it imperative  on 
+British  owners  to  carry  at  least  three-fourths  of  British  subjects  on  board 
+their  ships;  which bill now throws open the coasting trade to foreign seamen 
+even  where  foreign  ships  are  excluded.  The  men declare  this  bill to  be, not 
+a  Seamen's  bill  but  an  Owners  bill.  Nobody  had  been  consulted  but  the 
+ship-owner.  The  manning  clause  had  acted  as  a  check  on  the  conduct  of 
+masters  in  the  treatment  and  retention  of  crews.  The  new law would place 
+seamen completely in the  power of any bad officer. The new law proceeded 
+upon the  principle  "that the  17,000 masters were all men of kind disposition, 
+overflowing with generosity, benevolence and amiability; and that all seamen 
+30  were untractable, unreasonable and naturally bad." They declare that while 
+the  owner  may  take  his  ships  wherever  he  pleases,  their labor is restricted 
+to  their  own  country,  as  the  Government  has  repealed  the  Navigation  law 
+without first procuring reciprocal employment for them  in the  ships of other 
+nations.  "Parliament  having  offered  up  the  seamen  as  a  holocaust  to  the 
+35  owners, we  as  a class  are constrained to combine and take measures for our 
+own  protection."  These  measures  consist  chiefly  in  the  intention  of  the 
+seamen  to  uphold  on  their  part  the  maiming clause,  it being  declared  at  the 
+same  time  "that the  seamen  of the  United  States  of  America be  considered 
+as  British;  that  an  appeal  be  made  to  them  for  aiding their union;  and that, 
+40  as  there  would  be  no  advantage  to  sail  as  an  Englishman  after the  first  of 
+October, when the above law will be passed ; as on the contrary freedom from 
+
+313 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+impressment  or  service  in  Her  Majesty's Navy during war might be  secured 
+by  serving  as  foreigners  in  British  ships  during peace,  and  as  there  would 
+be  more  protection  during peace by possessing the freedom of America, the 
+seamen  will procure  certificates  of  the  United  States  citizenship,  on  arrival 
+at  any  port  of  that  Republic." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+314 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+To  t he  E d i t or  of  t he  " P e o p l e 's  P a p e r" 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 71,10. September  1853 
+
+(To  the  Editor  of  "The  People's  Paper.  ") 
+
+Dear  Sir—The  "Morning  Advertiser,"  of  the  3rd  i n s t,  published  the  sub 
+joined  article,  "How to  write  History—By  a  Foreign  Correspondent,"  while 
+he  refused  to  insert  my  answer  to  the  "Foreign  Correspondent."  You  will 
+5  oblige  me by inserting into the "People's Paper" both, the Russian letter and 
+
+my  reply  to  it. 
+
+London,  September  7th. 
+
+Yours  truly, 
+
+Dr.  Karl  Marx. 
+
+io 
+
+H ow  to  W r i te  H i s t o r y .— 
+
+By  a  Foreign  Correspondent. 
+
+"Bakunin  is  a Russian agent—Bakunin  is  not a Russian  agent.  Bakunin  died 
+in  the  prison  of  Schlüsselburg  after  having  endured  much  ill-treatment— 
+Bakunin  is  not  dead:  he  still  Uves.  He  is  made  a  soldier  and  sent  to  the 
+15  Kaukasus—no  he is  not  made  a  soldier:  he  remains  detained  in  the  Citadel 
+of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul.  Such  are  the  contradictory news which the press 
+has  given  us  in  turn  concerning  Michael  Bakunin. 
+
+In these days of extensive publicity, we only arrive at the true by affirming 
+the  false,  but,  has  it  at  least  been  proved  that  Bakunin  has  not been in the 
+
+20  military pay  of  Russia? 
+
+There  are  people  who  do  not  know  that  humanity  makes  men  mutually 
+responsible—that  in  extricating  Germany  from  the  influence  which  Russia 
+exercises  on  it,  we  react  upon  the  latter  country,  and  plunge  it  anew  into 
+its despotism, until it becomes vulnerable to revolution. Such people it would 
+25  be  idle  to  attempt to  persuade  that  Bakunin is  one  of  the  purest  and most 
+
+generous  representatives  of  progressive  cosmopoütism. 
+
+315 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+'Calumniate,  calumniate,'  says  a  French proverb,  'something will  always 
+remain.'  The  calumny  against  Bakunin,  countenanced in  1848  by  one  of his 
+friends,  has  been  reproduced  in  1853  by  an  unknown  person. 
+
+'One  is  never betrayed but by one'sown connexion,'says another proverb; 
+'and  it  is  better  to  deal  with  a  wise  enemy,  than  with  a  stupid  friend.'  The 
+conservative  journals  have  not become  the organ of the calumny insinuated 
+against  Bakunin.  A  friendly  journal  undertook  that  care. 
+
+5 
+
+Revolutionary  feeling  must  be  but  slightly  developed,  when  it  can  be 
+forgotten  for  a  moment,  as  Mr.  Marx  has  forgotten,  that Bakunin is  not of 
+the  stuff  of  which police  spies  are made. Why, at least, did he not do, as is  10 
+the  custom  of  the  English  papers—why  did  he  not  simply  publish the Jetter 
+of  the  Polish  refugee,  which  denounced  Bakunin?  He  would  have  retained 
+the  regret  of  seeing  his  name  associated  with  a false  accusation!" 
+
+T he  F o r e i gn  C o r r e s p o n d e nt 
+
+in  S a t u r d a y 's  " M o r n i ng  A d v e r t i s e r ." 
+
+15 
+
+" ' It  is  better  to  deal with a wise  enemy  than a  stupid  friend.'  Exactly  so. 
+
+Is  he  not  a  'stupid  friend'  who is  astonished  at the  discovery, that  a con 
+troversy  involves  antagonistic  opinions,  and  that  historical  truth  cannot be 
+extricated  but  from  contradictory  statements? 
+
+Is  he  not  a  'stupid  friend'  who  thinks  necessary  to  find  fault  with  ex-  20 
+
+planations  in  1853,  with  which  Bakunin  himself  was  satisfied  in  1848,  to 
+'plunge  Russia  anew  in  its  despotism,'  from  which  she  has  never  emerged, 
+and  to  call  French  a  trite  Latin  proverb? 
+
+Is  he  not  a  'stupid  friend'  who  assures  a  paper  to  have  'countenanced' a 
+
+statement made by its Foreign Correspondent and unmarked by its editor? 
+
+25 
+
+Is  he  not  a  'stupid  friend'  who  sets  up  'conservative  journals'  as  models 
+for 'revolutionary feeling' at its highest pitch, invented the lois des suspects, 
+and  suspected  the  'stuff  of  a  traitor  even  in  the  Dantons,  the  Camille 
+Desmoulins,  and  the  Anacharsis  Cloots,  who  dares  attack third  persons  in 
+the  name  of  Bakunin,  and  dares  not defend  him  in  his  own name? 
+
+30 
+
+In conclusion, let me  tell the friend of proverbial common place that I have 
+
+now  done  with  him  and  with  all  such  like  friends  of  Bakunin." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+London,  September  4th. 
+
+316 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  V i e n na  N o t e — T he  U n i t ed  S t a t es  a nd  E u r o p e-
+
+L e t t e rs  f r om  S h u m l a — P e e l 's  B a nk  A ct 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3881,  24. September 1853 
+
+London,  Friday,  Sept.  9,1853. 
+
+5 
+
+When  I  told  you  in  my  letter  of  August  30,  that  the  Vienna  Note  was  "re 
+jected"  by  the  Porte,  inasmuch  as  the  alterations  demanded  by it  and the 
+condition of immediate and previous evacuation cannot be considered other 
+wise than as  a refusal of Russia's pretensions, I found myself in contradiction 
+with the  whole Press, which assured us that the alterations were insignificant, 
+not worth  speaking of,  and that the whole  affair might be regarded as settled. 
+Some  days later,  The Morning Chronicle startled the confiding stockjobbers 
+
+10  with the  announcement that the  alterations  proposed by  the  Porte  were of 
+a  very  serious  character,  and  by  no  means  easy  to  be  dealt  with.  At  this 
+moment  there  exists  only  one  opinion,  namely  that  the  whole  Eastern 
+Question  has  come  back  to  its  point  of  issue,  an  impression  in  no  way 
+impaired  by  the  complete  publication  in  yesterday's  papers,  of  the  official 
+15  Note addressed by Rescbid Pasha, to the Representatives of Austria, France, 
+
+Great  Britain,  and  Prussia,  dated  August  19,  1853. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+That  the  Russian  Emperor  will  reject  the  Turkish  "alterations"  there  is 
+not the  slightest  doubt.  Already  we  are  informed  by  the  Assemblée Natio 
+nale,  the  Paris  Moniteur  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  that,  "according  to 
+correspondences received to-day at Paris, the first impressions produced on 
+the  Cabinet  of  St.  Petersburg  were  by  no  means  favorable  to  the  modi 
+fications  proposed  by  the  Porte.  Whatever  may  be  the  resolution  of  that 
+Cabinet  we  must  prepare  ourselves  beforehand  to  take  it  coolly  and  to 
+repress  our  fears.  We  have  to  consider that  even were the Russian  Cabinet 
+to refuse  the  proposed  change  of the note, there would remain the resource 
+of fresh negotiation at Constantinople." The intimation contained in this  last 
+hint,  that  Russia  will  attempt  to  gain  another  delay  of  the  decision  of  the 
+dispute  is  confirmed  by  the  Berlin  Lithographic  Correspondence:  "The 
+Austrian  government  has  presented  a  memorial  to  the  Emperor  Nicholas 
+
+317 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+containing  new propositions of modification, and it has undertaken to termi 
+nate  the  crisis  in  a  manner  quite  different  from  all  previous  attempts."  In 
+a  letter  published  by  the  Vienna  Wanderer  from  Odessa  dated  26th  Aug.  the 
+solution of the  Oriental  question is  stated  "to be  not  so near  at hand  as was 
+expected by  some  people.  The  armaments have not been suspended for one 
+day, and the army in the Principalities continually receives reinforcements." 
+The  Cronstadt  Satellite  positively  announces  that  the  Russian  troops  will 
+take  up  their  winter-quarters  in  the  PrincipaHties. 
+
+5 
+
+20 
+
+15 
+
+A  note  issued  from  Washington  could  scarcely  have  produced  a  greater 
+sensation  in  Europe  than your  editorial  remarks  on  Capt.  Ingraham.  They  10 
+have found their way, with and without commentaries, into almost the whole 
+weekly  press  of  London,  into  many  French papers, the Brussels  Nation, the 
+Turin  Parlamento, the  Basle  Gazette, and  every liberal newspaper  of Ger 
+many.  Your  article  on  the  Swiss-American  alliance  having  simultaneously 
+been reprinted in a number of German journals you may consider the follow- 
+ing  passage  from  an  article  of  the  Berlin  Lithographic  Correspondence  as 
+partly  addressed  to  you:  "Some  time  since  the  press  has  had  various  occa 
+sions  to  pronounce  itself  on  the  United  States  theory  with  regard  to  inter 
+vention.  Very  recently  the  Koszta  affair  at  Smyrna  has  renewed  the  dis 
+cussion, and this affair is not yet terminated, when already foreign and native 
+journals  hold  out  the  prospect  of  an  intervention  on the part of  the  United 
+States in favor of  Switzerland, if it  should be threatened by an attack. To-day 
+we  are informed that several Powers have the intention of making a collective 
+declaration against the  doctrine  of international right put forth by the United 
+States,  and  that  we  may  hope  to  see  those  Cabinets  arrive  at  a  perfect  25 
+understanding.  If  the  American  intervention  theories  were  not  refuted  in  a 
+peremptory  manner,  the extirpation  of the revolutionary spirit in Europe 
+would meet with an insuperable obstacle. We may add, as an important fact, 
+that  France  is  among the  Powers ready to participate in this remonstrance." 
+On  this  last  point,  the  Constitutionnel of  Tuesday  last  takes  good  care  not 
+to  leave  any doubt, when it says:  "It is  necessary to  be  candid in all things. 
+It  is  not  as  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  that  Koszta  is  defended  against 
+Austria  by  the  agents  of  the  American Republic, but as  a revolutionist.  But 
+none  of  the  European  Powers  will  ever  admit  as  a  principle  of  public  law 
+that the  Government of the  United States has the right to protect revolution  35 
+in  Europe  by  force  of  arms.  On no grounds  would it be permitted to throw 
+obstacles in the way of the exercise of the jurisdiction of a government, under 
+the  ridiculous  pretense  that  the  offenders  have  renounced their  allegiance, 
+and  from  the  real  motive  that  they  are  in  revolt  against  the  political  con 
+stitution of their country. The Navy of the American Union might not always  40 
+have  such  an  easy  triumph,  and  such  headstrong  conduct  as  that pursued 
+
+30 
+
+318 
+
+w 
+
+The  Vienna  Note—The  United  States  and  Europe—Letters  from  Shumla—Peel's  Bank  Act 
+
+by  the  Captain  of the  St.  Louis  might  on another  occasion be  attended with 
+very  disastrous  consequences." 
+
+The  Impartial of  Smyrna,  received  to-day,  publishes  the  following  inter 
+
+esting  letters  from  Schumla: 
+
+"Schumla, Aug.  8,  1853. 
+The  Commander-in-Chief,  Omer  Pasha,  has  so  ably  distributed  his  troops, 
+that on the first emergency, he may within 24 hours concentrate  at any point 
+on  the  Danube,  a  mass  of  65,000  men, infantry  and cavalry,  and  180 pieces 
+of  cannon.  A  letter  I received from Wallachia,  states that typhus is  making 
+frightful havoc in  the  Russian  army,  and that it has lost  not less  than  13,000 
+men  since its  entry into  campaign.  Care  is  taken to bury the dead during the 
+night.  The  mortality  is  also  very  high  among  the  horses.  Our  army  enjoys 
+perfect  health.  Russian  detachments,  composed  of  30  to  60  soldiers,  and 
+dressed in Moldavian uniform, appear from time to time on the opposite bank 
+of  the  Danube.  Our  general  is  informed  of  all  their movements.  Yesterday 
+1,000 Roman Catholic Albanians  arrived.  They form the vanguard of a corps 
+of  13,000  men  expected  without  delay.  They  are  sharpshooters.  Yesterday 
+there  arrived also  3,000 horse,  all  of them old  soldiers,  perfectly  armed  and 
+equipped.  The  number  of  our  troops  is  increasing every day.  Ahmet Pasha 
+started  yesterday  for  Varna.  He  will  wait  there  for  the  Egyptian forces,  in 
+order  to  direct  them  to  the  points  they  are  to  occupy." 
+
+30 
+
+"Schumla,  Friday, Aug.  12,  1853. 
+On  the  9th  inst.  two regiments  of infantry  and  one battery of light artillery, 
+belonging  to  the  guards  of  the  Sultan,  started  for  Rasgrad.  On  the  10th we 
+25  got  news  that  5,600  Russians  had  encamped themselves  on the bank of the 
+Danube  near  the  port of  Turtukai,  in consequence  of which the  outposts  of 
+the  two  armies  are  only  at the  distance  of  a rifle-shot from each  other.  The 
+gallant  Colonel  Skander-Bey  has  left  for  that  post,  with  several  officers. 
+Omer Pasha has established telegraphs, with a view of having communicated 
+to the headquarters at every time of day or night the events passing on every 
+point  of  the  river.  We  have had continual rains for  some  days  past, but the 
+works  of fortification have  none  the less been continued with great activity. 
+A salute of cannon is fired twice a day, at sunrise and sunset. We hear nothing 
+of  this  sort  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  The  Egyptian  troops,  after 
+35 having undergone their quarantine at Constantinople, will embark for Varna, 
+whence  they  are  to  be  directed  to  Babadagh.  The  Brigadier  Izzet  Pasha 
+expects  them  there.  In  the  district  of  Dobrudja-Ovassi 20,000  Tartars  have 
+assembled, in order to participate in the war  against the  Russians.  They are 
+for the  greater  part ancient  emigrants,  who  left the  Crimea at the time of its 
+
+319 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+conquest by Russia. The Ottoman army, whose  strength augments every day 
+by  the  arrival  of  troops,  both  regular  and  irregular,  is  tired of passiveness, 
+and burns with the  desire of going to war. It is to be feared that we shall have 
+one  of  these  days  a  transit  across  the  Danube  without  superior  orders, 
+especially  now  that the  presence of the Russians,  who  show  themselves  on 
+the  opposite bank,  adds to the excitement.  Several physicians, Mussulmans 
+and  Christians,  left  some  days  ago,  in  order  to  establish  military  hospitals 
+on  the  European  plan  at  Plevna,  at  Rasgrad,  at Widdin,  and at  Silistria.  On 
+the  11th there  arrived from  Varna two  superior  English officers. They have 
+had  a  long  audience  with  Omer  Pasha,  and  have  visited the  fortifications, 
+attended by  several Turkish officers. They have found them in a perfect state 
+of  defense,  provided  with  ample  magazines,  baking-stoves,  fountains  of 
+fresh  water,  etc.  All  these  fortifications  are  constructed  with  the  greatest 
+solidity.  The  most  severe  discipline  prevails  among  our  troops." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"Schumla, Monday, Aug.  15,  1853.  15 
+
+On  the  13th,  the  English  General  O'Donnell  arrived  from  Constantinople. 
+He  had  an  interview  of  two  hours'  duration  with  Omer  Pasha,  and  left  on 
+the following day,  attended by  an aide-de-camp of the Commander-in-Chief, 
+for the purpose of inspecting the fortifications. Yesterday three batteries and 
+an  immense  train  of  ammunition  arrived  from  Varna.  To-morrow  a  re-  20 
+inforcement  of  one  battery,  two  batalhons  of  infantry,  and  1,000 horse, will 
+leave  for the  port  of Hirsova.  The  engineers at this place are busily engaged 
+in restoring the fortifications destroyed by the Russians in  1828. Turkey may 
+have  unbroken  confidence  in  her  army." 
+
+The  Earl of Fitzwilliam addressed a letter on Thursday last to the meeting  25 
+
+of  Sheffield  cutlers,  in  which he  protests  against the  monstrous assumption 
+with  which  Parliament  was  closed  by the  heroic Palmerston,  that  "reliance 
+was  to  be  placed  on  the  honor  and character  of the  Emperor of Russia." 
+
+Mr.  Disraeli has  summoned  his  constituents  to  meet him  at Aylesbury on 
+the  14th  inst.  The  Daily News  of  yesterday  attempted,  in  a long  and dull  30 
+article,  to  combat what Mr. Disraeli is  supposed by it to be likely to tell his 
+electors.  Such  a  performance  I  tliink  The  Daily  News might  have  left  with 
+greater propriety  to  its  venerable  grandsire,  The London Punch. 
+
+It  is  now  the  fourth  time  since  January  that the rate of interest has been 
+raised by the Bank of England. On Sept. 4, it was fixed at 4 per cent. "Another  35 
+attempt  has  been  made  to reduce  the  ckculating medium  of the  country— 
+another  effort to  arrest the tide of national prosperity,"  exclaims  The London 
+Sun.  On the other hand, it comforts itself with the consideration that the Bank 
+of  England  has  lost  much  of  its  mischievous  power  in  consequence  of  the 
+Peel  Act  of  1844. 
+
+320 
+
+Γ 
+
+The  Vienna  Note—The  United  States  and  Europe—Letters  from  Shumla—Peel's  Bank  Act 
+
+The  Sun is  mistaken  in  what  it  fears,  and  in  what  it  hopes.  The  Bank of 
+England has  as little  as  any  other bank,  either the  power  of  expanding or of 
+contracting  the  currency  of  the  country.  The  really  mischievous  powers 
+possessed by  it are by no means restricted, but on the contrary  strengthened 
+by  the  Peel  Act  of  1844. 
+
+5 
+
+As the  Bank Act  of  1844 is  generally  misunderstood,  and  as  its working 
+will  become,  in  the  approaching  crisis,  of  paramount importance  not  only 
+to England but to the whole commercial world, I propose briefly to explain 
+the  tendency  of  the  act. 
+
+to 
+
+Peel's  Bank  Act  of  1844  proceeds  on  the  assumption  that  the  metallic 
+circulation  is  the  normal  one;  that  the  amount  of  the  currency  regulates 
+prices;  that  in the  case  of  a purely metallic circulation, the  currency would 
+expand,  with  a  favorable  exchange  and  with  an  influx  of bullion,  while  it 
+would  be  contracted  by  an  adverse  exchange  and  a  drain of  bullion;  that à 
+circulation of bank notes has  exactly to imitate the metallic circulation; that 
+accordingly  there  had  to  be  a  degree  of  correspondence  between the  vari 
+ations  in the  amount  of bullion  in  the  vaults  of  the  Bank of England and the 
+variations  in  the  quantity of  its  notes  circulating among the public;  that the 
+issue  of  notes  must  be  expanded  with  a  favorable,  and  contracted  with  an 
+20  unfavorable  exchange  ;  lastly,  that  the  Bank  of  England  had  the  control  over 
+
+15 
+
+the  amount  of  its  notes  in  circulation. 
+
+25 
+
+Now  there  is  not one  of  these premises which is  not utterly fallacious  and 
+contradictory  to  facts.  Suppose  even  a  purely  metallic  circulation,  the 
+amount  of  currency  could  not  determine  prices,  no  more  than  it  could  de-
+termine the amount of commercial and industrial transactions; but prices on 
+the  contrary  would  determine  the  amount  of  currency  in  circulation.  Un 
+favorable  exchanges,  and  a drain of bullion, would not contract even a purely 
+metallic  circulation,  as  they  would  not  affect  the  amount  of  currency  in 
+circulation,  but  the  amount of currency in reserve,  sleeping in the banks  as 
+30  deposits, Or in private hoards. On the other hand, a favorable exchange and 
+a concomitant influx  of  bullion,  would augment, not the currency in circula 
+tion,  but  the  currency  deposited  with  bankers  or  hoarded  by  private  in 
+dividuals.  The  Peel  Act,  therefore,  starting  upon  a  false  conception  of  a 
+purely  metallic  circulation,  naturally  arrives  at  a  false  imitation  of  it by  a 
+35  paper  circulation.  The  idea itself, that a bank of issue  has a control over the 
+amount  of  its  outstanding  notes,  is  utterly  preposterous.  A  bank  issuing 
+convertible  notes  or  advancing  notes  generally,  on  commercial  securities, 
+has  neither  the  power  of  augmenting  the  natural level  of  circulation  nor  the 
+power  to  cripple  it  by  one  single  note.  A bank may certainly issue notes to 
+any amount its  customers will  accept; but, if not wanted for circulation, the 
+notes  will  be  returned to  it in the  form of  deposits,  or  in  payment for debts, 
+
+40 
+
+321 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+or  in  exchange  for  metal.  On  the  other  hand,  if  a  bank  intend  to  forcibly 
+contract  its  issues,  its  deposits  would  be  withdrawn  to  the  amount  needed 
+for filling up  the  vacuum created  in the circulation. Thus a bank has no power 
+whatever  over  the  quantity  of  circulation,  whatever  may  be  its  power  for 
+the  abuse  of  other  people's  capital.  Although  in  Scotland  banking  was  practi-  5 
+cally  unrestricted  before  1845,  and  the  number  of  banks  had  considerably 
+increased  since  1825,  the  circulation  declined,  and  there  was  only  £1  (of 
+paper)  per  head  of  population,  while  there  was  in  England  £2  per  head, 
+notwithstanding that the whole circulation below £5 was metallic in England 
+and paper in Scotland. 
+
+10 
+
+It  is  an  illusion  that  the  amount  of  circulation  must  correspond  to  the 
+amount of bullion.  If the bullion  increases  in  the  vaults  of  a bank, that bank 
+certainly  tries  by  all  means  to  extend  its  circulation,  but,  as  experience 
+teaches,  to  no  purpose.  From  1841—'43, the bullion in the  Bank of  England 
+rose  from  £3,965,000  to  £11,054,000,  but its  total  circulation declined from  15 
+£35,660,000 to £34,049,000. Thus the Bank of France had, on March 25,1845, 
+an  outstanding  circulation  of  256,000,000f.,  with  a  bullion  reserve  of 
+234,000,000f.;  but  on  March  25,1846, its circulation was 249,404,000f., with 
+a  bullion  reserve  of  only  9,535,000 f. 
+
+It  is  an  assumption  no  less  incorrect,  that  the  internal  circulation  must  20 
+
+diminish in the case of a drain of bullion.  At this  moment, for instance, while 
+the  efflux  of  bullion  is  going  on,  $3,000,000  have  been  brought  to  the  mint 
+and  added  to  the  circulation  of  the  country. 
+
+But  the  main  fallacy  rests  on  the  supposition  that demand for  pecuniary 
+accommodation,  i.e.  loan  of  capital,  must  converge  with  demand for  addi-  25 
+tional  means  of  circulation;  as  if  the  greater  amount  of  commercial  trans 
+actions  were not effected by bills, checks, bookcredits, clearing-houses, and 
+other forms of credit quite unconnected with the  so-called circulation. There 
+can  exist  no  better  mode  of  verifying the  faculty  of  Bank-accommodations 
+than the market rate of interest, and no more efficient means for ascertaining  30 
+the  amount of business  actually done by a Bank, than the return of bills under 
+discount.  Let  us  proceed  on  this  twofold  scale  of  measurement.  Between 
+March  and  September,  1845,  when with the  speculation-mania the fictitious 
+capital  reached  its  utmost  hight  and  the  country  was  inundated  with  all 
+possible  enterprises  on  an  immense  scale,  the  rate  of  interest being  nearly  35 
+2V2 per cent., the circulation of Bank notes remained nearly stationary, while 
+at a later period in  1847, the rate of interest being 4V2 per cent., the price of 
+shares having sunk to the lowest ebb, and discredit spreading in all directions, 
+the  circulation  of  Bank  notes  reached  its  maximum. 
+
+The  note  circulation  of  the  Bank  of  England  was  £21,152,853  on  the  40 
+
+17th  April;  £19,998,227  on the  15th of  May;  and  £18,943,079  on the 21st of 
+
+322 
+
+ir 
+
+The  Vienna  Note—The  United  States  and  Europe—Letters  from  Shumla—Peel's  Bank  Act 
+
+August,  1847.  But  while  this  falling  off  in  the  circulation  occurred,  the 
+market-rate  of  interest  had  declined  from  7  and  8  to  5  per  cent.  From  the 
+21st Aug.,  1847, the circulation increased from £18,943,079 to £21,265,188 on 
+Oct.  23.  At  the  same time  the  market-rate  of  interest rose  from  5  to  8  per 
+cent. On the 30th of August the circulation was £21,764,085, the interest paid 
+in  Lombard-st.  amounting  to  10  per  cent.  Take  another  instance: 
+
+Bank  of  England. 
+
+Sept. 18, 1846 
+April 5, 1847 
+
+Bills under Discount. 
+£12,321,816 
+18,627,116 
+
+Notes in Circulation. 
+£20,922,232 
+20,815,234 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+So  that  the  Banking  accommodation  in  April,  1847,  greater  by  6,000,000 
+
+than that of  Sept.,  1846,  was  carried on with  a less  amount of circulation. 
+
+Having exposed  the  general  principles  of  Peel's  Bank Act,  I come now to 
+its  practical  details.  It  assumes  that  £14,000,000  of  bank  notes  form  the 
+15  necessary minimum  amount of circulation.  All notes issued by the  Bank of 
+England beyond that amount shall be represented by bullion.  Sir Robert Peel 
+imagined  he  had  discovered  a  self-acting  principle  for  the  issue  of  notes, 
+which would determine  with mechanical accuracy, the amount of the circula 
+tion,  and  which would  increase  or  diminish  in  the  precise  degree  in  which 
+20 the bullion increased or decreased. In order to put this principle into practice, 
+the  Bank  was  divided  into  two  departments,  the  Issue Department and  the 
+Banking  Department,  the  former  a  mere  fabric  of  notes,  the latter the true 
+Bank,  receiving  the  deposits  of  the  State  and of the public, paying the  divi 
+dends,  discounting  bills,  advancing  loans,  and  performing  in  general  the 
+25  business  with  the  public,  on the principles  of every other banking concern. 
+The  Issue  Department  makes  over  its  notes  to  the  Banking  Department to 
+the  amount  of  £14,000,000,  plus  the  amount  of  bullion  in  the  vaults  of  the 
+Bank.  The  Banking  Department negotiates  those  notes  with the  public. The 
+amount  of  bullion necessary to  cover the notes beyond £14,000,000, remains 
+in  the  Issue  Department,  the  rest  being  surrendered  to  the  Banking  De 
+partment.  If the amount of bullion diminish beneath the circulation exceeding 
+£14,000,000,  the  notes  returning to  the  Banking Department in discharge  of 
+its  advances,  or  under  the  form  of  deposits,  are  not reissued nor replaced, 
+but  annihilated.  If  there  were  a  circulation  of  £20,000,000,  with  a  metallic 
+reserve  of  £7,000,000,  and  if  the Bank were further drained by an efflux of 
+£1,000,000,  all the bullion would be  requested by the Issue Department, and 
+there  would  not  remain  one  sovereign  in  the  Banking  Department. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+Now  everybody  will  understand  that  this  entire  machinery  is  illusory  on 
+
+the  one  hand,  and  of  the  most  pernicious  character  on  the  other  hand. 
+
+40 
+
+Take,  for  instance, the  Bank returns  in  last  Friday's  Gazette.  There you 
+
+323 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+find, under the head of the Issue Department, the  amount of notes in circula 
+tion  stated  to  be  £30,531,650,  i.e.,  £14,000,000 + £16,531,650-the  latter  sum 
+corresponding  to  the  bullion  reserve  of  last  week.  But  turning  to  the  head 
+of  Banking Department,  you  will find £7,755,345  in notes in  its  assets.  This 
+is  the  portion  of  the  £30,531,650  not  accepted  by  the  public.  Thus the  self- 
+acting  principle  determines  only  the  £30,531,650  in  notes  to be  transported 
+from  the  Issue  Department  to  the  Banking  Department.  But  there  they 
+remain.  As  soon  as  the  Banking  Department  comes  into  contact  with  the 
+public,  the  amount  of  circulation is  regulated,  not by Peel's  Act,  but by the 
+wants of business.  The  self-acting principle, accordingly, extends its opera-  10 
+tion  not  beyond  the  vaults  of  the  Bank premises. 
+
+5 
+
+On  the  other  hand,  there  occur  moments,  when the  Bank of England, by 
+her  exceptional  position,  exercises  a  real  influence,  not  only  on  English 
+commerce, but on the  commerce  of the world.  This  happens  in moments of 
+general  discredit.  In  such moments the Bank may, by raising in accordance  15 
+with  the  Peel  Act,  its  minimum  rate  of  interest,  correspondingly  with  the 
+efflux  of bullion,  and by  refusing her accommodation,  depreciate the public 
+securities,  lower  the  prices  of  all  commodities,  and  enormously  aggravate 
+the  disasters  of  a  commercial  crisis.  It  may,  in  order  to  stop  the  efflux  of 
+bullion  and  to  turn the  exchanges,  transform  every  commercial  stagnation  20 
+into a monetary peril.  And in this manner the  Bank of England has acted and 
+was  forced  to  act  by  the  Peel  Act  in  1847. 
+
+This, however,  is  not all. In every banking concern, the heaviest Uabilities 
+are  not  the  amount  of  notes  in  circulation,  but  the  amounts  of  notes  and 
+metals  in deposit.  The banks of Holland, for instance, had, as Mr. Anderson  25 
+stated  before  a  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons,  before  1845, 
+£30,000,000 in deposit, and £3,000,000 only in circulation.  "In all commercial 
+crises,"  says  Mr.  Alex.  Baring,  "for  instance,  in  1825,  the  claims  of  the 
+depositors  were  the  most  formidable,  not  those  of  the  holders  of  notes." 
+Now,  while  the  act  of  Peel  regulates  the  amount  of  bullion  to  be  held  in  30 
+reserve  for  the  convertibility  of  notes,  it  leaves  Directors  the  power  to  do 
+with the  deposits as they please.  Yea, more. The very regulations of this act, 
+as  I  have  shown,  may  force  the  Banking  Department  to  stop  the  payment 
+of  the  deposits  and  of  the  dividends,  while  bullion  to  any  amount  may  lie 
+in the  vaults  of  the  Issue Department. This happened, indeed, in  1847. The  35 
+Issue Department being yet possessed of £61,000,000 of bullion, the Banking 
+Department  was  not  saved  from  bankruptcy  but  by  the  interference  of 
+Government  suspending,  on their  responsibility, the  Peel Act,  on 25th Oct., 
+1847. 
+
+Thus the result of the Peel Act has been that the Bank of England changed  40 
+
+its  rate  of  interest  thirteen  times  during the  crisis  of  1847,  having  changed 
+
+324 
+
+The  Vienna  Note—The  United  States  and  Europe—Letters  from  Shumla—Peel's  Bank  Act 
+
+it  only  twice  during  the  crisis  of  1825;  that  it  created  amid  the  real  crisis  a 
+series  of  money  panics  in  April  and  October,  1847;  and  that  the  Banking 
+Department  would  have  been  obliged  to  stop  but for the  stoppage of  the act 
+itself.  There  can,  therefore,  exist  no  doubt  that the  Peel  Act will aggravate 
+the  incidents  and  severity  of  the  approaching  crisis. 
+
+325 
+
+P o l i t i c al  M o v e m e n t s — S c a r c i ty  of  B r e ad 
+
+in  E u r o pe 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3886,  30. September  1853 
+
+Political  Movements-
+Scarcity of Bread in Europe. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  Sept.  13,1853. 
+
+The Sunday Times published in its last number  a dispatch from Lord Claren- 
+don to Sir H. Seymour, in answer to the note of Count Nessehode of June 20. 
+This  dispatch  bears  date  July  16.  It  is  a  mere  "doubliere"  of  the  reply  of 
+M. Drouin  de  l'Huys.  A  correspondent  of  The  Leader  on  Saturday  last, 
+expresses  himself  in  the  following  spirited  manner  on  the  "antagonism" 
+between  Lords Aberdeen  and Palmerston: 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"Lord  Aberdeen  could  never understand  Lord Palmerston's  affectations— 
+never  seeing  that  consequent  upon  these  affectations,  Lord  Palmerston  was 
+always  able  to promote  unmolested  the  Russian  system,  even  better  than 
+Lord  Aberdeen  himself...  Lord  Palmerston  disguises  cynicism  in  Com 
+promise  . ..  Lord  Aberdeen  did,  as  Lord  Palmerston  did  not,  express  his  15 
+convictions  . ..  Lord  Palmerston  sees  the  expediency,  and  Lord  Aberdeen 
+does  not  see  the  expediency  of talking intervention, while  acting non-inter 
+vention  . ..  Lord Aberdeen knowing, from his acquaintance with the govern 
+ing classes,  how  seats  are  got,  and voters bought,  does  not think the British 
+Constitution the most perfect of human institutions ; and, calculating that the 20 
+people  of  Continental  Europe  are  not more amiable or more  honest than the 
+people of Great Britain,  he abstains from urging on continental governments 
+the  desirability of  abolishing paternal despotism  in favor of  self-government 
+by  governing  classes  . ..  Lord  Aberdeen  perceives  that  Great  Britain  is  a 
+power  made  up  of conquests  over nationalities,  and  scorns  a foreign policy  25 
+affecting  to  befriend  struggling  nationalities.  Lord  Aberdeen  does  not  see 
+why  England,  which  has  conquered  and  plundered  India,  and  keeps  India 
+down  for  India's  good,  should  set  up  for  a  hater  of  Czar  Nicholas,  who  is 
+
+326 
+
+Political  Movements—Scarcity  of  Bread  in  Europe 
+
+a  good  despot in Russia,  and keeps Poland down for Poland's obvious  good. 
+Lord  Aberdeen  does  not  see  why  England,  which has  crushed  small rebel 
+lions  in  Ireland,  should  be  fanatically  angry with Austria for  keeping down 
+Hungary;  and  knowing  that  England  forces  an  alien  Church  on  Ireland,  he 
+5  understands  the  eagerness  of  the  Pope  to plant Cardinal Wiseman in West 
+minster.  He knows that we have had  Kaffir wars and does not think Nicholas 
+a ruffian for thinning his  army among the Caucasians ; he knows that we send 
+off  periodically,  rebellious  Mitchells  and  O'Briens  to  Van  Diemen's  land, 
+and  does  not  feel  horror  because  Louis  Napoleon  institutes  a  Cayenne. 
+10  Whenever  he  has  to  write  to  the  Neapolitan  Government  about  Sicilian 
+affairs, he  does  not plunge into ecstatic liberalism, because he bears in mind 
+that  Great  Britain  has  a  proconsul  at  Corfu  . ..  It  is  a happy  arrangement, 
+a  Coalition  Government,  which  includes,  with  Lord  Aberdeen  acting the 
+Russian,  Lord  Palmerston  to  iaZfcthe  Bermondsey  policy." 
+
+15 
+
+As  a proof that I  have  not undervalued the heroism of Switzerland, I may 
+allege  a letter  addressed by its  Federal Council to the Ticinese Government, 
+contending  that  "the  affair  of  the  Capuchins  is  purely  a  Cantonal  question, 
+and  that  consequently  it  is  for  the  Canton  of  Ticino  to  consider  whether it 
+is  better  for  it  to  resist,  and  continue  subject  to  the  rigorous  measures  of 
+20  Austria,  or  to  make  to  the  Government offers  of renewal of négociations." 
+Thus it appears that the Swiss Federal Council tries to bring down its dispute 
+with  Austria  within  the  proportions  of  a  simple  Cantonal  affair.  The  same 
+Council has just ordered the expulsion of the  Italians, Clementi, Cassola and 
+Grillanzoni,  after  the  Jury  at  Chur  had  acquitted  them  from  the  charge  of 
+25  having  abetted  the  Milan insurrection by the  forwarding of arms  across  the 
+
+Ticinese  frontier. 
+
+The  British  support to  Juggernaut appears not yet to have been altogether 
+done  away  with.  On  the  5th  of  May,  1852,  the  following  dispatch  was  ad 
+dressed  by  the  Court  of  Directors  to  the  Governor  of  India: 
+
+30 
+
+"We  continue  to  be  of  opinion that  it  is  desirable  finally  to  dissever  the 
+British  Government  from  all  connection  with the  temple,  and  we therefore 
+authorize to  make  arrangements for accomplishing this  object by the discon 
+tinuance of any periodical allowance to it, in lieu of which some final payment 
+may  be  made  in  the  way  of  compensation  to  any persons  who  may  appear 
+35  upon  a  Uberai  construction  of  past  engagements  or  understandings  to  be 
+
+entitled  to  such  indemnifications." 
+
+On  the  11th  April,  1853,  however,  nothing had  been  done  by  the  Indian 
+
+Government,  the  subject  being  still  under  consideration  at  that  date. 
+
+A  week  has  been  consumed  in  a  government  inquiry  into  the  cruelties 
+40  practised  upon  the  prisoners  in  Birmingham  jail,  cruelties  which  have  in 
+duced  several  of them  to  commit and  others  to  attempt  suicide.  Startled on 
+
+327 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+one  side  by  an  exposition  of  atrocities  not  surpassed by  any  committed  in 
+an Austrian or Neapolitan  carcere duro, we are on the other side  surprised 
+at  the  tame  acquiescence  of  the  visiting  magistrates  in  the  representations 
+which  were  made  to  them  by  interested  parties,  and  at  their  utter  want  of 
+sympathy with the victims.  Their  solicitude for the barbarous goaler was so 
+great  that  they  regularly  forewarned  him  of  their  approaching  visits.  The 
+chief  culprit,  Lieutenant  Austin,  is  one  of  those  persons  whom  Carlyle 
+designated  in  his  "Model  Prisons"  as  the  true  officers  of  the  pauper  and 
+criminal. 
+
+5 
+
+One  of  the  topics  of  the  day  is  Railway morality.  The  Yorkshire  and  10 
+
+Lancashire  Board  of  Directors  particularly  announce  on  their  tickets  that 
+"whatever  accident  may  happen,  whatever  injury  may  be  inflicted  through 
+their  own  negligence  or  that  of  their  servants,  they would hold themselves 
+absolved from all legal responsibility." At the  same time the Directors of the 
+Birmingham  and  Shrewsbury  line  appeared  before  the  Vice-Chancellor's  15 
+Court  on  Saturday for  having cheated  their own  shareholders.  There  exists 
+a rivalry between the Great Western and the North-Western lines as to which 
+of  the  two  should  absorb  the  above  line  in  question.  The  majority  of  the 
+shareholders  being  in  favor  of  amalgamation  with  the  North-Western,  and 
+the  Directors  of  absorption into  the  Great Western, it occurred to  the latter  20 
+to turn a number of  shares held by them in trust for the Company to account, 
+for  the  manufacture  of  fictitious  voters.  For  this  purpose  the  shares  were 
+transferred to  a number of nominal holders—in some instances it would seem 
+without  the  concurrence  of  the parties whose  names were  used,  and in one 
+instance  to  a  child  of  nine  years  of  age—who  paid  no  consideration for the  25 
+shares,  but  executed  re-transfers  of  them  into  the  hands  of  the  Directors, 
+and supplied them, in virtue of their nominal ownership, with a given number 
+of proxies, to  insure  a majority in favor of the union with the Great Western. 
+The  learned  Judge  remarked  that  "anything  more  flagrant  or  more  gross 
+could  scarcely be conceived, and the way in which the plan had been carried  30 
+out was  still more gross." With this reflection he dismissed the guilty parties, 
+as  is usual  among the bourgeoisie, while  a poor  devil of  a proletarian would 
+have  been  sure  to  be  transported  for  a  theft  beyond  five  pounds. 
+
+It is curious to observe the British public in its fluctuating indignation now 
+against the morality of mill lords, and now against the pit-owners, now against 35 
+the  little  dealers  in adulterated drugs,  and then against the railwaymen who 
+have  supplanted the  obsolete  highwaymen;  in  short,  against the  morality of 
+every  particular  class  of  capitalists.  Taking  the  whole,  it  would  seem  that 
+capital  possesses  a  peculiar  morality  of  its  own,  a kind  of  superior  law  of 
+a  raison  d'état, while  ordinary morals  are  a thing supposed  to  be  good for  40 
+the  poor  people. 
+
+328 
+
+Political  Movements—Scarcity  of  Bread  in  Europe 
+
+5 
+
+Manchester  Parliamentary  Reformers  seem  to  be  in  a  pretty  fix.  The 
+election  revelations  of  the  last  session  concerned  almost  exclusively  bor 
+oughs,  and  even the  great ones,  as  Hull,  Liverpool,  Cambridge  and  Canter 
+bury. The Uberai election-broker, Mr. Coppock, confessed in a fit of veracity: 
+"What  St. Albans  was  aU other boroughs  are." Now the oUgarchy meditate 
+turning  these  exposures  to recount in effecting a reform in favor of counties 
+and  at  the  cost  of  boroughs.  The  Manchester  Reformers,  who  desire  no 
+general  extension  of  the  suffrage,  but  only  one  within  the  borough-limits, 
+are,  of  course,  dumb  under  such a proposition.  It is  pitiful to  see  how  their 
+
+10  organ,  The Daily News,  struggles  to  get out of  this  difficulty. 
+
+On January  14,1846, the  Bank rate  of interest was raised to 3 7 2p er cent.; 
+on Jan.  21,1846,  to 4 per cent.;  and it was  not until  April,  1847, that the rate 
+rose  to  5 per  cent. ; but it is known that in the last three weeks of April,  1847, 
+almost  aU  operations  of  credit  were  at  a  dead-lock.  In  1853,  the  upward 
+15  movement of  the  Bank rate  of  interest was  by far  more  rapid.  From  2  per 
+cent.,  at which it was  on  24th  April,  1852, it rose to 2V2 per cent,  on Jan.  8, 
+1853;  to  3  per cent,  on the  22d of the  same  month,  to  3V2 per cent,  on the 
+4th June, to 4 per  cent,  on the  1st of  September, and already the rumor runs 
+through the city that it will shortly rise to 5 per cent. In Nov.  1846, the average 
+20  price  of  wheat was  56s.  9d.  per qr.;  in the  latter weeks  of  August,  1853,  it 
+had  reached  65s.  to  66s.  About this  period last year the  Bank of England 
+
+held in its  cellars 
+It  now  holds  only 
+Being  a  difference  of 
+
+£21,852,000 
+16,500,068 
+£  5,351,932 
+
+25 The buUion decreased during last week but one by £208,875, and in last week 
+by  £462,850.  The  effect  upon  prices  at  the  Stock  Exchange  has  been  im 
+mediate,  every  description  of  security  declining.  We  read  in  the  Money 
+article  of  last  Wednesday's  Times: 
+
+30 
+
+"Notwithstanding  the  depression  in  the  Stock  market,  Exchequer  Bills 
+remained  at  2  per  cent,  discount to  1  per cent,  premium, but an impression 
+is  entertained  that  the  Chancellor  of the  Exchequer,  in order  to  sustain  the 
+price,  causes  them  to  be  purchased  on  Government  account,  in the absence 
+of  any  funds  immediately  available  for  that  purpose,  by  the  sales  of  3  per 
+cent,  stocks  held  on  account  of  Savings  Banks." 
+
+35  This  would  be  a  masterpiece  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Gladstone  :  seUing  Consols 
+at a low figure  and  purchasing  Exchequer  Bills  at  a high one,  causing a loss 
+of  half  the  income  of  the  3  per  cent,  stocks  by  converting  them  into  Ex 
+chequer Bills  bearing Uttle  more than  IV2  per cent,  interest. 
+
+40 
+
+How  can  we  reconcile  an  unfavorable  exchange  or  drain  of  bullion with 
+the  unprecedented increase of British exports,  which at the end of the year 
+will  surpass  by  £16,000,000  even  the  exports  of  1852? 
+
+329 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+"As we give credit to  all the world in the case of our exports and pay ready 
+money  in  the  case  of  our  imports,  a  large  expansion  of  our  trade  at  any 
+moment  must  necessarily  lead  to  a  considerable  balance  in  the  payments 
+against  us  at  the  time, but  which  must  all be  returned  when the  credit upon 
+our  exports  has  expired  and  remittances  are  to  be  made  for  them." 
+
+5 
+
+So  says  The  Economist.  According  to  this  theory,  if  the  exports  of  1854 
+were to  surpass  again those of 1853, the exchange must continue to be against 
+England,  and  a  commercial  crisis  would  be  the  only  means  of  adjustment. 
+The  Economistthinks  that  disasters like those  of  1847  are  out of the  question, 
+because  no  considerable  portion  of  capital  has  been  fixed  now  as  then,  in  10 
+railways, etc.  He forgets that it has been converted into factories, machinery, 
+ships, etc.  On the other hand,  The Ofrserverlaments the "foolishinvestments 
+in  foreign  railways,  and  other  companies  of  very  doubtful  and  suspicious 
+character." The Economist thinks that the extended commercial operations, 
+so far as Europe is concerned, may receive a wholesome checkirom the high  15 
+price of  corn, but that America and Australia, etc.,  are  sure.  The  Times at 
+the  same  time  asserts that the tightness of the New-York money market will 
+put a  wholesome check on American operations. "We must not calculate on 
+the  same  extent  of  orders  from  the  United  States  that  we  have  hitherto 
+experienced,"  exclaims  The  Leader.  Australia  remains.  Here  steps  in  The  20 
+Observer: 
+
+"Exports  have  been  pushed  injudiciously  forward.  From  the  74,000 tons 
+of  shipping  now  entered  in  London  for  the  Southern  Colonies,  the  con 
+demnatory notices we gave from Adelaide, Melbourne, etc., will receive their 
+justification.  It  is  not  to  be  denied  that  present  prospects  are  not  promis-  25 
+ing." 
+
+As  to  the Chinese market all reports are unanimous on the point that there 
+exists  a great  alacrity  to  sell,  but  as  great  a reluctance to buy, the  precious 
+metals  being  hoarded,  and  any  alteration of this  state  of things  remains  out 
+of  question  as  long  as  the  revolutionary  movement  in  the  monster  Empire  30 
+has  not  accomplished  its  end. 
+And  the  home  market? 
+"Large  numbers  of  the  power-loom-weavers in Manchester and its neigh 
+borhood  have  followed the  example of Stockport, in striking for an advance 
+of  10 per cent, on their w a g e s . .. The factory hands will probably find, before  35 
+the  end of the winter,  that the  question is  not whether  an increase  of  10 per 
+cent,  will  be  conceded,  but  whether  the  manufacturers  will  allow  work  to 
+be  resumed  at  the  present  rate  of  wages." 
+
+In these  terms,  not to  be  misunderstood,  The Morning Chronicle alludes 
+
+to  the imminent decline  of the  domestic  market. 
+
+40 
+
+I  have  repeatedly  dwelt  on  the  immense  enlargement of  the old factories, 
+
+330 
+
+Political  Movements—Scarcity  of  Bread  in  Europe 
+
+and  the  unparalleled  erection of new ones.  I reported to you upon  some new 
+built mills  which form,  as  it were, whole  manufacturing towns.  I  stated that 
+at no former epoch had  such a proportion of the floating capital accumulated 
+during  the  period  of  prosperity,  been  directly  sunk  for  manufacturing  pur-
+5  poses.  Now, take these facts on the one hand, and on the other the symptoms 
+of  overstocked  markets  at  home  and  abroad;  remember,  also,  that  an  un 
+favorable  exchange  is  the  surest  means  to  precipitate  over-exports  into 
+foreign  markets. 
+
+10 
+
+But it is  the  bad  harvest which,  above  all,  will drive the long accumulated 
+elements of a great commercial and industrial crisis to eruption. Every other 
+sort  of  produce,  when  enhanced,  checks  its  own  demand;  but  Corn,  as  it 
+becomes  appreciated,  is  only  the  more  eagerly  sought  for,  drawing  depre 
+ciation  on  all  other  commodities.  The  most  civilized  nation,  like  the  most 
+brutal  savage,  must procure its food before it can think of procuring anything 
+15  else,  and  the  progress  of  wealth  and  civilization  is  generally  in  the  same 
+proportion,  in  which  the  labor  and  cost  of  producing  food  diminish.—A 
+general bad  harvest is  in itself a general contraction of markets, at home and 
+abroad.  Now the  present harvest is  at  least  as  deficient in the  southern part 
+of Europe, in Italy,  France, Belgium, Rhenish Prussia, as  it was in 1846—47. 
+It is by no means promising in the north-west and north-east. As to England, 
+the  Mark-lane Express, that Moniteur oí the London Corn Exchange,  states 
+in  its  number  of  yesterday  week: 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+"That  the  produce  of  wheat  in  the  United  Kingdom  will  be  the  smallest 
+gathered for many years, does  not admit  of  question. The average yield will 
+fall materially short in almost all parts of the kingdom, independent of which 
+it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  breadth  of  land  sown  was,  owing  to  the 
+unpropitious  weather  during  the  seeding  time,  at  least  one  fourth  less  than 
+usual." 
+
+This  situation  will  not  be  alleviated  by  the  delusion  of  commercial  con-
+30  vulsions, industrial over-production, and bad harvests having been simulta 
+neously done  away with by Free  Trade. On the contrary.  "Holders" remarks 
+the  same  Mark-lane Express,  "can not yet realize the idea of scarcity under 
+Free  Trade.  Hence few  are disposed to hold heavy  stocks. If our necessities 
+should  drive  us  hereafter  to  import  largely,  the  chances  are,  that  we  shall 
+35  have  to  pay  dearly for  supplies."  The  Mark-lane  Express  of  yesterday 
+
+adds: 
+
+''There  is  still  so  large  a proportion of the crops abroad that the character 
+of  the  weather  for  some  weeks  to  come  will have great influence  on trade. 
+The  quality  of  the  grain  exposed  in the  fields  has  already  suffered  from  the 
+last  rains,  and  a  continuance  of  wet  might  be  productive  of  an  immense 
+amount of mischief... The ultimate result of the harvest threatens to be less 
+
+40 
+
+331 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+satisfactory than  appeared  likely  a week or two  ago  . .. The  accounts which 
+have  reached  us  the last few  days  with regard to potatoes,  are  less  favorable 
+than  those  previously  received  . ..  Notwithstanding  the  enormously  large 
+supplies  from  abroad  during  last  week,  (88,833  qrs.)  the  reaction  on prices 
+has been only  small, the  fall from the highest point not having exceeded Is. 
+to  2s.  per  quarter  . ..  The  probable  result  of  the  harvest  in  the  Baltic  is  on 
+the  whole  of  an unsatisfactory  character...  According to the latest advices, 
+wheat was at 60s. f .o.b. at Dantzig, at 56s. 3d. at Königsberg, 54s. at Stettin, 
+58s.  at  Rostock." 
+
+5 
+
+The  consequences  of the  dearth are  already appearing,  as in  1847, on the  10 
+
+political  horizon.  At  Naples  the  town  authorities  are  without  means  to 
+employ  the  laborers  on  public  works,  and  the  Exchequer  is  unable  to  pay 
+the  State  officers.  In  the  Papal  States,  at  Tolentino,  Terni,  Ravenna  and 
+Trastevere,  there  have  been bread riots by no means mitigated by the recent 
+arrests,  the  invasion  of  the  Austrians,  and  the  threat  of  the  bastinado.  In  15 
+Lombardy the political consequences of dearth and industrial stagnation will 
+not  be  avoided  by  Count  Strassoldo's  imposing  an  additional  tax  of  6V2 
+kreuzer  per  florin,  payable  on  the  20th  Sept.  and  10th  Oct.,  this  year,  and 
+to  be  levied  on  all  payers  of  direct  taxes,  including  the  income  tax and  the 
+tax upon salaries. The general distress in Austria is betrayed by her lingering  20 
+after  a  new  loan,  introduced on the market as  usual by the  assertion that she 
+wants the money only to reduce her army. The feverish anxiety of the French 
+Government  may be  inferred from  its false harvest accounts, its false assize 
+of  bread  at  Paris,  and  its  immense  purchases  of  corn  on  all  markets.  The 
+provinces  are  disaffected,  because  Bonaparte  feeds Paris  at their expense;  25 
+the  bourgeoisie  are  disaffected  because  he  interferes  with  commerce  in 
+behalf  of the  proletarians;  the  proletarians  are  disaffected  because  he  gives 
+wheat bread instead  of  brown to  the  soldiers,  at the moment when peasants 
+and  workmen  are  menaced  with  the  prospect  of  no  bread  at  all; lastly,  the 
+soldiers  are  disaffected  because  of  the  humble  anti-national  attitude  of  30 
+France  in  the  Eastern  question.  In Belgium  several food-riots  have  echoed 
+the  foolish festivities  lavished by the  Coburgs on the Austrian Archduchess. 
+In  Prussia  the  fear  of the  Government is  so  great that  several  corn-brokers 
+have  been  arrested  by  way  of  show,  and  the  rest  summoned  before  the 
+Police-President,  who  "requested"  them  to  sell  at  "honest"  prices. 
+
+35 
+
+I  conclude  by  again  recording  my  opinion,  that  neither  the  declamation 
+of  the  demagogues,  nor  the  twaddle  of  the  diplomats  will  drive  matters  to 
+a  crisis,  but  that  there  are  approaching  economical  disasters  and  social 
+convulsions  which  must  be  the  sure  fore-runners  of  European  revolution. 
+Since  1849 commercial and industrial prosperity has stretched the lounge on  40 
+which  the  counter-revolution  has  slept  in  safety. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+332 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+T he  W e s t e rn  P o w e rs  a nd  T u r k e y — I m m i n e nt  E c o n o m ic  C r i s i s-
+
+R a i l w ay  C o n s t r u c t i on 
+
+in  I n d ia 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3889,  4.Oktober  1853 
+
+London, Tuesday,  Sept.  20,  1853. 
+
+In  my  letter  of  July  19,1  said: 
+
+"The  Western  Powers  commence by  encouraging  the  Sultan  to  resist  the 
+5 Czar, from fear of the encroachments of Russia, and terminate by compelling 
+the former to yield, from fear of a general war giving rise to a general revolu 
+tion." 
+
+Now,  at  this  moment  the  strength  of  the  combined  fleets  is  intended  to 
+be  used  for  Russia  against  Turkey.  If  the  Anglo-French  fleet  enter  the 
+10  Dardanelles  at all,  it will be  done  not to bombard  Sebastopol, but to  reduce 
+to  terms  the  Mussulmans  who  might  prevent  the  Sultan  from  accepting 
+without conditions  the  Vienna  Note. 
+
+"On  the  13th  of  September,"  says  D. Urquhart,  "the four  Foreign Secre 
+taries  quietly  assembled  in  Downing-st.,  and  decided  to  send  orders  to 
+15  Constantinople  to  enforce  upon  the  Porte  the  withdrawal  of  the  modi 
+fications  which  the  European  Conference  had  accepted.  Not  content  with 
+this,  and in case  the  Sultan should find himself unable  to  resist the exaspera 
+tion  of  his  people,  they  sent  orders  for  the  squadron  to  advance  into  the 
+waters  of  the  Bosphorus  to  support  him  against  his  subjects.  Nor  content 
+20  with  this,  they  also  dispatched  orders  to  Omar  Pacha  to  forbid  him  from 
+passing  from  one  province  to  another  in  his  Sovereign's  Dominions.  They 
+have consequently contemplated the rebellion as the result of their dispatch, 
+and  provided  means  for  putting it down, these means being the allied  squad 
+ron." 
+
+25 
+
+It was from  Sunday's Journal des Débats that the English public became 
+acquainted  with  this  news.  The  Journal  des  Débats  stated  that  Mr.  Reeve, 
+having  left  London  on  the  13th  inst.,  with  dispatches  for  Lord  Stratford  de 
+Redcliffe,  arrived  in  Paris  on  the  morning  and  left  it  on  the  evening  of the 
+14th,  after  he  had  communicated  to the  French Government the tenor of his 
+
+333 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+instructions,  ordering the English Ambassador to demand the entire adhesion 
+of  the  Porte  to  the  Vienna  proposals,  the  retraction  of  its  modifications  of 
+the  19th August, threatening it with the  withdrawal of the  support of the four 
+Powers  in  the  event  of  a war  arising from  her  refusal  to  yield,  and  offering 
+it  the  assistance  of  the  French  and  English  fleets  for  putting  down  any 
+insurrection  that  might  break  out  in  Constantinople  if  the  Porte  were  to 
+comply  with  the  Vienna  Note,  and  against  Omar  Pacha,  if  he  dared  to  act 
+in  disobedience  to  the  orders  of  the  Porte.  Before  the  arrival of  the  Journal 
+des Débats, we  were  informed that the  Vienna  Conference,  on receipt  of the 
+Emperor's  refusal,  sent  proposals  to  the  Sultan  that  he  should  recall  his 
+words,  that  he  should  sign  the  note  he  had  refused  to  sign,  and be  content 
+with  an  assurance  that  the  Conference  would  put  any  interpretation  on the 
+note  agreeable  to  the  Sultan  himself.  The  Times  avoids  speaking  of  the 
+compromising  revelations  made  by  the  Journal  des  Débats.  So  does  The 
+Morning Chronicle, The Morning Post, and the whole of the governmental  15 
+London press. In the meantime The Morning Post denounces the fanaticism 
+of the Constantinople mob, The Morning Chronicle is exciting its dull readers 
+by  romantic  descriptions  of  the  fierce  and  undisciplined  Asiatic  hordes 
+inundating  European  Turkey,  and  swelling  Omar Pacha's  army;  the gallant 
+Globe  publishes  day  after  day  carefully  selected  extracts  from  the  peace- 
+mongering press  of the Manchester school, and, in due time, the respectable 
+classes  of  England  will  be  prepared  "to  annihilate  Paganism,"and  to  shout 
+with  Prince  Gortchakoff,  "Long  life  to  the  Czar!  Long life to  the  God of the 
+Russians!" 
+
+20 
+
+10 
+
+In its to-day's number The Times discovers that "the Turkish question has 25 
+
+plainly  become  a  question  of  words;" the  inference  to  be  drawn  from  its 
+premises  being,  that the  Sultan who intends exposing the peace of the world 
+for  mere  words,  must  be  forcibly  brought  to  reason  by  the  more  sober-
+minded  Palmerstons  and  Aberdeens.  The  Czar,  we  are  told  by  The  Times, 
+having preferred unjust demands upon the Sultan, the Sultan rejected them,  30 
+the  Czar  seized  the Danubian Principalities, England and France  dispatched 
+their fleets to Besika Bay,  and the representatives of these Powers met those 
+of  Austria  and  Prussia  in  Vienna. 
+
+Why did  they meet them  in Vienna? In favor of Turkey,  says  The  Times. 
+"Not  only  could there  be  no  desire  of coercing the  Ottoman  Government,  35 
+but there was  no occasion for such an action." If, then, there is now a desire 
+on  the  part  of  the  four  Powers  for  coercing the  Ottoman  Government,  "it 
+is  simply  because  there  is  now"  an  occasion for  "such  an  action."  Would 
+it  then  be  wrong  to  suppose  that  the  sole  and  principal  aim  of  the  Vienna 
+Conference  and  of  the  interference  of  Palmerston  and  Aberdeen  has  been  40 
+the  affording  such  an  occasion,  that  they  made  only  a  show  of  resistance 
+
+334 
+
+The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Imminent  Economic  Crisis—Railway  Construction  in  India 
+
+to  Russia,  in order  to  gain  a pretext for  coercing Turkey  into  submission to 
+her? 
+
+"The  demands  of  Russia,"  continues  The  Times,  were  "thought  un 
+justifiable by  the  other  great Powers, incompatible with the  sovereign rights 
+5  of  the  Sultan,"  and  therefore,  the  great Powers  drew  up  a Note  to  be  pre 
+sented  by  the  Sultan  to  the  Czar,  ratifying  all the  demands  of the  Czar and 
+something more. "The terms of this document,"  says  The  Times, "were liable 
+to misconstruction,  but,  two  points  were  unimpeachably  clear—first,  that the 
+four  Powers  intended  to  maintain  the  territorial  and administrative rights of 
+10 the Porte; and, next, that in the event of dispute they would have been bound 
+
+by  this intention." 
+
+15 
+
+Why  should  the  Sultan  not  subscribe  a note,  derogatory of  his  sovereign 
+rights  and  surrendering  the  protectorate  of  twelve  millions  of  his  subjects 
+to  the  control  of  the  autocrat,  while  he  feels  himself  backed  by  the  good 
+"intentions" of  the  four  Powers  and  by  their  being  bound by  hidden  "good 
+intentions"  in the case  of  a dispute? As  the  Sultan has  had occasion to  learn, 
+the  four  Powers  feel  themselves  not  bound  either by the  law of nations,  or 
+by  explicit treaties,  to  defend him in the event of a dispute with Russia; why 
+should  he  not trust to their valor in the event of a dispute arising from a note 
+20  which  endows  Russia  with  open  claims  and  Turkey  with  "hidden  in 
+
+tentions?" 
+
+"Let us  take,"  says  The  Times,  "the extreme  case of  supposing that,  after 
+the  acceptance  pure  et  simple  of  the  original  Vienna  note,  the  Czar  should 
+have  availed  himself  of  those  opportunities  with  which  the  note is  thought 
+to have provided him." What then? " The Sultan  would have protested, and 
+the  case  would  have  arisen  from  the  application of the  adjustment of  1853." 
+As  if there had arisen no case from the application of the adjustment of  1840 
+and  1841,  of  the  treaty  of  Balta-Liman,  and  of  the  violation  of  the  law  of 
+nations, characterized by Lord Clarendon himself as "an act of piracy !" "The 
+ambiguity,"  says  The  Times,  "would  merely  have  misled  the  Emperor  of 
+Russia." Exactly so, as the treaty of 1841 has "misled" him to keep the united 
+fleets  out  of  the  Dardanelles  while  he  himself  entered  the  Principalities. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+The  Sultan,  however,  is  stiff-necked.  He  has  refused  compliance  with  a 
+note  which  was  able  to  express  its  good  intentions  for  Turkey  only  by 
+35  delivering her up to Russia.  He proposed certain modifications in this note, 
+and  "the  four  Powers,"  says  The  Times,  "showed  by  their  approval  of  the 
+Turkish  modifications,  that  they  believed  them  to  coincide  with  their  own 
+proposals."  But,  as  the  Emperor  of  Russia  is  of a contrary opinion,  and as 
+The  Times thinks  it  most  undoubtedly true,  that the  Czar's  "proceedings  in 
+this  dispute  deserve  no  consideration  whatever,"  The  Times comes  to  the 
+conclusion  that,  as  Russia  will  not  yield  to  the  reasonable  conditions  of 
+
+40 
+
+335 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Turkey, Turkey must yield to the unreasonable conditions of Russia, and that 
+"a  state  which is  yet  so  impotent as to require  European protection at every 
+menace of aggression from without or insurrection from within, must at least 
+so far pay the penalty of its weakness as to receive aid indispensable to its 
+existence  on  the  terms least onerous to its supporters." The four Powers,  5 
+of  course,  must join Russia against Turkey,  because Turkey is  supposed to 
+want  their  aid  in  order  to  resist  Russia.—Turkey  must  "pay  the  penalty for 
+its weakness," in having had recourse to the four great Powers  she is obliged 
+by  treaties  to  appeal  to. 
+
+"There  is no alternative.  Either the laws of England have to  be exercised  10 
+
+in their  penal rigor upon the persons of four traitors,  (Aberdeen,  Clarendon, 
+Palmerston,  and Russell), or the  Czar of Russia commands the world." Such 
+declamation  as  this uttered in  The  Morning Advertiser, by  D. Urquhart,  is 
+good for  nothing.  Who  is  to  judge  the four traitors?  Parliament.  Who forms 
+that Parliament? The representatives of the Stockjobbers, the Millocrats, and 15 
+the Aristocrats. And what foreign policy do  these representatives represent? 
+That of the paix partout et toujours.  And who execute their ideas of foreign 
+policy?  The  identical  four  men  to  be  condemned  by  them  as  traitors,  ac 
+cording to the simple-minded Morning Advertiser. One thing must be evident 
+at  least,  that  it  is  the  Stockjobbers,  and  the  Peacemongering  Bourgeoisie,  20 
+represented  in  the  Government by  the  Oligarchy,  who  surrender  Europe to 
+Russia,  and  that in order to  resist the  encroachments  of  the  Czar, we  must, 
+above  all,  overthrow  the  inglorious  Empire  of  those  mean,  cringing  and 
+infamous  adorers  of  the  veau d'or. 
+
+Immediately  after  the  arrival  of  the  Vienna  note  at  Constantinople,  the  25 
+
+Ottoman  Porte  called  80,000  men  of  the  Redif  s  under  arms.  According  to  a 
+telegraphic dispatch dated Constantinople, Sept. 5, the Turkish Ministry had 
+resolved, after a conference held at the house of the Grand Vizier, to maintain 
+their  last  note  at  the  hazard  of  war.  The  enthusiasm  of  the  Mussulman 
+population  has  reached  its  highest  pitch.  The  Sultan,  having  reviewed  the  30 
+Egyptian troops,  and being received with deafening acclamations, was,  after 
+the  review,  lifted  from  his  horse  by  the  multitude  and  carried  in  triumph 
+through  the  streets  of  Stambul.  He  has  reiterated  to  the  Hospodars  of 
+Moldavia and Wallachia his  order to  quiet the  principalities.  As the Russian 
+subjects resident at Constantinople have been convicted of intriguing against  35 
+the  Turkish Government,  Reschid Pacha has given a warning to the Russian 
+Consul  on  their  behalf.  A  Constantinople  journal  states  that  the  Israelite 
+community  at  Constantinople  has  offered to  the  Sultan  a million of piasters 
+in order to contribute to the expenses occasioned by the military preparations 
+of  the  Empire.  The  Smyrna  Israelites  are  said  to  have  come  to  a  similar  40 
+resolution.  A letter in the  Vienna Press informs us that several Boyards have 
+
+336 
+
+The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Imminent  Economic  Crisis—Railway Construction  in  India 
+
+been  arrested  at  Galatz  because  they  had  entered  into  a  secret  cor 
+respondence with Omar Pacha informing him of all details with regard to the 
+state  of  the  Russian  army  in  the  Principalities.  A  letter  of  Omar  Pacha 
+has  been found  inviting  these  Boyards  to  enlist  as many foreigners  as pos-
+sible. 
+
+5 
+
+Prince  Menchikoff had arrived at Vienna on the  13th instant, accompanied 
+by  a  Secretary,  and  as  the bearer of a new manifesto of the  Emperor Nicho 
+las,  addressed  to  the  European  Powers,  and  explaining  his  reasons  for  re 
+jecting the  Turkish modifications.  The Emperor himself will arrive at Olmütz 
+10  on  the  21st  instant,  accompanied  by  Count  Nessehode  and  by  Baron  de 
+Meyendorff.  The  King  of  Prussia whom  he  had summoned by the Prince  de 
+Lieven  to  the  Olmütz  Conference,  has  refused  to  make  his  appearance  on 
+the  ground  that,  under  existing circumstances,  such a step on his part would 
+have too  much éclat.  A Russian corps  d'armée 30,000 strong is stationed now 
+at  Krajowo  on  the  frontiers  of Bulgaria.  Until now there  have  existed only 
+eight  army  commissariats  in  the  Russian  Empire.  A  regular  ninth  com 
+missariat  has  just  been  established  at  Bucharest—a  sure  indication  that  the 
+Russians  do  not  think  of  evacuating  the  Principalities. 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+On  the  15th  of  Sept.  the  Bank  of  England  raised  its  rates  of  interest  to 
+20  4V2 per  cent. The Money article in to-day's  Times tells us that "The measure 
+is  regarded  with general  satisfaction."  In the  same article, however, we find 
+it  stated  that,  "At  about  2  p.m.  business  at the  Stock Exchange  was  in fact 
+almost  wholly  suspended,  and  when  the  announcement  was  made,  shortly 
+afterward,  of  the  advance  to  4'/2  per  cent.,  prices  declined to  95 for money 
+and  957s  to  ^4  for  the  13th of  Oct.  A  general  opinion prevailed,  that if  the 
+advance had been to 5 instead of 4 7Σ per cent., the effect on the market would 
+possibly  have  been  less  unfavorable,  since  the  public  would  then  have 
+considered  the  probability  of  any  further  action  to  have ceased  . ..  In the 
+Railway market a severe relapse occurred, after the breaking up of the Bank 
+30  Court, and prices of all kinds left off with a very unsettled appearance." The 
+writer  in  The  Times congratulates the Bank Directors on their following up 
+the policy of the Peel Act. " In proportion as the circulation diminished from 
+the drain of gold, the Directors have asked a higher price for the use of what 
+remained,  and have  thus  allowed the Bank Charter Act of Sir R. Peel that 
+free  course, by which alone its  soundness  can be demonstrated, and which 
+was prevented by the infatuated proceedings of the Directors in 1847." Now 
+I have shown in a former letter that the infatuation of the Directors in 1847 
+consisted precisely  in their close adherence to the Peel Act, the "free course" 
+of which had to be interrupted by Government, in order to save the Banking 
+40  Department  from  the  necessity  of  stopping  payment.  We  read  in  The 
+
+35 
+
+Globe: 
+
+337 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+"It  is  highly  improbable  that the  causes  which have produced our present 
+prosperity will continue to operate in the same proportion. Unhealthy results 
+have  already  appeared  in Manchester,  where  some of the largest firms  have 
+been  compelled  to  limit  their  amount  of  production  . ..  All  departments  of 
+the  Stock Exchange continue in a very depressed state. The Railway market 
+is  in  a  complete  state  of  panic  . ..  The  efflux  of  gold to  the  Continent con 
+tinues,  and  nearly  half  a  million  of  money  goes  over  to  St.  Petersburg in a 
+day  or  two  by  steamer  . ..  One  object  of  its  (the  Bank's)  husbanding  its 
+resources  of  specie  is  probably  a  desire  to  assist  the  Chancellor  of  the 
+Exchequer  with  the  seven or  eight millions  which he  will require to  pay  off  10 
+the  South-Sea  stockholders  and  other  dissentients." 
+
+5 
+
+The Morning Post of  the  14th inst.  reports from  Manchester: 
+"The  market  for  cloth  and  yarn  is  dull,  and  the prices  of  all  descriptions 
+of  manufactures  are barely  supported.  The  absence  of demand from almost 
+every  foreign  market  and  the  anticipated  money  pressure  at  home,  have  15 
+mainly  contributed  to  a  state  of  things  which  is  most  anomalous,  when 
+contrasted  with  the  accounts  of  prosperity  generally  current." 
+
+The  same  journal,  of  the  15th  inst.,  winds  up  a  leading  article  on  the 
+
+collecting  elements  of  the  approaching  crisis  in  the  following  terms: 
+
+"We warn the  commercial world that we  are  at a phase in which care and  20 
+
+steady  consideration  are  eminently  requisite  in the  conception  and  conduct 
+of  enterprise.  Our  financial  position,  besides,  is  one  which,  in  our  view,  is 
+full  of  dangers  even  more  serious  and  more  difficult  of  avoidance  than  our 
+commercial." 
+
+From the combined statements of The Globe and Morning Post, it follows 25 
+
+that while  the  demand is declining on the one hand, the supply, on the other, 
+has  been  overdone.  Manufacturers  will  attempt  to  cover  their  retreat  by 
+falling  back  on  the  quarrel existing  with their  workmen.  The  trade reporter 
+in  yesterday's  Morning Chronicle writes  from  Manchester: 
+
+"Manufactures  are  becoming  greatly  indifferent  about  entering  into  en-  30 
+
+gagements, from the persuasion that an extensive, if not universal stoppage 
+of mills must  take  place  before  any  settlement  of  the  wages  question can be 
+effected.  On  this  subject there  have  been conferences  among  employers  in 
+various  parts  of  the  districts  within  the  last few  days;  and  it is  evident  that 
+the  exorbitant  clamors  set up  by  the  operatives,  together  with the  wild  at-  35 
+tempts  at  dictation,  are  forcing  the  millowners  into  a  general  combination 
+for  self-defense." 
+
+We  read  in  the  money  article  of  The  Times: 
+"Masters  are  forming  Unions  for  self-defense,  in  all  the  districts.  At 
+Ashton, Staleybridge, Hyde, and Glossop, nearly  100 firms have placed their  40 
+names  to  a  deed  of  Union  within the last few  days.  At Preston the  masters 
+
+338 
+
+The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Imminent  Economic  Crisis—Railway  Construction  in  India 
+
+have  entered  into  heavy  bonds  to  each  other  to  resist  the  operatives  by 
+closing  their  mills  for  three  months." 
+
+5 
+
+A  telegraphic  dispatch  from  Marseilles  reports  that  wheat  has  again  ad 
+vanced  by  2frs.  25cent.  per  hectolitre.  The  augmentation of the  interest  on 
+treasury  bonds,  announced  in  The  Moniteur,  produced  a most unfavorable 
+impression  at the  Bourse;  that  measure being generally considered as a sign 
+that  the  Government  is  in  want of money.  A loan was  spoken of which the 
+Government would be  obliged  to contract. The Minister of Finance has  sent 
+a  circular  to  a  vast  number  of  landed  proprietors,  asking  them  to  pay  six 
+10  months' taxes in advance, as a mark of gratitude for the great benefits which 
+the  present Government had  conferred on them,  and for the  additional value 
+which  it  had  imparted  to  property.  "This,"  remarks  The  Observer,  "is  the 
+beginning  of  the  end." 
+
+15 
+
+Having  dwelt  in  a  former  letter  on  the  vital  importance  of  railways  for 
+India,  I think fit to give  now the latest news which has  been published with 
+regard to the progress and prospects of the intended network. The first Indian 
+railway was the line  now in operation between Bombay and Tannah. Another 
+line  is  now  to  be  carried  from  Calcutta  to  Russnehael  on  the  Ganges,  a 
+distance  of  180  miles,  and  then to  proceed  along the right bank of the  river 
+20 to Patna, Benares and Allahabad. From Allahabad it will be conducted across 
+the  Doab  to  Agra  and  thence  to  Delhi,  traversing in this  manner  a  space  of 
+1,100  miles.  It  is  contemplated  to  establish  steam  ferry-boats  across  the 
+Soane  and Tunona, and that the  Calcutta line will finally proceed from Delhi 
+to Lahore.  In Madras a railway is to be commenced forthwith, which, running 
+25  70  miles  due  west,  will  branch  off  into  two  arms—one  pursuing the Ghauts 
+and  terminating  at Calicut, the other being carried on by Bellary and Poonah 
+to  Bombay.  This  skeleton of the  chain of railways  will be completed by the 
+Bombay,  Baroda  and  Central  India  Railway,  the  preliminary  surveys  for 
+which are now proceeding under the  sanction of the Court of Directors. This 
+line will pass from  Bombay by Baroda to  Agra, where  it will meet the  great 
+trunk railway  from  Calcutta to  Delhi,  and  by its  means  Bombay, the Capital 
+of  Western  India,  and  the  best  port  of  communication  with  Europe  for  all 
+Hindostán,  will be  put in communication with Calcutta on the one hand, and 
+with the Punjaub and  the  north-western provinces  on the other.  Thepromot-
+35  ers  of  this  scheme  intend  also  to  throw  out  branches  into  the  great  cotton 
+district  of  the  interior.  In  the  meantime,  measures  are  in progress  for  ex 
+tending  the  electric  telegraph  throughout  the  whole  of  the  peninsula  of 
+India. 
+
+30 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+339 
+
+Karl  M a r x / F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  W e s t e rn  P o w e rs  a nd  T u r k e y — S y m p t o ms  of  E c o n o m ie  C r i s is 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3892,  7. Oktober  1853 
+
+London, Friday,  Sept.  23,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Globe, in its number of Sept.  20, denies the  authenticity of the statement 
+of the Journal des Débats with regard  to the mission of Mr. Reeve, and  The 
+Times  of  Wednesday  reprints  the  article  of  The  Globe  under  the  head  of 
+gobemoucherie, accusing the French press of trading in canards. But did not 
+the  leading  article  of  The  Times I  analyzed  in my last letter  wholly  confirm 
+the  statement  of  the  Journal  des  Débais?Has there  appeared  any refutation 
+in  the  Paris  Moniteur'}  Did  not,  on the  same  day that  The  Globe gave  the 
+lie to the Débats, the Assemblée Nationale reiterate that "Lord Redclif f e was 10 
+to  notify  to  the  Sultan  that,  if  he  refused to withdraw  his  modification,  the 
+English  fleet  would  enter  the  Dardanelles,  and  the  French  fleet  would  not 
+be  slow  to  follow?"  Did  not  The  Times,  on  the  same  day  on  which  it  re 
+produced  the  denial  of  The  Globe,  explicitly  declare  that  "England  and 
+France  had  no  business  to  interfere  between Russia and  Turkey,  except on  15 
+the  terms  proposed  by  the  four  allied  Powers,  and  accepted  by  Russia, 
+whether  these  terms were  agreeable to  the haughty spirit of Turkey or not?" 
+Were we  not told by  The Morning Post, before the Journal des Débats had 
+arrived  at  London,  that  "on  the  receipt of the  Emperor of Russia's  answer 
+to  the  proposal for the  modifications  of the Vienna note, the conference  of  20 
+the  representatives  of  the  great Powers  had  immediately  assembled, and on 
+the  4th  inst.  dispatched  a  courier  to  Constantinople  with  certain  com 
+munications  from  the  Conference  to  the  Divan,  which  it  was  hoped  would 
+induce  the  Porte  to  accept the  Vienna note?"  Finally,  we  read in  a  morning 
+paper  of  to-day  that  "Mr.  Reeve  is  going  to  Constantinople,  that  he  is  the  25 
+bearer  of  dispatches  from  Lord  Clarendon  to  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe, 
+and  that a connection of the  most intimate  kind  exists  between him  and  the 
+Foreign  Office,  he  having  been  the  channel  of  communication  between 
+Downing-st.  and  Printing-house  Square." 
+
+The truth is, that since the last revelations made by the  French Press, the  30 
+
+Eastern question has again assumed quite a new aspect,  and the ignominious 
+
+340 
+
+.  The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Symptoms  of  Economic  Crisis 
+
+resolutions  the English Ministry had decided upon are likely to be frustrated 
+by  events  contrary  to  all  their  calculations  and  expectations. 
+
+Austria  has  seceded  from  the  joint  action with  her  pretended  allies;  the 
+Vienna  conference  has  been  broken  off,  at  least  for  a moment.  Russia has 
+pulled off the mask she thùiks no longer of any avail, and the English ministry 
+is  driven  out  of  its  last  entrenchments. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"Lord  Aberdeen,"  as  The  Liverpool  Courier  justly  remarks,  "recom 
+mended  that  the  Sultan  should  have  recourse  to  a  transparent  and  con 
+temptible  fraud;  that  the  parties  to  the  Vienna  conference  should  exercise 
+a  mental reservation with  regard to the note,  and that the Sultan should read 
+it  in  an  unnatural sense,  i.e.,  the  terms  of  the  note  being clear  and  precise, 
+and the  Emperor  of Russia having refused  point blank to  adopt the  Sultan's 
+modifications, the Powers  should hold themselves prepared, hereafter, to act 
+as  if those  modifications had  been  received." 
+
+20 
+
+15  Mr. Drouin de l'Huys suggested to the Vienna conference an explanatory 
+note  conceived  in  that  hypocritical  sense,  and  to  be  communicated  to  the 
+Porte,  but  Count  Buoi  rejected  this  proposition,  declaring  that  it  "was  too 
+friendly  to  the  Porte,  that  the  time  was  gone  by  for  collective  action,  and 
+that each power was free to  act as it pleased." Thus the  English ministry has 
+lost  the  resource  of  covering  itself  with  the  common  arbitration  of  the 
+European  Areopagus,  that  joint  stock  company  disappearing  before  one 
+word  of  the  Austrian  Minister,  as  it  had  been  conjured  up  by  him.  In  the 
+beginning  Austria  wanted  no  conference  at  all  till  Russia  had  crossed  the 
+Pruth.  Russia  having  advanced  to  the  Danube,  Austria  does  want  the  con-
+ference  no  more,  at least no  more on its primitive  conditions.  On the other 
+hand  Count  de  Nessehode  has  published  two  circulars,  which  do  not  any 
+longer  allow  backing  the  original  Vienna  note  by  hidden  "good intentions" 
+or  interpreting  it  in  any  other  sense  than  its  literal  one. 
+
+25 
+
+The modifications proposed by the Porte  have reduced the whole question 
+
+30 
+
+to  "a  mere  question  of  words,"  shouted  the  whole  ministerial  press. 
+
+By no means, says Nessehode. The Czar puts the same interpretation upon 
+the  original text  as  the  Sultan did.  The original note is nothing and has never 
+been  intended  to  be  anything but a  second edition of Menchikoff's note, and 
+we do abide by the text, the whole text, and nothing but the text. The ministe-
+rial  Globe is  of  course  amazed  at  the  discovery  that both the  Czar and  the 
+Sultan,  regard  the  original  note  "as  implying recognition of those  demands 
+which Russia had  preferred,  which Turkey  had refused,  and  which  the four 
+Powers  did  not  (?)  intend  to  indorse,"  and  that  "Russia  insists  upon  an 
+absolute  recognition  of  the  claims  which  she  first  advanced."  And  why 
+should she not? If she was bold enough to advance those claims four months 
+ago,  why  should  she  desist  now  after  having won  the  first  campaign? 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+341 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+The same G/obewhich pretended some days ago the Turkish modifications 
+to be  scholastic  quibbles,  superfluous subtilities, is now obliged to own that 
+"the  Russian  interpretation  shows  that  they  were  necessary." 
+
+The  ftst dispatch of  Nesselrode  is  not yet made  public, but  The Morning 
+
+Post assures  us that it  declares  "the Vienna note to be neither more nor less 
+than  the  equivalent  of  Prince  Menchikoff's  note,"  and  The Evening Globe 
+adds,  that  according  to  it, 
+
+5 
+
+"The  Emperor  regarded  the  Vienna  note as  securing for him  that recogni 
+tion  on  Turkey,  and  that hold upon her Government,  which the  Porte,  with 
+the  support of  the  four Powers,  had refused,  and which it was  the  object of 
+the  mediation  to  prevent.  That  the  Emperor  never  ceased  to  reserve  to 
+himself  the  right  of  dealing  directly  with  Turkey  alone,  setting  aside  the 
+mediators  whom  he  affected  to  acknowledge." 
+
+10 
+
+At  no  time  did he  affect to acknowledge them as mediators. He permitted 
+three  of them to march in the rear of Austria, while he allowed Austria herself 
+to  come  an  humble  supplicant  to  him. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+As  to  the  second  dispatch,  dated  St.  Petersburg,  7th,  published  by  the 
+Berlin Zeit, on the  18th inst., and addressed to Baron Meyendorf at Vienna, 
+Nesselrode  is  perfectly  right  in  stating  that the  original  note  was  described 
+to  him  as  an  "ultimatum"  by  the  Austrian  Envoy,  which  Russia  obliged 
+herself to  give her consent to upon the express condition of its being accepted 
+by the  Porte  without any alteration  whatever.  "Will any one refuse to hear 
+this  testimony  to  the  loyauté  of  the  Emperor?"  It  is  true  that  he  has  com 
+mitted  a little  act of "piracy"  on the Principalities; that he has overrun them, 
+seized  them,  taxed  them,  governed  them,  plundered  them,  appropriated  25 
+them, eaten them up, notwithstanding the proclamations of Gortchakof f ; but 
+never  mind.  Did  he  not,  on  the  other  hand,  "on  the  receipt  of  a  first  draft 
+of  a note,  notify his accession to it by telegraph,  without waiting to learn if 
+it had been  approved in London  or in  Paris?"  Could  he  be  expected  to  do 
+more  than to  notify by telegraph, that a note, dictated by a Russian Minister  30 
+at  Vienna,  would  not be  rejected  by  a Russian  Minister  at  St.  Petersburgh? 
+Could  he  do  more  for  Paris  and  London  than  not  even  to  wait  for  their 
+approval?  But he  did  more,  indeed.  The  draft, whose  acceptance  he  conde 
+scended  to  notify by telegraph,  was  "altered" at Paris  and  London,  and  "did 
+he  retract  his  consent,  or  raise  the  smallest  difficulty?"  It  is  true,  that  ac-  35 
+cording  to  his  own  statement,  the  note  in  its  "final  form"  is  "neither  more 
+nor  less  than  an  equivalent of  Prince  Menchikoff's  note;"  but an equivalent 
+note  remains,  at  all  instances,  "different"from  the  original  one;  and had he 
+"not  stipulated  the  acceptance  of  the  Menchikoff  note  without  any altera 
+tion?"  Might  he  not,  "on  this  ground  alone,  have  refused  to  take  it  into  40 
+consideration?"  He  did  not  do  so.  "Could  a  more  conciliatory  spirit  be 
+
+342 
+
+The  Western  Powers and Turkey—Symptoms of  Economic Crisis 
+
+shown?"  The  ultimatum  of  the  Vienna  Conference  is  no  business  of his;  it 
+is  their  own  property.  "It  is  their affair to  consider  the  delays which will 
+result"  from  the  Sultan  not  yielding.  He,  for  his  part,  does  not  care  about 
+staying some months longer in the Principalities, where his troops are clothed 
+and  fed  for  nothing. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Odessa  does  not  suffer from  the mouth of the  Danube being blocked,  and, 
+if  the  occupation  of the  Principalities  contributes  to raise the price of wheat 
+at  Mark-lane,  the  profane  Imperials  will  find  the  quicker their way back to 
+the  Holy  Russia.  It  is,  therefore,  for Austria and the  Powers to  "declare to 
+the  Porte,  frankly  and  firmly,  that  they,  after  having  in  vain  opened  up  to 
+it  the  only  road  that  could  lead  to  an  immediate  restoration  of its  relations 
+with us  henceforth leave  the  task for itself alone."  They  did  enough for  the 
+Sultan by  having  opened  the  road  to  the  Danube  to  the  Czar  and  closed  the 
+road  to  the  Black  Sea to the Allied  Squadron.  Nesselrode's  "august master" 
+15 denounces then, "the wari/Ae inspiration which seems at present to influence 
+the  Sultan and the majority of his Ministers. " He, on his part, would certainly 
+prefer  the  Sultan  taking  it  coolly,  opposing  peace  tracts  to  gun-boats,  and 
+compliments  to  Cossacks.  "He  has  exhausted  the  measure  of  concessions, 
+without  the  Porte  having  yet  made  a  single  one.  His  Majesty  can  go  no 
+further."  Certainly  not,  he  can go no further, without crossing the  Danube. 
+Nessehode  compresses  his  whole  argument into  a  masterly  dilemma not  to 
+be escaped from.  Either the  alterations proposed by the Porte mean nothing, 
+or  they  mean  something.  If  they  mean  nothing,  why  should the  Porte insist 
+upon  them?  If  they  mean  something,  "it  is  very  simple  that  we  refuse  to 
+
+20 
+
+25  accede to them." 
+
+"The evacuation of the Principalities,"  said Lord Clarendon, "is a sine qua 
+non, preliminaryto  any  settlement."  Quite the contrary,  answers  Nesselrode. 
+"The  settlement,  i.e.  the  arrival  of  the  Turkish  Embassador  bearing  the 
+Austrian note without  alterations is a sine qua non preliminary to the evacu-
+
+30  ation of  the  Principalities." 
+
+In  one  word,  the  magnanimous  Czar  is  ready  to  part  with  the  Vienna 
+Conference  humbug,  as  it  is  no  longer  wanted  for terminating his  first cam 
+paign;  but  he  will  hold  the  closer  the  Principalities,  as  they  are  the  indis 
+pensable  condition  for  commencing  the  second  one. 
+
+35 
+
+If  it be  true,  as  we  are  informed  to-day  by  telegraphic  dispatch, that the 
+Conference  has  resumed  business,  the  Powers  will  repeat  to  Nicholas  the 
+song  Alexander  was  received  with  by  the  Paris  mob: 
+
+40 
+
+Vive  Alexandre, 
+Vive  le  roi  des  rois, 
+Sans  ríen  prétendre 
+Il nous  donne  des lois. 
+
+343 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+The  Czar  himself,  however,  holds  no  longer  his  former  control  over  the 
+Eastern  complication.  The  Sultan  has  been  forced  to  conjure  up  the  old 
+fanatic  spirit,  to  cause  a new  invasion of Europe  by the  rude warlike  tribes 
+of Asia, not to be  soothed down with diplomatic notes  and conventional lies, 
+and  there  seems  transpiring,  even  through  the  insolent  note  of  the  Muscovite,  5 
+something  like  an  apprehension  at  the  "warlike  spirit"  domineering  over 
+Stambul.  The  manifesto,  addressed  by  the  Sultan  to  the  Mussulmans,  de 
+clines any other concession to Russia,  and a deputation of the  Ulemas is said 
+have  called  upon  the  Sultan  to  abdicate  or  to  declare  war  without  further 
+delay.  The  division  in  the  Divan  is  extreme,  and  the  pacific  influence  of  10 
+Reschid  Pacha  and  Mustapha  Pacha  is  giving way  to  that  of Mehemet Ali, 
+the  Seraskier. 
+
+The  infatuation  of  the  so-called  radical London  press  is  quite  incredible. 
+After  having  told  us  some  days  ago,  that  "the  laws  of  England  have  to  be 
+exercised in their penal rigor upon the persons of four traitors" (Aberdeen, 15 
+Clarendon, Palmerston and Russell,) The Morning Advertiser, of yesterday, 
+concludes  one  of  its  leaders  as  follows:  "Lord  Aberdeen  must,  therefore, 
+make  way  for  a  successor.  Need we  say who that successor must be? There 
+is but one man to whom  the  country points  at this  important junction,  as fit 
+to be entrusted with the helm of affairs. That man is Lord Palmerston." The 20 
+Morning  Advertiser  being  unable  to  read  events  and  facts,  should  at  least 
+be  able  to  read  the  articles  of  Mr.  Urquhart,  published  day  after  day  in its 
+own  columns. 
+
+On Tuesday evening  a  meeting of  the  inhabitants  of  Sheffield was called, 
+
+25 
+
+by requisition to the Mayor, "to take into consideration the present unsettled 
+and unsatisfactory  state of the Eastern question and the propriety of memori 
+alizing government on the  subject."  A similar meeting is to be held at Stafford 
+and  many  other  attempts  are  afloat  at  getting  up  public  demonstrations 
+against  Russia  and  the  ministry  of  "all  the  talents."  But,  generally,  public 
+attention is  absorbed  by  the  rate  of discount, corn prices,  strikes  and com-  30 
+mereiai  apprehensions,  and more yet by the  cholera ravaging Newcastle and 
+being met with explanatory  notes  by the London Board of Health.  An order 
+in  council  has  been  issued,  putting  in  force  the  provisions  of  the  Epidemic 
+Disease  Act  for  the  next  six  months  throughout  the  Islands;  and  hasty 
+preparations for the  due reception of the scourge are making in London and  35 
+other  great  towns.  If  I  shared  the  opinions  of  Mr.  Urquhart,  I  should  say, 
+that the  Czar had dispatched the  Cholera morbus to England with the  "secret 
+mission"to  break  down  the  last  remnant  of  what  is  called  the  Anglo-Saxon 
+spirit. 
+
+A wonderful  change  has come over the manufacturing districts during the  40 
+
+last  four  weeks.  In  July  and  the  beginning  of  August  there  was  nothing  to 
+
+344 
+
+The  Western  Powers  and  Turkey—Symptoms  of  Economic  Crisis 
+
+10 
+
+be seen but bright prosperity, only slightly overshadowed by the distant cloud 
+of the  "Eastern Question," and more  so, perhaps, by the fear that a shortness 
+of  hands  would  prevent  our  cotton-lords  to  explore  to  the  dregs,  that  im 
+mense mine of profitable business which they  saw before them.  The Eastern 
+5  dispute  seemed  settled,  the  crop  might  certainly  turn out  a little  short,  but 
+there  was  free  trade  to  keep  prices  down with the  never-failing  supplies  of 
+America,  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Baltic.  Day  after  day  the  demand  for 
+manufactured  goods  went  on  increasing.  California  and  Australia  poured 
+forth  their  golden  treasures  into  the  lap  of  British  industry.  The  Times, 
+forgetting  Malthus  and all its  own former rhapsodies  about overpopulation, 
+seriously  discussed  the  question  whether  the  shortness  of  the  supply  of 
+working-hands,  and consequent rise of wages, would not, by raising the cost 
+of  production  of  British  manufactures  in a proportionate manner, put a stop 
+to this flourishing trade, unless the Continent  sent a colony of workmen. The 
+15  working  classes  were,  as  their  employers  said,  only  too  well off,  so  much 
+so,  that  their  demands  knew  no  bounds,  and  their  "impudence"  was  daily 
+becoming  more  intolerable.  But  that  was  in  itself  a  proof  of  the  immense, 
+unheard-of  prosperity  which  the  country  was  enjoying;  and  what could  be 
+the  cause  of  this  prosperity but Free Trade? And what was worth more than 
+20 all this, was the certitude that the enormous trade done was sound, that there 
+were  no  stocks,  no  wild  speculation.  Thus  the  manufacturers,  one  and  all, 
+were  wont to express themselves, and they acted upon these views ; they built 
+factories by the hundred, they ordered  steam engines of thousands of horse 
+power, thousands  of power-looms, hundreds of thousands of spindles. Never 
+25  was  engineering  and  machine-making  a  more  profitable  trade than in  1853. 
+Establishments  broken  down  in  the  whole  of  their internal  organization by 
+the  great  strike  of  1851,  now  regained their  position,  and even improved it; 
+and  I  could  name  more  than  one  first-rate  and  celebrated  machine-making 
+firm  who, but for this unprecedented business, would have  succumbed under 
+the  consequence  of  the  blow  inflicted  by  the  mechanics  during  the  great 
+turn-out. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  fact  is  that the bright sunshine of prosperity is for the moment hidden 
+by  gloomy  clouds.  No  doubt,  the  altered  aspect  of the  Eastern dispute  has 
+contributed  a  good  deal;  but  that  affects  the  home,  American  and  Colonial 
+trade  very  little.  The  raising  of  the  rate  of  discount is  less  a cause  than  a 
+symptom of  something being rotten in the  state  of  Denmark.  The  shortness 
+of the crop and increase in the price of provisions  are no doubt causes which 
+have  counteracted  and  will  counteract  still  more  the  demand  for  manufac 
+tured  goods  from those  markets which are exposed to the operation of these 
+40  causes, and  among these  the  home market, the mainstay of British industry, 
+stands  in  the  first  rank.  But  the  rise  in  the  price  of  provisions  is  at  this 
+
+345 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+moment, in most districts  of England and  Scotland, very nearly or altogether 
+compensated  by  the  rise  of  wages,  so  that  the  purchasing  power  of  the 
+consumer  can hardly  be  said  to  have  been  already lessened  much.  Then the 
+rise  in  wages  has  raised  the cost of production in those branches  of industry 
+in  which  manual  labor  prevails;  but  the  price  of  nearly  all  manufactured 
+goods  was, up to August, pushed a good deal ahead of the cost of production 
+by  the large  demand.  All  these  causes  have  cooperated  to  deaden business; 
+but,  after  all,  they  are  not  sufficient to  account for the general  anxiety  that 
+pervades  the  commercial  classes  of  the  manufacturing  districts. 
+
+5 
+
+The  fact  is,  that  the  spell  of  the  Free Trade delusions  is  vanishing away,  10 
+
+and the bold industrial adventurers begin to have  aghmmeringthat economi 
+cal revulsions,  commercial  crises  and recurrence of over-production are yet 
+not  quite  so  impossible  in  a  Free  Trade  country  as they  dreamt.  And over 
+production  there  has  been,  there  is,  there  must be,  for  even those  bugbears 
+of  the  Manchester  Guardian,  the  "Stocks," are there;  aye,  and increasing  15 
+too.  The demand for goods is decidedly falling off, while the supply increases 
+every  day.  The  largest  and  most  numerous  of  the  new  industrial  con 
+structions  are only now gradually coming into operation. The shortness of 
+hands,  the  strikes  of  the  building  trades,  the  impossibility  of  supplying  the 
+enormous  quantities  of  machinery  on  order,  have  caused  many  an untore-  20 
+seen  delay  and  postponed,  for  a  time,  the  eruption  of  those  symptoms  of 
+industrial  plethora  which  otherwise  would  have  shown themselves  sooner. 
+Thus  the  largest  mill in the  world,  Mr.  T. Salt's,  near Bradford,  was  only to 
+be  opened  this  week,  and  it  will  take  some  time  yet,  ere  the  whole  of  the 
+productive power employed there can be brought fully to bear on the market. 
+Thus plenty of the larger new concerns  in Lancashire will not be fit for work 
+before winter,  while it will be spring, and perhaps later, before the market 
+will feel the full effect of this new and stupendous accession of productive 
+power.  According  to  the  last  news  from  Melbourne  and  Sidney,  import 
+markets  were  becoming much duller,  and  many  shipments  will  now  be  in-  30 
+definitely  postponed.  As  to  over-speculation,  we  shall  hear  of  that  by  and 
+by,  when  accounts  come to be  closed.  Speculation has been distributed over 
+such  a  variety  of  articles  that  it  shows  less  this  time  than before,  although 
+there  is  plenty  of  it. 
+
+25 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+35 
+
+346 
+
+Karl  M a r x /F ri ed ri eh  E n g e ls 
+
+P a n ic  on  t he  L o n d on  S t o ck  E x c h a n g e — S t r i k es 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3900,  17. Oktober 1853 
+
+London, Thursday,  Sept.  29,  1853. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+The  intelligence  that  the  combined  fleets  had  passed  up  the  Dardanelles, 
+concurrent  with  rumors  of  a  change  in  the  Ministry  and  of  commercial 
+difficulties,  produced  a  real  panic  at  the  Stock  Exchange  on  Saturday: 
+
+5 
+
+"To describe the  state of the  English funds, or the  scene that has prevailed 
+in the  Stock  Exchange,  would be  a task of no  small difficulty.  It is rare that 
+such  excitement  is  witnessed,  and  it  is  well  that  it  is  infrequent  . ..  It  is 
+perhaps  no  inflation  to  assert  that  the  Bearing  at  the  present  time  equals 
+almost  what  took  place  during  the  French Revolution  . ..  Funds  have  this 
+week been done at 9 11^ and have not been so low since  1849... In the railway 
+market  there  has  been  an  incessant  fall." 
+
+10 
+
+Thus  says  The Ministerial  Observer.  All  the leading railway  shares were 
+about 68s. to 80s.  cp under the prices of the previous week.  As to the  sudden 
+15  pressure  of  stock upon  the  market,  it would  not  signify  much, as the mere 
+time-dealers  are  able,  at a given  moment,  to turn the  market  and intimidate 
+the  bona  fide  stockholders.  But,  coinciding,  as  it  does,  with  general 
+symptoms  of  a commercial  crisis,  the  great  fluctuation  of  funds,  even  if  it 
+be  of  a  more  speculative  character, will prove  fatal in its  consequences.  At 
+20  all  events,  this  consternation in the  money  market is condemnatory  of  any 
+State  loans  looming  in  the  future,  and  particularly  so  of the  Austrian ones. 
+Moreover,  capitalists  are  reminded that Austria did pay,  in  1811,  a dividend 
+Is. 7d. farthing in the pound on their promissory notes; that, notwithstanding 
+her  revenue  having  been  screwed  up  from  £12,000,000 to  £18,000,000  Ster-
+ling, by means of a greatly increased pressure of taxation exerted on Hungary 
+and Lombardy  since  1849; her annual deficit amounts, on an average, to more 
+than  one-quarter  of  her  whole  revenue;  that  about  £50,000,000  have  been 
+added to  her national  debt  since  1846;  and that  she only has been prevented 
+from  a  new  bankruptcy  by  the  interested  forbearance  of  the  children  of 
+Israel, who still hope to rid their tills of heaps of Austrian paper accumulated 
+in  them. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+347 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+"Trade  has  been  pushed  on  somewhat  beyond  its  proper  limits,  and  our 
+commercial  habilities  have  partially  outstripped  our  means,"  says  The 
+Observer. "It is useless," exclaims The Morning Post, "to evade the question, 
+for  although  there  are  some  favorable  features  in  the  pending  crisis  which 
+did  not  exist  in  1847,  it must be perceptible to  every intelligent observer of 
+passing  events  that,  to  say  the  least  of  it,  a very  trying condition of  affairs 
+has arrived." The bullion reserve in the Bank of England has again decreased 
+by  £338,954,  and  its  reserve  of  notes—i.e.,  the  fund  available  for  dis 
+counts—amounts but to  seven millions, a sum fully required by the Chancel 
+lor  of  the  Exchequer  for  paying  off  the  dissentient  holders  of  South  Sea  10 
+stock.  As  to  the  state  of  the  Corn  Market,  we  learn  the  following  from 
+yesterday's  Mark-lane Express: 
+
+5 
+
+"With  average  crops  we  have  for  years  consumed  some  millions  of 
+quarters  of foreign Wheat per annum. What, then, are our requirements likely 
+to  be  under  existing  circumstances?  The  produce  of  Wheat  at  the  utmost  15 
+cannot be  estimated at  more  than three-quarters  of  an  average,  and there is 
+no  excess  in the  yield  of  any other  crop.  Potatoes  are  seriously  affected by 
+disease,  and  have  been  forced  into  consumption  so  rapidly,  owing  to  their 
+unfitness  for  storing,  that  this  article  of  food  must  very  shortly  become 
+scarce.  So enormous has been our consumption that with an importation of  20 
+3,304,025 qrs.  of Wheat and 3,337,206 cwts.  of Flour during the eight months 
+ending the 5th inst, the stocks in granary are by no means excessive 
+We 
+are  anxious  not to  exaggerate  the  difficulties  the  country  may be  placed  in, 
+but  that diïficulties exist it  would be folly to deny... The reports as to the 
+yield  of  Wheat  are  very  unsatisfactory;  in  many  cases  where  the  produce 
+has  been  tested  by  thrashing,  the  quantity  turned  out  little  more  than  half 
+of  what  had  been  calculated  upon." 
+
+25 
+
+While  thus the  bright  sunshine  of commercial  and  industrial prosperity  is 
+hidden by  gloomy  prospects,  strikes are  still forming,  and will for  some time 
+yet  form,  an  important  feature  of  our  industrial  condition;  only  they  are  30 
+beginning to change their character contemporary with the change that is now 
+going  on  in  the  general  condition  of  the  country. 
+
+At Bury  a  new  advance  of 2d.  per  1,000  hanks  has  been asked on the part 
+of  the  spinners.  Masters  refusing,  they  left  work,  and  the  weavers  will  do 
+so  as  soon  as they have worked up  the yarn on hand.  At Preston, while the  35 
+weavers  still  demand  an  advance  of  10  per  c e n t,  being  supported  by  the 
+operatives  of  the  surrounding  districts,  six masters  have  already locked  up 
+their mills and the others  are likely to follow them.  Two thousand operatives 
+have  thus  been  thrown  out  of  work.  At  Blackburn  the  mechanics  of  Mr. 
+Dickinson, iron-founder, still remain out. At Wigan the capreelers of one mill  40 
+have  struck  for  an  advance  of  Id.  per  score,  and  the  throstle-spinners  of 
+
+348 
+
+Panic  on  the  London  Stock  Exchange—Strikes 
+
+5 
+
+another  mill  refused  to  commence  work until  their  wages  were  advanced. 
+The mills  were  closed.  At the  same  place  the coal-miners'  strike, embracing 
+about  5,000  hands,  is  going  on.  The  Earl  of  Crawford,  and  other extensive 
+coal-miners  in  the  neighborhood,  dismissed  their  hands  on  Wednesday 
+evening.  A  numerous  meeting  of  the  colliers  was  then  held  in  Scales'  Or 
+chard. At Manchester, 5,000 looms  stand still, besides the minor strikes going 
+forward,  such  as  that  of the  fustian-dyers,  the  skein-dyers,  felt-hat  makers, 
+etc.  At Bolton,  meetings  of the  operative  cotton-spinners  are  being held for 
+an advance of wages. There are shoemakers'  strikes at Trenton, Bridgewater, 
+10 etc. ; cab-drivers' strikes at Glasgow ; masons' strikes at Kilmarnock; threat 
+ened turn-outs  of the  police at Oldham, etc.  At Birmingham, nailers demand 
+an advance  of  10 per cent. ; at Wolverhampton, the carpenters one of 6d. per 
+day;  the  London  carpenters  ditto,  and  so  on.  While  through the  principal 
+manufacturing  towns  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  Derbyshire,  etc.,  the  opéra 
+tives  are  holding  public  meetings,  to  decide upon  measures  for the  support 
+of  their  suffering  brethren,  the  masters  on  the  other  hand  are  resolved  to 
+close their establishments  for  an indefinite period, with the design of starving 
+their  hands  into  subjection. 
+
+is 
+
+20 
+
+"We  find,"  says  The  Sunday  Times,  "that generally  speaking,  the  demand 
+for  an  advance  of  wages  has  not  exceeded  6d.  a  day;  and,  looking  at  the 
+present  price  of  provisions,  it  can  hardly  be  said  that  the  demand  is  an 
+unreasonable  one.  We  know  it  has  been  said  that  one  aim  of  the  present 
+strikers is to obtain a sort of communistic share of the real or supposed profits 
+of  the  manufacturer;  but  the  comparison  between  the  increased demand 
+25 for wages and the enhanced value of the prime necessaries of life, furnishes 
+
+an  ample  refutation  of  the  charge." 
+
+When  the  working  people  ask  for  more  than  "the  prime  necessaries  of 
+life,"  when  they  pretend  "to  share"  in  the  profits  resulting from their own 
+industry,  then  they  are  accused  of  communistic tendencies.  What  has  the 
+30  price  of  provisions  to  do  with the  "eternal  and  supreme  law of  supply  and 
+demand?"  In  1839,  1840,  1841,  and  1842,  while  there  was  a continued  rise 
+in the  price  of provisions,  wages  were  sinking until they reached the  starva 
+tion point.  "Wages,"  said then the  same manufacturers,  "don't depend  upon 
+the  price  of  provisions,  but  upon  the  eternal  law  of  supply  and  demand." 
+35  "The  demands  of  the  working people,"  says  The  Sunday Times,  "may be 
+submitted  to  when  'urged  in  a respectful manner'."  What has  respect to  do 
+with  the  "eternal  law  of  supply  and  demand?"  Has  any  one  ever  heard  of 
+the  price  of  coffee  rising  at  Mincing-lane  when  "urged  in  a  respectful 
+manner?"  The  trade  in  human flesh  and  blood,  being carried  on in the  same 
+40  manner  as  that  of  any  other  commodity,  give  it at least the chances  of any 
+
+other. 
+
+349 
+
+Karl  Marx/Friedrich  Engels 
+
+The  wages-movement  has  been  going on  now  for  a period  of  six months. 
+
+Let  us  judge  it  by  the  test  acknowledged  on  the  part  of  the  masters  them 
+selves,  by  the  "eternal  laws  of  supply  and  demand,"  or  are we, perhaps,  to 
+understand,  that  the  eternal  laws  of  political  economy  must  be interpreted 
+in the  same manner as the eternal  peace-treaties Russia has  concluded with 
+Turkey? 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Six  months  ago  the  workpeople,  had  they  even  found  their  position  not 
+strengthened  by  the great demand for their labor, by constant and enormous 
+emigration  to  the  gold  fields  and  to  America,  must  have  inferred  the  en 
+hancement  of  industrial  profits  from  the  general  prosperity-cry  uttered  by 
+the middle-class press exulting at the blessings of Free Trade. The workmen, 
+of  course,  demanded their  share  of that so loudly proclaimed prosperity, but 
+the masters fought hard against them.  Then, the workmen combine, threaten 
+to  strike,  enforce their demands in a more or less amicable manner. Wherever 
+a strike occurs, the whole  of the masters and their organs in pulpit, platform  15 
+and  press,  break  out  into  immoderate  vituperation  of  the  "impudence  and 
+stupidity"  "of  such  attempts at dictation." Now, what did the strikes prove, 
+if  not  that  the  workmen  preferred  applying  a  mode  of  their  own  of testing 
+the  proportion of  the  supply  to  the  demand rather  than to  trust to  the  inter 
+ested  assurances of their employers?  Under certain circumstances, there  is  20 
+for  the  workman  no  other  means  of  ascertaining  whether  he  is  or  not paid 
+to  the  actual  market value  of  his  labor,  but to  strike  or to threaten to  do  so. 
+In  1852,  on  an  average,  the  margin between  the  cost of the raw material and 
+the  price  of  the  finished  goods—for  instance,  the  margin  between the  cost 
+of raw  cotton  and  that of  yarn,  between the  price  of  yarn and that of cotton  25 
+goods,  was  greater,  consequently  the  profit  of the  spinner and the  manufac 
+turer was undoubtedly larger than it has been in 1853. Neither yarn nor goods 
+have,  until  very  lately,  risen  in the  same  proportion  as  cotton.  Why,  then, 
+did  the  manufacturers  not  advance  wages  at  once  in  1852?  There  was  no 
+cause,  say they, in the relative position of supply and demand justifying such  30 
+a rise  of  wages  in  1852.  Indeed?  Hands  were  not  quite  as  short  a  year  ago 
+as  they  are  now,  but  the  difference  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  sudden  and 
+repeated  rise  of  wages  forced out of the manufacturers  since then, by virtue 
+of  the  law  of  supply  and  demand,  as  expounded  by  turn-outs.  There  are, 
+certainly,  more  factories  at  work  than  last  year,  and  more  able-bodied  35 
+workmen  have  emigrated  since  then,  but  at  the  same  time  never  has  there 
+been such  a supply of factory labor poured into our  "hives of industry" from 
+agricultural  and  other  pursuits,  as  during  the  last  twelve  months. 
+
+The  fact  is  that  the  "hands,"  as  usual,  perceived,  only  too  late,  that  the 
+value  of  their  labor  had  risen  30  per  cent,  many  a  month  ago,  and  then,  in  40 
+the  summer of this year—only then—they began to strike, first for 10 per cent., 
+
+350 
+
+Panic  on  the  London  Stock  Exchange—Strikes 
+
+5 
+
+then for another  10 per cent., and so on, for as much, of course, as they could 
+get.  The  constant  success  of  these  strikes, while it generalized them  all over 
+the country, was the best proof of their legitimacy and their rapid succession 
+in  the  same  branch  of  trade, by  the  same  "hands"  claiming fresh  advances, 
+fully  proved that according to  supply and demand the work-people had long 
+been entitled to  a rise of wages, which was merely kept from them on account 
+of  their  being  ignorant  of  the  state  of  the  labor  market.  When  they  at  last 
+became  acquainted  with  it,  the  manufacturers,  who  had  all  the  while 
+preached  "the  eternal  law  of  supply  and  demand,"  fell  back on the  doctrine 
+10  of  "enlightened  despotism," claiming the  right to  do  as  they liked with then-
+own,  and  propounding  as  their  angry  ultimatum that  the  work-people  don't 
+know  what  is  good  for  them. 
+
+15 
+
+The  change  in the  general  commercial prospects  must change the relative 
+position  of  the  work-people  and  their  employers.  Sudden  as  it  came  on,  it 
+found many  strikes begun,  still more  in preparation.  No doubt, there will be 
+more,  in  spite  of the  depression,  and,  also,  for  a rise  of  wages,  for  as to the 
+argument  of  the  manufacturer,  that  he  cannot  afford  to  advance,  the  work 
+men  will  reply,  that  provisions  are  dearer;  both  arguments  being  equally 
+powerful.  However,  should,  as  I  suppose,  the  depression prove  lasting,  the 
+20  work-people  will  soon  get  the  worst  of  it,  and  have  to  struggle—very  un 
+successfully—against  reduction.  But  then  their  activity  will  soon  be  carried 
+over to the political field, and the new organization of trades, gained in the 
+strikes,  will  be  of immense  value  to  them. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+351 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  R u s s i a ns 
+
+in  T u r k ey 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3900,  17. Oktober  1853 
+
+The Russians in Turkey. 
+
+The  certainty  of  war,  and  the  probability  that each steamer that now  arrives 
+from  Europe  will report the  maneuvres  of  armies  and the  results  of battles, 
+render  it  more  than  ever  necessary accurately  to  understand  the  respective 
+positions  and  forces  of  the  combatants,  and  the  various  facts  which  will 
+govern  the  movements  of  the  campaign.  This  necessity we propose  to meet 
+by  a  succinct  analysis  of the  elements  of offense  and defense on both  sides, 
+and  of  the  leading  strategic  considerations  which  are  likely  to  have  weight 
+on  the  minds  of  the  opposing  commanders. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Russian  troops  occupying  the  Danubian  Principalities  consisted,  at  10 
+
+the beginning,  of two infantry corps and the usual amount of reserve cavalry 
+and  artillery.  An  infantry  corps  in  Russia,  counts  three  divisions,  or  six 
+brigades  of  infantry,  several  regiments  of  light  cavalry,  and  a  brigade  of 
+artillery,  which,  altogether,  should  amount to  about 55,000 men, with about 
+a  hundred  guns.  To  every  two  infantry  corps  there  is  a  "reserve  cavalry  15 
+corps"  and  some reserve  artillery,  including heavy  siege  artillery.  Thus, the 
+original  army  of  occupation  amounts,  upon  paper,  to  something  like 
+125,000  men.  A  third  infantry corps  has  since  begun  to  cross  the  Pruth,  and 
+we  may,  therefore,  after  all  due  deductions,  consider  the  Russian  forces 
+concentrated on the Danube, to number from  140,000 to  150,000 fighting men.  20 
+How  many,  in  a  given  moment,  may  be  able  to  rally  around the  standards, 
+depends  upon  the  sanitary  condition  of the  district,  the  greater or less  effi 
+ciency  of  the  Russian  commissariat,  and  other  circumstances  of  a  similar 
+nature  which  it  is  impossible  correctly  to  estimate  at  a  distance. 
+
+From  all  the  information  at  our  command,  the  Turkish  army opposed to  25 
+
+the Russians on the Danube,  may be estimated at the very outside, at 110,000 
+to  120,000 men. Before the arrival of the Egyptian contingent, it was generally 
+asserted  not to  surpass  90,000  men.  There  is,  then,  as  far  as  we can judge, 
+an  evident  inferiority  of  numbers  on  the  part  of  the  Turks.  And  as  to  the 
+
+352 
+
+The  Russians  in  Turkey 
+
+intrinsic  value  and  quality  of  either  army,  an  equal  superiority  on  the  part 
+of the Russians must be  admitted.  It is  true that the Turkish artillery, formed 
+by  excellent  French  and  Prussian  officers,  enjoys  a  high  reputation,  while 
+the Russian gunners  are  notoriously poor marksmen; but in spite of all recent 
+improvements,  the  Turkish  infantry  cannot be  compared to  Russian grena 
+diers,  and Turkish horsemen still lack that discipline and steadiness  in battle 
+which  will  allow  of  a  second  and  a  third  charge  after  the  first  has  been 
+repulsed. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Generals,  on  both  sides,  are  comparatively  new  men.  The  military 
+10  merits  of Prince  Gorchakoff, the Russian commander,  and the reasons why 
+the  Emperor  appointed  him  to  that  post,  we  have  already  had  occasion  to 
+state  to  our  readers.  An  honest  man,  and  a  zealous  partisan  of  Russia's 
+"manifest  destiny,"  it  yet  remains  to  be  seen  whether  he  can  conduct  a 
+campaign of  such  magnitude  as  that now opening.  Omer Pasha, the Turkish 
+15  generalissimo, is better known, and what we know of him is generally favor 
+able.  His  expeditions  against  Kurdistan  and  Montenegro  were,  the  first 
+successful  under  difficult  circumstances;  the  second,  exceedingly  well 
+planned,  and  certain  of  almost  bloodless  success,  but  for  the  interference 
+of  diplomacy.  The  chief  superiority,  then,  which  can  be  found  on  the  side 
+20  of  the  Turks  is,  perhaps,  that  of  generalship;  in  most  other  respects  the 
+
+Russians  have  the  advantage. 
+
+25 
+
+Though the Turks  have  declared war,  and  are  perhaps, more vehement in 
+their  disposition  to come to blows  than the  Russians;  it  seems  evident, that 
+as  the  weaker  party,  they  will  find  the  greater  advantage in defensive,  and 
+the Russians in offensive action. This of course excludes the chances which 
+may  arise  from  glaring  mistakes  in  the  arrangements  of  either  General.  If 
+the  Turks  were  strong enough for the offensive, their tactics would be plain. 
+They  would  then  have  to  deceive  the  Russians  by  false  maneuvers  on  the 
+upper  Danube,  concentrate  their  forces  rapidly  between  Silistria  and  Hir-
+sova,  cross  the  lower  Danube,  fall  upon  the  enemy  where  his  position  is 
+weakest,  namely,  at  the  narrow  strip  of  land  forming  the  frontier  between 
+Wallachia,  and  Moldavia;  and  then  separating  the  Russian  troops  in  both 
+PrincipaUties  from  each  other,  repel  with  concentrated  forces  the  corps  in 
+Moldavia,  and  crush  that  which  would  find  itself  isolated  and  cut  off  in 
+35  Wallachia.  But as  all the chances  of an offensive  movement are  against the 
+Turks,  they  could  reasonably  undertake  a  similar  operation in  consequence 
+only of  egregious  blunders  on  the  part  of  the  Russian  General. 
+
+30 
+
+If  the  Russians  seize  the  opportunity for  offensive  action,  they  have  two 
+natural  obstacles  to  pass  before  they  penetrate  to  the  heart  of  the Turkish 
+empire;  first  the  Danube  and then the Balkan. The passage of a large river, 
+even  in  presence  of  a  hostile  army,  is  a  military  feat  so  often  performed 
+
+40 
+
+353 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+5 
+
+during  the  revolutionary  and  Napoleonic  wars,  that  every  lieutenant 
+now-a-days  can  tell  how  it  is  to be  done.  A few feigned  movements,  a well 
+appointed pontoon train,  some batteries to  cover the bridges, good measures 
+for  securing  the  retreat,  and  a  brave  vanguard,  are  about  all the conditions 
+required.  But  the  crossing  of  a  great  mountain  range,  and  especially  one 
+provided  with  so  few passes  and practicable  roads  as  the  Balkan,  is  a  more 
+serious  operation.  And  when  this  mountain range  runs  parallel  to  the  river, 
+at a distance  of  no  more than  forty  or  sixty  miles,  as  the  Balkan  does to the 
+Danube,  the  matter  becomes  more  serious  still,  as  a  corps  defeated  on the 
+hills  may,  by  active pursuit,  be cut off from its bridges  and thrown into the 
+river before  succor can arrive ; an army, thus defeated in a great battle, would 
+be  inevitably  lost.  It  is  this  proximity  and  parallel  direction  of  the  Danube 
+and  the  Balkan  which  forms  the  natural  military  strength  of  Turkey.  The 
+Balkan, from the Macedo-Servian frontier to the Black Sea, that is the Balkan 
+proper,  "Veliki Balkan," has five passes, two  of which are high roads, such  15 
+as  high  roads  are  in Turkey.  These  two  are  the  passes  of  Ichtiman,  on  the 
+road  from  Belgrade,  through  Sofia,  Philippople  and  Adrianople  to  Con 
+stantinople,  and  of Dobrol,  on the road from Silistria and Shumla. The other 
+three,  of  which two  are between the  above  and  the  third  towards  the  Black 
+Sea,  may  be  considered  as  impracticable  for  a  large  army,  with  the  im-  20 
+pediments  of  war.  They  may  give  passage  to  smaller  corps,  perhaps  even 
+to  light  field  artillery,  but  they  cannot  be  made  the  lines  of  operation  and 
+of  communication  for  the  main  body  of  the  invaders. 
+
+10 
+
+In  1828  and  1829,  the  Russian forces  operated  upon the line from Silistria 
+by Dobrol to Adrianople,  and indeed, this route being the shortest and most  25 
+direct  from  the  Russian  frontier  to  the  Turkish  Capital,  offers  itself  as  the 
+most  natural  to  any  Russian army which comes from the north, is  supported 
+by  a  fleet  in  undisputed  possession  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  whose  object  is 
+to  bring  matters  to  a  speedy  decision  by  a  victorious  march  upon  Con 
+stantinople. In order to pass by this road, a Russian army, after having passed 30 
+the  Danube,  has  to  force  a  strong position flanked by the  two fortresses  of 
+Shumla  and Varna,  to  blockade  or  to  take both of these fortresses, and then 
+to  pass  the  Balkan.  In  1828,  the  Turks  risked  their  main  strength  in  this 
+position.  They  were  defeated  at  Kulevcha;  Varna  and  Shumla were  taken, 
+the  defense  of  the  Balkan  was  but  feeble,  and  the  Russians  arrived  at  35 
+Adrianople,  very  much  enfeebled,  it  is  true,  but  yet having encountered  no 
+resistance,  as  the  Turkish  army was  completely  dissolved  and  not a brigade 
+at  hand  for  the  defense  of  Constantinople.  The  Turks  committed,  on  that 
+occasion,  a  great  mistake.  A  range  of  mountains,  as  every  officer  under 
+stands,  must  not  be  defended  by  a  defensive  position  in  front  of  it,  nor  by  40 
+dividing the  defending  armies  so  as  to block up  all the  passes; but by taking 
+
+354 
+
+The  Russians  in  Turkey 
+
+up  a  central  position  behind  it,  by  observing  all  the  passes,  and  when  the 
+enemy's intentions  are  clearly developed, by falling with concentrated forces 
+upon  the  heads  of  his  columns  as  they  emerge  from  the  various  ravines  of 
+the mountain range. The  strong position across the Russian line of operations 
+5  between Varna and  Shumla led  the  Turks  to make that decisive  stand there, 
+which,  with  more  concentrated  strength  and  against  an  enemy  necessarily 
+weakened by  sickness  and detachments, they ought to have made in the plain 
+of  Adrianople. 
+
+10 
+
+Thus  we  see  that  in  the  defense  of  the  line  from  Silistria  to  Adrianople 
+the  passage  of the  Danube  ought  to  be  defended without risking a decisive 
+action. The  second  stand  should be made  behind, not  between, Shumla and 
+Varna,  and no  decisive  action  risked  unless  the  chances  of victory  are  very 
+great.  Retreat  across the Balkan is the  next step leaving the passes  defended 
+by  detachments,  capable  of  as  much  resistance  as  may  appear  advisable 
+15  without bringing on  a  decisive  engagement.  In  the  mean  time the Russians 
+will weaken themselves by blockading the fortresses, and, if they follow their 
+anterior  practice,  they  will  again  take  these  fortresses by  storm,  and  lose  a 
+great  many  men by  the  operation;  for  it is  a curious  fact,  and  characteristic 
+of  the  Russian army,  that up  to  the  present time  it  has,  unaided,  never been 
+20  able to lay a regular siege. The want of skillful engineers and artillerists, the 
+impossibility  of  creating  in  a  barbarous  country  large  magazines  of  war, 
+material  for  sieges,  or  even  to  carry  across  immense  tracts  of  country 
+whatever material  may  exist,  have  always  driven the Russians to the neces 
+sity  of  carrying  every  fortified  place  by  assault  after  a  short,  violent,  but 
+25  seldom  very  effective  cannonade.  Thus  Suworow  took  Ismail  and  Ochakof  ; 
+thus,  in  1828  and  1829,  the  Turkish  fortresses  in  Europe  and  Asia  were 
+stormed;  and  thus  they  carried  Warsaw  in  1831.  In either case the Russian 
+army  will  arrive  at the passes  of the  Balkan in a weakened condition,  while 
+the  Turks  have  had  time  to  concentrate  their  detachments  from  all  sides.  If 
+the invaders are not repelled while attempting to cross the Balkan, by a dash 
+of the whole Turkish army, the decisive battle may be fought under the walls 
+of  Adrianople,  and  then,  if  the  Turks  are  defeated,  they  will  at  least  have 
+exhausted  all  the  chances  left  them. 
+
+30 
+
+But  a  Russian  victory  at  Adrianople  can,  under  present  circumstances, 
+35  decide  very  little.  The  British  and  French fleets  are  at Constantinople,  and 
+in their teeth no  Russian General can march upon that capital. The Russians, 
+arrested  at  Adrianople,  unable  to  rely  on  the  support  of  their  fleet,  which 
+itself  would  be  menaced,  would  soon  fall  victims  by  thousands  to  disease, 
+and  have  to  retrace  their  steps  beyond  the  Balkan.  Thus,  even  in  victory, 
+they  would  be  defeated  as  regards  their  great  object  in  the  war.  There  is, 
+however, another Une of operations  which they may, perhaps, more advanta-
+
+40 
+
+355 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+geously  take.  It  is  indicated  by  the  route  which  leads  from  Widdin  and 
+Nikopolis,  by  way  of  Sofia,  to  Adrianople.  Apart  from  political  con 
+siderations,  it  would  never  enter  the  head  of  any  sensible  Russian General 
+to  follow  this  route.  But  so  long  as  Russia  can  depend  on  Austria—so  long 
+as  the  approach  of  a  Russian  army  to  the  Servian  frontier,  combined  with 
+Russian  intrigues  in  Servia,  may  excite  insurrectionary  movements  in  that 
+country,  in  Montenegro,  and  among the predominant Greco-Slavic popula 
+t i on  of  Bosnia,  Macedonia,  and  Bulgaria—so  long  as the crowning operation 
+of  a  strictly  military  campaign,  the  taking  of  Constantinople,  is  out  of  the 
+question,  from  the  presence  of  a  European fleet—so long  this plan of cam-  10 
+paign  will  be  the only  one  which the  Russians  can adopt with much chance 
+of  success,  and  without  forcing  England  and  France  to  determined  hostile 
+action  by  too  direct  a  march  upon  Constantinople. 
+
+5 
+
+20 
+
+It  appears,  indeed,  from  the  present  position  of  the  Russian  army,  that 
+something  of  this  sort  is  projected.  Its  right  wing  has  been  extended  to  15 
+Krajowa,  near  the  western  frontier  of  Wallachia,  and  a  general  shifting  of 
+its  array  toward  the  upper  Danube  has  taken  place.  As  this  maneuver  is 
+entirely out of the line of operations by Silistria and  Shumla, it can only have 
+for  its  object  to  put  the  Russians  in communication  with  Servia,  the  center 
+of Sclavic nationality and Greek Catholicism in Turkey. A defensive position 
+on  the  lower  Danube,  combined  with  an  advance  across  the  upper  Danube 
+toward  Sofia,  would be perfectly safe if supported by Austria, combined with 
+a  movement  of  the  Turkish  Slavonians  in  favor  of  national  independence; 
+and  such  a movement  could  not be more forcibly provoked than by a march 
+of  the  Russian  army  into  the  very  heart  of  the  Slavonian  population  of  25 
+Turkey.  Thus,  the  Czar will obtain far more easily and in a far less offensive 
+manner what he  has  claimed throughout the controversy. This is the organi 
+zation of  all  the  Turkish Slavonians in distinct principalities, such as Molda 
+via,  Wallachia  and  Servia  now  are.  With  Bulgaria,  Montenegro  and  Mace 
+donia  under  the  nominal  sovereignty  of  the  Sultan  and  the  real protection  30 
+of  the  Czar,  Turkey  in  Europe  would  be  confined  to  the  environs  of  Con 
+stantinople  and  deprived  of  its  nursery  of  soldiers,  Albania.  This would be 
+a far  better  result  for  Russia than a decisive victory at  Adrianople, followed 
+by a dead  stand  of  her  armies.  It is  a result which appearances indicate that 
+she is about to try for. Whether she is not mistaken in relying on the Slavoni-  35 
+ans  of  Turkey  is  a doubtful question, though there will be no cause of aston 
+ishment  should  they  all  declare  against  her. 
+
+356 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+L o rd  P a l m e r s t on 
+
+( As  p u b l i s h ed 
+
+in  t he  " N e w - Y o rk  T r i b u n e ") 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3902,  19. Oktober  1853 
+
+P a l m e r s t o n. 
+
+The  Eastern  complications  have  worked  a  great  change  in  England,  if  not 
+as  to  parties,  at  least  as  to the  men  at the  head  of  parties.  Lord Palmerston 
+has  again  become  a popular favorite.  He  is  in everybody's  mouth,  he  is  the 
+5  only  man to  save  England, he is confidently announced as the indispensable 
+Premier  of  any  modified  Cabinet,  extolled  alike  by  the  Tories,  the  Whigs, 
+the  self-styled  patriots,  the  press,  and  public  opinion  in  general. 
+
+So  extraordinary a phenomenon is the Palmerston mania that one is tempt 
+ed  to  suppose  it  to  be  of  a  merely  factitious  character,  got up  not  for  home 
+10  consumption,  but  as  an  article  of  export,  destined  for  foreign  use.  This, 
+however,  would be  a mistake.  Ruggiero  is  again  and  again fascinated by the 
+false charms of Alcine, which, as he knows, disguise an old witch, "sans eyes, 
+sans  teeth,  sans  taste,  sans  everything,"  and the knight-errant cannot with 
+stand  falling  in love  with her  anew, whom  he  knows  to  have  transmuted  all 
+15  her former adorers into asses and other beasts. The English public is another 
+Ruggiero  and  Palmerston  another  Alcine.  Although  a  septuagenarian, who, 
+since  1807,  has  occupied  the  public  stage  almost  without  interruption,  he 
+continues  to  remain a novelty, and to evoke all the hopes that used to center 
+upon untried and promising youth.  With one foot in the grave, he is supposed 
+20  not  to  have  begun  his  true  career.  If  he  were  to  die  to-morrow  all  England 
+would  be  surprised  to  learn  that  he  had  been  a  Secretary  of State,  for half 
+a  century. 
+
+If  not  a  good  statesman  of  all  work  he  is  a  good  actor  of  all  work.  He 
+succeeds  in the  comic  as  in the  heroic, in pathos as in familiarity, in tragedy 
+25  as  in farce,  although the latter may be more  congenial to  his feelings.  He is 
+not a first-class orator, but an accomplished debater.  Possessed of a wonder 
+ful  memory,  of  great  experience,  of  consummate  tact,  of  never-failing 
+presence  of  mind,  of  gentleman-like  variety  of  talent,  of  the  most  minute 
+knowledge  of  parliamentary  tricks,  intrigues,  parties  and  men,  he  handles 
+
+357 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+difficult cases in  an admirable manner, and with a pleasant volatility, sticking 
+to  the  prejudices  and the  susceptibilities  of his  audience,  secured from  any 
+surprise  by  his  cynic  impudence,  from  any  self-confession  by  his  selfish 
+dexterity,  and  from  running  into  a  passion  by  bis  profound  frivolity,  his 
+perfect  indifference,  and  his  aristocratic  contempt.  Being  an  exceedingly 
+happy joker, he ingratiates  himself with every body. Never losing his temper, 
+he imposes on passionate antagonists. If unable to master a subject, he knows 
+how  to  play with  it.  If  wanting general  views,  he  is  always ready to  weave 
+a  web  of  elegant  generalities. 
+
+5 
+
+Endowed with a restless  and indefatigable  spirit, he abhors inactivity and  10 
+
+pines  for  agitation,  if  not  for  action.  A country like  England allows him,  of 
+course,  to  busy  himself  in  every  corner  of  the  earth.  If  he  can  do  nothing, 
+he will devise anything. Where he dares not interfere, he intermeddles. When 
+unable to vie with a strong enemy he extemporizes a weak one. What he aims 
+at  is  not the  substance,  but  the  mere appearance  of  success.  Being no  man  15 
+of  deep  designs,  pondering  on  no  combinations  of  long  standing,  pursuing 
+no  great  object, he  embarks in difficulties  with a view to disentangle himself 
+from  them  in  a  showy  manner.  He  wants  complications  to  feed  his  activity, 
+and  when  he  finds  them  not  ready,  he  will create them.  He  exults in  show-
+conflicts,  show-battles,  show-enemies,  diplomatic  notes  to  be  exchanged,  20 
+ships to be ordered to  sail, all ending in violent parliamentary debates, which 
+are  sure  to prepare for  him an ephemeral success—the constant and exclusive 
+object  of  all his  exertions.  He  manages  international conflicts like  an  artist, 
+driving  matters  to  a  certain point, retreating when they threaten to  become 
+serious, but having got, at all events, the dramatic excitement he desires. The  25 
+history of the world is, in his eyes, a pastime, expressly invented for the noble 
+Viscount  Palmerston  of  Palmerston.  He  is  a  great  sample  of  that  species 
+designated  by  Thomas  Carlyle  as  the  sham  captains  of  the  world. 
+
+Yielding  to  foreign  influence  in  fact,  he  opposes  it  in words.  Having  in 
+
+herited  from  Canning  England's  mission  of  propagating  Constitutionalism  30 
+on  the  continent,  he  never  lacks  a  theme  to  pique  the  national  prejudices, 
+so  as  to  counteract revolution abroad,  and,  at the  same time to keep  awake 
+the  suspicious  jealousy  of  foreign  powers.  Having  succeeded  in  this  easy 
+manner  in becoming the  bête noire of the continental courts, he could not 
+fail  to  be  set  up  as  the  truly  English minister  at home.  Although a Tory by  35 
+origin, he has introduced into the management of foreign affairs all the shams 
+that  form  the  essence  of  Whiggism.  He  knows  how  to  conciliate  a  large 
+phraseology  with  narrow  views,  how  to  clothe  the  policy  of  a  peace-
+mongering  middle-class  in  the  haughty  language  of  England's  aristocratic 
+past,  how to  appear an aggressor where  he  yields,  and a defender where he  40 
+betrays,  how  to  manage  his  apparent  enemy,  and  how  to  exasperate  his 
+
+358 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston 
+
+pretended  ally,  how  to  find  himself,  at  the  opportune  moment,  on  the  side 
+of  the  stronger  against  the  weak,  and  how  to  utter  brave  words  in  the  act 
+of  running  away. 
+
+Accused by  one  party  of being in the pay of Russia, he is  supposed by the 
+5  others  to  be  made  up  of Carbonarism.  If, in  1848, he  had to  defend himself 
+against  a  motion  of  impeachment for  having  acted  as the  minister of Nicho 
+las,  he  had,  in  1850,  the  satisfaction of being persecuted by  a conspiracy of 
+foreign embassadors, which was  successful in the House of Lords but baffled 
+in the  House  of  Commons.  If  he has betrayed foreign peoples, he did it with 
+10  great politeness, politeness being the  small coin of the  devil, which he gives 
+in change  for the  life-blood of his dupes. If the oppressors were always  sure 
+of  his  active  support,  the  oppressed  never  lacked  a great  ostentation  of his 
+rhetorical  generosity.  Poles,  Italians,  Hungarians,  Germans,  found  him  in 
+office,  whenever they were crushed,  but their despots  suspected him always 
+15  of  secret conspiracy with the victims  he  had already allowed them to make. 
+At  all  events,  it has  been till  now  a probable chance  of  success to  have  him 
+for  one's  adversary,  and  a  sure  chance  of  ruin to  have  him  for  one's  friend. 
+But,  if his  art  of  diplomacy  does not shine in the actual results of his foreign 
+negotiations,  it shines the more brilliantly in the construction he has induced 
+the  English people  to  lay  upon them,  by accepting phrases for facts, phan 
+toms  for  realities,  and  high-sounding  pretexts  for  shabby  motives. 
+
+20 
+
+Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston, deriving his title from a peerage 
+of  Ireland,  was  nominated  Lord of the  Admiralty in  1807,  on the  formation 
+of  the  Duke  of Portland's  administration.  In  1809 he was  created  Secretary 
+25  at War, and continued to hold this office till May,  1828. In 1830 he went over 
+to  the  Whigs,  who  made  him  their  permanent  minister  of  Foreign  Affairs. 
+Excepting  the  intervals  of  Tory  administration  from  November,  1834,  till 
+April,  1835,  and  from  1841  to  1846,  he  is  responsible  for  the whole foreign 
+policy  of  England  from  the  revolution  of  1830  till  December,  1851. 
+
+30 
+
+Is  it  not  a  very  curious  thing to  find,  at first  view,  this  Quixotte  of free 
+institutions  and  this  Pindar  of  the  "glories  of  the  constitutional  system,"  a 
+permanent  and  active  member  of the Tory Administrations  of Mr. Perceval, 
+the Earl of Liverpool,  Mr. Canning, Lord Goderich and the Duke of Welling 
+ton,  during  the  fatal  epoch when  the  Anti-Jacobin war  was  carried  on,  the 
+35  monster debt contracted, the corn laws enacted, foreign troops  stationed in 
+England, the people  "Weeded" from time to time, the press gagged, meetings 
+suppressed, the mass of the nation disarmed, individual liberty together with 
+the  regular  jurisdiction  of  the  courts,  suspended,  the  whole  country placed 
+as  it  were  under  a  state  of  siege—in one word,  during the most infamous and 
+
+40  most reactionary  epoch  of  English  history? 
+
+His  debut  in  Parliamentary  life  was  of  a  no  less  characteristic  sort.  On 
+
+359 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+February  3,  1808,  he  rose  to  defend—what?  Secresy  in  diplomatic  negoti 
+ations,  and  the  most  disgusting  act  ever  committed  by  any  nation  against 
+another  nation,  namely,  the  bombardment  of  Copenhagen  and  the  capture 
+of  the  Danish fleet  at  a time  when  England was  supposed  to  be in profound 
+peace  with  Denmark.  As  to  the  first  point,  he  stated that, in this particular 
+case,  his  Majesty's  ministers  "are  pledged  to  secrecy,"  but he  improved  on 
+this  statement:  "I  also  object  generally  to  making  public  the  working  of 
+diplomacy,  because  it  is  the  tendency  of  disclosures  in  that  department  to 
+shut  up  future  sources  of  information."  Vidocq  would  have  defended  the 
+identical  cause  in  the  identical  terms.  As  to  the  act of  piracy  itself,  while  10 
+admitting that Denmark had evidenced no hostility whatever to Great Britain, 
+he  justified  the  bombarding  its  capital  and  the  stealing  its  fleet  on the plea 
+that  it had been done to  prevent Danish neutrality from being converted into 
+open  hostility  on the compulsion of France. This was  the  new law of nations 
+he  proclaimed. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+When  again  speechifying,  we  find  this  English  minister  par  excellence 
+engaged  in  the  defense  of the foreign troops, called over from the Continent 
+to  England  with the  express  mission  of  maintaining  forcibly  the  oligarchic 
+rule,  to  establish which William had come  over in 1688, accompanied by his 
+Dutch  troops.  To  the  well-founded  "apprehensions  for  the  liberties  of  the  20 
+country,"  originating  from  the  presence  of  the  King's  German  Legion, 
+Palmerston  answered with great  flippancy  of  manner:  "Why  should  we  not 
+have  16,000  of  those  foreigners  at  home,  while  you  know  that  we  employ 
+a far larger proportion of foreigners abroad?" When similar "apprehensions" 
+arose  from  the  large  standing  army,  maintained  since  1815  in  England,  he  25 
+found  "a  sufficient  protection  of  the  constitution  in the  very constitution of 
+our  army,"  a  large  proportion  of  the  officers  being  "men  of  property  and 
+connections."  When  the  large  standing  army was  attacked  from  a financial 
+point of view, he made the curious  discovery, that "much of our commercial 
+embarrassment  has  been  caused  by  our  former  low  peace  establishment."  30 
+When  the  "burdens  of  the  country"  and  the  "misery  of  the  people"  were 
+contrasted  with  the  vast  military  expenditure,  he  reminded Parliament that 
+those  burdens  and  that  misery  "were  the  price  which  we  (the  English  Oli 
+garchy)  agreed  to  pay  for  our freedom  and  independence." 
+
+If  in his  eyes,^nilitary despotism was to be apprehended, it was only from  35 
+
+the  exertions  of  "those  self-called  but  misled  reformers  who  demand  that 
+sort  of  reform  in  the  country  which,  according  to  every  just  principle  of 
+government,  must  end, if it were acceded to, in a military despotism." While 
+large  standing  armies  were thus his panacea for maintaining the  constitution 
+of  the  country,  corporal  punishment  and  flogging  were  his  panacea  for  40 
+maintaining the  constitution of the army. He defended flogging in the debates 
+
+360 
+
+ν 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston 
+
+on  the  Mutiny  bill  on  March  5,1824;  he  declared it to  be  "absolutely  indis­
+pensable"  on March  11,1825;  he  recommended  it  again  on March  10,1828; 
+he  stood by it in the debates of April,  1833,  and he has proved a true  amateur 
+of  flogging  on  every  subsequent occasion.  There  has  existed  no  abuse  in the 
+army  which  he  would not gift with plausible  reasons,  if it happened to foster 
+the  momentary  interests  of  aristocratic  parasites.  An  instance  of  this  may 
+be  found  in  the  debates  on  the  sale  of  half-pay  commissions,  on  March  12, 
+1828. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  likes  to  parade  his  constant  exertions  for  the  establish-
+10  ment  of  religious  liberty.  Now,  he voted against Lord John Russell's  motion 
+for  the  "Repeal of the  Test and Corporation Acts, " and why?  Because  he 
+was  "a  warm  and  zealous  friend  to  religious  liberty,  and  could,  therefore, 
+not allow  the  Dissenters  to  be  relieved  from  imaginary  grievances, while real 
+inflictions  pressed  upon  the  Catholics."  "I  regret,"  he  informs  us,  " to  see 
+the  increasing  number  of  Dissenters.  It  is  my  wish  that  the  Established 
+Church  should be  the  predominant  one  in this country;"  and from pure love 
+and  zeal  for  religious  liberty  he  wants  this  Established  Church  to  be  fed  at 
+the  expense  of  the  misbelievers.  His  jocose  Lordship  accuses  the  rich  Dis­
+senters  of  satisfying  the  ecclesiastical  wants  of  the  poorer  ones,  while  "with 
+20 the Church of England it is the poor alone who want church accomodations ; 
+it would be preposterous  to  say  that the poor ought to  subscribe for churches 
+out  of  their  small  earnings."  It  would  of  course  be  yet  more  preposterous 
+to  say  that  the  rich  members  of  the  Established  Church ought to  subscribe 
+for  churches  out  of  their  large  earnings. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+Let  us  now  look  at  his  exertions  for  Catholic  Emancipation-one  of  his 
+great  aims  having  been  to  gain  the  gratitude  of  the  Irish  people.  We  do  not 
+dwell on the circumstance that, having declared himself for Catholic Emanci­
+pation  when  a  member  of  the  Canning ministry,  he nevertheless  entered the 
+Wellington ministry  avowedly  hostile  to  that measure.  Did Lord Palmerston, 
+then  consider  religious  liberty  as  one  of  the  rights  of  man,  not  to  be  inter­
+meddled  with  by  legislation?  He  may  answer  for  tiimself :  "Although  I  wish 
+the Catholic claims to be considered,  I never will admit these claims to  stand 
+upon the ground of right. If I thought the Catholics were asking for their right, 
+I,  for  one,  would not go  into the  Committee."  And why  did he  oppose their 
+asking for  their  right?  "Because  the  legislature  of  a country  has  the  right to 
+impose  such  political  disabilities  upon  any  class  of the community  as it may 
+deem  necessary  for  the  safety  and  the  welfare  of  the  whole.  This  belongs 
+to the  fundamental principles on which  a civilized government is founded." 
+Here,  then,  we  have  the  most  cynical  confession  ever  made,  that  the  mass 
+40  of  the  people  have  no  rights  at all,  but that they  may  enjoy that  quantity of 
+immunities  the  legislature,  or  in other  words,  the  ruling  class,  may  deem  fit 
+
+35 
+
+361 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+to  grant  them.  In  accordance  with  this,  Lord  Palmerston  declared  in  plain 
+words,  "Catholic  Emancipation  to  be  a  measure  of  grace  and  favor." 
+
+5 
+
+It was  then  entirely  upon  the  ground of expediency that he condescended 
+to  discontinue  the  Catholic  disabilities.  And  what  was  lurking  behind  this 
+expediency?  Being  himself  one  of  the  great  Irish  landed  proprietors,  he 
+wanted  to  entertain  the  delusion  that  "other  remedies  for  Irish  evils  than 
+-Emancipation  are  impossible;"  that  it  would  cure  Absenteeism,  and  prove 
+a  cheap  substitute  for  poor  laws.  This  great  philanthropist,  who  afterward 
+cleared  his  Irish  estates  of  their  Irish  natives,  could  not  allow Irish  misery 
+to  darken,  even for one  moment, with its inauspicious clouds, the bright sky  10 
+over the  Parliament of landlords  and money lords.  "It is true," he exclaims, 
+"that  the  peasantry  of  Ireland  do  not  enjoy  all  the  comforts  which  are 
+enjoyed by the peasantry of England." Only think of all the comforts enjoyed 
+by  a family  at the  rate  of  seven shillings a week.  "Still," he continues, "still, 
+however,  the  Irish  peasant  has  his  comforts.  He  is well  supplied with fuel,  15 
+and  is  seldom  (only  five  days  out  of  six)  at a loss for food."  But this  is  not 
+all  the  comfort  he  has.  He  has  a  greater  "cheerfulness  of  mind"  than  his 
+English fellow-sufferer.  As to the extortions of Irish landlords, he  deals with 
+them  in  a no less  pleasant way than with the comforts of the Irish peasantry. 
+"It is  said that the  Irish landlord insists  on the highest possible rent that can  20 
+be extorted. Why, Sir, I believe that is not a singular circumstance. Certainly, 
+in  England the landlord  does the  same  thing."  Are  we,  then,  to be surprised 
+that  this  man,  so  deeply  initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  "the  glories  of  the 
+English  Constitution"  and  the  comforts  of  "free  institutions,"  aspires  at 
+spreading them  all  over  the  Continent? 
+
+25 
+
+It is  known that,  when the Reform-movement had grown irresistible, Lord 
+Palmerston  deserted  the  camp  of  the  Tories,  and  skilfully effected his junc 
+tion  with  the  Whigs.  We  have  seen  that  he  once  apprehended  danger  of 
+the  self-called  Reformers. 
+the  demands  of 
+military  despotism  from 
+Nevertheless,  as  early as  1828,  he patronised  the  extension of the franchise  30 
+to  such  large  industrial  places  as Birmingham,  Leeds, and Manchester,  "not 
+because I am  a friend  to Reform  in principle,  but because lam its decided 
+enemy,"  calculating  that  some  timely  compromise  with  the  overgrown 
+factory-kings might be the only way of escaping "the introduction of general 
+reform. "Having passed  over to the Whigs,  he did not even pretend that their 
+Reform  bill  aimed  at  breaking through  the  narrow  trammels of the Venetian 
+Constitution,  but,  on the contrary,  at increasing its  strength  and  solidity, by 
+severing the middle-class interest from the people's opposition.  "The feelings 
+of  the  middle  classes  will  be  changed,  and their  dissatisfaction will be  con 
+verted  into  that  attachment  to  the  Constitution,  which will  give to  it a vast  40 
+increase of  strength and  solidity."  He consoled the Peers by telling them that 
+
+35 
+
+362 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston 
+
+5 
+
+the  Reform bill would neither weaken "the influence of the House of Lords," 
+nor  put  a  stop  to  its  "interfering in elections."  He  told  the Aristocracy that 
+the  Constitution  was  not  to  lose  its  feudal  character,  "the  landed  interest 
+being  the  great  foundation  upon  which  rests  the  fabric  of  society  and  the 
+institutions  of  the  country."  He  allayed  their fears  by  throwing out ironical 
+hints  that  "we  have  been  charged  with  not  being in earnest or  sincere in our 
+desire  to  give  to  the  people  a real representation,"  that  "it was  said we only 
+proposed  to  give  a  different  form  of  influence  to  the  aristocracy  and  the 
+landed  interest."  He  even  went  so  far  as  to  own that,  beside  the  inevitable 
+10  concessions  to  be  made  to  the  overgrown  manufacturing  interest,  "dis 
+franchisement,"  that is  to  say,  a  new kind of distribution of rotten boroughs 
+between  the  Tory  Aristocrats  and  the  Whig  Aristocrats  was  the  chief  and 
+leading  principle  of  the  Reform  bill. 
+
+We  will  now  return  to  his  performances  in  the  foreign  branch  of  policy 
+15  during  the  Tory  period  of  his  Ufe.  In  1823,  when,  in  consequence  of  the 
+resolutions  of  the  Congress  of  Verona,  a  French  army  was  marched  into 
+Spain,  in  order  to  overturn  the  Constitution  of  that  country  and  to  deliver 
+it  up  to  the  merciless  vengeance  of  the  Bourbon idiot  and  his  suite  of bigot 
+monks,  Lord  Palmerston  disclaimed  any  Quixotic  crusade  for  "abstract 
+20  principles"—any  intervention  in favor  of  a people  whose  heroic  resistance 
+had  saved England from Napoleon, The words he addressed on that occasion 
+to his Whig opponents are a true and lively picture of his own foreign policy, 
+after  he  had become  their  permanent  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  "Some," 
+said  he,  "would have had us use threats in negotiation without being prepared 
+for  going  to  war,  if  negotiation  failed.  To  have  talked  of  war  and  to  have 
+meant  neutrahty—to  have  threatened  an army and  to  have  retreated  behind 
+a  state-paper—to  have  brandished  the  sword  of  defiance  in  the  hour  of 
+deliberation  and  to  have  ended  in  a  penf  ul  of  protests  on  the  day  of  battle, 
+would  have  been the  conduct  of  a  cowardly  bully,  and  would  have  made us 
+the  object  of  contempt  and  the  laughing-stock  of  Europe." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+At last we  arrive  at the  Grecian and Turkish debates, which afforded Lord 
+Palmerston  the  first  opportunity  of  displaying  publicly  bis  talents  as  the 
+unflinching  and  persevering  advocate  of  Russia  in  the  Cabinet  and  in  the 
+House.  One by one he reechoed the watchwords given by Russia, of Turkish 
+35  monstrosity—Greek  civilization,  religious  liberty,  Christianity,  etc.  At first 
+we  meet  him  repudiating,  as  the  Minister  of  War,  any  intention  of  passing 
+a  censure  "upon  the  meritorious  conduct  of  Admiral  Codrington,"  which 
+caused the  destruction of the Turkish fleet at Navarino, although he admitted 
+that  "the  battle  took  place  against  a  power  with  which we  are  not at war." 
+40  After this,  having left office,  he opened his long series of attacks upon Lord 
+Aberdeen  by  reproaching  him  with having been to  slow  in the  execution of 
+
+363 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the  Czar's  orders.  "Has  there  been  much  more  energy  and  promptitude  in 
+fulfilling our engagements to Greece? July,  1829, is coming fast upon us, and 
+the  treaty  of  July,  1827,  is  still  unexecuted.  The  Morea  indeed,  has  been 
+cleared of the Turks, but why were the arms of France checked at the Isthmus 
+of  Corinth?  The  narrow policy  of  England  stepped in and  arrested her pro- 
+gress.  But why  do  not  the  allies  deal with the  country north of the  Isthmus 
+as they have done with that to the  South, by occupying at once all that which 
+must  be  assigned  to  Greece?  I  should  have  thought  that  the  allies  had  had 
+enough  of  negotiating  with  Turkey  about  Greece." 
+
+5 
+
+It  is  well  known  that  it was Prince Metternich, who  at that time opposed  10 
+
+the  encroachments  of Russia,  and that her diplomatic agents, such as Pozzo 
+di  Borgo,  Prince  Lieven  and  others,  had  accordingly  received  orders  to 
+denounce Austria, as the  stupid ally of the  Sultan. Lord Palmerston followed 
+of  course  in  the  beaten  track:  "By  the  narrowness  of  her  views,  the  un 
+fortunate prejudices  of her policy, Austria has almost reduced herself to the 
+level  of a second-rate power,"  and in consequence of the temporizing policy 
+of  Aberdeen,  "England  is  now  represented  as  the  keystone  of that arch of 
+which Miguel  and  Spain and Austria and Mahmud, are the component parts. 
+It  is  thus  that  people  see  in  the  delay  in executing the treaty  of July  not  so 
+much  fear  of  Turkish  resistance,  as  invincible  repugnance  to  Grecian free-  20 
+dorn." 
+
+15 
+
+For  half  a  century  one  phrase  has  stood  as  a  barrier  between  Russia  and 
+Constantinople—the  phrase  of  the  integrity  of  the  Turkish  Empire  being 
+necessary to the balance of power. "I object" exclaims Palmerston on Feb. 5, 
+1830, "to the policy of making the integrity of the Turkish dominion in Europe 25 
+an  object  essentially  necessary  to  the  interests  of  Christian  and  civilized 
+Europe."  Again  he  returns  to  attack  Aberdeen:  "I,  for  one,  shall  not  be 
+satisfied  with  a  number  of  dispatches  from  the  Government  of  England, 
+which  will  no  doubt  read  well and  smooth enough, urging in general terms, 
+the  propriety  of  conciliating  Russia,  but  accompanied,  perhaps,  by  strong  30 
+expressions  of  the  regard  which  England bears  to Turkey, which when read 
+by  an interested party,  might easily  be made  to appear more than was really 
+intended.  I  should  like to  see, that while England adopted a firm resolution— 
+almost  the  only  course  she  could  adopt—upon  no  consideration  and  in  no 
+event to take  part with Turkey in that war,  that that  decision was  fairly and  35 
+frankly  communicated  to  the  Turk.  There  are  three  merciless  things:  time, 
+fire  and  the  Sultan." 
+
+Before  proceeding further,  let us  recall  to  memory  a few  historical facts: 
+Russia  having  seized  on  Gokcheh,  a  strip  of  land  bordering  on  the  lake  of 
+Sevan,  (the  undisputed  possession  of Persia,) demanded, as the price of its  40 
+evacuation,  the  abandonment  of  Capan—another  portion  of  the  Persian 
+
+364 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston 
+
+territory.  Persia  not  yielding,  was  overrun,  vanquished,  and  forced to  sub 
+scribe  to  the  treaty  of  Turcomanchai,  in  February,  1828.  According to  this 
+treaty,  Persia  had to  pay  an indemnity  of two  millions  sterling to  Russia,  to 
+cede  the  provinces  of  Erivan  and  Nuktchivan,  including  the  fortresses  of 
+5  Erivan and Abassabad, in order to define the common frontier by the Araxes; 
+this  being  the  only  means,  as  Nicholas  pretended,  of preventing  any future 
+disputes  between the two  empires.  But  at the  same time, he refused to give 
+back  Talish  and  Moghan,  situated  beyond  the  Russian  side  of  the  Araxes. 
+Finally, Persia was also bound to maintain no navy on the Caspian Sea. Such 
+10  were  the  origin  and  the results of the Russo-Persian war.  As  to the religion 
+and  the  liberty  of  Greece,  Russia  cared,  then,  as  much  about  them,  as  the 
+"God of the Russians" cares now about the keys of the Holy Sepulchre, and 
+the  famous  Cupola.  It  was  the  traditional  policy  of  Russia  to  excite  the 
+Grecians to revolt,  and then to  abandon them to the vengeance of the Sultan. 
+15  So  profound  was  her  sympathy  for  the  regeneration  of  Hellas,  that  she 
+treated them as rebels at the Congress of Verona, acknowledging the Sultan's 
+right  to  exclude  all  foreign  intervention  between  himself  and  his  Christian 
+subjects.  In  fact,  the  Czar  "offered  to  aid  the  Porte  in  suppressing  the 
+Greek  rebellion"—a  proposition  which  was,  of  course,  rejected.  Having 
+failed in this  attempt,  he turned round upon the great Powers, by proposing 
+"to  march an army into Turkey, for the purpose of dictating peace under the 
+walls of the  Seraglio." But, in order to hold his hands bound by common act, 
+the Powers concluded with him a treaty at London, on July 6,1827, by which 
+they mutually engaged  to  enforce  the  adjustment of the  differences between 
+25  Turkey and Greece. A few months after signing that treaty, Russia concluded 
+with  Turkey  the  treaty  of  Akerman,  on  the  express  understanding that  she 
+should  renounce  all  interference  in  Greece.  This  treaty  had  been  brought 
+about  after  Russia  had  induced  the  Prince  Royal  of  Persia  to  invade  the 
+Ottoman  dominions,  and  after  she  had inflicted  the  greatest injuries  on the 
+
+20 
+
+30  Porte, in order to drive it to a rupture.  All this having taken place, the reso 
+
+lutions  of  the  London  treaties  of  July  6,  1827,  were  presented  one  fine 
+morning,  to  the  Porte,  in  the  name  of  Russia  and  the  other  Powers. 
+
+In  consequence  of  the  complications  resulting  from  the  Russian lies  and 
+frauds,  the  Czar  at  last  found  a  pretext  to  begin  the  war  of  1828  and  1829. 
+35  This  was  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  whose  substance  is  con 
+tained  in the following quotation from  McNeill's celebrated pamphlet on the 
+progress  of  Russia  in  the  East: 
+
+"By  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  the  Czar  acquired  Anapa  and  Poti,  with  a 
+considerable  extent  of  coast  on  the  Black  Sea,  a portion  of the Pachalik of 
+40  Akhilska,  with  the  two  fortresses  of  Akhilska  and  Akhilkillak,  the  islands 
+formed by  the mouth of the Danube. The destruction of the Turkish fortress 
+
+365 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  Georgiova  and  the  abandonment  by  Turkey  of  the  right  bank  of  the 
+Danube  to  the  distance  of  several  miles  from  the  river,  were  stipulated— 
+partly by force,  and partly by the  influence  of the priesthood many thousand 
+families of the Armenians were removed from the Turkish provinces in Asia 
+to  the  Czar's  territories.  He  established  for  his  own  subjects  in  Turkey  an 
+exemption  from  all  responsibility  to  the  national  authorities,  and  burdened 
+the  Porte  with  an  immense debt under the name of expenses for the war and 
+for  commercial  losses,  and  finally  retained  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  and 
+Silistria in pledge for its payment. Having by this treaty imposed upon Turkey 
+the acceptance of the protocol of March 22, which secured to her the suzerai- 10 
+neté  of  Greece,  and  a  yearly  tribute  from  this  country,  Russia  used  all her 
+influence to  procure  the  independence of Greece which was indeed erected 
+into  an  independent  state;  of  which  Count  Capo  d'Istria,  who  had  been  a 
+Russian Minister, was named Presií/ení." 
+
+5 
+
+These  are  the facts. Now look at the picture drawn of them by the master-  15 
+
+hand of Lord Palmerston in a  speech in the  House  of Commons on Feb.  16, 
+1830:  "It  is  perfectly true that the war between Russia and Turkey arose out 
+of  aggressions  made  by  Turkey  on the  commerce  and rights  of Russia,  and 
+violations  of  treaties."  We  find  him,  however,  as  the  Whig  Minister  of 
+Foreign Affairs improving on this theme:  "The honorable and gallant mem-  20 
+ber  (Col.  Evans)  has  represented  the  conduct of Russia as one of unvarying 
+aggression  upon  other  States,  from  1815  to  the  present  time.  He  adverted 
+more  particularly  to  the  wars  of  Russia with Persia  and  Turkey.  Russia was 
+the  aggressor  in  neither  of  them,  and  although the  result  of the  Persian war 
+was an aggrandizement of her power, it was not a result of her own seeking. 25 
+Again, in the Turkish war Russia was  not the aggressor.  It would be fatiguing 
+to  the  House  to  detail  all  the  provocations  Turkey  offered to  Russia; but I 
+believe  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  she  violated  all  the  provisions  of  the 
+treaty of Ackerman,  and then, upon complaint made, denied redress; so that, 
+if ever there  was  a just ground for going to  war Russia had it for going to  30 
+war with Turkey. She did not, however, on that occasion acquire any increase 
+of territory, at least, in Europe.  I know that there was a continued occupation 
+of  certain  points  (Moldavia  and  Wallachia  are  only  points,  and the  mouths 
+of  the  Danube  are  mere  zeros,)  and  some  additional  acquisitions  on  the 
+Euxine  in Asia, but she had an agreement with the other  European powers,  35 
+that success in that war should not lead to any aggrandizement in Europe." 
+
+Our readers will now understand  Sir Robert Peel's telling Lord Palmerston 
+in a public  session of the  House, that "he  did not know whose representative 
+he  was."  This  was  a  plain  way  of  saying  he  was  not  the  representative  of 
+liberty,  or  honesty,  or  what  makes  the  best  character  of  England.  Such  as  40 
+the  noble  lord was  then,  and  in the  earlier part of his  career which we  have 
+
+366 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  -  Palmerston  and  Russia 
+
+reviewed,  he is  at this  day,  and none  who  know him can expect at his hands 
+any but false  service  to  the  cause  of  justice  and  human rights in the present 
+momentous  crisis.  What  remains  of his  public  history we leave  for  another 
+day;  we  are  sorry  to  say  that  it  is  not  the  better  half. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3916,  4. November  1853 
+
+5 
+
+P a l m e r s t on  a nd  R u s s i a. 
+
+10 
+
+At  a  recent  meeting  in  London,  to  protest  against  the  action  of  the British 
+Ministry,  in  the  present  controversy  between  Russia  and Turkey,  a gentle 
+man who presumed to find special fault with Lord P a l m e r s t o n,  was  saluted 
+and  silenced  by  a storm of indignant hisses.  The  meeting  evidently thought 
+that if Russia had a friend in the Ministry it was not the noble Viscount, and 
+would  no  doubt  have  rent  the  air  with  cheers,  had  some  one  been  able  to 
+announce  that  his  Lordship  had  become  Prime  Minister.  This  astonishing 
+confidence  in  a  man  so  false  and  hollow,  is  another  proof  of the  ease  with 
+which  people  may  be  imposed  on  by  brilliant  abilities,  and  a new  evidence 
+15  of the  necessity  of taking  off the  mask from this wily enemy to the progress 
+of  human  freedom.  Accordingly,  with  the  history  of  trie  last  twenty-five 
+years,  and  the  debates  of  Parliament  for  guides,  we  proceed  with  the  task 
+of  exposing  the  real  part  which  this  accomplished  actor  has  performed  in 
+the  drama  of  modern  Europe. 
+
+20 
+
+The noble Viscount is generally known as  the chivalrous protector of the 
+Poles,  and  never  fails  of  giving  vent  to  his  painful  feelings  with  regard  to 
+Poland, before  the  deputations  which are  once  every year presented  to  him 
+by  "dear  dully-deadly"  Dudley  Stuart,  who  has been  described by  one,  not 
+too  friendly or  too  just to  his  Lordship,  as  "a worthy who  makes  speeches, 
+25  passes resolutions, votes addresses, goes up with deputations, has at all times 
+the  necessary  quantity  of  confidence  in  the  necessary  individual,  and  can 
+also,  if  necessary,  give  three  cheers  for  the  Queen." 
+
+The Poles  had  been in arms for about a month when Lord Palmerston came 
+into office, in November,  1830. As early as August 8,1831, Mr. Hunt presents 
+to  the  House  a  petition  from  the  Westminster  Union  in favor of  the  Poles, 
+and  "for  the  dismissal  of  Lord  Palmerston  from  His  Majesty's  councils." 
+Mr.  Hume  stated  on the  same  day  that he  concluded from the silence of the 
+noble  Lord  that  the  Government  "intended to  do  nothing  for the  Poles,  but 
+allow  them  to  remain  at  the  mercy  of  Russia."  To  this  Lord  Palmerston 
+replied,  "that  whatever  obligations  existing  treaties  imposed  would  at  all 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+367 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+times receive the attention of the Government." Now what sort of obligations 
+were,  in his opinion, imposed upon England by existing treaties?  "The claim 
+of Russia to the possession of Poland bears the date of the Treaty of Vienna," 
+he tells  us,  in a  speech made in the House of Commons, on July 9,1833 ; and 
+that treaty makes this possession dependent on the observance of the Polish 
+Constitution  by  the  Czar.  But from  a  subsequent  speech  we  learn that  "the 
+mere  fact  of  this  country  being  a  party  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna  was  not 
+synonymous  with  our  (England's)  guaranteeing  that  there  would  be  no  in 
+fraction of that treaty by Russia." That is to  say, you may guarantee a treaty, 
+without guaranteeing that it shall be observed. This is the principle on which  10 
+the  Milanese  said  to  the  Emperor  Barbarossa:  "If  you  have  had  our  oath 
+remember  that  we  never  swore  to  keep  it." 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+In one respect the treaty of Vienna was good enough.  It gave to the British 
+Government,  as  one  of  the  contracting  parties,  "a  right  to  entertain  and 
+express  an opinion on any  act which tends to a violation of that treaty.—The 
+contracting  parties  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna  had  a  right  to  require  that  the 
+Constitution  of  Poland  should  not be  touched,  and  this  is  an  opinion which 
+I  have  not  concealed  from  the  Russian  Government.  I  communicated  it by 
+anticipation  to  that  Government  previous  to  the  taking  of  Warsaw,  and 
+before  the  result  of  hostilities  was  known.  I  communicated  it  again  when  20 
+Warsaw  fell.  The  Russian  Government,  however,  took  a  different view  of 
+the  question."  So  said  our  hero  on  the  9th  of  July,  1833.  He  had  quietly 
+anticipated  the  downfall  of  Poland,  and  had  availed  himself  of  the  opportu 
+nity  to  entertain  and  express  an  opinion  on  certain  articles  of the treaty of 
+Vienna,  persuaded  as  he  was,  that the  Czar  was  merely  waiting till  he had  25 
+crushed  the  Polish  people  by  armed  force,  to  do  homage  to  a Constitution 
+he  had  trampled  upon  when  they  were  yet possessed  of  unbounded  means 
+of resistance.  At the  same time the noble Lord charged the Poles with having 
+"taken  the  uncalled-for  and  in  his  opinion  unjustifiable  step  of  the  de 
+thronement  of  the  Emperor.  He  could  also  say  that  the  Poles  were  the  30 
+aggressors,  for  they  commenced the  contest." 
+
+When  the  apprehensions  that  Poland  would  be  extinguished  became 
+universal  and  troublesome,  he  declared that  "to  exterminate Poland,  either 
+morally  or  politically,  is  so  perfectly  impracticable,  that  I  think there  need 
+be  no  apprehension  of  its  being  attempted."  When  afterward  reminded  of  35 
+the  vague  expectation thus  held out,  he  averred  that he  had been misunder 
+stood,  and  that  he  said  so,  not in the  political, but the  Pickwickian  sense  of 
+the  word,  meaning  that  "the  Emperor  of  Russia  was  unable  to  physically 
+exterminate  so  many  milhons  of  men  as the  Polish  Kingdom,  in its  divided 
+state contained." When the House threatened to interfere duringthe struggle  40 
+in favor of the  Poles,  he  appealed to his ministerial responsibility. When the 
+
+368 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston  and  Russia 
+
+thing was  done,  he  told  them  coolly that "no vote of that House would have 
+the  slightest  effect in reversing the  decision  of Russia." When the atrocities 
+committed  by  the  Russians,  after  the  fall  of  Warsaw,  were  denounced,  he 
+recommended the  House  to  cherish  a great tenderness  toward the Emperor 
+5  of  Russia,  declaring  that  "no  person  could  regret  more  than  he  did,  the 
+expressions  which  had been  uttered;"  that  "the  present  Emperor  of  Russia 
+was  a  man  of  high  and  generous  feelings;"  that  "where  cases  of  undue 
+severity  on  the  part  of  the  Russian  Government to  the  Poles  had  occurred, 
+they might  set this  down  as a proof that the power of the  Emperor of Russia 
+10  was practically limited,  and they  might take it for granted, that the Emperor 
+had,  in  those  instances,  yielded  to  the  influences  of  others,  rather  than 
+followed the  dictates of his  spontaneous feelings."  When on the one  side the 
+utter  ruin  of  Poland  was  secured,  and  on  the  other  the  dissolution  of  the 
+Turkish  Empire  became  imminent  from  the  progress  of  Ibrahim  Pasha,  he 
+assured  the  House  that  "affairs  in general were proceeding in a satisfactory 
+train."  A  motion  for  granting  subsidies  to  the  Polish  refugees  having  been 
+made, it was  "exceedingly painful  to  him  to  oppose  the grant of  any money 
+to  those  individuals,  which  the  natural  and  spontaneous  feelings  of  every 
+generous  man would  lead  him  to  acquiesce  in,"  but  "it  was  not  consistent 
+20  with his  duty to  propose  any grant of money to those unfortunate persons," 
+this  same  tender-hearted  man  having  secretly  defrayed,  as  we  shall  see by 
+and  by,  in  a  great  part,  the  cost  of  Poland's  fall  out  of  the  pockets  of  the 
+English  people.  The  noble  Lord took good  care  to  withhold all  state  papers 
+about  the  Polish catastrophe  from Parliament,  but  several  statements  made 
+in  the  House  of  Commons,  which  he  has  never  so  much  as  attempted  to 
+controvert,  leave  no  doubt  about  the  game  he  played  at  that fatal  epoch. 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+After  the  Polish revolution  had  broken out,  the  Consul  of  Austria  did not 
+quit  Warsaw,  and  his  Government  went  as  far  as  to  send  a  Polish  agent, 
+Mr. Walewski  to  Paris,  for the purpose of negotiating with the Governments 
+30  of  France  and of England,  about the re-establishment of  a Polish Kingdom. 
+The  Court  of  the  Tuileries  declared  "it  was  ready  to  join  England  in  case 
+of  her  consenting to  the project."  Lord Palmerston repudiated the proposal. 
+In  1831,  M. de  Talleyrand,  the  then Ambassador  of  France  at  the  Court of 
+St. James,  proposed  a  plan  of  combined  action  on  the  part  of  France  and 
+35  England, but met with a distinct refusal, and with a note from the noble Lord 
+stating  "that  an  amicable  intermediation  on  the  Polish  question  would  be 
+declined  by  Russia;  that the  Powers  had  just  declined  a  similar  offer  on  the 
+part  of  France, that the intervention of the two Courts, France and England, 
+could  only  be  by  force  in  case  of  a  refusal  on  the  part  of  Russia,  and  that 
+the amicable and  satisfactory relations between the Cabinet of St. James and 
+the  Cabinet of  St. Petersburg  would  not  allow  His  British Majesty to under-
+
+40 
+
+369 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+take  such  an interference.  The  time  was  not  yet  come  to undertake  such a 
+plan  with  success  against  the  will  of  a  sovereign,  whose  rights  were  indis 
+putable." 
+
+The  so-called  kingdom  of  Poland  having  disappeared  from  the  map  of 
+Europe,  there  still remained a fantastic remnant of the  Polish nationality in 
+the  free  town  of  Cracow.  The  Czar  Alexander,  during  the  general  anarchy 
+resulting  from  the  downfall  of  the  French  empire,  had  not  conquered  the 
+Duchy  of Warsaw,  but  simply  seized  upon  it and wished to keep it, together 
+with  Cracow,  which  had  been  incorporated  in  the  Duchy  by  Bonaparte. 
+Austria, once possessed of Cracow, wished to have it again. The Czar being  10 
+unable  to  obtain  it  for  himself,  and  being  unwilling  to  cede  it  to  Austria, 
+proposed to  constitute  it as a free town, and accordingly the treaty of Vienna 
+contained  the  following  stipulation: 
+
+5 
+
+"The town of Cracow, with its territory, is to be forever af ree, independent 
+and strictly neutral city, under the protection of Austria, Russia and Prussia, 
+and  the  Courts  of  Russia,  Austria  and  Prussia  engage  to  respect,  and  to 
+cause  to  be  always  respected,  the  neutrality  of  the  free  town  of  Cracow 
+and  its  territory.  No  armed  force  shall  be  introduced  upon  any  pretense 
+whatever." 
+
+15 
+
+In  1831, Cracow was temporarily occupied by Russian troops. This, how-  20 
+
+ever,  was  considered  as  a transitory necessity  of  war,  and  in  the turmoil  of 
+that  time  it was  not adverted upon.  In  1836,  Cracow was  again occupied  by 
+the troops  of Russia, Austria and Prussia, on the pretext of their being obliged 
+to  accomplish,  in  that  way,  the  expulsion of  some  Polish  refugees  from  the 
+town  and  its  territory.  On this  occasion the  noble  Lord  abstained  from  all  25 
+remonstrance  on the  ground,  as  he  stated,  in  1836 and in  1840,  "that it was 
+difficult to give  effect to  our remonstrances."—As soon, however, as Cracow 
+was  definitively  confiscated by  Austria,  a  simple  remonstrance appeared to 
+him  to  be  "the  only  effectual  means."—In  March,  1836,  when interpellated 
+on  the  occupation  of  Cracow,  he  declared  it  to  be  of  a  merely  transitory  30 
+character.  In  fact,  so  palliative  and  apologetic  was  the  construction he  put 
+on the  doings  of  his  three  northern  allies, that he felt himself obliged to  stop 
+suddenly,  and interrupt the even tenor of his speech by the assertion: "I stand 
+not up  here  to defend a measure, which, on the contrary, I must censure and 
+condemn.  I  have  merely  stated those circumstances which, though they  do  35 
+not  excuse  the  forcible  occupation  of  Cracow,  might  yet  afford  a  justi 
+fication"  etc.  He  admitted  that the  treaty  of Vienna bound  the  three  powers 
+to  abstain from  any step without the previous consent of England, but "they 
+may  be  justly  said to  have paid an involuntary homage to the justice  and the 
+plain  dealing  of  this  country  by  supposing  that  we  would  never  give  our  40 
+assent  to  such  a  proceeding." 
+
+370 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston  and  Russia 
+
+5 
+
+Mr.Patrick  M.Stewart,  however,  having  found  out  that  there  existed 
+better  means  for  the  preservation  of  Cracow  than  the  "abstention  from 
+remonstrance,"  moved,  on  April  20,1836,  that  the  Government  should  be 
+ordered  to  send  a representative to  Cracow  as  Consul, there being  Consuls 
+there  from  the  three  other  powers,  Austria,  Russia  and  Prussia.  The  joint 
+arrival  at  Cracow  of  an  English  and  French  Consul  would  have  proved an 
+event,  and  must,  in  any  case,  have  prevented  the  noble  lord from afterward 
+declaring himself unaware  of the intrigues pursued at Cracow by the Austri 
+ans, Russians  and Prussians.  He induced Mr. Stewart to withdraw his motion 
+10  by  solemnly  promising  that the  Government  "intended  to  send  a  Consular 
+Agent  to  Cracow."  On March 22,1837, being interpellated by Lord  Dudley 
+Stuart  with  regard  to  that  promise,  he  answered  that  "he  had  altered  his 
+intention,  and  had  not  sent  a  Consul  or  Agent to  Cracow, and  it was  not at 
+present his  intention to  do  so." 
+
+20 
+
+15 
+
+Lord  Dudley  Stuart having  given  notice  that  he  should  move  for  papers 
+to elucidate this  singular transaction, the noble Viscount defeated the motion, 
+by  the  simple process  of being absent,  and  causing the House to be  counted 
+out  on  May  25,1837.  He  never  stated  why  or  wherefore he had not fulfilled 
+his  pledge,  and  withstood  all  attempts  to  squeeze  out of  him  any papers  on 
+the  subject.  Ten years  afterward,  when Cracow was  doomed,  and when the 
+noble  Lord  was  again  asked  for  the  production  of  papers  relating  to  the 
+non-appointment of a British Consul at Cracow, he declared that "the  subject 
+had  no  necessary  connection  with  the  discussion  on  the  incorporation  of 
+Cracow, and he saw no advantage in reviving an angry discussion on a subject 
+25  which  had  only  a  passing  interest."  He  now  proved  true  to  his  opinion  on 
+the  production  of  State  papers  as  expressed  on  March  17,1837  by  saying, 
+"If the  papers  bear  upon  a question  now  under  consideration,  their produc 
+tion  would  be  dangerous;  if  they  refer  to  questions  that  are  gone  by,  they 
+can  obviously  be  of  no  use."  The  British  Government  was,  however, very 
+exactly informed as to the  importance of Cracow, not only in a political, but 
+also in a commercial point of view, the Consul at Warsaw, Col. du Plat, having 
+reported  in  detail  thereupon. 
+
+30 
+
+Lord  Palmerston,  himself,  was  obliged  to  confess  in  the  House,  that the 
+Cracow  insurrection  of  1846  had  been  intentionally  provoked  by  the  three 
+35  great powers.  "He believed the original entrance of the Austrian troops into 
+the  territory  of  Cracow,  was  in  consequence  of  an  application  from  the 
+Government.  But  then  those  Austrian  troops  retired.  Why they retired had 
+never  yet  been  explained.  With  them  retired  the  Government  and  the  au 
+thorities  of  Cracow;  the  immediate,  at  least  the  early  consequence  of  that 
+retirement,  was the establishment of a Provisional Government at Cracow." 
+On the 22d of  February,  1846, the forces  of  Austria,  and  afterward those of 
+
+40 
+
+371 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+Russia  and  Prussia,  took  possession  of  that  city.  On  the  26th  of February, 
+the  Prefect  of  Tarnow  issued  his  proclamation  calling  on  the  peasants  to 
+murder their landlords, promising them  "a sufficient recompense in money," 
+which proclamation was  followed  by the  Gallician  atrocities and the massa 
+cre of about 2,000 land-holders. On March 12, appeared the Austrian procla- 
+mation  to  "the  faithful  Gallicians,  who  have  aroused  themselves  for  the 
+maintenance  of  order  and  of  law,  and  destroyed  the  enemies  of order."  In 
+the  official  Gazette  of  April  28,  Prince  Frederic  of  Schwartzenberg  stated 
+officially  "that  the  acts  that  had  taken  place  had  been  authorized  by  the 
+Austrian  Government,"  which,  of  course,  acted  on  a  common  plan  with  10 
+Russia  and  Prussia.  Now,  after all these abominations had passed, the noble 
+Lord  was  not  ashamed  to  declare  in  the  House,  that  "he  had  too  high  an 
+opinion  of  the  sense  of  justice  and  of right, that  must animate the  Govern 
+ments  of  Austria,  of  Prussia,  and of Russia, to believe that they can feel  any 
+disposition  or  intention  to  deal  with  Cracow,  otherwise  than  Cracow  is  15 
+entitled  by treaty engagements  to  be  dealt with."  For  him  the  only business 
+then  in  hand  was  to  get  rid  of  Parliament,  whose  session  was  drawing to  a 
+close.  He assured the Commons, that "on the part of the British Government 
+everything  should be  done to insure a due respect being paid to the provisions 
+of  the  treaty  of  Vienna."  When  Mr. Hume  uttered  a  doubt  about  Lord  20 
+Palmerston's  "intention  to  cause  the  Austro-Russian  troops  to  retire  from 
+Cracow,"  the  noble  Lord  begged  of  the  House  not  to  give  credence  to  the 
+statements  made by Mr. Hume, as he was in possession of better information 
+and  was  convinced  that  the  occupation  of  Cracow  was  only  a  temporary 
+one. 
+
+25 
+
+The  Parliament  of  1846  having been got rid of in the  same  manner  as  the 
+Parliament  of  1853,  out  came  the  Austrian proclamation  of  Nov. 11,  1846, 
+incorporating  Cracow  into  the  Austrian  dominions.  When Parliament reas 
+sembled  on January  19,1847,  it was informed by the  Q u e e n's  Speech that 
+Cracow was  gone, but that in its  place there  existed  a protest on the  part of  30 
+the  brave Palmerston.  But in order to  deprive his protest even of the appear 
+ance  of  meaning  anything  at  all,  the  noble  Lord  had  contrived,  at that very 
+epoch, to engage England in a quarrel with France on occasion of the Spanish 
+marriages,  which came  very near bringing the two countries into collision—a 
+performance  which  was  sharply  overhauled  by  Mr. Smith  O'Brien,  in  the  35 
+House  of  Commons,  on  March  16,  1847.  When  the  French  Government 
+applied  to  the  noble  Lord  for  cooperation  in  a  joint  protest  against  the  in 
+corporation of  Cracow, Lord Normanby—under  the  instructions  of the noble 
+Viscount—answered  that  the  outrage  of  which  Austria  had  been  guilty,  in 
+annexing Cracow, was not greater than that of France, in effecting a marriage  40 
+between the Duke of Montpensier and the  Spanish Infanta, the one act being 
+
+372 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  Palmerston  and  Russia 
+
+5 
+
+a  violation  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  and  the  other  of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 
+Now, the treaty of Utrecht which had been renewed in 1782, was definitively 
+abrogated  by  the  Anti-Jacobin  war  and  had,  therefore,  ever  since  1792, 
+ceased  to  be  operative.  There  was  no  man in the  House better informed of 
+this  circumstance  than the  noble  lord,  as  he had stated himself to the House 
+on the occasion of the debates on the blockades of Mexico and Buenos Ayres 
+that  "the  provisions  of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  had  long  since  lapsed  in  the 
+variations  of  war,  with  the  exception  of  the  single  clause  relating  to  the 
+boundaries  of  Brazil  and  French  Guiana,  because  that  clause  had  been  by 
+
+io  express  words  incorporated  into  the  treaty  of  Vienna." 
+
+But we have not yet exhibited all the exertions of the noble lord in resisting 
+
+the  encroachments  of  Russia  upon  Europe. 
+
+There  once  existed  a curious  convention between England,  Holland,  and 
+Russia—the  so-called Russian-Dutch  Loan.  During the Anti-Jacobin war the 
+15  Czar  Alexander  had  contracted  a  loan  with  the  Messrs.  Hope  &  Co.  at 
+Amsterdam,  and  after  the  downfall  of  Bonaparte,  the  King  of  the  Nether 
+lands,  "desirous  to  make  a  suitable  return  to  the  Allied  powers  for  having 
+delivered  his  territory,"  and  for  having  annexed  to it  Belgium,  to  which he 
+had  no  right  whatever,  obliged  himself,  as  the  other  powers  waived  their 
+20  common claims  in favor  of Russia,  which was then in great need of money, 
+to  execute  with that  power  a  convention  agreeing to  pay her,  by  successive 
+installments,  the  25,000,000 florins  she  owed to the Messrs.  Hope.  England, 
+in  order  to  cover  the  robbery  she  had  committed  on Holland  with regard  to 
+the  colonies  of the  Cape  of Good Hope, of Demerara, Esquibo and Berbice, 
+25  became a party to this convention, and bound herself to pay a certain propor 
+tion  of  the  subsidy  granted to  Russia.  This  stipulation became  a part of the 
+treaty  of  Vienna,  but  upon the  express  condition  "that  the  payment  should 
+cease,  if  the  union  between  Holland  and  Belgium  were broken prior to  the 
+liquidation  of  the  debt."  When  Belgium  separated  herself  by  a revolution 
+from Holland, the latter, of course, refused to pay her portion, on the ground 
+that the loan had been contracted to continue her in the undivided possession 
+of the  Belgian provinces,  and that  she  no  longer  had the  sovereignty of that 
+country.  On  the  other  hand  there  remained,  as Mr. Herries  stated  in Parlia 
+ment,  "not the  smallest iota of claim on the part of Russia for the continuance 
+35  of debt by England." Lord Palmerston, however, found it quite natural, that 
+"at one  time  Russia should be paid for  supporting the union of Belgium with 
+Holland,  and  that  at  another  time  she  should  be  paid  for  supporting  the 
+separation  of  those  countries."  He  appealed  in  a  very  solemn  manner  for 
+the  faithful  observance  of  treaties,  and  above  all,  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna, 
+and he  contrived to  carry  a new Convention with Russia,  dated on Nov.  16, 
+1831,  in  the  preamble  of which it is  expressly stated, that it was  contracted 
+
+30 
+
+40 
+
+373 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+"in  consideration  of  the  general  arrangements  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna, 
+which remain  in  full  force."  When  the  convention, relating to  the Russian-
+Dutch  Loan,  had  been  inserted  into  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  the  Duke  of 
+Wellington  exclaimed,  "this  is  a masterstroke  of  diplomacy  on  the  part  of 
+Lord  Castlereagh,  for  Russia has  been  tied  down to  the  observance  of the 
+Vienna treaty by a pecuniary obligation." When Russia,  therefore, withdrew 
+her  observance  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  by  the  confiscation  of  Cracow, 
+Mr. Hume  moved  a resolution to  stop  any further annual payment to Russia 
+from  the  British  treasury.  The  noble  Viscount,  however,  thought that,  al 
+though  Russia  had  a  right  to  violate  the  treaty  of  Vienna  with  regard  to  10 
+Poland, England must remain bound by that very treaty with regard to Russia. 
+But this  is  not  the most extraordinary incident in these curious transactions. 
+After  the  Belgian  revolution  had  broken  out,  and  before  Parliament  had 
+granted  the  new  loan  to  Russia,  the  noble  Lord  defrayed  the  costs  of  the 
+Russian  war  against  Poland,  under  the  pretext  of  paying  off  the  old  debt  15 
+contracted  in  1815,  although we  can  state,  on  the  authority  of  the  greatest 
+English lawyer, the then Sir Edward Sugden, now Baron St. Leonards, "that 
+there  was  not  a  single debateable point in that question, and the government 
+had  no power whatever to pay a shilling of the money;" and on the authority 
+of  Sir Robert Peel, who  declared,  "that Lord Palmerston was not warranted  20 
+by  law  in  advancing  the  money." 
+
+Our  readers  will  now  understand  why  the noble Lord reiterates, on every 
+occasion,  that  "nothing  can  be  more  painful  to  men  of  proper  feeling than 
+discussions  turning on the  subject of  Poland."  They  can  also appreciate the 
+degree  of  earnestness  he  is  now  likely  to  exhibit  in  resisting  the  en-  25 
+croachments  of  the  power  he  has  so  uniformly  served. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3930,  21. November  1853 
+
+A  C h a p t er  of  M o d e rn  H i s t o r y. 
+
+There  are  those  who  expect  that  in  the  war  between  Turkey  and  Russia, 
+which has  now begun, the British Government will at last abandon its system 
+of half-way measures  and fruitless negotiations to  act with energy and effect  30 
+in repelling the  Muscovite invader back from his prey  and from the universal 
+dominion he dreams of.  Such an expectation may not be without some ground 
+of abstract probability and policy to justify it; but how Utile real reason there 
+is  for  it will appear to whoever ponders the facts below  set forth with regard 
+to the past conduct of that English Minister who is thought to be most hostile  35 
+to  the  advance  of  Russian  despotism  in  Europe.  Indeed,  most  people  in 
+
+374 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+
+England who are dissatisfied with the policy of the Government in the contest 
+between Turkey  and  Russia,  fondly believe  that matters  would  be  in  a very 
+different  state  if  Lord  Palmerston  had  the  control  of  them.  Such  per 
+sons,  in  recalling  the  noble  Viscount's  history,  must leave blank the whole 
+eventful period  from  1832 to  1847—a blank which we will fill up for their in 
+struction. 
+
+5 
+
+The  great and ever-recurring theme  of the  Palmerstonian self-glorification 
+is  the  services  rendered to  the  cause  of  Constitutional  freedom  all  over  the 
+Continent.  It  must  be  admitted  that  the  world  is  indebted  to  him  for  the 
+1 o constitutional model-kingdoms of Portugal, Spain and Greece. Having placed 
+Portugal  at the disposition of that fattest of women, Maria da Gloria, backed 
+by  a Coburg,  he  exclaimed in the  House  of Commons:  "Portugal must now 
+be looked upon as one of the substantive Powers of Europe." The noble Lord 
+had  hardly  uttered  these  words  when,  at  his  command,  six  British  ships-
+15  of-the-line  anchored at Lisbon,  in order to protect the  substantive daughter 
+of  Don  Pedro  from  the  Portuguese  people,  and  to  help  her  destroy  the 
+constitution  she  had  sworn  to  defend.  Spain,  crushed  beneath  the  yoke  of 
+another  Maria—the  she-wolf  of  Naples—"holds  out  to u s ,"  according  to  his 
+sanguine  view  of  the  case,  "a  fair  and  legitimate  hope  that  she  may  yet 
+20  become  what  she  has  proved  in  former  times—a  flourishing  and  even  a 
+formidable  power  among  the  European  Kingdoms."  Nor  was  he  short  of 
+apologetic reasons,  even for having placed the native country of Pericles and 
+Sophocles  under the  sway of  an idiot Bavarian boy.  "King Otho belongs  to 
+a  country  where  there  exists  a  free  constitution."  A  free  constitution  in 
+25  Bavaria,  the  German  Bceotia!  This  passes  the  licentia poetica of rhetorical 
+flourish,  the  legitimate  hopes  held  out by  Spain  and the  substantive  power 
+of Portugal. As to  Belgium, all Lord Palmerston ever did for it was to burden 
+it with  a part of the  Dutch debt,  while  docking it of the  province of Luxem 
+bourg,  and  adding to it  a Coburg dynasty.  But let us  come  to  the Turks  and 
+
+30  Russians. 
+
+One  of  those  facts  which  are  hardly  adverted  to  by  contemporaries,  but 
+which  broadly  mark  the  boundaries  of  historical  epochs,  was  the  military 
+occupation  of  Constantinople  by  the  Russians,  in  1833.  The  eternal  dream 
+of  Russia  was  at  last fulfilled. The barbarian from the icy banks of the Neva 
+35  held  in  his  iron  grasp,  however  temporarily,  the  luxurious  Byzantium  and 
+the  sunlit shores  of the Bosphorus.  As  Sir Robert Peel declared in the House 
+of  Commons  in  1834,  "The  occupation of Constantinople by Russian troops 
+sealed the fate of Turkey as  an independent power. The fact of Russia having 
+occupied  Constantinople  even  for  the purpose  of  saving it,  was  as  decisive 
+a blow to  Turkish  independence,  as  if the flag of Russia now waved on the 
+Seraglio." 
+
+40 
+
+375 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+In  consequence  of  the  unfortunate  war  of  1828-1829,  and  the  treaty  of 
+Adrianople,  the  Porte  had  lost  its  prestige  in  the  eyes  of  its  own  subjects. 
+As  usual with  Oriental  Empires  where  the  paramount  power  is  weakened, 
+successive  revolts  of  powerful  Pashas  broke  out  against  the  Sultan,  and 
+Mehemet  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt,  who  had  supported  the  Porte  during  the  Greek  5 
+insurrection,  marched his  troops,  under the  command  of Ibrahim Pasha, his 
+son,  into  Syria.  The  transactions  between  Mehemet  Ali  and  the  Sultan 
+commenced as early as October, 1831. In the spring of 1832 Syria was invaded 
+by  Ibrahim  Pasha;  in  July  the  battle  of  Horns  decided  the  fate  of  that 
+Province; Ibrahim crossed the Taurus; the last Turkish army was annihilated  10 
+at  Konieh,  in  December  21,  and  the  victorious  Egyptian  forces  moved  on 
+the  way  to  Stambul.  On  February  2,  1833,  the  Sultan  was  forced  to  apply 
+to  St. Petersburg for  succor.  On  February  17,  the  French  Admiral Roussin 
+arrived at Constantinople, remonstrated with the Porte, and engaged to bring 
+about a retreat of the Pasha on certain terms, including the refusal of Russian 
+assistance;  but unassisted as he  was,  he  could not hope to vie with Russian 
+influence.  "You have asked for me, and you shall have me."  On February 20, 
+a  Russian  squadron  suddenly  sailed  from  Sebastopol,  and  disembarked  a 
+large  body  of  Russian  troops  upon  the  shores  of the  Bosphorus, to  occupy 
+the  capital.  So  eager was Russia for the protection of Turkey, that simulta-  20 
+neously  a  Russian  officer  was  dispatched  to  the  Pashas  of  Erzerum  and 
+Trebizond  to  inform  them  that  in  the  event  of  Ibrahim's  army  marching 
+toward  Erzerum,  both  that  place  and  Trebizond  should  be  immediately 
+protected  by  a  Russian  army.  Some  months  later  Count  Orloff  arrived, 
+intimating  to  the  Sultan  that without the  concurrence  of  any  Minister  and  25 
+without  the  knowledge  of  any  diplomatic  agent  at  the  Porte,  he  was  to 
+subscribe  a  little  bit  of  paper  he  had brought with him from  St. Petersburg. 
+Thus  originated  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi.  According  to  it  the  Porte 
+entered  for  eight  years  upon  an  alliance,  offensive  and  defensive,  with 
+Russia;  precluded  itself  from  contracting  during that time  any  new treaties  30 
+with  other powers  except with the  concurrence  of  the  Czar;  and  confirmed 
+all her former treaties  with Russia. By a secret article, appended to the treaty, 
+the  Porte  obliged  itself  "in  favor  of  the  Imperial  Court  of  Russia  to  close 
+the straits of the Dardanelles and not to allow any foreign man-of-war to enter 
+them  under  any pretext whatever." 
+
+15 
+
+35 
+
+To whom was the Czar indebted first for materially holding Constantinople 
+by  his  troops,  and  then  for  morally  transferring,  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  of 
+Unkiar  Skelessi,  the  supreme  seat  of  government  from  Constantinople  to 
+St. Petersburg?  To  nobody  else  than  the  Right  Hon.  Henry  John  Viscount 
+Palmerston,  Baron  Temple,  a  Peer  of  Ireland,  a  member  of  Her  Majesty's  40 
+most honorable Privy  Council, Knight of the Great Cross  of the most honor-
+
+376 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+
+able  Order  of  the  Bath,  a  Member  of  Parliament,  and  then  the  principal 
+Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs. 
+
+On July 8,1833, the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi was  concluded. On July  11, 
+1833,  Mr. H. L. Bulwer  was  curious  enough  to  ask  the  noble  lord  for  the 
+5  production  of  papers  with  respect to  Turkish and  Syrian affairs.  The  noble 
+lord  opposed  the  motion,  "because  the  transactions  to  which  the  papers 
+called  for  referred,  were  incomplete,  and  the  character  of  the whole  trans 
+action would depend upon its termination. As the results were not yet known, 
+the  motion  was  premature." 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Being accused by Mr. Bulwer of having failed to defend the Sultan against 
+Mehemet Ali,  and to prevent the advance of the Russian army, he began that 
+curious  system  of  defense  and  of  confession,  developed  on later occasions, 
+the  membra disjecta of which we now gather together for the first time. On 
+July  11,1833,  he  said,  "he  was  not  prepared  to  deny  that  the  latter part of 
+last  year  an  application  was  made  on  the  part  of the  Sultan to this country 
+for assistance." This formal  application for  assistance  the Porte made at first 
+in the  course  of August,  1832.  No,  not in August.  "The request of the Porte 
+for  naval  assistance  was  made  in  the  month  of  October,  1832."  No,  it was 
+not  in  October,  as  we  learn  from  a  speech  made  a  year  later.  "Assistance 
+20  was asked by the Porte on November 3,1832." The noble lord is as uncertain 
+as  to  the  date  when the  Porte  implored his  assistance  as  Falstaff  was  of the 
+number  of  rogues  in  buckram  who  beset  him  and  whom  he  put  to  rout. 
+
+He  is  not prepared,  however, to  deny that Russia having offered her armed 
+assistance  to  the  Porte,  it  was  refused,  and  he  was  applied  to.  He  refused 
+25  his  assistance.  However,  the  Porte  again  applied  to  the noble lord.  First, it 
+sent  Mr. Maurojeni to  London, imploring his aid. Then it sent Namick Pasha 
+to  entreat  the  assistance  of  a  naval  squadron,  undertaking to  defray all the 
+expenses, and promising, in further requital for such succor, the grant of new 
+commercial privileges  and  advantages to British subjects in Turkey.  So  sure 
+30  was Russia of refusal on the part of the noble lord, that she joined the Turkish 
+Envoy in praying for his lordship's assistance.  He tells us himself, in August, 
+1833:  "It was  but justice  that he  should state, that  so far from Russia having 
+expressed  any  jealousy  as  to  this  Government granting that assistance,  the 
+Russian  Embassador  officially  communicated  to him,  while the request was 
+still  under  consideration,  that  he  had  learned  that  such  an  application  had 
+been  made,  and  that,  from  the  interest  taken by  Russia in the  maintenance 
+and  preservation  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  it  would  afford  satisfaction  if 
+Ministers  could  find  themselves  able  to  comply  with  that  request."  His 
+lordship  remained  however  inexorable  to  the  demands  of  the  Porte,  even 
+40  when backed by disinterested Russia herself. Then, of course, the Porte knew 
+what  it  was  about,  and  comprehended  that  it  was  doomed  to  accept  the 
+
+35 
+
+377 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Russian assistance.  "Great Britain,"  says the noble lord,  "never complained 
+of Russia granting that assistance, but, on the contrary, was glad that Turkey 
+had  been  able  to  obtain  effectual  relief  from  any  quarter." 
+
+At  whatever  epoch  the  Porte  may  have  applied for  assistance  from  Lord 
+Palmerston,  he  is  forced  to  own  that  "no  doubt  if  England  had  thought  fit 
+to interfere, the progress of the  invading army would have been stopped, and 
+the Russian troops would not have been called in." Why then did he not think 
+fit  to  interfere,  and  to  avoid  having the  Russian  troops  called  in?  At first he 
+pleads  want  of  time.  Having  himself  stated  that  the  conflict  between  the 
+Sultan and Mehemet Ali arose  as early as October,  1831, while the battle of 
+Konieh did not happen till December,  1832,  could he find no  time during all 
+this  period? A great battle was  won by  ftrahim  in  1832,  and he  again found 
+no  time  from July  to December.  But all this time he was waiting for a formal 
+application  on  the  part  of  the  Porte  and,  according  to  his  last version,  that 
+was not made until November 3. "Was he then," exclaimed Sir Robert Peel, 
+"so  ignorant of what was passing in the  Levant that he must wait for a formal 
+application?"  From  the  3d  of  Nov.  1832,  when  the  formal application  was 
+made,  till  the  latter part of  February,  1833,  there  elapsed four long months, 
+and  the  Russians  did  not  arrive  till  Feb. 20.  Why  did  he  not  arrive  before 
+them?  But he  has  a better reason in  reserve. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+The  Pasha  of  Egypt  was  but  a  rebellious  subject.  The  Sultan  was  the 
+sovereign.  The  observance  of  etiquette  did not allow the noble lord to inter 
+meddle  between  them.  "As  it  was  a  war  against  a  sovereign  by  a  subject, 
+and  that  sovereign  was  in  alliance  with the  King  of  England,  it would have 
+been  inconsistent with  good  faith  to  have  had  any communication with the 
+Pasha."  Like the Spanish grandee, the noble lord would rather let the Queen 
+burn to  ashes  than  step  over  etiquette  and  interfere  with her petticoats.  But 
+it  happens  that  the  noble  lord  had  already, in  1832,  accredited Consuls  and 
+Diplomatic Agents to the Egyptian subject of the  Sultan without the consent 
+of  the  Sultan;  that  he  had  entered  into  treaties  with  Mehemet  Ah  altering  30 
+existing regulations and arrangements touching matters of trade and revenue ; 
+that  he  did  not  ask  the  consent  of  the  Porte  beforehand,  nor  even  care  for 
+its  approbation  afterward;  and  that  he  had  thus  treated  "the  rebellious 
+subject"  as  an  independent  power.  Accordingly the  then chief  of  the  noble 
+Viscount,  Earl  Grey  stated  in  the  House  of  Lords  that  "they  had  at  that  35 
+moment  extensive  commercial  relations  with  Mehemet Ah,  which it would 
+not  have  been  our  interest  to  disturb." 
+
+25 
+
+But  the  fleets  of  the  noble  Viscount were  occupied  in the  Douro  and  the 
+Tagus,  and in blockading the  Scheldt,  and  doing the office of midwife at the 
+birth  of  the  constitutional  empires  of  Portugal  and  Belgium,  and  he  was  40 
+therefore  not in a  situation to  send a single man-of-war for such trifles as pre-
+
+378 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  · A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+
+venting  Russia  from  occupying  Constantinople,  or  Mehemet  Ali  from  en 
+dangering  the  status  quo  of  the  world;  and  what  the  Sultan  asked  for  was, 
+unfortunately,  naval  assistance.  For  argument's  sake,  we will grant that he 
+was  unable  to  dispose  of  one  single  vessel.  But  there  are  great  authorities 
+5  asserting  that  not  even  a  single  vessel  was  wanted,  but  only  a  single  word 
+on the  part  of  the  noble  lord,  in  order to check the ambition of Mehemet Ali 
+and the armies of Ibrahim Pasha. Lord Mahon tells us this, and when he made 
+his  statement  he  had  just  been  employed  at  the  Foreign  Office  under  Sir 
+Robert  Peel.  Admiral  Codrington,  the  destroyer  of  the  Turkish  fleet  at 
+10  Navarino, holds  similar language.  "Mehemet Ali," he states, "had of old felt 
+the  strength  of  our  representation  on  the  subject  of  the  evacuation  of  the 
+Morea.  He  had then received  orders  from the Porte to resist all applications 
+to  induce  him  to  evacuate  it  at  the  risk  of  his  head,  and  he  did  resist  ac 
+cordingly,  but  at last prudently yielded,  and evacuated the Morea."—Or take 
+the testimony of  the Duke of Wellington:  "If, in the session of 1832 or  1833, 
+they  had  plainly  told  Mehemet  Ali  that  he  should  not  carry  on  his  contest 
+in  Syria  and  Asia Minor,  they would  have  put  an  end  to the war without the 
+risk  of  allowing  the  Emperor  of  Russia  to  send  a  fleet  and  an  army  to 
+Constantinople." 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+But  there  are  still  better  authorities.  Hear  the  noble  lord  himself:  "Al 
+though  His  Majesty's  Government  did  not  comply  with  the  demand  of  the 
+Sultan  for  naval  assistance,  yet  the  moral  assistance  of  England  was  af 
+forded;  and  the  communications  made  by  the  British  Government  to  the 
+Pasha  of  Egypt  and  to  Ibrahim  Pasha,  commanding  in  Asia  Minor,  did 
+25  materially contribute to bring about that arrangement (of Kutayah) between 
+the  Sultan  and  the  Pasha,  by  which  the  war was  terminated."  Lord Derby, 
+then  Lord  Stanley  and  a  Member  of  the  Palmerston  Cabinet,  also  "boldly 
+asserts  that  what  stopped  the  progress  of  Mehemet  Ah  was  the  distinct 
+declaration of  France and England that they would not permit the occupation 
+
+30  of  Constantinople  by  his  troops." 
+
+Thus,  according to Lord Palmerston liimself and to his  colleague—and this 
+is the most curious feature of these curious transactions—it was by no means 
+the  Russian  army  and  squadron,  but  a distinct  declaration on the part of the 
+British  Consular  Agent  at  Alexandria,  that  stopped  Ibrahim  Pasha  in  his 
+35  victorious march upon Constantinople  and brought about the convention of 
+Kutayah,  according  to  which  Mehemet  Ah  obtained,  besides  Egypt,  the 
+Pashalik of  Syria and that of Adana with other places added as an appendage. 
+But the  noble  lord  thought fit  not to  allow  his  Consular  agent  at  Alexandria 
+to  make  this  declaration  till  after  the  Turkish  army  was  annihilated,  Con-
+stantinople occupied by Cossacks,  and the  treaty of Unkiar  Skelessi  signed 
+by  the  Sultan  and  pocketed  by  the  Czar. 
+
+40 
+
+379 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+If  want of time  and  want  of fleets  prevented the noble lord from  assisting 
+the  Sultan;  if  a  superfluity  of  etiquette  prevented  him  from  checking  the 
+Pasha;  did  he  at  least  employ  his  Embassador  at  Constantinople  to  guard 
+against  the  excessive  influence  of  Russia  and to  keep  her  interference  con 
+fined  to  narrow  bounds?  Quite  the  contrary.  The  noble  Viscount,  in  order 
+not  to  clog  the  movements  of  Russia,  took  good  care  that  there  should be 
+no  Embassador  at  all  at Constantinople,  during the  most fatal  period  of  the 
+crisis.  "If  ever  there  was  a  country,"  exclaims  Lord  Mahon,  "in which the 
+weight  and  station  of  an  Embassador  was  useful,  or  a period  in which that 
+weight  and  station  might  be  advantageously  exerted,  that  country  was  10 
+Turkey,  during the  six months  before  the  8th of July,  1833."  Now the noble 
+Viscount tells us  himself that  Sir  Stratford Canning, the British Embassador, 
+left Constantinople in September,  1832, that Lord Ponsonby, then at Naples, 
+was  appointed,  in  his  place,  in  November,  and  that  "difficulties  were  ex 
+perienced  in  making  the  necessary  arrangements  for  his  conveyance,"  al-  15 
+though  a  man-of-war  was  in  waiting for him,  "and the unfavorable  state of 
+weather  did  prevent  him  getting  to  Constantinople  until  the  end  of  May, 
+1833." 
+
+Sir  Stratford  Canning  is  recalled  in  September  and  Lord  Ponsonby  ap 
+pointed  in  November.  But  Ibrahim  Pasha had  not yet  crossed the  Taurus,  20 
+not yet fought the battle of Konieh and the Russians  had not yet seized upon 
+Czarigrad.  Accordingly  Lord Ponsonby is  ordered to  employ  seven  months 
+in  sailing  from  Naples  to  Constantinople. 
+
+But  why  should  Lord  Palmerston  prevent  the  Russians  from  occupying 
+Constantinople?  "If  he had quietly beheld the temporary  occupation of the  25 
+Turkish capital by the forces of Russia, it was because he had full confidence 
+in the honor and good faith of Russia. The Russian Government, in granting 
+aid  to  the  Sultan,  had  pledged  its  honor,  and  in that pledge,  he  reposed  the 
+most  implicit  confidence."  With  the  same  confidence  he  had  relied  upon 
+Russia not abolishing the Polish Constitution and Nationality. Meanwhile the  30 
+Czar had abolished both by the Organic Statute of 1832—but the most implicit 
+confidence of the noble lord remained unshaken. Not his is the fault, if nature 
+has  developed his  protuberance of confidence to anomalous dimensions.  So 
+inaccessible, 
+in 
+calculable, incommensurable, irremediable and unchangeable, so boundless,  35 
+dauntless,  matchless,  is  his  confidence,  that  even  on  March  17,1834,  after 
+the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  had  become  a  fait accompli,  he goes  on  de 
+claring  that  "in  their  confidence  Ministers  were  not  deceived."  Beside  the 
+security  he  possessed in the  honor  and  good  faith  of Russia, he had another 
+security  "in  the  doubt that any intention to partition that Empire  (the  Otto-  40 
+man  Empire)  at  all  entered  into  the  policy  of  the  Russian  Government." 
+
+indestructible, 
+
+inexpugnable, 
+
+imperishable, 
+
+integral, 
+
+380 
+
+ψ~~ 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+
+Certainly,  Russia has  neyer  desired  to  partition that Empire, but to  keep the 
+whole  of  it.  He  had  another  security  in  the  other  "doubt,  whether it enters 
+into  the  policy  of  Russia  at  present  to  accomplish  the  object,"  and  a  third 
+security  in  another  "doubt,  whether  the  Russian  nation  would be  prepared 
+to  see that transference of power, of residence, and authority to the Southern 
+Provinces,  which  would  be  the  necessary  consequence  of  the  conquest by 
+Russia  of  Constantinople." 
+
+The  contents  of  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  were published by the jour­
+nals  of  London  on  August  21,  1833.  On  August  24,  Lord  Palmerston  was 
+interrogated by Sir Robert Inglis, in the House of Commons,  "whether there 
+had  really  been  concluded  a  treaty  offensive  and  defensive  between Russia 
+and Turkey?"  Sir Robert Inglis  hoped  "that the noble lord would be prepared 
+before  the  prorogation  of  Parliament  to  lay  before  the  House,  not  only  the 
+treaty  that  had  been  made,  but  all  communications  connected  with  the 
+formation  of  those  treaties  between  Turkey  and  Russia."  The  noble  lord 
+answered  that  "when  they  were  sure  that  such  a  treaty  as  that  alluded  to 
+really  did  exist,  and  when  they  were  in  possession  of  that  treaty,  it  would 
+then  be  for  them  to  determine  what was  the  course  of policy  they ought to 
+pursue,  and  it  could  be  no  blame  to  him,  when the  newspapers  were  some-
+times  beforehand  with  the  Government."  Seven  months  afterwards,  he 
+averred  that  "it  was  perfectly  impossible  that  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi, 
+which  was  not  ratified  at  Constantinople  until  the  month  of  September, 
+should  have  been  officially  known  to  him  in  August." 
+
+Now,  was  the  noble  lord  really  not  sure  in  August  that  such  a  treaty 
+"really"  existed?  Was  he  at  that  time  not  yet  in  possession  of  that  treaty? 
+At  a later  epoch,  in  March,  1848, he himself  stated that "the British Govern­
+ment was  surprised to  find that when the Russian troops  quitted the Bospho­
+rus they carried that treaty with them." This proved that he was in possession 
+of  the  treaty  before  it  had  been  concluded.  " No  sooner,"  said  Mr. Anstey, 
+in  a  speech  in  1848,  "had  the  Porte  received  it  than  the  treaty  was  com­
+municated  by  them to  the  British  Embassy  at  Constantinople,  with a prayer 
+for our protection  against  Ibrahim  Pasha  and against Nicholas. The applica­
+tion  was rejected.  But that was  not all.  With an atrocious  perfidiousness,  the 
+fact  was  made  known  to  the  Russian  Minister.  Next  day,  the  very  copy of 
+the  treaty,  which  the  Porte  had  lodged  with  the  British  Embassy,  was  re­
+turned  to  the  Porte  by the  Russian  Embassador, who  ironically  advised  the 
+Porte  to  choose  better,  another  time,  its  confidants." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+But  all  the  noble  Viscount  cared  for  he  had  obtained.  Having been inter­
+rogated  with  respect  to  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  on  August  24,  1833, 
+40  Parliament  was  prorogued  on  August  29,  receiving  from  the  throne  the 
+consolatory  assurance,  that  "the  hostilities  which  had  disturbed  the  peace 
+
+381 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  Turkey,  had  been  terminated;  and  they might be  assured that the  King's 
+attention  would  be  carefully  directed  to  any  events  which might  affect the 
+present state or the future independence of that Empire." Here then we have 
+the  key  to  the  mystery  of  the  famous Russian treaties  of July.  In July they 
+are concluded ; in August something transpires about them through the public 5 
+press ; Lord Palmerston is interrogated in the Commons ; he, of course, knows 
+nothing  about them; Parliament is prorogued,  and, when it reassembles, the 
+treaty  has  grown  old,  or,  as  in  the  instance  of  the  treaty  of  July,  1840,  the 
+noble  lord  has  employed  the  interval  in  executing  it,  in  spite of Parliament 
+and public  opinion. 
+
+10 
+
+On  August  29,  1833,  Parliament was  prorogued.  On February 5,  1834,  it 
+reassembled,  but  the  interval  between  its  prorogation  and  its  meeting, was 
+marked  by  two  incidents  mtimately connected  with each other.  On the  one 
+hand,  the  united  French and English fleets had proceded to the Dardanelles, 
+and  having  displayed  the  tricolor  and  the  union-jack,  both  sailed  away to  15 
+Smyrna  and thence  to  Malta.  On the  other  hand,  on January 29,1834, a new 
+treaty was  concluded between the Porte and Russia—the treaty of St. Peters 
+burg.  Scarcely  had this  treaty  been signed,  when the united fleet was with 
+drawn. 
+
+This  combined  maneuver  was  intended  to  stultify the  British people  and  20 
+
+Europe into the belief that the hostile demonstration on the Turkish seas and 
+coasts,  directed  against the  Porte  for  having concluded  the treaty of Unkiar 
+Skelessi, had induced Russia to replace it by the new treaty of St. Petersburg. 
+This  treaty,  promising  the  evacuation of  the  Principahties with the exeption 
+of  Silistria,  and  reducing  the  Turkish  payments  to  Russia  by  two-thirds,  25 
+apparently  relieved  the  Porte  from  some  engagements  forced  on  it  by  the 
+treaty  of  Adrianople.  In  all  other  respects  it was  a  simple ratification  of the 
+treaty of Adrianople,  not at  all relating to  the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi, nor 
+dropping a single word about the passage of the Dardanelles. On the contrary, 
+the  small  alleviations  it  granted  to  Turkey were  the  bribe  paid  for  the  ex-  30 
+elusion  of  Europe  obtained  by  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  in  favor  of 
+Russia.  Let  us  hear  Mr.Anstey  on  this  head:  "At  the  very  day  that  the 
+demonstration  of  the  British  fleet  was being  made,  an assurance  was given 
+by the noble lord to the Russian Embassador at this Court, that this combined 
+movement of the  combined squadrons was not intended in any sense hostile  35 
+to  Russia,  nor  to  be  taken  as  a  hostile  demonstration  against  her,  but that, 
+in fact,  it meant nothing  at all.  I  say this on the authority of Lord Ponsonby, 
+the  noble  lord's  own  colleague,  the  Embassador  at  Constantinople." 
+
+Parliament having reassembled, there appeared in  The London Globe, the 
+organ of the Foreign Office, a paragraph announcing the treaty of St. Peters-  40 
+burg  as  "a  proof  either  of  the  moderation  or  good  sense  of  Russia,  or  of  the 
+
+382 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  A  Chapter  of  Modern  History 
+
+influence which the union of England and France, and the firm and concerted 
+language of those two  countries,  have  acquired in the councils of St. Peters 
+burg."  Thus  public  attention  was  to  be  diverted  from  the  treaty  of  Unkiar 
+Skelessi,  and  the  animosity  soothed  down which  it  had  aroused  in  Europe 
+against Russia. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Artful  as  this  dodge  was,  it would  not do.  On  March  17,  1834,  Mr. Sheil 
+brought in  a  motion  for  "copies  of the  treaties  between Turkey  and  Russia, 
+and  of  any  correspondence  between  the  English,  Russian,  and  Turkish 
+Governments, respecting those treaties." The noble lord resisted this motion 
+to  the  utmost.  So  grossly  contradictory were  his  reasons  for  not  indulging 
+the  request of  Mr. Sheil, that Sir Robert Peel, in his Parliamentary language, 
+could  not  but  call  him  "a  very  unconclusive  reasoner,"  and  that  the  noble 
+lord's  own  Colonel  Evans  could  not  avoid  exclaiming  that:  "the  speech of 
+the  noble  lord  appeared  to  him  the  most  unsatisfactory  he  had  ever  heard 
+from him." When the production of papers was first demanded,  on July  11, 
+1833,  the  motion was  "premature,"  because  the  «transactions  were incom 
+plete,"  and  "the  result  not  yet  known."  When  the  noble  lord  was  again 
+interrogated,  on  August  24,1833,  "the  treaty was  not officially  signed,  and 
+he was  not in possession  of it."  Now,  on  March  17,1834, "communications 
+20  were  still carrying on—the discussions, if he might so call them, were not yet 
+completed."  He  enjoined the  House  not to  press  upon him, as  "peace could 
+be  preserved  only  by  the  House  reposing  confidence  in  the  Government," 
+which,  if  let  alone,  would  certainly  protect  the  interests  of  England  from 
+encroachment.  Three  years  later,  in a thin House, composed almost entirely 
+25  of  his  retainers,  he  came  roundly  out  and  told  Mr. Thomas  Attwood  very 
+coolly  that  "the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi was  a matter which had gone by," 
+and that it had never been "the intention of the Government to have recourse 
+to  hostile measures to compel Russia and Turkey—two independent powers— 
+to  cancel  the  treaty  made  between  them." 
+
+30 
+
+The  noble  lord,  so  far  from  endeavoring  to  refute  Mr. Shell's  statement, 
+that  "the  consequence  of  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  was  the  same  as  if 
+the  Porte  surrendered  to  Russia  the  possession  of  the  Dardanelles,"  was 
+obliged  to  own that it closed the Dardanelles to British men-of-war, and that 
+"he  did  not  mean  to  say,  that  under  its  provisions  even merchant  vessels 
+35  might not, in effect, be practically excluded from the Black Sea," in the case 
+of  a war of  England with Russia. But if the Government acted "with temper," 
+if it  "showed no unnecessary  distrust,"  that is,  if it  submitted quietly to the 
+encroachments  of  Russia,  he was  "inclined  to  think that the  case might not 
+arise  in  which that  treaty  would be  called into  operation,  and  that therefore 
+it  would,  in  practice,  remain  a  dead  letter."  And  besides,  "the  assurances 
+and  explanations  which  the  British  Government  had  received  from  the 
+
+40 
+
+383 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+contracting  parties  to  that  treaty,  greatly  tended  to  remove  his  objections 
+to  it."  In  order  to  mystify the  House,  he  dropped  some  words  to  the  effect, 
+according  to  the  language  held  by  Russia,  the  treaty  must be  looked  upon 
+"as  one  of  reciprocity,  that reciprocity  being,  that if the Dardanelles  should 
+be  closed  against England in the  event of war, they should be closed against 
+Russia also." This  statement was  simply false, but if true, "this certainly was 
+Irish  reciprocity,  for  it  was  all  on  one  side." 
+
+5 
+
+Thus  then,  it was  not the  articles  of  the  treaty of  Unkiar Skelessi, but the 
+assurances  Russia  gave with respect to  them;  it was  not the  acts  of Russia, 
+he  had,  in his  opinion, to look upon, but rather the language  she thought fit  10 
+to hold. Yet, when on the same day the attention of the noble lord was called 
+to  the  protest of  the  French  Chargé  d'Affaires,  M. de  Lagrené,  against the 
+treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  and  the  offensive  and  contumelious  language  of 
+Count  Nessehode,  answering  him  that the Emperor of Russia would act "as 
+if the  declaration contained in the note  of M. de Lagrené had no existence,"  15 
+then the noble lord, eating his own words, propounded the opposite doctrine, 
+that  it  "was  on  all  occasions,  the  duty  of  the  English  Government  to  look 
+rather  to  the  acts  of  a foreign power,  than to  the language which that power 
+might hold on any  particular  subject or occasion." At one moment he appeals 
+from  the  acts  of Russia to  her language,  and the  other from  her language  to  20 
+her  acts.  Fourteen  years  afterward,  when the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi had 
+long  elapsed  and  the  noble  lord  was  just  about acting  the  play  of  the  Truly 
+English  Minister and  the  Civis  Romanus  sum, he told Parliament plainly that: 
+"The  treaty of  Unkiar Skelessi was, no doubt, to a certain degree forced upon 
+Turkey by Count Orloff, the Russian Envoy, under circumstances"—created  25 
+by  the  noble  lord  himself—"which rendered  it  difficult  for  Turkey  to  refuse 
+acceding  to  it—that  it  gave  practically  to  the  Russian  Government  a power 
+of interference  and  dictation in Turkey not consistent with the independence 
+of  that  State."  The  great  triumphant  argument  which,  during  the  whole 
+transactions  with respect to the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, the noble lord had  30 
+ready  to  oppose  to  all the attacks upon his connivance with Russia, was that 
+of  his  intimate  alliance  with  France.  Like  the  clown in the  comedy,  he  had 
+an  answer  of  monstrous  size,  that  must  meet  all  demands  and  serve  all 
+questions, namely:  The Anglo-French Alliance.  When he was pointed at with 
+sneers  because  he  had  allowed the  Russian  occupation  of  Constantinople,  35 
+he  retorted  that,  "if  the  present  relations  established  between  this  country 
+and France were pointed at in these  sneers, he would only say, that he should 
+look with feelings of pride and satisfaction at the part he had acted in bringing 
+about  that good  understanding."  When the production of the papers relating 
+to  the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi was demanded, he answered, that "England  40 
+and France had now cemented a friendship, which had only grown stronger." 
+
+384 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  -  A Chapter of  Modern  History 
+
+But  Sir  Robert Peel  exclaimed  that  "he  could  but remark that whenever the 
+noble lord was thrown into a difficulty, as to any part of our foreign European 
+policy,  he at once found a ready means of escape by congratulating the House 
+upon  the  close  alliance  of  this  country  with  France."  At the  same time the 
+noble lord took good care not to quench the suspicions of his Tory opponents, 
+that  he  had  been  compelled  to  connive  at  an  aggression  upon  Turkey  by 
+Mehemet  Ah,  because  France  had  directly  encouraged  it. 
+
+5 
+
+Thus  at that time  the  apparent alliance with France  was  to  cover  a  secret 
+infeoffment  to  Russia,  just  as  in  1840,  the  artificially  managed  rupture  with 
+
+10  France  was  to  sanction  an official  alliance  with Russia. 
+
+While  the  noble  lord  fatigued  the  world by publishing ponderous folios of 
+fruitless  negotiations  on the  affairs  of the  Constitutional Empire of Belgium, 
+and  with  ample  explanations,  verbal,  and  documentary,  with  regard  to  the 
+substantive power of Portugal, to this moment it has proved quite impossible 
+to  wrest  from  him  any  document whatever  relating  to  the  first  Syriac  and 
+Turkish  war  and  to  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi.  Even in  1848  he resisted 
+the  production  of  those  papers,  although  Mr. Anstey  stated  plainly  that,  in 
+asking  for  them,  he  did  so  with the view to  prove the  noble  lord's  collusion 
+with  the  Czar.  The  noble lord preferred  killing time  by a five  hours'  speech 
+to  killing  suspicion by  setf-speaking  documents. 
+
+His  system of fictions, pretexts, contradictions, traps and incredible state 
+ments  reached  its  climax,  when,  on  December  14,  1837,  he  objected  to  a 
+resolution of Mr. T. Attwood for the production of the papers connected with 
+the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, on the ground that "the papers connected with 
+that  treaty  were  laid  before  the  House  three  years  ago,"  viz.,  in  1834,  and 
+that "it was a treaty entered into for a hmited period," and "that period having 
+expired,  its  introduction by  the  honorable  member was  wholly unnecessary 
+and  uncalled  for."  The  noble  Viscount  knew  as  well  that the  papers  were 
+not laid  before  the  House  in  1834,  or  at any other period,  as  that the treaty 
+of Unkiar Skelessi,  far from having expired on December 14,1837, continued 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+to  remain  in full  vigor  tul  July  8,  1841. 
+
+Such a gross  system  of fraud formed the last refuge of an English Minister, 
+who  had  opened  Constantinople  to  a  Russian  army,  and  closed the  Darda 
+nelles  to  the  English  navy,  and  who  had  helped  the  Czar  to  get possession 
+35  of  Constantinople  for  months  and  the  control  of  Turkey  for  years.  How 
+absurd then to  suppose that he is  now likely to turn about and oppose afriend 
+he  has  so  long  and  so  faithfully  served. 
+
+385 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+E n g l a nd  a nd  R u s s i a. 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3973,11. Januar  1854 
+
+Lord  Palmerston's  resignation  seems  to  be  working  in  England  all  the 
+marvels  he  could  have  hoped  from  it.  While  the  public  indignation  is  be 
+coming  more  and  more  active  against  the  Cabinet  he  has  abandoned,  and 
+whose policy he had on all occasions, up to the last moment of his connection 
+with  them,  emphatically  endorsed,  the  very  parties  loudest  in  their  de 
+nunciations  of the Coalition, vie  with each other in the praise of Palmerston. 
+And  while  they  call  for  energetic  and  honorable  resistance  to  the  en 
+croachments of Russia, on the one hand, they seem to desire nothing so much 
+as the restoration of their favorite  statesman to high office on the other. Thus 
+this  accomplished  and  relentless  actor  deludes  the  world.  It  would  be  an 
+amusing  spectacle  were  the  interests  involved  less  momentous.  How  deep 
+is  the  delusion  we  have  already  had  occasion  to  show,  and  now  add below 
+a  new  demonstration  of  the  truth  that,  for  some  reason  or  other,  Lord 
+Palmerston has steadily labored for the advancement of Russia, and has used 
+England  for  that  purpose.  Those  who  seek  to  look  behind  the  scenes  of 
+current history and to judge events and men at their real value will, we think, 
+find  our  exposure  instructive. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+One  glance  over  the  map  of  Europe  will  show  us  on  the western  side  of 
+the  Black  Sea the  outlets of the  Danube, the only river which  springs  up in  20 
+the very heart of Europe, and may be  said to form  a natural highway to Asia. 
+Exactly opposite,  on the  eastern  side  of the Euxine,  southwards of the river 
+Kuban,  begins  the  mountainous  range  of  the  Caucasus,  which,  stretching 
+from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Caspian  in  a  south-easterly  direction  for  some 
+700 miles,  separates  Europe  from  Asia. 
+
+25 
+
+The  power  which  holds  the  outlets  of  the  Danube  necessarily  holds  the 
+Danube  also,  the  highway  to  Asia,  and  with  it  controls  a great  deal  of  the 
+commerce  of  Switzerland,  Germany,  Hungary,  Turkey,  and  above  all  of 
+Moldavia and Wallachia.  But give the  same power the Caucasus in addition, 
+and the Black Sea will exclusively belong to it as a mare clausum, and only  30 
+Constantinople  and  the  Dardanelles  are  wanted  in  order  to  shut  its  door. 
+The  possession  of  the  Caucasian  mountains  insures  at  once  the  control  of 
+Trebizond,  and  through  its  position  with  reference  to  the  Caspian  Sea,  of 
+the  northern  seaboard  of  Persia. 
+
+The  greedy eye  of Russia has  embraced at once the outlets of the Danube  35 
+
+and the  mountainous  range of the Caucasus. There the business in hand was 
+to  conquer  supremacy;  here,  to  maintain  it.  The  chains  of  the  Caucasus 
+mountains  separate  Southern  Russia from  the  luxurious  provinces  of Geor-
+
+386 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  England  and  Russia 
+
+5 
+
+gia,  Mingrelia,  Imeritia  and  Guriel,  which  the  Muscovite  had wrested from 
+the  Mussulman.  Thus  the foot of the monster empire is cut off from its  main 
+body. The only military road winds from Mozdok to Tif lis through the narrow 
+pass  of  Dariel,  secured  by  a  continuous  chain  of  intrenched  places,  and 
+exposed  on  both  sides  to  eternal  attacks from  the  hostile  Caucasian tribes. 
+The  union  of  the  Caucasian  tribes  under  one  military  chief  might  even 
+endanger  the  bordering country of the  Cossacks.  "The thought of the dread 
+ful  consequences  which  a  union  of  the  hostile  Caucasians  under  one  head 
+would  produce  in  the  south  of  Russia  fills  one  with  terror,"  exlaims 
+10  Mr. Kupffer,  a German who  presided  over the  scientific commission which 
+
+in  1829  accompanied  the  expedition  of  Gen. Emmanuel  to  Elbruz. 
+
+At  this  very  moment  our  attention  is  directed  with  equal  anxiety  to  the 
+banks  of the Danube,  where  Russia has  seized the two granaries of Europe, 
+and  to  the  Caucasus,  where  she  is  menaced  with  expulsion  from  Georgia. 
+15  Her  movements  in both  these  regions have  a common origin.  It was  by the 
+treaty  of  Adrianople  that the  usurpation  of  Moldo-Wallachia was  prepared, 
+and  that  were  founded  her  claims  on  the  Caucasus. 
+
+Art. IV  of  that  treaty  has  the  following  stipulation: 
+"All  the  countries  situated to the north and east of the line of demarcation 
+20  between the two empires (Russia and Turkey) toward Georgia, Imeritia and 
+Guriel, as well as all the  shore of the Black Sea, from the mouth of the Kuban 
+as  far  as  the  port  of St. Nicholas inclusively,  shall remain under the domina 
+tion  of  Russia." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+With regard  to  the  Danube  the  same  treaty  stipulates: 
+"The  frontier  line  will  follow  the  course  of  the  Danube  to  the  mouth  of 
+St. George,  leaving  all  the  islands  formed  by  the  different  branches  in  the 
+possession of  Russia.  The  right bank will remain, as formerly, in the posses 
+sion of the  Ottoman Porte.  It is,  however,  agreed,  that that right bank, from 
+the  point  where  the  arm  of  St.  George  departs  from  that  of  Sulina,  shall 
+remain  uninhabited to  a  distance  of  two  hours  (six  miles)  from  the  river, 
+and  that  no  kind  of  structure  shall  be  raised  there;  and  in  like  manner on 
+the  islands  which  still  remain  in  the  possession  of  Russia.  With  the  ex 
+ception  of  quarantines  which  will  be  there  established,  it  will  not  be  per 
+mitted  to  make  any  other  establishment  or  fortification." 
+
+35 
+
+Both these  paragraphs,  inasmuch  as  they  secured  to  Russia new posses 
+sions  and  exclusive  commercial  advantages,  infringe  on  the  protocol  of 
+April 4,1826,  drawn up  by the Duke of Wellington at St. Petersburg, and the 
+treaty  of  July  6,  1827,  concluded  between  Russia  and  the  other  powers  at 
+London. The  English Government, therefore, refused to recognize the treaty 
+40  of Adrianople.  The Duke of Wellington protested against it. Lord Aberdeen 
+protested against it as Lord Mahon says :  "In a dispatch to Lord Heytesbury, 
+
+387 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+dated  31st  October,  1829,  he  commented  with  no  small  dissatisfaction  on 
+many  parts  of  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  and  especially  noticed  the  stipula 
+tions  respecting  the  islands  of  the  Danube.  He  denies  that  that  treaty  has 
+respected  the  territorial rights  of  sovereignty  of  the  Porte  and the condition 
+and the interests of all maritime States in the Mediterranean." Earl Grey said: 
+"That  the  independence  of  the  Porte  would  be  sacrificed  and  the peace  of 
+Europe  endangered  by  this  being  agreed  to."  Lord  Palmerston  himself,  in 
+his  speech  of  March  17,  1837,  informs  us:  "As  far  as  the  extension of  the 
+Russian frontier  is  concerned  on the  mouth  of  the  Danube,  the  south  of the 
+Caucasus  and  the  shores of the Black Sea, it is certainly not consistent with  10 
+the  solemn  declaration  made  by  Russia  in  the  face  of  Europe  previous  to 
+the  commencement  of  the  Turkish  war." 
+
+5 
+
+The  eastern  shores  of  the  Black  Sea, by blockading of which and  cutting 
+off  the  supply  of  arms  and gunpowder  to  the  north-western  Circassian  dis 
+tricts, Russia could  alone hope  to realize  her claim on the Caucasus she had  15 
+wrested from  Turkey—the  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  as  well as the  outlets  of 
+the  Danube,  are certainly no places  "where  an English action could possibly 
+take  place,"  as  was lamented by Lord Palmerston in the case of Cracow.  By 
+what mysterious  contrivance then has the Muscovite, nevertheless, succeed 
+ed in blocking up the Danube, in blockading the  shore of the Euxine and in  20 
+forcing  England  to  submit  not  only  to  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  but  at  the 
+same  time  to  the  violations  by  Russia  herself  of  that  identical  treaty? 
+
+These questions were put to the noble Viscount in the  House of Commons 
+on  April  20,  1836.  Petitions  were  simultaneously  presented  from  the  mer 
+chants  of  London,  of  Glasgow,  and  other  commercial  towns,  against  the  25 
+fiscal regulations of Russia on the Black Sea, and her enactments and restric 
+tions,  intended  to  interrupt  English  commerce  on  the  Danube. 
+
+There  had  appeared  on  February 7,1836, an ukase which, by virtue of the 
+treaty  of  Adrianople,  established  a  quarantine  on  one  of the  islands  formed 
+by the mouths of the Danube. In order to execute the quarantine regulations,  30 
+Russia  claimed  a  right  of  boarding  and  search,  of  levying  fees  and  seizing 
+and  marching  off  to  Odessa  refractory  sailors,  proceeding  on  their  voyage 
+up  the  Danube.  Before  the  quarantine  was  established,  or  rather  before, 
+under  the  false  pretense  of  a  quarantine,  a  fort  and  a  custom-house  were 
+erected, the Russian authorities had thrown out feelers to ascertain what risk  35 
+they  would  run  with  the  British  Government.  Lord  Durham,  acting  upon 
+instructions  received from  England,  remonstrated with the Russian  Govern 
+ment  for  these  hinderances  to  British  trade.  He  was  referred  to  Count 
+Nessehode.  Count Nessehode referred to the Governor of South Russia, and 
+the  Governor  of  South  Russia  again  referred  to  the  Consul  at  Galatz, who  40 
+communicated with the British Consul at Ibraila, who was instructed to send 
+
+388 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  ·  England  and  Russia 
+
+down  the  captains  from  whom  toll  had  been  exacted,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
+Danube,  the  scene  of their  injuries,  in  order that inquiry might be made into 
+the  subject,  it  being  well  known  that  the  captains  referred  to  were  then 
+in  England. 
+
+5 
+
+The formal ukase of Feb. 7,1836, aroused, however, the general attention 
+of British  merchants,  since, as  Mr. Stewart stated in the House of Commons 
+on April 20,1836,  "many ships had sailed and others were going out, to whose 
+captains  strict  orders  had  been  given  not to  submit to  the  right  of boarding 
+and  search which Russia claimed.  The fate of these  ships must be inevitable, 
+10 unless some expression of opinion was made on the part of the House. Unless 
+that  were  done,  British  shipping  to  the  amount  of  not  less  than  5,000  tons 
+would  be  seized  and  marched  off  to  Odessa,  until  the  insolent  commands 
+of  Russia  were  complied  with." 
+
+We  have  stated  that Russia  acquired the  marshy islands  at the  mouths  of 
+15 the Danube, in virtue of the treaty of Adrianople, which treaty was a violation 
+of  that  which  she  had  previously  concluded  with  England  and  the  other 
+powers  on July 26,  1827.  Her bristling the  mouths  of the  Danube with forti 
+fications, and these fortifications with guns, was  also a violation of the treaty 
+of  Adrianople,  which  expressly  prohibited  any  fortifications  to  be  erected 
+20  within  six miles of the river. The exacting of tolls and the obstruction of the 
+navigation  was  a violation  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  which declared that "the 
+navigation of rivers  along their whole  course, from  the point where  each of 
+them became navigable to its mouth,  shall be entirely free," that "the amount 
+of  the  duties  shall,  in  no  case,  exceed  those  now  (in  1815)  paid,"  and  that 
+"no increase  shall take place except with the common consent of the States 
+bordering  on their  river."  Thus  then,  the  only points  on which Russia could 
+plead  not  guilty,  was  an  infraction  of  the  treaty  of  1827,  by  the  treaty  of 
+Adrianople,  an open violation  by  herself  of  the treaty of Adrianople, and an 
+insolent  rupture  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+It appeared quite impossible to wring out of Lord Palmerston any declara 
+tion whether he  did or  did not recognize the treaty  of  Adrianople.  As  to the 
+treaty of Vienna,  "he had received no  official information that any thing had 
+occurred which is  not warranted by the treaty. When such a statement should 
+be  made  by  the  parties  concerned,  it  should  be  dealt with  in  such  manner 
+35  as  the  law  advisers  of the  Crown  should deem consistent with the  rights  of 
+
+the  subjects  of  England." 
+
+By Art. V.  of the  treaty of Adrianople, Russia  "guarantees  the prosperity 
+of  the  Danubian  Principalities  and  full  liberty  of  trade  for  them."  Now, 
+Mr. Patrick Stewart proved that the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 
+40  were  objects  of deadly  jealousy to  Russia, as their trade had taken a sudden 
+development  since  1834,  as  they  vied with Russia's  own  staple production, 
+
+389 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+as  Galatz  was  becoming  the  great  dépôt  of  all  the grain of the  Danube  and 
+driving Odessa out of the market.  To this Lord Palmerston answered in these 
+words: 
+
+"If  my  honorable  friend  had  been able  to  show,  that whereas  some  years 
+ago  we had had  a large  and important commerce  with Turkey,  and that that 
+commerce  had  by  the  aggression of  other  countries, or by the neglect of the 
+government  of  this,  dwindled  down  to  an  inconsiderable  trade,  then  there 
+might  have  been  ground  to  call  upon  Parliament.  In  lieu  of  such  an  oc 
+currence,  my  honorable  friend has  shown that  during the  last few  years  the 
+trade  with  Turkey  has  risen  from  next  to  nothing  to  a  very  considerable  10 
+amount." 
+
+5 
+
+"Russia obstructs  the  Danube  navigation,  because the trade of the Princi 
+palities is growing important,"  says Mr. Stewart. "But she did not do so when 
+that trade was  next to  nothing,"  answers  Lord Palmerston.  "You neglect to 
+oppose  Russia's  recent  encroachment  on  the  Danube,"  says  Mr. Stewart.  15 
+"But  did we  do  so  before  these  encroachments  were  ventured upon?"  asks 
+Lord  Palmerston.  His  Lordship  succeeded  in  preventing  the  House  from 
+coming  to  a  resolution  by  assuring  it  that  "there was  no  disposition of  Her 
+Majesty's  Government  to  submit  to  aggressions  on  the  part  of  any  power, 
+be  that power what  it may,  and  be  it more  or less  strong," and by warning  20 
+the  House  that  "they  should  also  cautiously  abstain  from  anything  which 
+might  be  construed  by  other powers, and reasonably so, as being a provoca 
+tion  on  their  part." 
+
+A  week  after  these  debates  had  taken place  in the  House  of Commons  a 
+British  merchant  addressed  a  letter  to  Lord  Palmerston  with  regard  to  the  25 
+Russian  ukase.  He  was  answered  by  the  Under-Secretary  at  the  Foreign 
+Office  as  follows: 
+
+"I  am  directed  by  Viscount  Palmerston  to  acquaint you that  his  lordship 
+has  called  upon  the  law  adviser  for  the  crown  for  his  opinion  as  to  the 
+regulations  promulgated  by  the  Russian  ukase  on  Feb. 7,  1836;  but,  in the  30 
+meantime,  Lord  Palmerston  directs  me to  acquaint you,  with  respect to  the 
+latter  part of  your letter,  that  it is  the  opinion of His Majesty's Government 
+that  no  toll  is  justly  demanded  by  the  Russian  authorities  at  the  mouth  of 
+the  Danube,  and you have  acted properly  in directing your  agents  to  refuse 
+to  pay it." 
+
+35 
+
+The  merchant on  acting according to  this  letter was  abandoned  to  Russia 
+by  the  noble  lord;  a  Russian  toll,  as  Mr. Urquhart  states,  is  now  exacted  in 
+London  and  Liverpool by  Russian Consuls on every English ship  sailing for 
+the Turkish ports of the Danube, and the quarantine  still  stands on the island 
+of  Leti. 
+
+40 
+
+But Russia  did  not limit  her  invasion of the Danube to a quarantine estab-
+
+390 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  •  England  and  Russia 
+
+lished,  to  fortifications  erected,  and to  tolls  exacted.  The  only  mouth  of the 
+Danube  still navigable, the  Sulina mouth, came into the possession of Russia 
+through the treaty  of  Adrianople.  As long as it was  possessed by the Turks, 
+a  depth  of  water  was  kept in  the  channel of from  14  to  16 feet.  Since  it has 
+5  been  possessed by Russia,  the  water has become  reduced to  8  feet,  a depth 
+wholly  inadequate  to  the  conveyance  of vessels employed in the corn trade. 
+Now  Russia is  a  party  to  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  and that treaty  stipulates in 
+article  113,  that "each State shall be at the expense of keeping in good repair 
+the  towing  paths,  and  shall  maintain  the  necessary  works  in  order  that  no 
+10  obstruction  shall be experienced by  the  navigation." Russia found no better 
+means for keeping the channel in a navigable  state than choking up its mouth 
+with  an  accumulation of  sand  and  mud,  and  paving its  bar  with shipwrecks. 
+To  this  systematic  and  protracted  violation  of the  treaty  of Vienna,  Russia 
+has  added  another  violation  of  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  which forbids  the 
+erecting of any establishment at the  mouth of the Sulina, except for quaran 
+tine  and  light-house  purposes,  since,  at  her  dictation,  there  has  sprung  up 
+there  a  small  Russian  town,  supported  by  the  extortions,  the  occasion  for 
+which  has  been  afforded  by  the  delays  and  expenses  for  lighterage  con 
+sequent  upon  the  obstruction  of  the  channel. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+"Of what u s e" said Lord Palmerston, on April 30,1823, "is it to dwell upon 
+abstract principles  with despotic governments who are accused of measuring 
+right  by  power,  and  of  ruling  their  conduct  by  expediency,  and  not by jus 
+tice?" According to his own maxim the noble  Lord took good care to content 
+himself with dwelling upon abstract principles with the  despotic government 
+25  of Russia.  But he went further.  While he assured the House on July 6,1840, 
+that  the  freedom  of  the  Danube  was  "guaranteed  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna;" 
+and  while  he  lamented  on  July  13,  1840,  that,  although  the  occupation  of 
+Cracow  was  a  violation  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  "there  were  no  means  of 
+enforcing  the  opinion  of  England  because  Cracow  was  evidently  a  place 
+
+35 
+
+30  where  no  English  action  could possibly take place," he  two days later con 
+cluded  a treaty  with  Russia,  by  virtue  of which treaty, the Dardanelles were 
+hermetically  closed  to  English  men-of-war  during  peace  with  Turkey,  thus 
+bereaving  England  of  the  only  means  of  enforcing the treaty  of Vienna, and 
+transforming  the  Euxine  into  "a  place,  where  no  English action could pos-
+sibly  take  place."  This  point  once  obtained,  he  gave  a sham  satisfaction to 
+public opinion by firing off a whole battery of papers reminding "the despotic 
+government"  which  "measures  right  by  power,  and  rules  its  conduct  by 
+expediency,  and  not  by  justice,"  in  a  very  sententious  and  sentimental 
+manner,  that  "Russia,  when  she  compelled  Turkey  to  cede to  her the  outlet 
+40  of  a  great  European  river  which  forms  the  commercial  highway  for  the 
+mutual  intercourse  of  many  nations,  undertook  duties  and  responsibilities 
+
+391 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+to  other  states,  which  she  should  take  a pride  in  making  good."  To  such  a 
+homily  upon  abstract  principles,  Count  Nessehode  answered  steadily  and 
+flegmatically  that  "the  subject  should be carefully examined," and from time 
+to  time  he  expressed  "a  feeling  of  soreness  on  the  part  of  the  Imperial 
+Government  at the  mistrust manifested  as  to  their  intentions." 
+
+5 
+
+Thus,  through  the  management  of  the noble  Lord,  things  have  arrived  in 
+1853  at  the  point  where  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  had  been  declared 
+impossible,  and  wheat  is  rotting  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sulina,  while  famine 
+threatens to  invade  France,  England  and the  South of Europe.  Thus  Russia 
+has  added,  as  The  Times  said,  "to  her  other important possessions,  that of  10 
+an hon gate  between the Danube and the Euxine."  She has acquired the key 
+of  the  Danube  and  of  a  bread-screw  which  she  can  put  on,  whenever  the 
+policy  of  Western  Europe  becomes  obnoxious  to  punishment. 
+
+The  mystery,  however,  of  Lord  Palmerston's  transactions  with Russia  as 
+to her  schemes  on the  Danube was  not revealed till during the course of the  15 
+debates  on  Circassia.  Then  it  was  proved  by  Mr. Anstey  on  February  23, 
+1848,  that  "the  noble  Viscount's  first  act  on  coming  into  office  (as  the 
+Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs)  was  to  accept  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,"—the 
+same  treaty  against  which  the  Duke  of  Wellington  and  Lord  Aberdeen had 
+protested. 
+
+20 
+
+How  this  was  done  and  how  Circassia was  delivered  by Lord Palmerston 
+to  Russia,  as  far  as  he  had  the  power  to  deliver  it,  may  perhaps,  form  the 
+subject  of  another  article. 
+
+392 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+L o rd  P a l m e r s t on 
+
+( As  p u b l i s h ed 
+
+in  t he  " P e o p l e 's  P a p e r ") 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 77,  22. Oktober 1853 
+
+Lord Palmerston. 
+
+F i r st  A r t i d e. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Ruggiero  is  again  and  again fascinated by the false charms of Alcine, which, 
+he  knows  to  disguise  an  old  witch— 
+
+Sans  teeth,  sans  eyes,  sans  taste,  sans  everything, 
+and  the  knight-errant  cannot  withstand  falling in love  with her  anew whom 
+he  knows  to  have  transmuted  all  her  former  adorers  into  asses  and  other 
+beasts.  The  English  public  is  another  Ruggiero,  and  Palmerston  is  another 
+Alcine.  Although  a  septuagenarian,  and  since  1807  occupying  the  public 
+stage,  almost without interruption,  he  contrives  to remain a novelty, and to 
+evoke  all  the  hopes  that  used  to  centre  on an untried  and promising youth. 
+With  one  foot  in  the  grave,  he  is  supposed  not  yet  to  have  begun  his  true 
+career.  If  he  were to die to-morrow,  all England would be  surprised at learn 
+ing  that  he  has  been  a  Secretary  of  State  half  this  century. 
+
+If not a good  statesman of all work, he is at least a good actor of all work. 
+He  succeeds  in the  comic  as  in the  heroic—in pathos  as in familiarity—in the 
+tragedy  as  in  the  farce;  although  the  latter  may  be  more  congenial  to  his 
+feelings.  He  is  no  first  class  orator,  but  he  is  an  accomplished  debater. 
+Possessed  of  a  wonderful  memory,  of  great  experience,  of  a  consummate 
+tact,  of  a never-failing présence  d'esprit,  of a gentlemanlike versatility, of 
+the  most  minute  knowledge  of  parliamentary  tricks,  intrigues,  parties,  and 
+men,  he  handles  difficult  cases  in  an  admirable  manner  and  with a pleasant 
+volubility, sticking to the prejudices and susceptibilities of his public, secured 
+from  any  surprise  by  his  cynic  impudence,  from  any  self-confession by  his 
+selfish  dexterity,  from  running  into  a passion by his  profound frivolity,  his 
+perfect  indifference,  and  his  aristocratic  contempt.  Being  an  exceedingly 
+happy joker, he ingratiates  himself with everybody. Never losing his temper, 
+he  imposes  on  an  impassioned  antagonist.  When unable to  master a subject, 
+
+393 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+he knows how to play with it.  If wanting of general views, he is always ready 
+to  tissue  elegant  generalities. 
+
+Endowed with  a restless  and indefatigable  spirit, he abhors inactivity,  and 
+pines  for  agitation,  if  not  for  action.  A country like  England allows  him,  of 
+course,  to  busy himself  in every corner of the  earth.  What he  aims  at is  not 
+the  substance,  but  the  mere  appearance  of  success. 
+
+5 
+
+If he can do nothing, he will devise anything. Where he dares not interfere, 
+he intermeddles.  Not  able to vie  with a  strong enemy, he improvises a weak 
+one. 
+
+Being  no  man  of  deep  designs,  pondering  on  no  combinations  of  long  10 
+
+standing,  pursuing  no  great  object,  he  embarks  in  difficulties  with  a view to 
+disentangle  himself  in  a  showy manner.  He  wants  complications  to  feed his 
+activity,  and  when  he  finds  them  not  ready,  he  will create them.  He  exults 
+in  show-conflicts,  show-battles,  show-enemies,  diplomatical  notes  to  be 
+exchanged,  ships to be  ordered to  sail, the whole movement ending for him  15 
+in violent parliamentary debates, which are sure to prepare him an ephemeral 
+success,  the  constant  and  the  only  object  of  all  his  exertions.  He  manages 
+international  conflicts  like  an  artist,  driving  matters  to  a  certain  point,  re 
+treating when they threaten to  become  serious, but having got, at all events, 
+the dramatic excitement he wants. In his eyes, the movement of history itself 20 
+is  nothing  but  a  pastime,  expressly  invented  for  the  private  satisfaction  of 
+the  noble  Viscount  Palmerston  of  Palmerston. 
+
+Yielding  to  foreign  influence  in  facts,  he  opposes  it  in  words.  Having 
+inherited  from  Canning  England's  mission  to  propagate  Constitutionalism 
+on the  Continent,  he  is  never  in need  of  a theme to pique the national preju-  25 
+dices,  and,  to  counteract  revolution  abroad,  and,  at  the  same  time,  to hold 
+awake  the  suspicious  jealousy  of foreign powers.  Having  succeeded  in this 
+easy  manner  to  become  the  bête  note  of  the  continental  courts,  he  could 
+not fail in being set up  as the truly English minister at home. Although a Tory 
+by  origin,  he  has  contrived  to  introduce  into  the  management  of  foreign  30 
+affairs  all  the  shams  and  contradictions  that form  the  essence of Whiggism. 
+He knows how to conciliate a democratic phraseology with oligarchic views, 
+how  to  cover  the  peacemongering  policy  of  the  middle  classes  with  the 
+haughty  language  of  England's  aristocratic  past—how  to  appear  as  the  ag 
+gressor,  where  he  connives,  and  as  the  defender where he betrays—how to  35 
+manage  an  apparent  enemy,  and  how  to  exasperate  a  pretended  ally—how 
+to  find  himself,  at  the  opportune  moment  of  the  dispute,  on the  side  of  the 
+stronger against the weak, and how to utter brave words in the act of running 
+away. 
+
+Accused  by  the  one  party  of being in  the  pay  of  Russia,  he is  suspected  40 
+
+by  the  other  of  Carbonarism.  If,  in  1848,  he  had  to  defend  himself  against 
+
+394 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  First  Article 
+
+the  motion  of  impeachment for  having  acted  as  the minister of Nicholas, he 
+had,  in  1850, the  satisfaction  of being persecuted by a conspiracy of foreign 
+ambassadors,  which  was  successful  in  the  House  of  Lords,  but baffled  in 
+the  House  of  Commons.  If he betrayed foreign peoples, he  did it with great 
+5  politeness—politeness  being  the  small  coin  of  the  devil,  which  he  gives  in 
+change  for  the  life-blood  of  his  dupes.  If  the  oppressors  were  always  sure 
+of  his  active  support,  the  oppressed  did  never  want  a  great  ostentation  of 
+his  rhetorical generosity.  Poles,  Italians,  Hungarians,  Germans,  found him 
+in  office,  whenever  they  were  crushed, but their  despots  always  suspected 
+10  him  of secret conspiracy with the victims they had allowed him to make. Till 
+now,  in  all  instances,  it  was  a  probable  chance  of  success  to  have  him  for 
+one's  adversary,  and  a  sure chance of ruin to have him for one's friend.  But, 
+if  this  art  of  diplomacy  does  not  shine  in  the  actual  results  of  his  foreign 
+negotiations,  it  shines  the  more brilliantly in the construction he induced the 
+15  English people  to  lay upon them, by  accepting phrases for facts, phantasies 
+
+for  realities,  and  high  sounding  pretexts  for  shabby  motives. 
+
+Henry John Temple, Viscount Palmerston, deriving his title from a peerage 
+of  Ireland,  was  nominated Lord of the  Admiralty in  1807,  on the formation 
+of  the  Duke  of  Portland's  Administration.  In  1809,  he became  Secretary of 
+20  War, and he continued to hold this office till May, 1828. In 1830 he went over, 
+very  skilfully  too,  to  the  Whigs,  who  made  him  their  permanent  Secretary 
+for  Foreign  Affairs.  Excepting  the  intervals  of  Tory  administration,  from 
+November  1834  to  April  1835,  and  from  1841  to  1846, he is responsible for 
+the  whole  foreign  policy,  England  has  pursued from the  revolution  of  1830 
+to December  1851. 
+
+25 
+
+Is  it  not  a  very  curious  thing  to  find,  at  first  view,  that  Quixote  of  "free 
+institutions,"  and that Pindarus  of the "glories  of the constitutional system," 
+a permanent and an eminent member of the Tory administrations of Mr. Per 
+ceval,  the  Earl of Liverpool,  Mr. Canning,  Lord  Goderich,  and the  Duke  of 
+30  Wellington,  during  the  long  epoch  of  the  Anti-Jacobin war  carried  on,  the 
+monster-debt  contracted,  the  Corn  Laws  promulgated,  foreign  mercenaries 
+stationed  on  the  English  soil,  the  people—to  borrow  an  expression from  his 
+colleague,  Lord  Sidmouth—"bled,"  from  time  to  time,  the  press  gagged, 
+meetings  suppressed,  the  mass  of  the  nation  disarmed,  individual  liberty 
+suspended  together  with  regular  jurisdiction,  the  whole  country  placed  as 
+it  were  in a  state  of  siege—in one word,  during the  most infamous  and most 
+reactionary  epoch  of  English  history? 
+
+35 
+
+His  debutin parliamentary life is a characteristic one. On February 3,1808, 
+he rose to  defend—what?—secrecy in the working of diplomacy, and the most 
+40  disgraceful  act  ever  committed  by  one  nation  against  another  nation,  viz., 
+the bombardment  of Copenhagen, and the capture of the Danish fleet, at the 
+
+395 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+time  when  England  professed  to  be  in  profound  peace  with  Denmark.  As 
+to  the  former  point,  he  stated  that,  "In  this  particular  case,  his  Majesty's 
+Ministers  are pledged  (by whom?) to  secrecy;" but he went farther:  "I also 
+object  generally  to  making  public  the  working  of  diplomacy,  because  it  is 
+the  tendency  of  disclosures  in that department to  shut up  future  sources  of 
+information."  Vidocq  would  have defended the identical cause in the identi 
+cal  terms.  As  to  the  act  of  piracy,  while  admitting that  Denmark had  evi 
+denced no  hostility  whatever towards  Great  Britain,  he contended that they 
+were  right  in  bombarding  its  capital  and  stealing its  fleet, because  they  had 
+to  prevent  Danish  neutrality  from  being,  perhaps,  converted  into  open  10 
+hostility  by  the  compulsion  of  France.  This  was  the  new  law  of  nations, 
+proclaimed  by  my  lord  Palmerston. 
+
+5 
+
+When  again  speechifying,  we  find  that  English  minister  par  excellence, 
+engaged  in  the  defence  of  foreign troops,  called  over from  the  continent to 
+England,  with  the  express  mission  of  maintaining  forcibly  the  oligarchic  15 
+rule,  to  establish which William  had,  in  1688, come over from Holland, with 
+his  Dutch troops.  Palmerston answered to the well-founded  "apprehensions 
+for  the  liberties  of  the  country,"  originating from the presence of the King's 
+German Legion, in a very  flippant  manner.  Why  should we  not have  16,000 
+of  those  foreigners  at  home;  while  you know,  that we  employ  "a far  larger  20 
+proportion of foreigners  abroad."  (House of  Commons,  March  10,  1812.) 
+
+When  similar  apprehensions  for  the  constitution  arose  from  the  large 
+standing  army,  maintained  since  1815,  he  found  "a  sufficient protection of 
+the  constitution in the  very  constitution of  our army,"  a large proportion of 
+its  officers being  "men of property and  connexions."  (House of Commons,  25 
+March  8,  1816.) 
+
+When the large  standing army was  attacked from  a financial point of view, 
+he  made  the  curious  discovery  that  "much  of  our financial embarrassments 
+had  been  caused  by  our former  low  peace  establishment."  (House  of  Com 
+mons,  April 25,  1816.) 
+
+When the  "burdens  of  the  country,"  and the "misery of the people" were 
+contrasted  with the lavish military expenditure, he reminded parliament that 
+those  burdens  and  that  misery  "were  the  price  which  we  (viz.,  the  English 
+oligarchy)  agreed  to  pay  for  our  freedom  and  independence."  (House  of 
+Commons,  May  16,  1820.) 
+
+In  his  eyes,  military  despotism  was  only  to  be  apprehended  from  the 
+exertions  of  "those  self-called, but misled Reformers, who demand that  sort 
+of reform  in the  country which, according to every first principle of govern 
+ment,  must  end,  if  it  were  acceded to,  in  a  military  despotism."  (House of 
+Commons, June  14,  1820.) 
+
+While  large  standing  armies  were  thus  his  panacea  for  maintaining  the 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+396 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  First  Article 
+
+constitution  of  the  country,  flogging  was  his  panacea  for  maintaining  the 
+constitution  of  the  army.  He  defended  it in the  debates  on the  Mutiny Bill, 
+on  the  5th  of  March,  1824,  he  declared  it  to  be  "absolutely  indispensable" 
+on  March  11,  1825,  he  recommended  it  again  on March  10,  1828;  he  stood 
+by  it  in the  debates  of  April,  1833,  and  he  proved  an  amateur  of  flogging  on 
+every  subsequent  occasion. 
+
+5 
+
+There  existed  no  abuse  in  the  army,  he  did  not find  plausible reasons for, 
+if  it  happened  to  foster  the  interests  of  aristocratic  parasites.  Thus,  for 
+instance,  in  the  debates  on the  Sale  of  Commissions.  (House  of  Commons, 
+
+10  March  12,  1828.) 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  likes  to  parade  his  constant exertions  for  the  establish­
+ment  of  religious  liberty.  Now,  he  voted  against  Lord  Russell's  motion for 
+the  Repeal  of  Test  and  Corporation  Acts.  Why?  Because  he  was  "a  warm 
+and  zealous  friend  to  religious  liberty,"  and  could,  therefore,  not  allow  the 
+15  Dissenters  to  be  relieved  from  "imaginary  grievances,  while  real  afflictions 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+pressed  upon  the  Catholics."  (House  of  Commons,  Feb. 26,  1828.) 
+
+In  proof  of  his  zeal  for  religious  liberty he  informs  us  of his  "regret to  see 
+the  increasing  numbers  of  the  Dissenters.  It  is  my  wish that the Established 
+Church should be the predominant Church in this country," and it is his wish 
+"that  the  Established  Church  should  be  fed  at  the  expense  of  the  misbe­
+lievers."  His 
+lordship  accuses  the  rich  Dissenters  of  affording 
+churches  for the  poor ones, while  "with the Church of England it is the poor 
+alone  who  feel  the  want  of  Church  accommodation  . ..  It  would  be  pre­
+posterous  to  say,  that the  poor  ought  to  subscribe  for  churches  out  of their 
+small  earnings."  (House  of  Commons,  April  9,  1824.) 
+
+jocose 
+
+It would be, of course, more preposterous yet to say, that the rich members 
+of the  Established Church ought to  subscribe for the church out of their large 
+earnings. 
+
+Let us now look at his exertions for Catholic Emancipation, one of his great 
+"claims"  on  the  gratitude  of  the  Irish  people.  I  shall  not  dwell  upon  the 
+circumstances,  that,  having  declared  himself  for  Catholic  Emancipation, 
+when  a  member  of  the  Canning  Ministry,  he  entered,  nevertheless,  the 
+Wellington  Ministry,  avowedly  hostile  to  that  emancipation.  Perhaps  Lord 
+Palmerston  considered  religious  liberty  as  one  of the  Rights  of  Man,  not to 
+be  intermeddled with by Legislature.  He  may  answer for himself, "Although 
+I  wish the  Catholic  claims  to  be  considered,  I  never will  admit those  claims 
+to  stand  upon  the  ground  of  r i g h t . ..  Κ  I  thought the  Catholics  were  asking 
+for  their  right,  I,  for  one,  would  not  go  into  the  committee."  (House  of 
+Commons, March  1,  1813.) 
+
+40 
+
+And why is he opposed to their asking their right? "Because the Legislature 
+of  a  country  has  the right to impose  such political  disabilities upon any class 
+
+397 
+
+1 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  the  community,  as  it  may  deem  necessary for  the  safety  and  the  welfare 
+of the w h o l e . .. This belongs to the fundamental principles on which civilised 
+government  is  founded."  (House  of  Commons,  March  1,  1813.) 
+
+There  you  have  the  most  cynic  confession  ever  made,  that  the  mass  of 
+the  people  have  no  rights  at  all,  but that  they  may  be  allowed that amount 
+of immunities, the Legislature—or, in other words, the ruling class—may deem 
+fit  to  grant  them.  Accordingly,  Lord  Palmerston  declared  in  plain  words, 
+"Catholic  Emancipation  to  be  a  measure  of  grace  and  favour."  (House  of 
+Commons,  Feb. 10,  1829.) 
+
+5 
+
+It was  then entirely upon the ground of expediency that he condescended 
+to  discontinue  the  Catholic  disabilities.  And  what  was  lurking  behind  this 
+expediency? 
+
+10 
+
+Being  himself  one  of  the  great  Irish  proprietors,  he  wanted  to  entertain 
+the  delusion, that "other remedies for Irish evils than Catholic Emancipation 
+are  impossible,"  that it  would  cure  absenteeism,  and prove  a  substitute for  15 
+Poor  Laws.—(House  of  Commons,  March  18,  1829.) 
+
+The  great philanthropist,  who  afterwards  cleared  his  Irish estates of their 
+Irish natives could not allow Irish misery to darken,  even for a moment, with 
+its  inauspicious  clouds,  the  bright  sky  of  the  landlords  and moneylords.  "It 
+is true,"  he  said, "that the peasantry of Ireland do not enjoy all the comforts  20 
+which  are  enjoyed  by  all  the  peasantry  of  England,"  (only  think  of  all  the 
+comforts  enjoyed by a family at the rate of 7s.  a week.)  "Still," he continues, 
+"still however, the Irish peasant has his comforts...  He is well supplied with 
+fuel,  and  is  seldom,  (only  four  days  out  of  six),  at  a  loss  for  food.  What  a 
+comfort!  But this is not all the comfort he has—he has a greater cheerfulness  25 
+of  mind  than  his  English  fellow  sufferer!"-(House  of  Commons,  May  7, 
+1829.)  . 
+
+As  to  the  extortions  of  Irish  landlords,  he  deals  with them  in  as  pleasant 
+a  way  as  with  the  comforts  of  the  Irish  peasantry.  "It  is  said that the  Irish 
+landlord  insists  on the  highest possible  rent  that  can  be  extorted.  Why  Sir,  30 
+I believe that is not a singular circumstance ; certainly in England the landlord 
+does  the  same  thing."—(House  of  Commons,  May 7,  1829.) 
+
+Are  we  then  to  be  surprised  that  the  man,  so  deeply  interested  in  the 
+mysteries  of the  "glories  of the  English constitution,"  and the "comforts of 
+her  free  institutions,"  should  aspire  at  spreading  them  all  over  the  Con-  35 
+tinent? 
+
+398 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Second  Article 
+
+S e c o nd  A r t i c l e. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 78,  29. Oktober  1853 
+
+5 
+
+When  the  Reform  Movement  had  grown  irresistible,  Lord  Palmerston  de 
+serted  the  Tories,  and  slipped  into  the  Whiggery  camp.  Although  he  had 
+apprehended  the  danger  of  military  despotism  springing  up,  not  from  the 
+presence of  the  King's  German legion on the  English soil, nor from keeping 
+large  standing  armies, but only from the  "self-called Reformers," he patron 
+ised,  nevertheless,  already  in  1828,  the  extension  of  the  franchise  to  such 
+large  industrial  places  as  Birmingham,  Leeds,  and  Manchester.  But  why? 
+"Not  because  I  am  a  friend  to  Reform  in  principle,  but  because  I  am  its 
+
+10  decided  enemy." 
+
+20 
+
+He  had  persuaded  liimself  that  some  timely  concessions  made  to  the 
+overgrown  manufacturing  interest  might  be  the  surest  means  of  escaping 
+"the introduction of general reform." (House of Commons, June 27th,  1828.) 
+Once  allied  with  the  Whigs,  he  did  not  even  pretend  that  the  Reform  Bill 
+15 aimed at breaking through the narrow trammels of the Venetian Constitution; 
+but,  on the contrary, at the increase of its  strength and solidity, by disjoining 
+the  middle  classes  from the people's opposition.  "The feelings of the middle 
+classes  will  be  changed,  and  their  dissatisfaction will be  converted  into that 
+attachment to the constitution, which will give to it a vast increase of strength 
+and  sohdity."  He  consoled  the  peers  with the  prospect  of  the  Reform  Bill 
+not  really  endangering  the  "influence  of  the  House  of  Lords,"  and  their 
+"interfering  in  elections."  He  told the  aristocracy  that  the  constitution  was 
+not  to  lose  its  feudal  character,  "the  landed  interest being the  great founda 
+tion  upon  which  rests  the  fabric  of  society,  and  the  institutions  of  the 
+country."  He  allayed  their  fears  by  throwing  out  the ironical hint that  "we 
+have  been charged  with not being in earnest  or  sincere in our  desire  to give 
+to  the  people  a  real  representation,"  that  "it was  said,  we  only proposed  to 
+give  a  different kind of influence  to the  aristocracy  and the landed interest." 
+He  went even as  far  as  to  own that, besides  the  inevitable  concession to  be 
+30  made  to  the  middle classes,  "disfranchisement,"  viz., the  disfranchisement 
+of  the  old  Tory rotten boroughs for the benefit of new Whig boroughs,  "was 
+the  chief  and  leading  principle  of  the  Reform  Bill."  (House  of  Commons, 
+March 24th,  1831,  and  May  14th,  1832.) 
+
+25 
+
+It is  now time  to return to the performances of the noble lord in the foreign 
+
+35  branch  of  policy: 
+
+In  1823, when,  consequent  on the  resolutions  of  the  Congress  of Verona, 
+a  French army was marched into  Spain, in order to  overturn the constitution 
+of  that country,  and  to  deliver  it up to the merciless revenge of the Bourbon 
+
+399 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+idiot and his  suite of bigot monks, Lord Palmerston disclaimed any "Quixotic 
+crusades  for  abstract principles,"  any intervention in "favour of the people," 
+whose heroic resistance had  saved England from the  sway of Napoleon. The 
+words he  addressed on that occasion to his Whig adversaries  are  a lively and 
+true  picture  of  his  own  foreign  policy,  after  he  had turned himself into  the 
+permanent  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  for  those  who  then  were  his  op 
+ponents.  He  said, 
+
+5 
+
+"Some  would  have  had  us  use  threats  in  negotiation,  without  being  pre 
+pared to  go to  war,  if  negotiation failed.  To  have talked  of war,  and to have 
+meant neutrality; to have  threatened an army,  and to  have retreated behind  10 
+a  state  paper;  to  have  brandished  the  sword  of  defiance  in  the  hour  of 
+deliberation,  and  to  have  ended  in  a penful  of  protests  on the  day of battle, 
+would  have  been the  conduct  of  a cowardly bully,  and  would  have  made us 
+the  object  of  contempt,  and  the  laughing  stock  of  Europe."—(House  of 
+Commons,  April 30,  1823.) 
+
+15 
+
+At  last,  we  arrive  at  the  Grecian-Turkish  debates,  affording  to  Lord 
+Palmerston  the  first  opportunity  for  displaying  his  unrivalled talents,  as  the 
+unflinching  and persevering advocate of Russian interests, in the Cabinet and 
+in  the  House  of  Commons.  One  by  one,  he  re-echoed  all  the  watch  words 
+given  out by Russia of Turkish cruelty,  Greek civilisation, religious liberty,  20 
+Christianity, and  so forth.  At first, we meet him repudiating, in his ministerial 
+capacity,  any intention of passing  "a censure" upon the meritorious  conduct 
+"of  Admiral  Codrington,"  which had  caused  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish 
+fleet  at  Navarino,  although  he  admits  that  "this  battle  took  place  against a 
+power  with  which  we  are  not  at  war,"  and  that  it  was  "an  untoward  25 
+event."—(House  of  Commons,  January  31,  1828.) 
+
+Then,  having  retired  from  office,  he  opens  the  long  series  of  his  attacks 
+upon  Aberdeen,  by  reproaching  him  with having  been too  slow in executing 
+the  orders  of  Russia. 
+
+"Has  there  been  much  more  energy  and  promptitude  in  fulfilling  our  30 
+
+engagements  to  Greece?  July,  1829,  is  coming  fast  upon  us,  and  the treaty 
+of July,  1827, is  still unexecuted  . .. The Morea, indeed, has been cleared of 
+the  Turks  . ..  But  why  were  the  arms  of  France  checked  at the  Isthmus  of 
+Corinth?  . ..  The  narrow  policy  of  England  stepped  in,  and  arrested  her 
+progress  . ..  But  why  do  not  the  allies  deal  with  the  country  north  of  the  35 
+Isthmus,  as  they  have  done  with  that  to  the  south,  and  occupy  at  once  all 
+that  which  must be  assigned to Greece? I  should have thought that the  allies 
+had  had  enough  of  negotiating  with  Turkey  about  Greece."—(House  of 
+Commons,  June  1,  1829.) 
+
+Prince  Metternich was,  as  is  generally  known,  at that  time  opposing  the  40 
+
+encroachments  of  Russia,  and  accordingly  her  diplomatic  agents—I remind 
+
+400 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Second  Article 
+
+you  of  the  despatches  of  Pozzo  di  Borgo  and  Prince  Liewen—had  been 
+advised to represent Austria as the great enemy of Grecian emancipation and 
+of  European civilisation,  the  furtherance  of  which was  the  exclusive object 
+of  Russian  diplomacy.  The  noble  lord  follows,  of  course,  in  the  beaten 
+track. 
+
+5 
+
+"By the narrowness of her views, the unfortunate prejudices of her policy, 
+Austria  almost  reduced  herself  to  the  level  of  a  second-rate  power;"  and 
+consequent  on  the  temporising  policy  of  Aberdeen,  England  is  represented 
+as "the key-stone of that arch of which Miguel, Spain, Austria, and Mahmoud 
+10  are  the  component parts  . ..  People  see  in  the delay in executing the treaty 
+of  July  not  so  much  fear  of  Turkish  resistance  as  invincible  repugnance  to 
+Grecian freedom."—(House  of  Commons,  June  11,  1829.) 
+
+Again he  assails  Aberdeen because  of  his  anti-Russian  diplomacy:  "I, for 
+one,  shaU not be  satisfied with a number of despatches from the government 
+15  of  England,  which  will  no  doubt  read  well  and  smooth  enough,  urging,  in 
+general  terms,  the  propriety  of  conciliating  Russia,  but  accompanied,  per 
+haps,  by  strong  expressions  of  the  regard  which  England  bore  to  Turkey, 
+which,  when read by  an interested party,  might  easily  appear to  mean more 
+than was really intended...  I should like to  see that, whilst England adopted 
+20  a  firm  resolution—almost  the  only  course  she  could  adopt—upon  no  con 
+sideration  and  in  no  event  to  take  part  with  Turkey  in  that  war—that  that 
+decision was  fairly  and frankly communicated to T u r k e y . ..  There  are three 
+most  merciless  things—time,  fire,  and  the  Sultan."—(House  of  Commons, 
+Feb. 16,  1830.) 
+
+25 
+
+Arrived  at  this  point,  I  must recall  to  memory  some few historical facts, 
+in  order  to  leave  no  doubt  about  the  meaning  of  the  noble  lord's  philo-
+Hellenic  feelings. 
+
+Russia, having seized upon Gokcheh,  a strip  of land bordering on the Lake 
+of  Sevan,  which  was  an  indisputed  possession  of  Persia,  demanded  as  the 
+30  price of its evacuation the abandonment of Persia's claims to another portion 
+of her own territory, the lands of Kapan. Persia not yielding, she was overrun, 
+vanquished,  and  forced  to  subscribe  to  the  treaty  of  Turcomanchai,  in 
+February,  1828.  According  to  this  treaty  Persia had to pay an indemnity Of 
+two millions  sterling to Russia to  cede the provinces of Erivan and Nuktcha-
+35  van, including the fortresses of Erivan and Abassabad, the exclusive purpose 
+of this  arrangement being,  as  Nicholas  stated, to  define the common frontier 
+by  the  Araxes,  the  only  means, he  said,  of  preventing  any future  dispute  of 
+the two  empires, although he refused  simultaneously to give back Talish and 
+Moghan, which are situated on the Persian bank of the Araxes. Finally, Persia 
+40  pledged  herself  to  maintaining  no  navy  on the  Caspian Sea.  Such were the 
+
+origin  and  the  results  of  the  Russo-Persian  war. 
+
+401 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+As  to  the  religion  and  the  liberty  of  Greece,  Russia  cared  at  that  epoch 
+as  much  about  them as the god of the  Russians  cares  now  about the  key  of 
+the  "Holy  Sepulchre"  and  the  famous  "Cupola."  It  was  the  traditionary 
+policy  of Russia, to  excite the  Greeks to  revolt,  and,  then,  to  abandon them 
+to  the  revenge of the Sultan.  So deep was her sympathy for the regeneration 
+of Hellas, that she treated them as rebels on the congress of Verona, acknow 
+ledging  the  right  of  the  Sultan  to  exclude  all  foreign  intervention between 
+himself and his  Christian subjects. Yea, the Czar offered "to  aid the Porte in 
+suppressing  the  rebellion;"  a  proposition  which  was,  of  course,  rejected. 
+Having failed  in that attempt,  he  turned round upon the  Great Powers  with  10 
+the opposite proposition,  "To march an army into Turkey, for the purpose of 
+dictating peace  under  the  walls  of the  Seraglio."  In order to  hold his  hands 
+bound by a sort of common action, the other Great Powers concluded a treaty 
+with  him  at  London,  July  6,  1827,  by  which  they  mutually  engaged  in  en 
+forcing,  if  need be, by arms,  the  adjustment of the  differences between the  15 
+Sultan and the Greeks.  A few months after she had signed that treaty, Russia 
+concluded  another  treaty with Turkey, the treaty of Akerman, by which she 
+bound  herself  to  renounce  all  interference  with  Grecian  affairs.  This  treaty 
+was  brought  about,  after  Russia  had  induced  the  crown prince  of Persia to 
+invade  the  Ottoman dominions,  and  after  she  had  inflicted  the  greatest in-  20 
+juries on the Porte, in order to drive her to a rupture. After all this had passed, 
+the  resolutions  of  the  London  treaty  of  July 6,1827, were presented to  the 
+Porte  by  the  English  Ambassador,  or  in  the  name  of  Russia  and  the  other 
+Powers.  By  virtue  of  the  complications  resulting from these frauds and lies, 
+Russia found  at last the pretext for beginning the war of  1828 and  1829. That  25 
+war  terminated  with  the  treaty of  Adrianople,  whose  contents  are  resumed 
+in  the  following  quotations  from  McNeill's  celebrated  pamphlet  on  the 
+"Progress  of  Russia  in  the  East":  "By  the  treaty  of  Adrianople  the  Czar 
+acquired  Anapa  and  Poti  with  a  considerable  extent  of  coast  on  the  Black 
+Sea,  a  portion  of  the  Pashalik of Akhilska, with the fortresses  of  Akhilska,  30 
+and  Akhilkillak,  the  islands  formed  by  the  mouths  of the Danube, the  stip 
+ulated  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fortress  of  Georgiova,  and  the  abandon 
+ment  by  Turkey  of  the  right  bank  of  the  Danube  to  the  distance  of  several 
+miles  from  the  river  . ..  partly  by  force,  and  partly  by  the  influence  of  the 
+priesthood,  many  thousand  families  of  the  Armenians  were  removed from  35 
+the  Turkish provinces  in Asia to  the  Czar's territories  . ..  He established for 
+his own subjects in Turkey an exemption from all responsibility to the natio 
+nal  authorities,  and  burdened  the  Porte  with  an  immense  debt,  under  the 
+name  of expenses for  the war  and for commercial losses—and, finally retain 
+ed Moldavia, Wallachia, and Silistria, in pledge for the payment... Having by  40 
+this treaty imposed upon Turkey the acceptance of the protocol of March 22, 
+
+402 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Second  Article.  Third  Article 
+
+which  secured  the  suzerainty  of  Greece,  and  a  yearly  tribute  from  that 
+country,  Russia  used  ail  her  influence  to  procure  the  independence  of 
+Greece, which was  erected  into  an independent  state,  of which Count Capo 
+d'Istria,  who  had  been  a  Russian  Minister,  was  named  President." 
+
+5 
+
+Such are the facts. Now look at the picture drawn of them by Lord Palmer-
+ston's  hand:—"It  is  perfectly  true  that  the  war  between  Russia  and Turkey 
+arose  out  of  aggressions  made  by  Turkey  on  the  commerce  and  rights  of 
+Russia,  and  violations  of  treaties."—(House  of Commons,  Feb.  16,1830.) 
+
+When  the  Whig-incarnation  of  the  office  of  Foreign Affairs,  he improved 
+10  on  this  statement:—"The  honourable  and  gallant  member  (Col. Evans)  has 
+represented the conduct of Russia as one of unvarying aggression, upon other 
+States  from  1815  to  the  present  time.  He  adverted more  particularly to the 
+wars  of Russia with Persia and Turkey.  Russia was  the  aggressor in neither 
+of  them,  and  although  the  result  of the Persian war was  an aggrandisement 
+15 of her power, it was not the result of her own seeking... Again, in the Turkish 
+war, Russia was not the aggressor.  It would be fatiguing to the house to detail 
+all  the  provocations  Turkey  offered  to  Russia;  but  I believe there cannot be 
+a  doubt  that  she  expelled  Russian  subjects  from  her  territory,  detained 
+Russian  ships,  and  violated  all the provisions  of the  treaty of Akerman, and 
+then, upon complaint being made,  denied redress—so that, if there ever was 
+a  just  ground  for  going  to  war,  Russia  had  it for  going to  war  with Turkey. 
+She  did not,  however,  on any  occasion,  acquire  any increase  of territory, at 
+least  in  Europe.  I  know  there  was  a  continued  occupation  of  certain 
+points"—(Moldavia  and  Wallachia  are  only  points,  and  the  mouths  of  the 
+25  Danube  are  mere  zeros)—"and  some  additional  acquisitions  on  the  Euxine 
+in  Asia;  but  she  had  an  agreement  with  the  other  European  powers  that 
+success  in  that  war  should  not  lead  to  any  aggrandisement  in  Europe."— 
+(House  of  Commons,  August 7,  1832.) 
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+Your  readers  will  now  understand  Sir  Robert Peel's telling the noble lord, 
+in  a public  session of the house, that "he did not know whose representative 
+he  was." 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr.79,  5. November  1853 
+
+T h i rd  A r t i c l e. 
+
+The  noble  viscount  is  generally  known  as  the  chivalrous  protector  of  the 
+Poles, and never fails to give vent to his painful f eelings with regard to Poland 
+35  before  the  deputations  that wait upon him  once  every year by  "dear,  dully, 
+
+403 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+deadly"  Dudley  Stuart,  "a worthy  who  makes speeches, passes resolutions, 
+votes  addresses,  goes  up  with  deputations,  has  at  all  times  the  necessary 
+quantity  of  confidence  in  the  necessary  individual,  and  can,  also,  if  neces 
+sary,  give  three  cheers  for  the  Queen." 
+
+5 
+
+The  Poles  had been in arms  for  about a month when the  noble lord  came 
+into  office,  in  November,  1830.  As  early  as  August  8th,  1831,  Mr. Hunt 
+presents  to  the  House  of  Commons  a petition from the Westminster Union, 
+in  favour  of  the  Poles,  and  "for  the  dismissal  of  Lord  Palmerston  from  his 
+Majesty's  councils."  Mr. Hume  stated  on  the  same  day he  concluded  from 
+the  silence  of  the  noble  lord  that the  government  "intended to  do  nothing  10 
+for  the  Poles,  but  allow  them  to  remain  at  the  mercy  of  Russia."  Lord 
+Palmerston  replied  that,  "whatever  obligations  existing  treaties  imposed, 
+would  at all times  receive  the  attention of the government." Now, what sort 
+of  obligation  was  there  imposed  in  his  opinion  upon  England  by  existing 
+treaties?  "The  claims  of  Russia,"  he  tells  us  himself,  "to the possession of  15 
+Poland bear the  date  of the treaty of Vienna."-{House  of Commons, July 9, 
+1833.) 
+
+And  that treaty  makes  this  possession  dependent upon the observance of 
+the  Polish constitution by  the  Czar,  but  "the  mere fact of this country being 
+a party to  the  treaty of  Vienna, was  not  synonymous with our guaranteeing  20 
+that  there  would  be  no  infraction  of  that  treaty  by  Russia.  ' M H o u se  of 
+Commons,  March 25,  1834.) 
+
+If  you  guarantee  a  treaty, you do  by no  means  guarantee  the  observance 
+of the treaty.  Thus  answered the Milanese to the Emperor Barbarossa: "You 
+have  had  our  oath,  but remember  we  did  not  swear  to  keep  it." 
+
+25 
+
+For one thing, however, the treaty of Vienna is good. It gives to the British 
+government,  as  one  of  the  contracting  parties,  "a  right  to  entertain  and 
+express  an  opinion  on  any  act  which  tends  to  a  violation  of  that  treaty  . .. 
+The  contracting  parties  to  the  treaties  of  Vienna had a right to require that 
+the  constitution  of  Poland  should  not  be  touched,  and  this  was  an  opinion  30 
+which I  have  not  concealed from the  Russian government.  I  communicated 
+it  by anticipation to  that  government  previous  to  the  taking  of Warsaw,  and 
+before  the  result  of  hostilities  was  known.  I  communicated  it  again  when 
+Warsaw  fell.  The  Russian  government,  however,  took  a  different  view  of 
+the  question."—{House  of  Commons, July 9,  1833.) 
+
+35 
+
+He  is  quietly  anticipating  the  downfall  of  Poland,  and  watches  this  op 
+portunity  for  expressing  and  entertaining  an  opinion  on  certain  articles  of 
+the  treaty  of  Vienna,  persuaded  as  he  is  that  the  magnanimous  Czar  waits 
+only for having crushed the  Polish people by armed force, in order to honour 
+a  constitution  trampled  upon  when  they  were  yet possessed  of unbounded  40 
+means  of  resistance.  Simultaneously  the  noble  lord  charges  the  Poles  with 
+
+404 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Third  Article 
+
+having  "taken  the  uncalled-for,  and,  in  his  opinion,  unjustifiable  step  of the 
+dethronement  of  the  Emperor."—(House  of  Commons,  July  9,  1833.) 
+
+"He  could  also  saythat the Poleswere the aggressors,for they commenced 
+
+the  contest."—(House  of  Commons,  August  7,  1832.) 
+
+5  When  the  apprehensions  for  the  extinction  of  Poland  became  troublesome, 
+he  declared  that  "to  exterminate  Poland,  either  morally or politically, is  so 
+perfectly impracticable that I think there need be no apprehension of its being 
+attempted."—(House  of  Commons,  June  28,  1832.) 
+
+When  reminded  afterwards  of  the  wayward  expectations  thus  held  out, 
+10  he  assures  that  he  had been  misunderstood,  that  he  had  said  so  not in the 
+political but in the Pickwickian sense of the word, meaning that the Emperor 
+of  Russia  was  unable  "to  exterminate  nominally  or physically  so  many 
+millions  of  men  as  the  Polish  kingdom  in  its  divided  state  contained."— 
+(House  of  Commons,  April 20,  1836.) 
+
+15 
+
+When the  house makes  a pretence of interfering during the struggle of the 
+Poles,  he  appeals  to  his  ministerial  responsibility.  When the  thing  is  done, 
+he coolly tells them that "no vote of this house would have the slightest effect 
+in reversing the  decision of Russia."—(House  of  Commons, July 9,  1833.) 
+
+20 
+
+When the  atrocities  committed  by  the  Russians,  after  the  fall  of Warsaw, 
+are  denounced,  he  recommends  to  the  house  great tenderness  towards the 
+Emperor  of  Russia, declaring that "no person could regret more than he  did, 
+the  expressions  which  had  been  uttered,"  (House  of  Commons,  June  28, 
+1832,)  that  "the  present  Emperor  of  Russia was  a man of high and generous 
+feelings"—that  "where  cases  of  undue  severity  on  the  part  of  the  Russian 
+25  government  to  the  Poles  have  occurred,  we  may  set this  down  as  a proof 
+that  the  power  of the  Emperor  of Russia is  practically Umited,  and we  may 
+take  it  for  granted  that  the  Emperor  has,  in  those  instances,  yielded to  the 
+influence  of  others,  rather  than  followed  the  dictates  of  his  spontaneous 
+feelings."—(House  of  Commons,  July  9,  1833.) 
+
+30 
+
+When  the  doom  of  Poland  was  sealed  on  the one  hand,  and on the other 
+the  dissolution  of  the  Turkish  empire became  imminent,  from  the  rebellion 
+of  Mehemet  Ali,  he  assured the house that "affairs  in general were proceed 
+ing  in  a  satisfactory  train."—(House  of  Commons,  January  26,  1832.) 
+
+A  resolution  for  granting  subsidies  to  the  Polish  refugees  having  been 
+35  moved,  it  is  "exceedingly  painful  to  him to  oppose the grant of any  money 
+to  those  individuals  which  the  natural  and  spontaneous  feelings  of  every 
+generous  man  would  lead  him  to  acquiesce in;  but,  it is  not consistent with 
+his  duty  to  propose  any  grant  of  money  to  those  unfortunate  persons."— 
+(House  of  Commons,  March 25,  1834.) 
+
+40 
+
+The  same  tender-hearted  man  had  defrayed  as  we  shall  see  by  and  bye, 
+the  cost  of  Poland's  fall,  to  a great extent,  out  of the pockets  of the  British 
+people. 
+
+405 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+The  noble  lord  has  taken  good  care  to  withhold  all  state  papers  on  the 
+Polish  catastrophe  from  the  parliament.  But  statements  made  in the  House 
+of  Commons  which,  he  did  never  as  much  as  attempt  to  controvert,  leave 
+no  doubt  as  to  the  game  he  played  at  that  fatal  epoch. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+After  the Polish revolution had broken out,  the  Consul  of  Austria did not 
+quit  Warsaw,  and  the  Austrian  government  went  so  far  as to  send  a Polish 
+agent, M. Walewski, to Paris, with the mission of negotiating with the govern 
+ments of France and England about the re-establishment of a Polish kingdom. 
+The  Court  of  the  Tuileries  declared  "it was  ready  to  join  England  in  case 
+of her consenting to the project." Lord Palmerston rejected the offer. In 1831 
+M.de  Talleyrand,  the  Ambassador  of  France,  at  the  Court  of  St. James, 
+proposed  a plan  of  combined  action  on the  part  of  France  and England, but 
+met with  a  distinct refusal,  and  with  a note  from  the  noble  lord,  stating that 
+"an  amicable  intermediation  on  the  Polish  question  would  be  declined  by 
+Russia.  The  powers  had just declined  a  similar  offer  on the  part of  France;  15 
+the  intervention of  the two  Courts  of  France  and  England  could  only be by 
+force  in  case.of  a refusal  on the  part of  Russia,  and  the  amicable  and  satis 
+factory  relations  between  the  Cabinet  of  St. James  and  the  Cabinet  of 
+St. Petersburg,  would  not  allow  his  British  Majesty  to  undertake  such  an 
+interference.  The  time  was  n ot  y et  come  to  undertake  such  a  plan  with  20 
+success against the will of a sovereign, whose rights were indisputable" This 
+was not all.  On February 23,1848, Mr. Anstey made the following declaration 
+in  the  House  of  Commons:—"Sweden  was  arming  her  fleet for  the  purpose 
+of  making  diversion  in  favour  of  Poland,  and  of  regaining  to  herself  the 
+provinces  in the  Baltic, which have been so unjustly wrested from her in the  25 
+last  war.  The  noble  lord  instructed  our  ambassador  at  the  Court  of  Stock 
+holm,  in  a  contrary  sense,  and  Sweden  discontinued  her  armaments.  The 
+Persian  Court had,  with  similar  purpose,  despatched  an army  three  days  on 
+its  march  towards  the  Russian  frontier,  under  the  command  of  the  Persian 
+crown prince.  The  Secretary  of  Legation,  at the Court of Teheran,  Sir John  30 
+McNeill followed the prince, at a distance of three days' marchfrom his head 
+quarters,  overtook  him,  and  there,  under  instructions  from  the  noble  lord, 
+and  in  the  name  of  England,  threatened  Persia  with  war  if  the  prince  ad 
+vanced  another  step towards the Russian frontier.  Similar inducements were 
+used by the noble lord to prevent Turkey from renewing war on her side." 
+
+35 
+
+To  Colonel  Evans  asking  for  the  production  of  papers  with  regard  to 
+Prussia's  violation  of  her  pretended  neutrality in  the  Russo-Polish war,  the 
+noble  lord  objected,  "that  the  ministers  of  this  country  could  not  have 
+witnessed  that  contest  without  the  deepest  regret,  and  it  would  be  most 
+satisfactory for them to see it terminated."—(House of Commons, August 16, 40 
+1831.) 
+
+406 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Third  Article 
+
+Certainly  he  wished  to  see  it terminated  as  soon as possible,  and Prussia 
+
+shared  in  his  feelings. 
+
+10 
+
+On  a  subsequent  occasion,  Mr. H. Gaily  Knight  thus  resumed  the  whole 
+proceedings  of the noble lord with regard to the Polish insurrection:—"There 
+5 is something curiously inconsistent in the proceedings of the noble lord when 
+Russia  is  concerned  . ..  On  the  subject  of  Poland,  the  noble  lord  has  dis 
+appointed  us  again  and  again.  Remember  when  the  noble lord was  pressed 
+to  exert  himself  in  favour  of  Poland,  then  he  admitted  the  justice  of  the 
+cause—the  justice  of  our  complaints;  but he  said,  'Only restrain yourselves 
+at  present,  there  is  an  ambassador  fast  setting  out  of  known  liberal  senti 
+ments,  you may be  sure we will do  all that is  right;  you will only embarrass 
+his  négociation,  if you incense the power with whom he has to deal.  So, take 
+my  advice,  be  quiet  at  present,  and  be  assured  that  a  great  deal  will  be 
+effected.'  We  trusted  to  those  assurances;  the  Uberai  ambassador  went; 
+15  whether  he  ever  approached  the  subject  or  not,  was  never  known,  but  all 
+we  got  were  the  fine  words  of  the  noble  lord,  and  no  results."—(House  of 
+Commons,  July  13,  1840.) 
+
+The  so-called  kingdom  of  Poland  having  disappeared  from  the  map  of 
+Europe, there remained  still, in the free town of Cracow, a fantastic remnant 
+20  of  Polish  nationality.  The  Czar  Alexander  had,  during  the  general  anarchy 
+resulting  from  the  fall  of  the  French  empire,  not  conquered  the  Duchy  of 
+Warsaw, but simply seized it, and wished, of course, to keep it, together with 
+Cracow, incorporated with the Duchy by Bonaparte. Austria, once possessed 
+of Cracow, wished to have it back. The Czar being unable to obtain it himself 
+and unwilling to concede it to Austria, proposed to constitute it as a free town. 
+Accordingly the  treaty of  Vienna  stipulated in  article  VI.,  "that the  town of 
+Cracow  with  the  territory  is  to be  for ever a free,  independent,  and  strictly 
+neutral  city,  under  the  protection  of  Austria,  Russia,  and  Prussia,"  and  in 
+its  article  IX.  "that  the  Courts  of  Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia  engage  to 
+respect,  and to  cause  to  be  always respected, the neutrality of the free town 
+of Cracow and its territory.  No armed force shall be introduced upon any 
+pretence  whatever." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  Polish  insurrection  of  1830-31,  the 
+Russian troops  suddenly entered Cracow, the occupation of which lasted two 
+35  months.  This, however, was considered as a transitory necessity of war, and 
+
+in the  turmoil  of  that  time,  was  soon  forgotten. 
+
+In  1836,  Cracow  was  again occupied by the troops of Austria, Russia, and 
+Prussia,  on  the  pretext  of forcing the  authorities  of Cracow to  deliver up the 
+individuals  concerned  in  the  Polish  revolution  five  years  before.  The  con-
+stitution  of Cracow was  abrogated, the three consular residencers  assumed 
+the  highest  authority—the police  was  entrusted to Austrian spies—the  senate 
+
+40 
+
+407 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+was  overthrown—the tribunals were  destroyed—the university of Cracow put 
+down in consequence of the prohibitions  to the neighbouring provinces—and 
+the  commerce  of  the  free  city  with the  surrounding  countries  destroyed. 
+
+5 
+
+On  March  18th,  1836,  when  interpellated  on  the  occupation  of  Cracow, 
+the  noble  viscount  declared  that  occupation  to  be  of  a  merely  transitory 
+character.  Of  so  palliative  and apologetic a kind was the construction he put 
+on the doings of his three northern allies, that he felt himself obliged suddenly 
+to  stop  and to interrupt the even course  of his  speech by the  solemn declara 
+tion  "I  stand  not  up  here  to  defend  the  measure,  which,  on  the contrary,  I 
+m u st  censure  and  condemn.  I  have  merely  stated  those  circumstances  10 
+which,  though they  do  not excuse  the  forcible occupation of Cracow, might 
+yet afford a justification, etc 
+"  He  admits that the treaty of Vienna bound 
+the  three  Powers  to  abstain  from  any  step  without the  previous  consent of 
+England,  but,  "they  may  be  justly  said  to  have  paid  an  in  voluntary  homage 
+to the justice  and plain dealing of this  country, by  supposing that we  would  15 
+never  give  our  assent  to  such  a  proceeding." 
+
+Mr.Patrick  M.Stewart  having,  however,  found  out  that  there  existed 
+better  means  for  the  preservation  of  Cracow  than  the  "abstention  from 
+remonstrance,"  moved  on  April  20,  1836,  that  the  government  should  be 
+ordered to  send a representation to the free town of Cracow as consul, there 
+being three  consuls  there from  the  three  Northern Powers. The joint arrival 
+of an English and French consul at Cracow would prove an event. The noble 
+viscount  seeing  that  the  majority  of  the  house  was  for  the  motion,  induced 
+Mr.  Stewart to withdraw it by  solemnly pledging himself that the government 
+"intended  to  send  a  consular  agent to  Cracow."  On  March 22,  1837,  being  25 
+reminded  by  Lord  Dudley  Stuart  of  his  promise,  the  noble  lord  answered 
+that  "he  had  altered  his  intention,  and  had  not  sent  a  consular  agent  to 
+Cracow,  and  it  was  not  at  present  his  intention  to  do  so."  Lord  D. Stuart 
+having given notice that he  should move for papers elucidatory of this singu 
+lar declaration, the  noble viscount  succeeded in defeating the motion by the 
+simple process of being absent and of causing the house  to be counted out. 
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+In  1840, the "temporary"  occupation continued, and the people of Cracow 
+had  addressed  a  memorandum  to  the  governments  of  France  and  England, 
+which  says,  amongst  other  things:—"The  misfortunes  which  overwhelm the 
+free  city  of  Cracow  and  its  inhabitants,  are  such  that  the  undersigned  see  35 
+no further hope for themselves  and their fellow  citizens  than in the  powerful 
+and  enlightened  protection  of  the  governments  of  France  and England.  The 
+situation in  which they  find themselves  placed,  gives  them  a right to invoke 
+the  intervention of  every  power  that  subscribed  to  the  treaty  of Vienna." 
+
+Being  interrogated  on  July  13th,  1840,  about this  petition  from  Cracow,  40 
+
+the  noble  viscount  declared  "that  between  Austria  and  the  British govern-
+
+408 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Third  Article 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+ment the  question of the  evacuation  of  Cracow remained only a question of 
+time."  As  to  the  violation  of  the  treaty of Vienna  "there were  no  means  of 
+enforcing the opinions of England,  supposing that this country was disposed 
+to  do  so  by  arms,  because  Cracow was  evidently a place  where  no  English 
+action  could  possibly  take  place."  Be  it  remarked  that two  days  after  this 
+declaration  the  noble  lord  concluded  a  treaty  with  Russia,  Austria,  and 
+Prussia for  closing the  Black  Sea to the English navy, probably in order that 
+no  English action could  take  place in those quarters. It was at the very same 
+time  that the  noble  lord  renewed  a Holy  Alliance  with those Powers  against 
+10  France.  As  to  the  commercial  loss  sustained by England, consequent upon 
+the  occupation  of  Cracow,  the  noble  lord demonstrated that "the amount of 
+general  exports  to  Germany had  not  fallen  off,"  which,  as  Sir  Robert  Peel 
+justly remarked,  had nothing to  do with Cracow.  As to  his intentions on the 
+subject  and  to  the  consular  agent to  be  sent  to  Cracow,  "he thought that his 
+experience  of  the  manner  in  which  his  unfortunate  assertion  (made  by the 
+noble  lord  in  1836,  in  order  to  escape  from  the  censure  of  a hostile  house) 
+of  an intention  to  appoint  a British  Consul  at  Cracow, had been taken up by 
+honourable  gentlemen  opposite,  justified  him  in  positively  refusing to  give 
+any  answer  to  such  a  question,  which  might  expose  him  to  similar  un-
+justifiable  attacks."  On  August  17,1846, he  stated that "whether the treaty 
+of  Vienna is, or is not executed and fulfilled by the Great Powers of Europe, 
+depends  not  upon  the  presence  of  a  consular  agent  at  Cracow."  On  Janu 
+ary  28,1847,  when  again  asked  for  the  production  of papers  relative  to  the 
+non-appointment oí  a British Consul  at Cracow, he  declared that "the  subject 
+25  had  no  necessary  connexion  with  the  discussion  on  the  incorporation  of 
+Cracow, and he saw no advantage in reviving an angry discussion on a subject 
+which  had  only  a passing interest."  He  proved  true  to  his  opinion  on the 
+production  of  state  papers,  pronounced  on March  17,1837:—"If  the  papers 
+bear  upon  questions  now  under  consideration,  their  production  would  be 
+30  dangerous;  if  they  refer  to  questions  that  are  gone  by,  they  can obviously 
+
+20 
+
+be of no use." 
+
+35 
+
+The  British  government  was  very  exactly informed  of the  importance  of 
+Cracow, not only from a. political but also from a commercial point of view, 
+their  own  Consul  at  Warsaw,  Colonel  Duplat  having  reported  to  them that 
+"Cracow,  since its elevation into  an independent  state, has  always been the 
+depot  of  very  considerable  quantities  of  English  merchandise  sent  thither 
+by the  Black  Sea,  Moldavia,  and  Gallicia,  and  even  via Trieste;  and which 
+afterwards find their way to  the surrounding countries. In the course of years 
+it came into railway communication with the great Unes of Bohemia, Prussia, 
+40  and  Austria  . ..  It  is  also  the  central  point of  the  important  line  of  railway 
+communication  between  the  Adriatic  and  the  Baltic.  It  will  come  in  direct 
+
+409 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+communication of the  same  description with W a r s a w . .. Looking, therefore, 
+to the  almost certainty  of  every  great point of the  Levant, and even of India 
+and  China,  finding  its  way  up  the  Adriatic,  it cannot be  denied that it must 
+be  of  the  greatest  commercial  importance,  even  to  England,  to  have  such 
+a  station as  Cracow, in the centre of the great net of railways connecting the 
+Western  and  Eastern  Continent." 
+
+5 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  himself  was  obliged  to  confess  to  the  house  that  the 
+Cracow  insurrection  of  1846  had  been intentionally  provoked by  the  Three 
+Powers.  "I  believe  the  original  entrance  of  the  Austrian  troops  into  the 
+territory  of  Cracow was in consequence  of an  application from the govern-  10 
+ment.  But,  then,  those  Austrian  troops  retired.  Why they retired  has  never 
+yet  been  explained.  With  them  retired  the  government  and  the  authorities 
+of  Cracow ; the  immediate,  at least,  the  early  consequence of that retirement, 
+was  the  establishment  of  a  provisional  government  at  Cracow."  (House  of 
+Commons, Aug. 17,  1846.) 
+
+15 
+
+On  the  22nd  of  February,  1846,  the  army  of  Austria,  and  afterwards  of 
+Russia  and  Prussia,  took  possession  of  Cracow.  On  the  26th  of  the  same 
+month  the  Prefect  of  Tarnow  issued  his  proclamation  calling  upon  the 
+peasants  to  murder  their  proprietors,  and  promising  them  "a  sufficient 
+recompence,  in money,"  which proclamation was followed by the Gallician  20 
+atrocities,  and  the  massacre  of  about  2,000  proprietors.  On  March  the 
+12th  appeared  the  Austrian  proclamation  to  the  "faithful  Gallicians  having 
+aroused themselves for the maintenance of order and law,  and destroyed the 
+enemies  of  order."  In the  official  "Gazette"  of  April 28th, Prince  Frederick 
+of  Schwarzenberg  stated  that  "the  acts  that  had  taken  place  had  been  25 
+authorised  by  the  Austrian  government,"  which,  of  course,  acted  on  a 
+common plan with Russia  and with Prussia,  the  footman of  the  Czar.  Now, 
+after  all  these  abominations  had  passed,  Lord  Palmerston  thought  fit  to 
+declare  in the  house,  "I  have  too  high an opinion of the  sense of justice and 
+of right that must animate  the governments of Austria, Russia, and Prussia,  30 
+to believe that they can feel  any disposition or intention to deal with Cracow 
+otherwise  than  Cracow  is  entitled  by  treaty-engagements  to  be  dealt with." 
+(House  of  Commons,  Aug.  17th,  1846.) 
+
+For the  noble  lord  the  only business  in hand was  to  get rid of parliament, 
+the  session  drawing  to  a  close.  He  assured the Commons that "on the part  35 
+of  the  British  government  everything  shall  be  done  to  ensure  a due  respect 
+being  paid to  the  provisions of the treaty of Vienna."  Mr. Hume, giving vent 
+to  his  doubts  about  Lord Palmerston's  "intention to  cause  the  Austro-Rus-
+sian  troops  to  retire  from  Cracow,"  the  noble  lord  begged of the  house  not 
+to give  credence to the  statements made  by Mr. Hume,  as  he was in posses-  40 
+sion of better information,  and was  convinced that the occupation of Cracow 
+
+410 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Third  Article 
+
+5 
+
+was  only  a  " t e m p o r a r y"  one.  The parliament of  1846 having been got rid 
+of, in the  same  manner  as  that  of  1853,  out came the  Austrian proclamation 
+of November  11th,  1846, incorporating Cracow into the Austrian dominions. 
+When  parliament  re-assembled  on  January  19th,  1847,  it  was  informed  by 
+the  Queen's  Speech  that  Cracow  was  gone,  but  that there  remained  in  its 
+place  a  protest on the  part  of the brave  Palmerston.  To  deprive this  protest 
+of  even  the  appearance  of  a  meaning,  the  noble lord  contrived  at that very 
+epoch  to  engage,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Spanish  marriages,  England  in  a 
+quarrel  with  France,  very  near  setting  the  two  countries  by  the  ears,  as  he 
+10  was  twitted  in  the  teeth  by  Mr. Smith  O'Brien.  The  French  government 
+having  applied  to  him  for  his  co-operation  in  a  joint  protest  against  the 
+incorporation  of  Cracow, Lord Normanby, under instructions from the noble 
+viscount,  answered  that  the  outrage  of  which  Austria  had  been  guilty  in 
+annexing  Cracow was  not greater than that of  France in effecting  a marriage 
+15 between the Duke of Montpensier and the Spanish Inf anta—the one act being 
+a  violation  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  and  the  other  of  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 
+Now,  the  treaty of  Utrecht, renewed  in  1782,  was  definitively  abrogated by 
+the  Anti-Jacobin  war;  and  had,  therefore,  ever  since  1792  ceased  to  exist. 
+There  was  no  man  in  the  house  better  informed  of  this  circumstance  than 
+the noble lord,  as he had  stated himself on the occasion of the blockades of 
+Mexico  and Buenos Ayres, that "the provisions of the treaty of Utrecht have 
+long  lapsed  in  the variations  of  war,  with the  exception of the  single  clause 
+relating to  the  boundaries  of Brazil and  French Guyana, because that clause 
+had  been  expressly  incorporated  in  the  treaty  of  Vienna." 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+We  have  not  yet  done  with  the  exertions  of  the  noble  lord  for  resisting 
+
+the  encroachments  of  Russia  on  Poland. 
+
+There  existed  a  curious  convention between England,  Holland,  and  Rus 
+sia—the so-called Russian Dutch loan. During the Anti-Jacobin war the Czar 
+Alexander had  contracted a loan with Messrs.  Hope and  Co., at Amsterdam ; 
+and  after  the  fall  of  Buonaparte,  the  King  of  the  Netherlands  "deshed  to 
+make  a  suitable return to  the  Allied Powers  for having  delivered  his territo 
+ries,"  and  for  having  annexed  to  his  own  Belgium,  upon  which  he  had  no 
+claim  whatever,  and  engaged  himself—the  other  Powers  waiving their  com 
+mon pretensions in favour of Russia, then in great need of money—to execute 
+a  convention  with  Russia  for  paying  her  by  successive  instalments  the 
+twenty-five  millions  of florins  she  owed to  Messrs.  Hope  and Co.  England, 
+in  Order  to  cover  the  robbery  she  had  comitted on Holland, of  her  colonies 
+at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Demerara,  Essequibo,  and  Berbice,  became  a 
+party  to  that  convention,  and  bound  herself  to  pay  a  certain  proportion  of 
+the  subsidies  granted  to  Russia.  This  stipulation became  part  of  the  treaty 
+of  Vienna,  but  upon  the  express  condition  "that  the  payment  should  cease 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+411 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+if the  union between  Holland  and  Belgium were  broken prior to the liquida 
+tion  of the  debt." When Belgium  separated itself by revolution from Holland, 
+she  of  course  refused  to  pay  her  portion  to Russia.  On the other hand, there 
+remained,  Mr.Herries  stated,  "not  the  smallest  iota  of  a  claim  on  the  part 
+of  Russia  for  the  continuance  of  debt  by  England."  (House  of  Commons, 
+Jan. 26,  1832.) 
+
+Lord Palmerston, however, found it quite natural that,  "atone time Russia 
+is paid for  supporting the union of Belgium with Holland,  and that at another 
+time  she  is  paid  for  the  separation  of  these  countries."  (House  of  Com 
+mons,  July  16th,  1832.) 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+He  appealed  in  a  very  tragical  manner  to  the  faithful  observance  of 
+treaties—and  above  all,  of  the  treaty  of  Vienna;  and  he  contrived  to  carry 
+a new  convention with Russia,  dated  16th November,  1831, in the preamble 
+of  which  it  is  expressly  stated  that  it is  contracted  "in consideration of the 
+general  arrangement^  of  the  Congress  of  Vienna  which  remain  in  full  15 
+force." 
+
+When the  convention relating to  the  Russo-Dutch loan,  had been inserted 
+in  the  treaty  of  Vienna,  the  Duke  of  Wellington  exclaimed—"This  is  a 
+master-stroke  of  diplomacy  on  the  part of  Lord  Castlereagh; for Russia has 
+been  tied  down  to  the  observance  of  the  Vienna  treaty  by  a  pecuniary  20 
+obligation." When Russia, therefore, withdrew her observance of the Vienna 
+treaty  by  the  Cracow  confiscation,  Mr. Hume  moved  to  stop  any  further 
+payment to  Russia from  the  British Treasury. The noble viscount, however, 
+thought that  although Russia had  a right to  violate the treaty of Vienna with 
+regard  to  Poland,  England  remained  tied  to  the  treaty  with  regard  to  Russia.  25 
+
+But this is not the most extraordinary incident of the noble lord's proceed 
+ings. After the Belgian revolution had broken out, and before parliament had 
+sanctioned  the  new  loan to  Russia,  the  noble  lord  defrayed the  costs  of the 
+Russian war  against Poland,  under  the false  pretext of paying off the old debt 
+contracted by  England  in  1815,  although  we  may  state,  on the authority of  30 
+the  greatest  English  lawyer,  Sir  E. Sugden,  now  Lord  St. Leonards,  that 
+"there  was  not  a single debatable point in that question,  and the government 
+had  no  power  whatever  of  paying  a  shilling  of  the  money."  (House  of 
+Commons,  Jan. 26,  1832.)  And  on the  authority  of  Sir Robert Peel that  "the 
+noble lord was  not warrantable bylaw in advancing the money." (House of  35 
+Commons, July  12,  1832.) 
+
+Now  we  understand  why  the  noble  lord  is  reiterating  on  every  occasion 
+that  "nothing can be  more  painful to  a man of proper feeling than discussions 
+upon  the  subject  of  Poland." 
+
+412 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fourth  Article 
+
+F o u r th  A r t i c l e. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 80,  12. November  1853 
+
+5 
+
+The  great  and  eternal  themes  of  the  noble  viscount's  self-glorification  are 
+the  services  he  has  rendered  to  the  cause  of  constitutional  liberty  aU  over 
+the  continent.  The  world  owes  him,  indeed,  the  invention  of  the  "con-
+stitutional"  kingdoms  of Portugal,  Spain,  and Greece,—three political phan 
+toms,  only  to  be  compared  with  the  homunculus  of  Faust's  "Wagner." 
+Portugal,  under  the  yoke  of  that  huge  hill of flesh,  Donna Maria da  Gloria, 
+backed by  a Coburg,  "must be looked upon as one of the  substantive powers 
+of  Europe."  (House  of  Commons,  March  10,  1837.) 
+
+10 
+
+At the very  time the noble viscount uttered these words,  six British ships 
+of the line anchored at Lisbon, in order to defend the "substantive" daughter 
+of  Don  Pedro  from  the  Portuguese  people,  and  to  help  her  to  destroy  the 
+constitution  she  had  sworn  to  defend.  Spain,  at  the  disposition  of  another 
+Maria, who,  although a notorious sinner, has never found a Magdalen, "holds 
+15  out  to  us  a  fair,  a  flourishing,  and  even  a  formidable  power  among  the 
+European  kingdoms."  (Speech  of  Lord  Palmerston,  H.  of  C,  March  10, 
+1837.) 
+
+20 
+
+Formidable,  indeed,  to  the  holders  of  Spanish bonds.  The  noble  lord  has 
+even his reasons ready for having delivered the native country of the Pericles 
+and the Sophocles to the nominal sway of an idiot Bavarian boy. "King Otho 
+belongs  to  a  country  where  there  exists  a  free  Constitution."  (H.  of  C, 
+August  8,  1832.) 
+
+25 
+
+A free  constitution in Bavaria, the German Bceotia! This passes the licentia 
+poetica of  rhetorical  flourish,  the  "legitimate  hopes"  held  out by Spain,  and 
+the "substantive" power of Portugal. As to Belgium, all Lord Palmerston did 
+for  it  was,  burdening  it  with  a  part  of  the  Dutch  debt,  reducing  it  by  the 
+Province of Luxemburg,  and adding to it a Coburg dynasty. As to the  entente 
+cordiale  with  France,  waning  from  the  moment  he  pretended  to  give  it  the 
+finish by  the  Quadruple  Alliance  of  1834,  we  have  already  seen how  far the 
+30  noble  lord  understood  to  manage  it  in the  instance  of Poland,  and we  shall 
+
+hear,  by  and  bye,  what  became  of  it  in  his  hands. 
+
+One  of  those  facts,  hardly  adverted  to  by  contemporaries,  but  broadly 
+marking the boundaries  of historical epochs, was the military occupation of 
+Constantinople  by  the  Russians,  in  1833. 
+
+35 
+
+The  eternal  dream  of  Russia was  at last realised.  The barbarian from  the 
+icy banks  of the  Newa held in his  grasp luxurious Byzantium, and the  sunlit 
+shores  of  the  Bosphorus.  The  self-styled  heir  to  the  Greek Emperors  occu 
+pied,  however  temporarily,  the  Rome  of  the  East. 
+
+413 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+"The  occupation  of  Constantinople  by  Russian  troops  sealed  the  fate  of 
+Turkey  as  an  independent  power.  The  fact  of  Russia having  occupied  Con 
+stantinople  even  for  the  purpose  (?)  of  saving  it,  was  as  decisive  a blow  to 
+Turkish  independence  as  if the  flag  of Russia now waved  on the  Seraglio." 
+(Speech  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,  H.  of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+5 
+
+In  consequence  of the  unfortunate  war of  1828-29,  the  Porte  had lost her 
+prestige  in  the  eyes  of  her  own  subjects.  As  usual  with  Oriental  empires, 
+when the paramount power is weakened,  successful revolts of Pachas broke 
+out.  As  early  as  October,  1831,  commenced the  conflict between the Sultan 
+and  Mehemet  Ali,  the Pasha of Egypt, who  had  supported the Porte during  10 
+the Greek insurrection. In the spring of 1832, Ibrahim Pasha, his son, marched 
+his  army into  Syria,  conquered that province, by the Battle of Horns, crossed 
+the  Taurus,  annihilated  the  last  Turkish  army  at  the  battle  of  Coniah,  and 
+moved on the way to  Stamboul. The Sultan was forced to apply to St. Peters-
+burgh,  on Feb. 2,1833. On February 17, the French Admiral Roussin arrived  15 
+at  Constantinople,  remonstrated  with  the  Porte  two  days  afterwards,  and 
+engaged  for  the  retreat  of  the  Pasha on  certain terms,  including  the  refusal 
+of  Russian  assistance;  but,  unassisted  as  he was,  he  was,  of  course,  unable 
+to  cope  with  Russia.  "You  have  asked for  me,  and you  shall have  me."  On 
+February  20,  a Russian squadron  sailed from  Sebastopol,  and disembarked  20 
+a large force of Russian troops on the  shores of the Bosphorus, and laid siege 
+to  the  capital.  So  eager  was  Russia  for  the  protection  of  Turkey,  that  a 
+Russian officer was  simultaneously  dispatched to the Pashas of Erzerum and 
+Trebizond,  to  inform  them  that,  in  the  event  of  Ibrahim's  army  marching 
+towards  Erzerum,  both  that  place  and  Trebizond  should  be  immediately  25 
+protected by  a Russian army.  At the end of May,  1833, Count Orloff  arrived 
+from  St. Petersburgh,  and  intimated  to  the  Sultan  that  he  had brought with 
+him  a  little  bit  of  paper,  which  the  Sultan  was  to  subscribe  to,  without the 
+concurrence  of  any  minister,  and without the diplomatic agent, at the Porte. 
+In this  manner  the  famous  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi was brought about and  30 
+concluded for  eight years to come.  By virtue  of it the  Porte  entered  into  an 
+alliance,  offensive  and  defensive  with  Russia,  resigned  the  right  of  entering 
+into  any  new  treaties  with  other  powers,  except  with  the  concurrence  of 
+Russia,  and  confirmed  the  former  Russo-Turkish treaties,  especially that of 
+Adrianople.  By  a  secret  article,  appended  to  the  treaty,  the  Porte  obliged  35 
+herself,  "in  favour  of  the  Imperial  Court  of  Russia,  to  close  the  Straits  of 
+the  Dardanelles—viz.,  not  to  allow  any  foreign  man-of-war  to  enter  it under 
+any  pretext  whatever." 
+
+Whom  was  the  Czar  indebted  to  for  occupying  Constantinople  by  his 
+troops,  and  for  transferring,  by  virtue  of  the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi, the  40 
+supreme  seat  of  the  Ottoman  empire,  from  Constantinople  to  S t P e t e r s-
+
+414 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fourth  Article 
+
+burgh?  To  nobody  else  but  to  the  Right  Honourable  Henry  John  Viscount 
+Palmerston,  Baron  Temple,  a  Peer  of  Ireland,  a  Member  of  His  Majesty's 
+Most Hon.  Privy Council, Knight of the  Great Cross of the Most Honourable 
+Order  of  the  Bath,  a  Member  of  Parliament,  and  His  Majesty's  Principal 
+
+5  Secretary  of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs. 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+The  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  was  concluded  on  July  8th,  1833.  On  July 
+11th,  1833, Mr. H. L. Bulwer moved for the production of papers with respect 
+to  the  Turco-Syrian  affairs.  The  noble  lord  opposed  the  motion,  "because 
+the  transactions  to  which  the  papers  called  for  referred,  were  incomplete, 
+and  the  character  of  the whole transaction would depend upon its termina 
+tion.  As  the  results  were  not  yet  known,  the  motion  was  premature."—(H. 
+of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+Accused  by  Mr. Bulwer  of  not  having  interfered  for  the  defence  of  the 
+Sultan against  Mehemed Ah,  and not having thus  prevented the  advance  of 
+the Russian army, he began that curious system of defence and of confession, 
+developed  on  later  occasions,  the  membra  disjecta  of  which  I  shall  now 
+gather  together. 
+
+"He  was not prepared to deny, that the latter part of last year an application 
+was  made  on  the  part  of  the  Sultan  to  the  country  for  assistance."—(H.  of 
+
+20  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+The  Porte  made  formal  application  for  assistance  in  the  course  of  Au-
+
+gust.-(H.  of  C,  August  24,  1833.) 
+
+No, not in August.  "The request of the Porte for naval assistance had been 
+
+made  in  the  month  of  October,  1832."-(H.  of  C,  August  28,  1833.) 
+
+25 
+
+No,  it  was  not  in  October.  "Its  assistance  was  asked  by  the  Porte  in 
+
+November  1832."-(H.  of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+30 
+
+The  noble  lord  is  as uncertain of the  day when the Porte implored his aid, 
+as  Falstaff  was  of  the  number  of rogues  in buckram  suits,  who came  at his 
+back,  in  Kendal  green.  He  is  not prepared,  however,  to deny that the  armed 
+assistance  offered  by  Russia  was  rejected  by  the  Porte,  and  that  he  was 
+applied to. He refused to comply with her demands. The Porte did again apply 
+to  the  noble  lord.  First  she  sent  M. Maurojeni  to  London;  then  she  sent 
+Nehmik  Pasha,  who  entreated  the  assistance  of  a  naval  squadron  on  the 
+condition  of  the  Sultan undertaking to defray all the expenses of that  squad-
+ron,  and  promising  in  future  requital  for  that  succour,  the  grant  of  new 
+commercial privileges,  and advantages to  British  subjects  in Turkey.  So sure 
+was  Russia  of  the  noble  lord's  refusal,  that  she  joined  the  Turkish  Envoy 
+in  praying  his  lordship  for  the  affording  of  the  demanded  succour.  He  tells 
+us  himself,  "It  was  but  justice  that he  should  state,  that  so  far  from  Russia 
+40 having expressed any jealousy as to this government granting this assistance, 
+the  Russian Ambassador  officially  communicated  to  him,  while  the  request 
+
+35 
+
+415 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+was  still under the consideration, that he had learned that such an application 
+had  been  made,  and  that,  from  the  interest  taken  by  Russia  in  the  main 
+tenance  and  preservation  of the Turkish empire, it would afford  satisfaction 
+if  ministers  could  find  themselves  able  to  comply  with  that  request."—(H. 
+of  C,  August 28,  1833.) 
+
+5 
+
+The  noble lord remained, however, inexorable to the demands of the Porte, 
+although backed  by  disinterested  Russia herself.  Then,  of  course,  the  Porte 
+knew  what  she  was  about.  She  understood  that  she  was  doomed  to  make 
+the  wolf  shepherd.  Still  she  hesitated,  and  did not accept the Russian assist 
+ance  till  three  months  later.  "Great  Britain,"  says  the  noble  lord,  "never  10 
+complained of Russia granting that assistance, but, on the contrary, was glad 
+that Turkey had been  able  to  obtain  effectual  relief  from  any quarter."—(H. 
+of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+At  whatever  epoch the  Porte  may  have  implored  the  aid  of  Lord  Palmer 
+ston,  he  cannot but  own,  "No  doubt  if  England  had  thought fit to  interfere, 
+the progress  of the invading army would  have been  stopped,  and the Russian 
+troops  would not have  been called in."-(H.  of C, July  11,  1833.) 
+
+15 
+
+Why  then  did he  not  "think fit" to  interfere  and  to  keep  the Russians  out? 
+First he pleads  want of time.  According to his own statement the conflict 
+between  the  Porte  and  Mehemed  Ali  arose  as early as  October  1831, while  20 
+the  decisive  battle  of  Koniah  was  not fought till December 21,1832.  Could 
+he  find  no  time  during  all  this  period?  A  great  battle  was  won  by  Ibrahim 
+Pasha in  July  1832,  and  again  he  could  find no  time  from  July to December. 
+But  he  was  all  that  time  waiting  for  a formal application,  which,  according 
+to  his  last  version,  was  not  made till the 3rd of November.  "Was  he then,"  25 
+asks  Sir  Robert  Peel,  "so  ignorant  of  what  was  passing  in the  Levant,  that 
+he must wait for a formal application?"  (H.  of  C,  March  17,1834.) And from 
+November,  when  the  formal  application  was  made,  to  the  latter  part  of 
+February,  there  elapsed  again  four  long  months,  and  Russia  did  not  arrive 
+until  February 20,  1833.  Why  did  not  he? 
+But  he  has  better  reasons  in  reserve. 
+The  Pasha  of  Egypt  was  but  a rebellious  subject,  and the  Sultan was  the 
+Suzerain.  "As  it  was  a  war  against  the  sovereign  by  a  subject,  and  that 
+sovereign  was  in  alliance  with  the  King  of  England,  it  would  have  been 
+inconsistent with good faith to have had  any communication with the Pasha." 
+(H.  of  C,  August 28,1833.)  E t i q u e t te  prevented the noble lord from  stop 
+ping  Ibrahim's  armies.  Etiquette  forbade  him  giving  instructions  to  his 
+Consul  at  Alexandria  to  use  his  influence  with  Mehemed  Ali.  Like  the 
+Spanish  Grandee,  the  noble  lord  would  rather  let  the  Queen  burn  to  ashes 
+than  infringe  on  etiquette  and  interfere with the  petticoats.  Perchance  it  so  40 
+appears  that  the  noble  lord  had  already  in  1832,  accredited  consuls  and 
+
+35 
+
+30 
+
+416 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fourth  Article 
+
+diplomatic  agents  to  the  "subject"  of the  Sultan without the  consent of the 
+Sultan,  that  he  entered into  treaties  with  Mehemed altering existing regula 
+tions  and arrangements  touching matters of trade and revenue  and establish 
+ing other  ones  in their rooms; that he did so without the consent of the Porte 
+beforehand,  or  caring  for  its  approbation  afterwards—(H.  of  C,  February 
+23,  1848.) 
+
+5 
+
+Accordingly, we are told by Earl Grey, the then chief of the noble viscount 
+that  "They had at the moment extensive commercial relations with Mehemed 
+Ali which it would not have been their interest to disturb."—(House of Lords, 
+
+10  February 4,  1834.) 
+
+What  commercial  relations  with  the  "rebellious  subject." 
+But the noble viscount's fleets were occupied in the Douro, and the Tagus, 
+and blockading  the  Scheldt, and  doing the  service of the midwife at the birth 
+of  the  constitutional  empires  of  Portugal,  Spain,  and  Belgium,  and  he was, 
+therefore,  not  in  a  situation to  spare  one  single  ship.—(H.  of  C.,  March  17, 
+1834,  and  House  of  Lords,  February  4,  1834.) 
+
+15 
+
+But what the  Sultan insisted  on was  precisely  naval  assistance.  For  argu 
+ment's  sake  we  will  grant  the  noble  lord  to  have been unable to  dispose  of 
+one  single  vessel.  But  there  are  great authorities  assuring us  that what was 
+20 wanted was not a single vessel, but only a single word on the part of the noble 
+lord.  There  is  Admiral  Codrington,  the  destroyer  of  the  Turkish  fleet  at 
+Navarino.  "Mehemed  Ah,"  he  states,  "had  of  old  felt  the  strength  of  our 
+representations  on the  subject  of  the  evacuation of  the  Morea.  He had  then 
+received  orders  from  the  Porte  to  resist  all  applications  to  induce  him  to 
+evacuate  it  at  the  risk of  his  head,  and he  did resist accordingly, but at last 
+prudently  yielded  and  evacuated  the  Morea."—(H.  of  C,  April  20,1836.) 
+
+25 
+
+There  is  the  Duke  of Wellington.  "If,  in the  session of  1832 or  1833, they 
+had plainly told  Mehemed Ali, that he  should not carry on his contest in Syria 
+and  Asia  Minor,  they  would  have  put an end  to  the  war without the  risk of 
+allowing  the  Emperor  of  Russia  to  send  a  fleet  and  an  army  to  Con 
+stantinople."—(House  of  Lords,  Feb. 4,  1834.) 
+
+30 
+
+But  there  are  better  authorities.  There  is  the  noble  lord  himself.  "Al 
+though,"  he  says,  "his  Majesty's  government  did  not  comply  with  the  de 
+mand  of  the  Sultan for naval assistance, yet the moral assistance of England 
+35  was  afforded;  and  the  communications  made  by the  British government to 
+the  Pasha  of  Egypt,  and  to  forahim  Pasha,  commanding in Asia Minor,  did 
+materially  contribute  to  bring  about that arrangement (of Kutayah) between 
+the  Sultan  and  the  Pasha,  by  which  that  war  was  terminated.'"—(H.  of  C, 
+March  17,1834.)  There is  Lord Derby,  then  Lord  Stanley,  and  a member of 
+the  Palmerston  Cabinet,  who  "boldly asserts that what stopped the progress 
+of Mehemet AU, was the distinct declaration of France and England that they 
+
+40 
+
+417 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+would  not  permit  the  occupation  of  Constantinople  by  his  troops."—(H.  of 
+C,  March  17,  1834). 
+
+Thus  then,  according  to  Lord  Derby  and  to  Lord  Palmerston  himself,  it 
+was  not  the  Russian  squadron  and  army  at  Constantinople,  but  it  was  a 
+distinct declaration on  the  part of the British consular agent at Alexandria, 
+that  stopped  Ibrahim's  victorious  march upon  Constantinople,  and  brought 
+about  the  arrangement  of  Kutayah,  by  virtue  of  which  Mehemed  Ali  ob 
+tained,  besides  Egypt,  the  Pashalik  of  Syria,  of  Adana  and  other  places, 
+added  as an appendage. But the noble lord thought fit not to allow his consul 
+at Alexandria to make this distinct declaration till after the Turkish army was 
+annihilated,  Constantinople  overrun  by  the  Cossack,  the  treaty  of  Unkiar 
+Skelessi  signed  by  the  Sultan,  and  pocketed  by  the  Czar. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+If  want  of  time  and  want  of  fleets,  forbade  the  noble  lord  to  assist  the 
+Sultan,  and  a  superfluity  of  etiquette  to  check  the  Pasha,  did  he  at  least 
+employ  his  ambassador  at  Constantinople  to  guard  against  excessive  in-  15 
+fluence  on the  part  of  Russia,  and to  keep  her  influence  confined to narrow 
+bounds?  Quite  the  contrary.  In order  not to  clog the  movements  of Russia, 
+the noble lord took good care to have no  ambassador at all at Constantinople 
+during  the  most  fatal  period  of  the  crisis. 
+
+"If ever there was a country in which the weight and station of an ambassa-  20 
+
+dor  were  useful—or  a  period  in  which  that  weight  and  station  might  be 
+advantageously  exerted—that  country  was  Turkey,  during  the  six  months 
+before the  8th of July."-(Speech of Lord  Mahon,  H.  of  C,  April 20,1836.) 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  tells  us,  that  the  British  Ambassador,  Sir  Stratford 
+
+Canning,  left Constantinople in  September,  1832—that Lord Ponsonby, then  25 
+at  Naples,  was  appointed  in  his  place  in  November  and  that  "difficulties 
+experienced  in  making  the  necessary  arrangements  for  his  conveyance,"— 
+although  a man-of-war was  in waiting for  him—"and  the  unfavourable  state 
+of  the  weather,  did  prevent  his  getting  to  Constantinople,  until  the  end  of 
+May,  1833."-(H.  of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+30 
+
+The  Russian was  not yet in,  and  Lord Ponsonby was accordingly ordered 
+
+to  require  seven  months  for  sailing  from  Naples  to  Constantinople. 
+
+But  why  should  the  noble  lord  prevent  the  Russians  from  occupying 
+Constantinople?  "He  for  his  part  had  great  doubts  that  any  intention  to 
+partition  the  Ottoman  Empire  at all entered  into  the  policy  of  the  Russian  35 
+government."-(H.  of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+Certainly  not.  Russia  wants  not  to  partition  the  empire  but  to  keep  the 
+whole  of  it.  Besides  the  security  Lord  Palmerston  possessed  in  this  doubt 
+he  had  another  security  "in  the  doubt,  whether  it  enters  into  the  policy  of 
+Russia  at present to  accomplish  the  object,"  and  a third  "security"  in  this  40 
+third  doubt  "whether  the  Russian  nation  (just tliink  of  a Russian  nationt) 
+
+418 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fourth  Article.  Fifth  Article 
+
+5 
+
+would be prepared for that transference of power, of residence, and authority 
+to  the  southern provinces which would be the necessary consequence of the 
+conquest  by  Russia  of  Constantinople."—(H.  of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+Besides  these  negative  arguments  the  noble lord  had  an affirmative  one: 
+"if they had  quietly beheld the temporary  occupation  of the Turkish capital 
+by the forces  of Russia, it was because they had full confidence in the honour 
+and  good  faith  of  Russia.  . ..  The Russian government in granting its  aid to 
+the  Sultan  had  pledged  its  honour,  and  in  that  pledge  he reposed  the  most 
+implicit  confidence."-(H.  of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+So  inaccessible,  indestructible,  integral,  imperishable,  inexpugnable,  in 
+calculable, incommensurable, and irremediable; so boundless, dauntless, and 
+matchless was the noble lord's  confidence, that still on March 17,1834, when 
+the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi  had become  a fait accompli,  he  went  on  de 
+claring  that,  "in  their  confidence  ministers  were  not  deceived."  Not  his  is 
+the fault if nature has developed his protuberance of confidence to altogether 
+anomalous  dimensions. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 81,  19. November  1853 
+
+F i f th  A r t i c l e. 
+
+The  contents  of  the  treaty  of Unkiar Skelessi were published by the  "Morn 
+ing  Herald,"  on  Aug. 21,  1833.  On  August  24,  Sir  Robert Inglis asked Lord 
+20  Palmerston  in  the  House  of  Commons,  "whether  there  really  had  been 
+concluded  a  treaty,  offensive  and  defensive,  between  Russia  and  Turkey? 
+He  hoped  that  the  noble lord would be prepared, before  the prorogation of 
+parliament  to  lay  before the house, not only the treaties that had been  made, 
+but  all  communications  connected  with  the  formation  of  those  treaties 
+25  between  Turkey  and  Russia."  Lord  Palmerston  answered  that  "when they 
+were  sure that such a treaty as that alluded to  really did exist; and when they 
+were in possession of that treaty, it would  then be for them to determine what 
+was  the  course  of  policy  they  ought  to  pursue  . ..  It  could  be  no  blame  to 
+him  if  the  newspapers  were  sometimes  beforehand  with  the  government." 
+(House  of  Commons, August 24,  1833.) 
+
+30 
+
+Seven months  afterwards  he  assures  that "it was perfectly impossible that 
+the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  not  to  be  ratified  at  Constantinople  until the 
+month of  September,  should  have  been officially known to  him in August." 
+(H.  of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+35 
+
+He  did  know  the  treaty,  but  not  officially.  "The  British government was 
+surprised  to  find  that when the  Russian troops  quitted  the  Bosphorus,  they 
+
+419 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+carried  that  treaty  with  them."  (Speech  of  Lord  Palmerston,  H.  of  C, 
+March  1,  1848.)  Yea,  the  noble  lord  was  in  possession  of  the  treaty  before 
+it  had  been  concluded. 
+
+"No  sooner had the Porte received it (viz., the draft of the treaty of Unkiar 
+Skelessi),  than  the  treaty  was  communicated  by  them  to  the  British  Em- 
+bassy  at  Constantinople,  with the  prayer for  our  protection  against Ibrahim 
+Pasha,  and against Nicholas.  The application was rejected—but that was  not 
+all.  With  an  atrocious  perfidiousness,  the  fact  was  made  known  to  the 
+Russian  Minister.  Next  day the  very  copy  of  the  treaty  which the Porte had 
+lodged  with  the  British  Embassy,  was  returned  to  the  Porte  by the  Russian 
+Ambassador,  who  ironically  advised  the  Porte—'to  choose  better  another 
+time  its  confidants'."  (H.  of  C,  Feb. 8,  1848.) 
+
+5 
+
+io 
+
+But the  noble viscount had obtained  aU he cared for. He was interrogated 
+with  respect to  the  treaty  of Unkiar Skelessi,  of whose existence he was  not 
+sure on August 24,1833. On August 29, parliament was prorogued, receiving  15 
+from  the  throne  the  consolatory  assertion  that  "the  hostilities  which  had 
+disturbed  the  peace  of  Turkey  had  been  terminated,  and  they  might  be 
+assured  that  the  king's  attention  would  be  carefully  directed  to  any  events 
+which  might  affect  the  present  state  or  the  future  independence  of  that 
+empire." 
+
+20 
+
+Here  we  have  the  key to  the  famous  Russian treaties of July.  In July they 
+are  concluded;  in  August,  something  about  them  is  transpiring through the 
+public press. Lord Palmerston is interrogated in the Commons. He, of course, 
+is  aware  of nothing.  Parliament is  prorogued—and,  when it reassembles, the 
+treaty  has  grown old,  or,  as  in  1841,  has  already  been executed, in  spite of  25 
+public  opinion. 
+
+Parliament  was  prorogued  on  August  29,  1833,  and  it  reassembled  on 
+Feb.  5,1834.  The interval between the prorogation and its reassembling was 
+marked  by  two  incidents  intimately  interwoven with  each other.  On the one 
+hand,  the  united  French  and  English  fleets  proceeded to  the  Dardanelles,  30 
+displayed  there  the  tricolour,  and  the  national  flag  of  England,  sailed  then-
+way  to  Smyrna,  and  returned  from  thence  to  Malta.  On  the  other  hand,  a 
+new treaty was concluded between the Porte and Russia, on January 29,1834, 
+the treaty  of  St. Petersburgh.  This  treaty  was  hardly  signed when the united 
+fleet was withdrawn. 
+
+35 
+
+This  combined  manœuvre  was  intended  to  stultify  the  British people  and 
+Europe into the belief that the hostile  demonstration on the Turkish seas and 
+coasts,  directed  against the Porte, for having concluded the treaty of Unkiar 
+Skelessi,  had  enforced  upon  Russia the  new treaty  of  St. Petersburgh.  This 
+treaty,  by  promising  the  evacuation of  the  Principalities,  and  reducing  the  40 
+Turkish payments  to one-third of the  stipulated amount,  apparently relieved 
+
+420 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fifth  Article 
+
+the  Porte  from  some  engagements  enforced  on  her  by  the  treaty  of  Adria 
+nople.  In  all  other  instances  it was  a ratification of the treaty of Adrianople, 
+not at all relating to the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, nor dropping a word about 
+the  passage  of  the  Dardanelles.  On  the  contrary, the  alleviations it granted 
+to  Turkey,  were  the  purchase-money  for  the  exclusion  of  Europe,  by  the 
+treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  from  the  Dardanelles. 
+
+"The  very  day on which the  demonstration (of the British fleet) was being 
+made,  an  assurance  was  given by the  noble lord to the Russian Ambassador 
+at this court, that this combined movement of the squadrons was not intended 
+in  any  sense  hostile  to  Russia,  nor  to  be  taken  as  a hostile  demonstration 
+against her ; but, that in fact, it meant nothing at all. I say this on the authority 
+of  Lord  Ponsonby,  the  noble  lord's  own  colleague,  the  Ambassador,  at 
+Constantinople."-(Speech  of  Mr. Anstey,  H.  of  C,  Feb. 23,  1848.) 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+After  the  treaty  of  St. Petersburgh  had  been  ratified,  the  noble  lord  ex-
+Í5  pressed  his  satisfaction  with  the  moderation  of  the terms  imposed by Rus 
+
+sia. 
+
+When  Parliament  had  re-assembled,  there  appeared  in  the  "Globe,"  the 
+organ  of  the  Foreign  Office,  a  paragraph  stating that  "The treaty  of  St. Pe 
+tersburgh  was  a  proof  either  of  the  moderation  or  good  sense  of  Russia,  or 
+20  of  the  influence  which  the  union  of  England  and  France,  and the firm and 
+concerted  language  of  those  two  powers  had  acquired  in  the  councils  of 
+St. Petersburgh."-("Globe,"  Feb. 24,  1834.) 
+
+Thus public attention was to be diverted from the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 
+and  the  animosity  it  had  aroused  in  Europe  against  Russia,  to  be  soothed 
+
+25  down. 
+
+Artful  as  the  dodging  was,  it would not do.  On March  17,1834,  Mr. Sheil 
+brought  in  a  motion  for  "the  copies  of  the  treaties  between  Turkey  and 
+Russia,  and  of  any  correspondence  between  the  English,  Russian,  and 
+Turkish Governments, respecting those treaties, to be laid before the house." 
+30  The  noble  lord  resisted  this  resolution  to  his  utmost,  and  succeeded  in 
+baffling  it by  assuring the  house  that  "peace  could be preserved only by the 
+house  reposing  confidence  in  the  government,"  and  refusing  to  accede  to 
+the  motion.  So  grossly  inapt were  the reasons he  stated to prevent him from 
+producing  the  papers,  that  Sir  Robert  Peel  called  him, in his parliamentary 
+language  "a very unconclusive reasoner,"  and his own Colonel Evans could 
+not help exclaiming:  "The  speech of the noble lord appeared to him the most 
+unsatisfactory  he  had  ever  heard  from  him." 
+
+35 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  strived  to  convince  the  house  that,  according  to  the 
+assurances  of  Russia,  the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi was  to  be  looked  upon 
+"as one of reciprocity," that reciprocity being, that if the Dardanelles should 
+be  closed  against  England  in the  event  of war  they  should  be closed against 
+
+40 
+
+421 
+
+1 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Russia  also.  The  statement  was  altogether  false,  but  if  true,  this  certainly 
+would  have  been  Irish  reciprocity,  for  it  was  all  on  one  side.  To  cross  the 
+Dardanelles  is  for  Russia  not  the  means  to  get  at the  Black  Sea, but on the 
+contrary,  to  leave  it. 
+
+5 
+
+So far from refuting Mr. Sheil's  statement,  "the consequence of the treaty 
+of  Unkiar  Skelessi  was  the  same  as  if  the  Porte  surrendered  to  Russia  the 
+possession  of  the  Dardanelles,"  Lord  Palmerston  owned  that  the  treaty 
+closed  the  Dardanelles  to  British  men-of  war,  and that  "under  its  provision 
+even  merchant  vessels  might,  in  effect,  be  practically  excluded  from  the 
+Black  Sea,"  in  the  case  of  a  war  between  England  and  Russia.  But if  the  10 
+government  acted  with  a  "temper,"  if  it  "showed  no  unnecessary distrust," 
+that is to  say,  if  it  quietly  submitted to  all further  encroachments  of Russia, 
+he  was  "inclined  to  think  that  the  case  might  not arise  in which that treaty 
+would  be  called  into  operation;  and  that  therefore  it  would,  in  practice, 
+remain  a dead letter."-(H.  of  C,  March  17,  1834.) 
+
+15 
+
+Besides,  "the  assurance  and explanations" which the  British government 
+had  received  from  the  contracting  parties  to  that  treaty  greatly  tended  to 
+remove  its objections to  it. Thus  then it was  not the  articles  of the  treaty of 
+Unkiar  Skelessi,  but  the  assurances  Russia gave  with  respect  to  them,  not 
+the  acts  of Russia, but her language, he had in his opinion to look upon. Yet,  20 
+as  on  the  same  day  his  attention  was  called  to  the  protest  of  the  French 
+Chargé d'Affaires, M. Lagrené, against the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and the 
+offensive  and contumelious  language  of Count Nessehode,  answering in the 
+"St.  Petersburgh  Gazette"  that  "the  Emperor  of Russia would  act as  if the 
+declaration contained in the  note of M. Lagrené had no existence," then the  25 
+noble  lord,  eating up  his  own words, propounded  the  opposite  doctrine that 
+"it  was  on  all  occasions  the  duty of  the  English government  to  look rather 
+to  the  acts  of  Foreign  power,  than  to  the  language  which  the  power  might 
+hold  on  any particular  subject or  occasion."  One moment he appealed from 
+the  acts  of  Russia  to  her  language,  and  the  other  from  her  language  to  her  30 
+acts.  Still in  1837  he  assured that "the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was a treaty 
+between  two  independent  powers."—(H.  of  C,  December  14,  1837.) 
+
+Ten  years  later,  the  treaty  having  long  since  elapsed,  and  the  noble  lord 
+being just  about  acting  the  play  of  the  Truly  English Minister and the  "civis 
+romanus  sum, "he  told the house plainly,  "the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi was 
+no  doubt  to  a  certain  degree  forced  upon  Turkey  by  Count  Orloff,  the 
+Russian  Envoy,  under  circumstances"—created  by  the  noble  lord  him 
+self—"which  rendered  it  difficult  for  Turkey  to  refuse  acceding  to  i t . . ..  It 
+gave  practically  to  the  Russian  government  a  power  of  interference  and 
+dictation  in  Turkey,  not  consistent  with  the  independence  of  that  state."  40 
+(H.  of  C,  March  1,  1848.) 
+
+35 
+
+422 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Fifth  Article 
+
+During the whole course of the debates about the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, 
+the  noble  lord,  like  the  clown  in  the  comedy,  had  an  answer  of  most  mon 
+strous  size,  that  must  fit  all  demands  and  serve  all  questions—the  Anglo-
+French alliance.  When his connivance with Russia was pointed at, in sneers, 
+5  he  gravely  retorted:  "If  the  present  relations  established  between  this 
+country  and  France,  were pointed at in these  sneers, he would only say, that 
+he  should look with feelings of pride  and  satisfaction at the part he had acted 
+in  bringing  about  that  good  understanding."-{H.  of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+When the production of the papers relating to the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi 
+10  was  demanded,  he  answered  that  "England and France had now cemented 
+a  friendship  which  had  only  grown stronger."—(H.  of C,  March  17,1834.) 
+
+15 
+
+"He  could  but  remark,"  exclaimed  Sir  Robert  Peel,  "that  whenever  the 
+noble lord was thrown into  a difficulty as  to  any part of our European policy, 
+he at once formed a ready means of escape, by congratulating the house upon 
+the  close  alliance  between  this  country  and  France."  Simultaneously  the 
+noble  lord  was  strengthening  the  suspicions  of  his  Tory  opponents  that 
+"England  was  compelled  to  connive  at  an  aggression  upon  Turkey,  which 
+France had directly encouraged." 
+
+20 
+
+At  that  time,  then,  the  ostensible  alliance  with  France  was  to  cover  the 
+secret infeoffment to  Russia, as, in 1840, the clamorous rupture with France 
+was  to  cover  the  official  alliance  with  Russia. 
+
+30 
+
+While  the  noble  lord  fatigued  the  world  with ponderous  folios  of printed 
+negotiations  on the  affairs  of  the  constitutional  empire  of  Belgium and with 
+ample  explanations, verbal and documentary, with regard to the "substantive 
+25  power"  of Portugal; to this  moment it has  proved quite impossible to wrest 
+out  of  him  any  document  whatever  relating  to  the  first  Syro-Turkish  war, 
+and  to  the  treaty of Unkiar Skelessi.  When the production of the papers was 
+first  demanded,  on  July  11th,  1833,  "The motion was premature, the  trans 
+actions  incomplete,  and the  results  not  yet  known."  On August 24th,  1833, 
+"the  treaty  was  not  officially  signed,  and  he  was  not  in possession  of  it." 
+On  March  17th,  1834,  "Communications  were  still  carrying  on  . ..  the  dis 
+cussions,  if  he  might  so  call  them,  were  not  yet  completed."  Still,  in  1848, 
+when  Mr. Anstey  told  him  that,  in  asking  for  the  papers,  he  did ask for the 
+proof  of  the  noble  lord's  collusion  with  the  Czar,  the  chivalrous  minister 
+35  preferred  killing  time  by  a  five  hours  speech  to  killing  suspicion  by  self-
+speaking  documents.  Notwithstanding  all  this, he  had the  cynic impudence 
+to  assure  Mr. T. Attwood,  on  December  14th,  1837,  that  "the  papers  con 
+nected with that treaty,  viz.,  the  treaty of  Unkiar  Skelessi, were  laid before 
+the  house  three  years  ago,"  that  is  to  say  in  1834,  when  "peace  could  be 
+40  preserved only" by withholding the papers from the house. On the same day 
+he  told  Mr. Attwood  that  "this treaty was  a matter which had gone by, that 
+
+423 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+it  was  entered  into  for  a limited  period,  and  that  period having expired,  its 
+introduction  by  the  honourable  member  was  wholly  unnecessary  and  un 
+called  for."  According  to  the  original  stipulation,  the  treaty  of  Unkiar 
+Skelessi was to  expire  on July 8th,  1841.  Lord Palmerston tells Mr. Attwood 
+that it had  already  expired on December  14th,  1837. 
+
+"What trick,  what devise,  what  starting  hole,  can'st thou now find to  hide 
+thee  from this  open  and  apparent  shame?  Come  let's  hear,  Jack—what trick 
+hast  thou  now?" 
+
+5 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 84,  10. Dezember  1853 
+
+S i x th  A r t i c l e. 
+
+There is no such word in the Russian vocabulary as "honour." As to the thing  10 
+itself,  it  is  considered  to  be  a  French  delusion. 
+
+"Schto takoi honneur? Eto Fransusski chimere," is aRussian proverb. For 
+the invention of  Russian honour the world is exclusively indebted to my Lord 
+Palmerston,  who,  during  a  quarter  of  a  century,  used,  at  every  critical 
+moment, to pledge himself, in the most emphatical manner, for the "honour" 15 
+of  the  Czar.  So  he  did at the  close of the  Session of  1853, as  at the  close  of 
+the  Session  of  1833. 
+
+Now  it happens  that the  noble  lord, while he expressed "his most implicit 
+confidence  in  the  honour  and  good  faith"  of  the  Czar,  had  just  got  into 
+possession of  documents,  concealed from  the  rest of  the world, and leaving  20 
+no  doubt,  if  any  existed,  about the nature of Russian honour and good faith. 
+He  had  not  even  to  scratch  the  Muscovite  in  order  to  find  the  Tartar.  He 
+had caught the Tartar in his naked hideousness.  He found himself possessed 
+of  the  self-confessions  of  the  leading  Russian  ministers  and  diplomatists, 
+throwing off their cloaks, clapping out their most secret thoughts, unfolding,  25 
+without constraint, their plans of conquest and subjugation, scornfully railing 
+at  the  imbecile  credulity  of  European  Courts  and  Ministers,  mocking  the 
+Villèles, the Metternichs, the Aberdeens, the Cannings, and the Wellingtons ; 
+and devising, in common, with the savage cynicism of the barbarian, mitigat 
+ed  by  the  cruel  irony  of  the  courtier,  how  to  sow  distrust  against  England  30 
+at Paris,  and  against  Austria at  London, and against London at Vienna, how 
+to  set them  all  by  the  ears,  and  how  to  make  all  of  them  the  mere tools of 
+Russia. 
+
+At  the  time  of  the  insurrection  of  Warsaw,  the  vice-royal  archives  kept 
+in  the  palace  of  Prince  Constantine,  and  containing  the  secret  cor-  35 
+respondence  of  Russian  ministers  and  ambassadors  from  the  beginning  of 
+
+424 
+
+Lord  Palmerston,  Sixth  Article 
+
+this  century  down to  1830,  fell into the  hands  of the victorious Poles. Polish 
+Refugees  brought  these  papers  over  first  to  France,  and,  at  a  later  period, 
+Count Zamoy ski, the nephew of Prince Czartoryski, placed them in the hands 
+of  Lord  Palmerston,  who  buried  them  in  Christian  oblivion.  With  these 
+5  papers in his pockets, the  noble  viscount was the  more eager to  proclaim in 
+the  British  Senate  and  to  the  world  "his  most  implicit  confidence  in  the 
+honour  and  good  faith  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia." 
+
+Not  the  fault  of  the  noble  viscount,  that  those  startling  papers  were  at 
+length  published  at  the  end  of  1835,  through  the  famous  "Portfolio."  King 
+10  William  IV., whatever he was in other respects, was  a most decided enemy 
+of  Russia.  His  private  secretary,  Sir  Herbert  Taylor,  was  intimately  con 
+nected with David Urquhart,  introducing this  gentleman to  the  King himself, 
+and  from that moment royalty  was  conspiring with those two friends  against 
+the  policy  of  the  "truly  English"  minister. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+"William  TV*,  ordered  the  above-mentioned  papers  to  be  given up by the 
+noble  lord.  They  were  given up and examined at the time at Windsor Castle, 
+and  it  was  found  desirable  to  print  and  publish  them.  In  spite  of  the  great 
+opposition  of  the  noble  lord,  the  king  compelled  him  to  lend  the  authority 
+of  the  Foreign  Office  to  their  publication,  so  that  the  editor,  who  took the 
+charge  of revising them for the press, published not a single word which had 
+not  the  signature  or  initials  attached.  I,  myself,  have  seen  the  noble  lord's 
+initial attached to one of those documents, although the noble lord has denied 
+these  facts.  Lord  Palmerston  was  compelled  to  place  the  documents  in the 
+hands  of  Mr. Urquhart  for  publication.  Mr. Urquhart  was the real  editor  of 
+the 'Portfolio'." (Speech of Mr. Anstey, House of Commons, February 23rd, 
+1848.) 
+
+After  the  death  of  the  king,  Lord  Palmerston  refused  to  pay  the  printer 
+of  the  "Portfolio,"  and disclaimed,  publicly  and  solemnly,  all connexion on 
+the  part  of  the  Foreign  Office,  and  induced,  in  what manner  is  not known, 
+30 Mr. Backhouse, his under secretary, to set his name to those denials. We read 
+in  the  "Times"  of  January,  26th,  1839:—"It is  not for us  to  understand how 
+Lord  Palmerston may feel, but we are  sure there is  no  misapprehending how 
+any  other person  in  the  station  of  a  gentleman,  and  in  the  position  of  a 
+minister, would feel, after the notoriety given to the correspondence between 
+35  Mr. Urquhart,  whom Lord Palmerston dismissed from office, and Mr. Back 
+house,  whom  the  noble  viscount  has  retained  in  office,  by  the  'Times'  of 
+yesterday.  There  never was  a fact apparently better established through this 
+correspondence  than  that  the  series  of  official  documents  contained in the 
+well-known  publication,  called  the  'Portfolio,'  were  printed  and  circulated 
+40  by  Lord  Palmerston's  authority,  and that his lordship is  responsible for the 
+publication  of  them,  both  as  a  statesman  to  the  political  world  here  and 
+
+425 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+abroad,  and  as  an employer of the printers and publishers, for the pecuniary 
+charge  accompanying  it." 
+
+In  consequence  of  her financial  distress,  resulting from the exhaustion of 
+the  treasury  by  the  unfortunate  war  of  1828—29,  and  the  debt  to  Russia 
+stipulated  by  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  Turkey  found  herself  compelled  to 
+extend that obnoxious  system  of  monopolies  by which the  sale of almost all 
+articles  was  granted only to  those who  had paid government licenses.  Thus 
+a few usurers  were enabled to seize upon the entire commerce of the country. 
+Mr. Urquhart  proposed  to  King  William  TV.,  a  commercial  treaty  to  be 
+concluded with the Sultan, which treaty, while guaranteeing great advantages 10 
+to  British  commerce,  intended  at  the  same  time  to  develop  the  productive 
+resources  of Turkey,  to restore her Exchequer to health and thus to emanci 
+pate  her  from  the  Russian  yoke.  The  curious  history  of  this  treaty  cannot 
+be  better  related  than  in  the  words  of  Mr. Anstey: 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+"The whole of the contest between Lord Palmerston on the one hand, and 
+Mr. Urquhart on the  other, was  directed to this treaty  of commerce.  On the 
+third  of  October,  1835, Mr. Urquhart obtained his  commission as  Secretary 
+of  Legation  at  Constantinople,  given  him  for  the  one  purpose  of  securing 
+the  adoption  there  of  the  Turkish  commercial  treaty.  He  delayed  his  de 
+parture however till June or July,  1836.  Lord Palmerston pressed him to go.  20 
+The  applications  to  him  urging his departure were numerous, but his answer 
+invariably was:  I will not go until I have this  commercial treaty  settled with 
+the  Board  of  Trade  and  the  Foreign  Office;  and  then  I  will  accompany  it, 
+and  procure  its  acceptance  at  the  Porte  . ..  Finally,  Lord  Palmerston  gave 
+his  approbation  to  the  treaty,  and  it was  forwarded  to  Lord Ponsonby, the  25 
+Ambassador  at  Constantinople.  (In  the  meantime  the  latter  had  been  in 
+structed by Lord Palmerston to take the negotiations entirely out of the hands 
+of  Mr. Urquhart into his  own,  contrary  to  the  engagement  entered into with 
+Mr. Urquhart.) As soon as the removal of Mr. Urquhart from Constantinople 
+had  been  effected  through  the  intrigues  of  the  noble  lord,  the  treaty  was  30 
+immediately  thrown  overboard.  Two  years  later  the  noble  lord resumed it, 
+giving  Mr. Urquhart  before  Parliament, the  compliment  of being the  author 
+of  it,  and  disclaiming  for  himself  all  merits  in  it.  But  the  noble  lord  had 
+destroyed  the  treaty,  falsified  it  in  every  part,  and  converted  it  to  the  ruin 
+of  commerce.  The  original  treaty  of  Mr. Urquhart  placed  the  subjects  of  35 
+Great  Britain in Turkey, upon the  footing  of the most favoured nation—viz., 
+the  Russians.  As  altered by Lord Palmerston, it placed the  subjects of Great 
+Britain  upon  the  footing  of  the  taxed  and  oppressed  subjects  of  the  Porte. 
+Mr. Urquhart's  treaty stipulated for the removal of all transit duties, monopo 
+lies,  taxes,  and duties  of whatever character,  other than those  stipulated by  40 
+the  treaty  itself.  As  falsified  by  Lord  Palmerston,  it  contained  a  clause, 
+
+426 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Sixth  Article 
+
+declaring  the  perfect right  of  the  Sublime  Porte  to  impose  whatever  regula 
+tions  and  restrictions  it  pleased,  with  regard  to  commerce.  Mr. Urquhart's 
+treaty  left  importation  subject  only  to  the  old  duty  of  three  shillings;  that 
+of  the  noble  lord  raised  the  duty  from  three  shillings  to  five  shillings. 
+5  Mr. Urquhart's  treaty  stipulated for  an  ad valorem  duty  in this  manner, that 
+if  any article of  commerce was  so  exclusively the  production of Turkey,  as 
+to  insure  it  a  ready  sale,  at the prices usually received under the  monopoly 
+in  foreign ports,  then the  export  duty  to  be  assessed  by  two  commissioners 
+appointed  on the part of England  and Turkey,  might be  a high  one,  so  as  to 
+10  be  remunerative  and  productive  of  revenue,  but  that,  in  the  case  of  com 
+modities  produced  elsewhere  than  in  Turkey,  and  not  being  of  sufficient 
+value  in  foreign  ports  to  bear  a high  duty,  a lower  duty  should  be  assessed. 
+Lord  Palmerston's  treaty  stipulated  a fixed  duty  of twelve  shillings  ad valo 
+rem  upon  every  article  whether  it  would  bear  the  duty  or  not.  The  original 
+treaty  extended  the  benefit  of  Free  Trade  to  Turkish  ships  and  produce; 
+the  substituted  treaty  contained  no  stipulation  whatever  on  the  sub 
+ject  . ..  I  charge  these  falsifications,  I  charge  also  the  concealment of them, 
+upon  the  noble  lord,  and  further—I  charge  the  noble  lord  with  having 
+falsely  stated  to  the  house  that  his  treaty  was  that  which  had  been 
+20  arranged  by  Mr. Urquhart."—(Speech  of  Mr.Anstey,  H.  of  C, 
+
+15 
+
+February  23rd,  1848.) 
+
+So favourable to Russia, and so obnoxious to Great Britain, was the treaty 
+as  altered  by  the  noble  lord,  that  some  English  merchants  in  the  Levante 
+resolved  to  trade  henceforth  under  the  protection  of  Russian  firms,  and 
+25  others,  as  Mr. Urquhart states, were only prevented from  so doing by a sort 
+
+of  national  pride. 
+
+30 
+
+With regard to the  secret relations between the noble lord and William IV., 
+Mr. Anstey  stated to the house, "The king forced the question of the process 
+of  Russian  encroachment  in  Turkey,  upon  the  attention  of  the  noble 
+lord  . ..  I can prove that the noble lord was  obliged to take the  directions in 
+this  matter  from  the  late  king's  private  secretary,  and  that  his  existence  in 
+office  depended upon his  compliance  with the wishes  of the monarch... The 
+noble  lord  did  on  one  or  two  occasions,  as  far  as  he  dared,  resist,  but  his 
+resistance  was  invariably followed by  abject expressions  of contrition and 
+compliance.  I will not take  upon myself to  assert that,  on one  occasion, the 
+noble  lord  was  actually  out  of  office  for  a day or two, but I  am able to  say 
+t h at  the  noble  lord  was  in  danger  of  a  most  unceremonious  expulsion  from 
+office  on that occasion.  I refer to the discovery which the late king had made, 
+that  the  noble  lord  consulted  the  feelings  of  the  Russian  government  as  to 
+40 the choice of an English ambassador at the Court of St. Petersburgh, and that 
+Sir  Stratford  Canning,  originally  destined for the  embassy,  was  set  aside  to 
+
+35 
+
+427 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+make  room  for  the  late  Earl  of  Durham,  an  ambassador  more  agreeable to 
+the  Czar."-(H.  of  C,  Feb. 23,  1848.) 
+
+It  is  one  of  the  most  astonishing  facts  that,  while  the  king  was  vainly 
+struggling  against  the  Russian  policy  of  the  noble  lord,  the  noble  lord  and 
+his  Whig-allies  succeeded  in  keeping  alive  the  public  suspicion  that  the 
+king—who  was  known  as  a Tory—was  paralysing  the  anti-Russian efforts  of 
+the  "truly  English"  minister.  The  pretended  Tory  predelection  of  the 
+monarch for the despotic principles of the Russian Court, was of course made 
+to  explain the  otherwise  inexplicable  policy of  Lord Palmerston. The Whig-
+Oligarchs  smiled  mysteriously  when H. L. Bulwer informed the house, that  10 
+"no longer ago than last Christmas Count Apponyi, the Austrian ambassador 
+at  Paris,  stated,  in  speaking  of  the  affairs  of  the  East,  that  this  Court  had 
+a  greater  apprehension of French principles than of Russian ambition."—(H. 
+of  C,  July  11,  1833.) 
+
+5 
+
+They smiled again, when Mr. T. Attwood interrogated the noble lord "what  15 
+
+reception  Count  Orloff,  having  been  sent  over  to  England  after  the  treaty 
+of  Unkiar  Skelessi,  had  met  with  at  his  Majesty's  Court."—(H.  of  C,  Au 
+gust 28,  1833.) 
+
+The  papers  intrusted  by  the  dying  king,  and  his  Secretary,  the  late  Sir 
+Herbert  Taylor,  to  Mr. Urquhart  "for  the  purpose  of  vindicating,  upon the  20 
+fitting opportunity, the memory of William IV."—will, when published, throw 
+a  new  light  upon  the  past  career  of  the noble lord  and the  Whig  Oligarchy, 
+of  which  the  public  generally  know  little  more  than  the  history  of  their 
+pretensions,  their  phrases,  and  their  so-called  principles—in  a  word,  the 
+theatrical  and fictitious  part���the  mask. 
+
+25 
+
+This  is  a fitting occasion to  give  his  due  to  Mr. David Urquhart, the inde 
+fatigable  antagonist  for  twenty  years  of  Lord  Palmerston,  who  has  proved 
+his  only  adversary—one  not  to  be  intimidated  into  silence, bribed into  con 
+nivance,  charmed  into  suitorship,  while,  what  with  cajoleries,  what  with 
+seductions, Alcine Palmerston contrived to  change  all other foes  into fools.  30 
+We  have  just  heard  the  fierce  denunciation  of  his  lordship  by  Mr. Anstey. 
+"A  circumstance  most  significant  is  that  the  accused  minister  sought  the 
+member—viz.,  Mr. Anstey—and  was  content  to  accept  his  co-operation  and 
+private friendship without the forms of recantation or apology. Mr. Anstey's 
+recent  legal  appointment  by  the  present  government  speaks  for  itself."  35 
+(D. Urquhart's  "Progress  of  Russia.") 
+
+On  February  8th,  1848,  the  same  Mr. Anstey  had  compared  the  noble 
+viscount  with  "the  infamous  Marquis  of  Carmarthen,  Secretary  of  State  to 
+William  III.,  whom,  during  his  visit  to  his  court,  the  Czar,  Peter  I.,  found 
+means  to  corrupt  to  his  interests  with the  gold  of  British  merchants."—(H.  40 
+of  C,  February  8th,  1848.) 
+
+428 
+
+r 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Sixth  Article.  Seventh  Article 
+
+Who  defended  Lord  Palmerston  on  that  occasion  against  the  accusations 
+of Mr. Anstey?  Mr. Sheil; the  same  Mr. Sheil who had,  on the conclusion of 
+the  treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, in  1833, acted the  same part of accuser against 
+his  lordship  as  Mr. Anstey in 1848. Mr. Roebuck, once his strong antagonist, 
+5  procured  him  the  vote  of  confidence  in  1850.  Sir  Stratford Canning having 
+denounced  during  a  decennium  the  noble  lord's  connivance  with the  Czar, 
+was  content  to  be  got  rid  of  as  Ambassador  at  Constantinople.  The  noble 
+lord's  own dear Dudley Stuart was intrigued out of Parliament for some years 
+for  having opposed  the noble lord. When returned back to it, he had become 
+the  âme  damnée  of  the  truly  English  minister.  Kossuth,  who  might  have 
+known  from  the  Blue  Books  that  Hungary  had  been betrayed  by  the  noble 
+viscount,  called  him  "the  dear  friend  of  his  bosom"  when landing  at  South 
+ampton. 
+
+10 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 85,  17. Dezember 1853 
+
+S e v e n th  A r t i c l e. 
+
+15  One  glance  at  the  map  of  Europe  will  show  you  on the  Western litoral  of 
+the  Black  Sea  the  outlets  of the  Danube, the  only river which,  springing up 
+in the  very heart of  Europe,  may be  said  to form  a natural highway to Asia. 
+Strictly opposite, on the Eastern side, to the  south of the river Kuban, begins 
+the  mountain-range  of  the  Caucasus,  stretching  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the 
+20  Caspian  in  a  south-easterly  direction  for  some  seven  hundred  miles  and 
+
+separating  Europe  from  Asia. 
+
+25 
+
+If  you  hold  the  outlets  of  the  Danube,  you  hold  the  Danube,  and  with it 
+the  highway  to  Asia,  and  a  great  part  of  the  commerce  of  Switzerland, 
+Germany,  Hungary,  Turkey,  and  above  all  of Moldo-Wallachia.  If you hold 
+the  Caucasus  too,  the  Black Sea becomes your property, and to  shut up its 
+door,  you only want Constantinople  and the Dardanelles. The possession of 
+the  Caucasus  mountains  makes  you  at  once  master  of  Trebizonde,  and 
+through  their  domineering  the  Caspian  Sea,  of  the  northern  seaboard  of 
+Persia. 
+
+30 
+
+The  greedy  eyes  of  Russia  embraced  at  once  the  outlets  of  the  Danube 
+and  the  mountain-range  of  the  Caucasus.  There,  the  business  in  hand  was 
+to  conquer  supremacy,  here  to  maintain  it.  The  chain of the Caucasus  sepa 
+rates  Southern  Russia  from  the  luxurious  provinces  of  Georgia,  Mingrelia, 
+Immeretia,  and  Gouriel,  wrested  by  the  Muscovite  from  the  Musselman. 
+35  Thus  the foot of the  monster  empire is  cut off from its main body. The only 
+military  road  deserving  to  be  called  such  winds  from  Mozdok  to  Tiflis, 
+
+429 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+through  the  aeng-pass  of Dariel,  fortified by  a continuous line of entrenched 
+places,  but  exposed  on  both  sides  to  the  never-ceasing  attacks  from  the 
+Caucasian  tribes.  The  union  of  those  tribes  under  one  military  chief  might 
+even  endanger  the  bordering  country of  the  Cossacks.  "The  thought of the 
+dreadful  consequences  which  a union  of  the  hostile  Circassians  under one 
+head  would  produce  in  the  south  of  Russia fills  one with terror"—exclaims 
+M. Kupffer,  a  German, who presided over the  scientific commission,  which, 
+in  1829,  accompanied  the  expedition  of  General  Emmanuel  to  Elbruz. 
+
+5 
+
+At  this  very  moment  our  attention  is  directed  with  equal  anxiety  to  the 
+banks  of  the  Danube,  where  Russia has  seized  the  two-corn  magazines  of  10 
+Europe,  and  to  the  Caucasus,  whence  she  is  menaced  in the possession of 
+Georgia.  It  was the treaty of Adrianople,  that prepared Russia's usurpation 
+of  Moldo-Wallachia,  and  recognised  her  claims  to  the  Caucasus. 
+
+Article  IV.  of that treaty  stipulates,  "All the  countries  situated  north  and 
+east of the line of demarcation between the two empires (Russia and Turkey),  15 
+towards  Georgia,  Immeretia,  and  the  Gouriel,  as  well  as  all the litoral of the 
+Black  Sea,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kuban,  as  far  as the  port of  St. Nicholas 
+inclusively,  shall  remain  under  the  domination  of  Russia."  With  regard  to 
+the  Danube  the  same  treaty  stipulates,  "The  frontier  line  will  follow  the 
+course  of  the  Danube  to  the  mouth  of  St. George,  leaving  all  the  islands  20 
+formed by the different branches in the possession of Russia. The right bank 
+will remain as formerly in the possession of the Ottoman Porte. Itis however 
+agreed  that that right bank from the point where the arm of St. George departs 
+from  that of  Sulina,  shall remain uninhabited  to  a distance of two hours  (six 
+miles)  from the  river,  and that no kind of structure shall be raised there, and  25 
+in like manner, on the islands which still remain in the possession of the Court 
+of Russia.  With the exception of quarantines  which will be there established, 
+it will  not be  permitted  to  make  any  other establishment or fortification." 
+
+Both  these  paragraphs,  inasmuch  as  they  secure to Russia an "extension 
+of territory and exlusive commercial advantages," openly infringed upon the  30 
+protocol of  April 4,1826,  drawn up by the  Duke  of Wellington at St. Peters 
+burgh,  and  on  the  treaty  of  July 6,1827,  concluded between Russia  and  the 
+other Great Powers  at London. The  English Government, therefore, refused 
+to  recognise  the  treaty  of  Adrianople.  The  Duke  of  Wellington  protested 
+against it.  (Speech  of  Lord  Dudley  Stuart,  H.  of  C,  March  17,  1837.) 
+
+35 
+
+Lord  Aberdeen  protested.  "In  a  dispatch  to  Lord  Heytesbury  dated 
+October  31st,  1829,  he  commented  with  no  small  dissatisfaction  on  many 
+parts  of  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  and  especially  notices  the  stipulations 
+respecting  the  islands  of the  Danube.  He  denies  that that peace  (the Treaty 
+of  Adrianople),  has  respected  the  territorial  rights  of  the  Sovereignty  40 
+of  the  Porte,  and  the  condition  and  the  interests  of  all  maritime  states 
+
+430 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Seventh  Article 
+
+in  the  Mediterranean."—(Speech  of  Lord  Mahon,  H.  of  C,  April  20, 
+1836.) 
+
+He  declared  that  "the  independence  of the Porte would be  sacrificed, and 
+the  peace  of  Europe  endangered  by  this  treaty  being  agreed  to."-(Speech 
+
+5  of  Earl  Grey,  H.  of  L.,  Feb.  4th,  1834.) 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  himself  informs  us,  "As  far  as  the  extension  of  the 
+Russian  frontier  is  concerned  in  the  south  of the  Caucasus,  and the  shores 
+of  the  Black  Sea,  it  is  certainly  not  consistent  with  the  solemn declaration 
+made  by  Russia  in  the  face  of  Europe,  previous  to  the  commencement  of 
+the  Turkish war."  (H.  of  C,  March  17th,  1837.) 
+
+The  Eastern  litoral  of  the  Black  Sea,  by blockading of which  and  cutting 
+off  supplies  of  arms  and  gunpowder  to  the  north-western  districts  of  the 
+Caucasus,  Russia  could  alone  hope  to  realise  her  nominal  claim  to  those 
+countries—this  litoral  of  the  Black  Sea  and  the  outlets  of  the  Danube  are 
+certainly no places  "where an English action could possibly take place,"  as 
+was  lamented by the noble  lord in the case  of  Cracow.  By  what  mysterious 
+contrivance,  then,  has  the  Muscovite  succeeded  in blockading the  Danube, 
+in blocking up the litoral of the Euxine, and in forcing Great Britain to submit, 
+not  only  to  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  but  at  the  same  time  to  the  violation 
+
+20  by  Russia  herself  of  that  identical  treaty? 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+These questions were put to the noble viscount, in the House of Commons, 
+on April 20th,  1836, numerous petitions having poured in from the merchants 
+of  London,  of  Glasgow,  and  other  commercial  towns,  against  the  fiscal 
+regulations  of  Russia in  the  Black  Sea,  and her  enactments  and restrictions 
+tending to  intercept English commerce on the Danube. There had appeared, 
+on  February  7th,  1836,  a  Russian  ukase,  which,  by  virtue  of  the  Treaty  of 
+Adrianople,  established  a  quarantine  on  one  of  the  islands  formed  by  the 
+mouths  of  the  Danube.  In order to  execute that  quarantine, Russia claimed 
+a right  of boarding  and  search, of levying fees,  and  seizing and marching off 
+to  Odessa  refractory  ships,  proceeding  on  their  voyage  up  the  Danube. 
+Before  the  quarantine was  established, or rather before  a custom-house  and 
+fort  were  erected,  under  the  false  pretence  of  a  quarantine,  the  Russian 
+authorities  threw  out  their  feelers,  to  ascertain  the  risk they  might run with 
+the  British  government.  Lord  Durham,  acting  upon  instructions  received 
+from  England,  remonstrated  with  the  Russian  Cabinet,  for  the  hindrance 
+which had been given to British trade. "He was referred to Count Nesselrode, 
+Count  Nesselrode  referred  him  to  the  Governor  of  South Russia,  and  the 
+Governor  of  South  Russia  again  referred  him to  the  Consul  at  Galatz,  who 
+communicated with the  British Consul at Ibraila, who was instructed to send 
+40  down the captains from whom toll had been exacted, to the Danube, the scene 
+of  their  injuries,  in  order  that inquiry  might be  made  on the  subject, it being 
+
+35 
+
+431 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+well  known  that  the  captains  thus  referred  to  were  then  in  England."—(H. 
+of  C,  April  20,  1836.) 
+
+The  formal  ukase  of  the  7th  Feb.,  1836,  aroused,  however,  the  general 
+attention  of  British  commerce.  "Many  ships  had  sailed,  and  others  were 
+going out,  to  whose  captains  strict  orders  had  been given, not to  submit to 
+the  right  of  boarding  and  search,  which  Russia  claimed.  The  fate  of  these 
+ships  must  be  inevitable,  unless  some  expression  of  opinion  was  made  on 
+the part of that house.  Unless that were done, British shipping, to the amount 
+of  not less  than 5,000 tons,  would  be  seized  and  marched off to  Odessa, un 
+til  the  insolent commands  of  Russia,  were  complied with."  (Speech of Mr. 
+Patrick  M. Stewart,  H.  of  C,  April  20,  1836.) 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Russia  required  the  marshy  islands  of  the  Danube,  by  virtue  of  a clause 
+of  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  which clause itself was a violation of the treaty 
+she  had  previously  contracted  with  England,  and the other powers  in  1827. 
+The  bristling  the  gates  of  the  Danube  with  fortifications,  and  these  forti-  15 
+f ications with guns, was a violation of the Treaty of Adrianople itself, which 
+expressly  prohibits  any  fortification  to  be  erected  within  six  miles  of  the 
+river.  The  exaction  of  tolls,  and  the  obstruction  of  the  navigation,  was  a 
+violation  of  the  Treaty  of  Vienna,  declaring  that  "the  navigation  of  rivers 
+along  their  whole  course,  from  the  point  where  each  of  them  becomes  20 
+navigable  to its  mouth,  shall be  entirely free," that "the amount of the duties 
+shall  in  no  case  exceed those  now  (1815)  paid;"  and  that  "no  increase  shall 
+take  place,  except  with the  common consent of the  states  bordering on  the 
+river."  Thus,  then,  all  the  argument on which Russia could plead  not guilty 
+was  the  treaty  of  1827,  violated  by the Treaty  of Adrianople, the Treaty of  25 
+Adrianople violated by herself, the whole  backed by a violation of the Treaty 
+of  Vienna. 
+
+It proved  quite  impossible  to  wring out of  the  noble  lord  any  declaration, 
+whether  he  did  or  did  not  recognise  the  treaty  of  Adrianople.  As  to  the 
+violation  of  the  Treaty  of  Vienna,  he  had  "received no  official  information  30 
+that  anything  has  occurred  which is not warranted by the treaty.  When such 
+a  statement  is  made  by  the  parties  concerned,  it  shall be  dealt with in  such 
+manner as the law advisers of the Crown shall deem consistent with the  rights 
+of  the  subjects  of  this  country."  (Speech  of  Lord  Palmerston,  H.  of  C, 
+April 20,  1836.) 
+
+35 
+
+By the  treaty  of  Adrianople, Art. 5, Russia guarantees the "prosperity" of 
+the  Danubian  Principalities  and  full  "liberty  of  trade"  for  them.  Now, 
+Mr. Stewart  proved  that  the  Principalities  of  Moldavia and Wallachia were 
+objects  of  deadly  jealousy  to  Russia,  as  their  trade  had  taken  a  sudden 
+development  since  1834,  as  they  vied with Russia's own staple production,  40 
+as  Galatz  was  becoming  the  great depot of  all the grain of the  Danube,  and 
+
+432 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Seventh  Article 
+
+driving  Odessa  out  of  the  market.  "If,"  answered  the  noble  lord,  "if  my 
+honourable  friend  had  been  able  to  show  that  whereas  some  years  ago  we 
+had  had  a  large  and  important  commerce  with  Turkey,  and  that  that  com 
+merce  had,  by  the  aggression  of  other  countries,  or  by  the  neglect  of  the 
+5  government  of  this,  dwindled  down  to  an  inconsiderable  trade,  then  there 
+might  have  been  ground  to  call  upon  parliament."  In lieu  of  such  an  occur 
+rence,  "my  honourable  friend  has  shown  that  during the  last few  years  the 
+trade  with  Turkey  has  risen  from  next  to  nothing  to  a  very  considerable 
+amount." 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Russia  obstructs  the  Danube  navigation,  because the trade of the Princi 
+palities  is growing important,  says Mr. Stewart.  But she did not so when that 
+trade  was  next  to  nothing,  retorts  Lord  Palmerston.  You neglect to  oppose 
+the  recent  encroachments  of  Russia  on  the  Danube,  says  Mr. Stewart.  We 
+did  not  so  at  the  epoch  these  encroachments  were  not  yet  ventured  upon, 
+replies  the  noble  lord.  What  "circumstances"  have,  therefore,  "occurred 
+against  which  the  government are  not likely to  guard, unless  driven thereto 
+by  the  direct  interference  of this  house?"  He prevented the Commons from 
+passing  a  resolution  by  assuring  them  that,  "there  is  no  disposition  of  her 
+Majesty's  government  to  submit  to  aggressions  on  the  part  of  any  power, 
+20  be  that  power  what it  may,  and  be  it  more  or  less  strong," and by warning 
+them  that,  "we  should also  cautiously abstain from anything which might be 
+construed  by  other  powers,  and  reasonably  so,  as  being  a  provocation  on 
+our  part."  A  week  after  these  debates  had  taken  place  in  the  House  of 
+Commons,  a  British merchant  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Foreign  Office  with 
+regard  to  the  Russian  Ukase.  "I  am  directed  by  Viscount  Palmerston," 
+answered  the  Under  Secretary  at  the  Foreign Office,  "to  acquaint  you that 
+his  lordship  has  called  upon the  law  adviser  for  the  Crown  for  his  opinion 
+as  to  the regulations  promulgated  by the  Russian  Ukase  of Feb. 7,1836; but 
+in  the  meantime  Lord  Palmerston  directs  me  to  acquaint you,  with respect 
+to the latter part of your letter, that it is the opinion of his Majesty's govern 
+ment, that no toll is justly demanded by the Russian authorities, at the mouth 
+of the  Danube,  and  that you have  acted properly  in  directing your agents to 
+refuse to pay it." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+The  merchant  acted  according  to  this  letter.  He  is  abandoned  to  Russia 
+35  by  the  noble  lord;  a Russian toll  is,  as  Mr. Urquhart states, now exacted in 
+London and  Liverpool by Russian Consuls, on every English ship  sailing for 
+the Turkish ports of the Danube ; and "the quarantine still stands on the island 
+of  Leti." 
+
+40 
+
+Russia did  not limit her invasion on the Danube to a quarantine established, 
+to fortifications erected, and to tolls exacted. The only mouth of the Danube 
+remaining  still  navigable,  the  Sulina  mouth,  was  acquired  by  her  through 
+
+433 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the treaty  of Adrianople.  As  long  as  possessed by the Turks, there was kept 
+a  depth  of  water  in  the  channel  of  from  fourteen  to  sixteen feet.  Since  in 
+the  possession  of  Russia,  the  water  became  reduced  to  eight  feet,  a  depth 
+wholly  inadequate  to  the  conveyance  of  the  vessels  employed  in  the  corn 
+trade.  Now Russia is  a party to the treaty of Vienna, and that treaty stipulates 
+in Art.  113, that "each  state  shall be at the expense of keeping in good repair 
+the  Towing  Paths,  and  shall  maintain  the  necessary  work  in  order  that  no 
+obstruction shall be experienced  by the navigation." For keeping the channel 
+in  a  navigable  state,  Russia  found  no better  means than gradually reducing 
+the  depth  of  the  water,  paving  it  with  wrecks,  and  choking  up  its  bar  with 
+an  accumulation  of  sand  and  mud.  To  this  systematic  and  protracted  in 
+fraction of  the  treaty  of Vienna  she  added  another  violation of the treaty of 
+Adrianople,  which  forbids  any  establishment  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sulina, 
+except  for  quarantine  and  light-house  purposes,  while,  at  her  dictation,  a 
+small  Russian  fort  has  there  sprung up,  living from the  extortions  upon the 
+vessels,  the  occasion  for  which  is  afforded  by  the  delays  and  expenses  for 
+lighterage,  consequent  upon  the  obstruction  of  the  channel. 
+
+Cum principia negante non estdisputandum-oî what use is it to dwell upon 
+abstract principles  with despotic  governments,  who  are  accused  of measur 
+ing  right  by  power,  and  of  ruling  their  conduct  by  expediency,  and  not  by 
+justice.-(Speech  of  Lord  Palmerston,  April  30,  1823.) 
+
+According  to  his  own  maxim  the  noble  viscount  was  contented  to  dwell 
+upon abstract principles with the despotic government of Russia; but he went 
+farther.  While  he  assured  the  house  on July 6,1840,  that the  freedom of the 
+Danube  navigation  was  "guaranteed  by  the  treaty  of  Vienna"—while  he 
+lamented  on  July  13,1840,  that the  occupation of  Cracow,  being  a violation 
+of  the  treaty  of Vienna,  "there were  no  means  of  enforcing the  opinions  of 
+England,  because  Cracow  was  evidently  a  place  where  no  English  action 
+could  possibly  take  place;"  two  days  later  he  concluded  a  Russian  treaty, 
+closing the Dardanelles to  England  "during times of peace with Turkey," and 
+thus  depriving  England  of  the  only  means  of  "enforcing"  the  treaty  of 
+Vienna,  and  transforming  the  Euxine  into  a  place  where  no  English action 
+could  possibly  take  place. 
+
+This  point once obtained, he contrived to give a sham satisfaction to public 
+opinion  by  firing  off  a  whole  battery  of  papers,  reminding  the  "despotic 
+government,  which  measures  right by  power,  and  rules  its  conduct by  ex 
+pediency,  and  not by  justice," in a sententious  and sentimental manner, that 
+"Russia,  when  she  compelled  Turkey  to  cede  to  her  the  outlet  of  a  great 
+European  river,  which forms  the  commercial  highway  for  the  mutual  inter 
+course of many nations, undertook duties  and responsibilities to other  states 
+which she should take a pride in making good. " To this dwelling upon abstract 
+
+434 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Seventh  Article.  Eighth  Article 
+
+principles  Count  Nesselrode  was  giving  the  inevitable  answer  that,  "the 
+subject  should be  carefully  examined,"  and expressing from time to time  "a 
+feeling  of  soreness  on  the  part  of  the  imperial  government  at  the  mistrust 
+manifested  as  to  their  intentions." 
+
+5 
+
+Thus,  through  the  management  of  the  noble  lord,  in  1853  things  arrived 
+at  the  point  where  the  navigation  of  the  Danube  was  declared  impossible, 
+and corn rotting at the mouth of the Sulina, while famine threatened to invade 
+England,  France, and the South of Europe. Thus Russia was not only adding, 
+as the "Times" says, "to her other important possessions, that of an iron gate 
+10  between  the  Danube,  and  the  Euxine,"  she possessed herself of the key to 
+the  Danube,  of  a breadscrew, which  she  can put on, whenever the policy of 
+Western  Europe  becomes  obnoxious  to  punishment. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 86,  24. Dezember  1853 
+
+E i g h th  A r t i c l e. 
+
+15 
+
+The petitions  presented  to  the  House  of Commons,  on April 20th,  1836, and 
+the resolution moved by Mr. Patrick M. Stewart in reference to them, did not 
+only  refer  to  the  Danube,  but  to  Circassia  too,  the  rumour  having  spread 
+through the  commercial  world  that  the  Russian government,  on the  plea of 
+blockading  the  coast  of  Circassia,  pretended  to  exclude  English  ships  from 
+landing  goods  and  merchandise  in certain  ports  of the  Eastern litoral  of the 
+20 Black Sea. On that occasion Lord Palmerston solemnly declared :—"Ji parlia 
+ment  will  place  their  confidence  in  us—if  they  will  leave it to us to  manage 
+the  foreign relations of the country—we  shall be able to protect the interests, 
+and  to  uphold  the  honour  of  the  country,  without  being  obliged  to  have 
+recourse  to  war."—(House  of  Commons,  April  20th,  1836.) 
+
+25 
+
+Some  months  afterwards,  on October  29th,  1836,  the  "Vixen,"  a trading 
+vessel  belonging  to  Mr. George  Bell,  and  laden  with a cargo  of  salt,  set out 
+from  London on a  direct voyage  for  Circassia.  On November  25th,  she was 
+seized  in  the  Circassian  Bay  of  Soudjouk-Kale,  by  a  Russian  man-of-war, 
+for  "having  been  employed  on  a  blockaded  coast."  (Letter  of  the  Russian 
+30  Admiral Lazareff to the English Captain, Mr. Childs, December 24th,  1836.) 
+The  vessel,  her  cargo,  and  her  crew  were  sent  to  the  port  of  Sebastopol, 
+where  the  condemnatory  decision  of  the  Russians  was  received  on  Janu 
+ary  27th,  1837.  This  time, however,  no  mention was  made of  a "blockade," 
+but  the  "Vixen"  was  simply  declared  a lawful prize, because  "it was guilty 
+35  of  smuggling;"  the  importation  of  salt  being  prohibited,  and  the  Bay  of 
+Soudjouk-Kale,  a  Russian  port,  not  provided  with  a  Custom  House.  The 
+
+435 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+condemnation  was  executed  in  an  exquisitely  ignominious  and  insulting 
+manner.  The  Russians,  who  effected  the  seizure,  were  publicly  rewarded 
+with  decorations.  The  British  flag  was  hoisted,  then  hauled  down,  and  the 
+Russian  flag  hoisted  in  its  stead.  The  master  and  crew,  put  as  captives  on 
+board the  "Ajax"—the  captor—were despatched from  Sebastopol to Odessa, 
+and from  Odessa to  Constantinople,  whence they  were  allowed to  return to 
+England.  As  to  the  vessel  itself,  a  German  traveller, who visited  Sebastopol 
+a  few  years  after  this  event,  wrote,  in  a  letter  addressed  to  the  "Augsburg 
+Gazette":-"After  all  the  Russian  ships  of  the  line  which I visited, no vessel 
+excited  my  curiosity  more  than the  'Soudjouk-Kale,'  formerly the  'Vixen,'  10 
+under Russian colours, she has now quite changed her appearance. This little 
+vessel  is  now the best  sailer in the Russian  fleet,  and is  generally  employed 
+in  transports  between  Sebastopol  and  the  coast  of  Circassia." 
+
+5 
+
+The  capture  of  the  "Vixen"  certainly  afforded  Lord  Palmerston  a  great 
+occasion  for  fulfiUing  his  promise  "to  protect  the  interests,  and  to  uphold  15 
+the  honour  of  the  country."  Besides  the  honour  of  the  British flag and  the 
+interests  of  British  commerce there was  another question at  stake—the inde 
+pendence  of Circassia.  At first  Russia  justified  the  seizure  of  the  "Vixen" 
+on the  plea of  an  infraction  of  the  blockade  proclaimed by  her;  but the  ship 
+was  condemned on the  opposite  plea of a contravention against her Custom 
+House  regulations.  By  proclaiming  a blockade, Russia declared  Circassia a 
+hostile foreign country, and the question was whether the British government 
+had  ever  recognised that blockade?  By the  establishment  of  Custom House 
+regulations, Circassia was, on the contrary, treated as a Russian dependency, 
+and  the  question  was  whether  the  British government  had ever recognised  25 
+the  Russian  claims  to  Circassia? 
+
+20 
+
+Before  proceeding,  let  it  be  remembered  that  Russia  was  at  that  epoch, 
+
+yet  far  from  having  completed  her  fortifications  of  Sebastopol. 
+
+Any  Russian  claim  to  the  possession  of  Circassia  could  only  be  derived 
+from  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  as  explained  in  a  previous  article.  But the  30 
+treaty  of  July  6th,  1827,  bound  Russia  to  not  attempting  any  territorial  ag 
+grandisement,  nor  securing  any  exclusive  commercial  advantage  from  her 
+war with Turkey. Any extension, therefore, of the Russian frontier, attendant 
+on  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  openly  infringed  the  treaty  of  1827,  and  was, 
+as  shown by  the  protest  of  Wellington  and Aberdeen, not to be recognised  35 
+on  the  part  of  Great  Britain.  Russia,  then,  had  no  right to  receive  Circassia 
+from  Turkey.  On  the  other  hand,  Turkey  could  not cede  to  Russia what she 
+never  possessed,  and  Circassia had  always  remained  so  independent of  the 
+Porte  that,  at  the  time  when  a Turkish  Pasha  yet  resided  at  Anapa,  Russia 
+herself had concluded  several conventions  with the Circassian chieftains as  40 
+to  the  coast-trade,  the  Turkish trade  being  exclusively and legally restricted 
+
+436 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Eighth  Article 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+to  the  port  of  Anapa.  Circassia  being  an independent  country,  the  munici 
+pal,  sanatory,  or  customs'  regulations  with  which  the  Muscovite  might 
+think  fit  to  provide  her  were  as  binding  as  his  regulations  for  the  port  of 
+Tampico. 
+
+On  the  other  hand,  if  Circassia was  a foreign  country  hostile  to  Russia, 
+the  latter  had  only  a right to  blockade,  if that blockade  was  no  paper block 
+ade—if  Russia  had  the  naval  squadron  present  to  enforce  it,  and  really 
+domineered the coast. Now, on a coast extending 200 miles, Russia possessed 
+but  three  isolated  forts;  all  the  rest  of  Circassia  remaining  in  the  hands  of 
+the  Circassian tribes.  There  existed no  Russian fort in the bay of Soudjouk-
+Kale.  There  was  in  fact,  no  blockade,  because  no  maritime  force  was  em 
+ployed.  There  was  the  offer  of  the  distinct  testimony  of  the  crew  of  two 
+British  vessels  who  had  visited  the  bay—the  one  in  September,  1834—the 
+other,  that  of  the  "Vixen"  itself—confirmed  subsequently  by  the  public 
+statements of two British travellers who visited the harbour in the years 1837 
+and  1838, that there was no Russian occupation whatever of the coast.—(Port 
+folio  VIII,  March  1,  1844.) 
+
+When the  "Vixen" entered the harbour of  Soudjouk-Kale,  "there were no 
+Russian  ships  of  war  in  sight  nor  in  the  offing  . ..  A  Russian vessel  of war 
+came into  the  harbour 36 hours  after the  'Vixen' had cast anchor, and at the 
+moment  when  the  owner  and  some  of  the  officers  were  on  shore  in  fixing 
+the  dues  demanded  by  the  Circassian  authorities,  and payable  on the  value 
+of  the  goods  . ..  The  man-of-war  came  not  coast-wise,  but  from  the  open 
+sea."-(Speech  of  Mr. Anstey,  H.  of  C,  Feb. 23,  1848.) 
+
+25 
+
+But  need  we  give  further  proofs  than  the  St. Petersburgh Cabinet  itself 
+seizing the  "Vixen"  en pretext of  blockade,  and  confiscating  it,  en pretext 
+of  custom-house  regulations? 
+
+The  Circassians  thus  appeared  the  more  favoured  by  accident,  as  the 
+question  of  their  independence  coincided  with  the  question  of  the  free 
+30  navigation  of  the  Black-Sea—the  protection  of  British  commerce,  and  an 
+insolent  act of piracy committed by Russia on a British merchant ship. Then-
+chance  of  obtaining  protection  from  the  mistress  of  the  seas  seemed  less 
+doubtful as  "the  Circassian declaration of independence had a short time ago 
+been published  after mature  deliberation and  several weeks' correspondence 
+35  with  different branches  of the government, in a periodical ("The Portfolio") 
+connected  with the  foreign  department,  and  as  Circassia was marked out as 
+an  independent  country  in  a  map,  revised  by  Lord  Palmerston  himself."— 
+(Speech  of  Lord  Stanley,  H.  of  C,  June  21,1838.) 
+
+40 
+
+Will  it then be believed  that the  noble  and chivalrous Viscount knew how 
+to  handle  the  case  so  masterly,  that  the  very  act  of  piracy  committed  by 
+Russia  against  British  property  afforded  him  the  long  sought-for  occasion 
+
+437 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+of  formally  recognising  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  and  the  extinction  of 
+Circassian  independence? 
+
+OnMarch  17,1837, Mr. Roebuck moved, with reference to the confiscation 
+of the  "Vixen,"  for  "a copy  of  all correspondence  between the government 
+of  this  country  and  the  governments  of  Russia  and  Turkey relating to  the 
+treaty  of  Adrianople,  as  well  as  all  transactions  or  negotiations  connected 
+with the  ports  and  territories  on the  shores of the Black Sea by Russia since 
+the  treaty  of  Adrianople." 
+
+Mr. Roebuck,  from  fear  of  being  suspected  of  humanitarian  tendencies, 
+and  of  defending  Circassia  on  the  ground  of  abstract  principles,  plainly 
+declared:—"Russia may endeavour to obtain possession of all the world, and 
+I  regard  her  efforts  with  indifference;  but  the  moment  she  interferes  with 
+our  commerce,  I  call  upon  the  government  of  this  country  (which  country 
+exists in appearance  somewhere beyond the limits of all the world), to punish 
+the  aggression."  Accordingly he wanted  to know  "if the British government 
+had  acknowledged  the  treaty  of  Adrianople?" 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+The noble lord, although pressed very hard, had ingenuity enough to make 
+a long  speech,  and  "to  sit down without telling the house  who  was in actual 
+possession of  the  Circassian coast  at the  present moment—whether it really 
+belonged  to  Russia,  and  whether  it  was  by  right  of  a  violation  of  fiscal  20 
+regulations,  or  in consequence  of an existing blockade,  that the  'Vixen' had 
+been  seized,  and  whether  or  not  he  recognised the  Treaty  of  Adrianople." 
+(Speech  of  Mr. Hume,  H.  of  C,  March  17th,  1837.) 
+
+Mr. Roebuck  stated  that,  before  allowing  the  "Vixen"  to  proceed  to  Cir 
+
+cassia,  Mr. Bell  had  applied to the noble  lord, in order to ascertain whether  25 
+there  was  any  impropriety or  danger  to  be  apprehended  of  a vessel  landing 
+goods  in  any  part  of  Circassia,  and that the  Foreign  Office  answered in  the 
+negative.  Thus,  Lord  Palmerston found  himself  obliged to read to the house 
+the correspondence exchanged between himself and Mr. Bell. Reading these 
+letters,  one would fancy  he was  reading a  Spanish comedy on the cloak and  30 
+the  sword,  rather  than  an  official  correspondence  between  a  minister  and 
+a  merchant.  When  he  heard  the  noble  lord  read  the  letters  respecting  the 
+seizure  of  the  "Vixen,"  Daniel  O'Connell  exclaimed,  "He  could  not  help 
+calling  to  his  mind  the  expression  of  Talleyrand  that  language  had  been 
+invented to conceal thoughts." 
+
+35 
+
+For instance,  Mr. Bell  asks, "whether there were any restrictions on trade 
+recognised  by  His  Majesty's  government—as,  if  not,  he  intended  to  send 
+thither  a vessel with  a cargo  of  salt?"  "You ask me," answers Lord Palmer 
+ston,  "whether it  would  be  for  your  advantage  to  engage  in  a  speculation in 
+salt," and informs him "that it is for commercial f irms to judge for themselves 40 
+whether  they  shall  enter  or  decline  a  speculation."  "By no  means,"  repues 
+
+438 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Eighth  Article 
+
+Mr. Bell.  "All  I  want  to  know  is,  whether or  not His  Majesty's government 
+recognise  the  Russian  blockade  on  the  Black  Sea to  the  South  of the  river 
+Kuban?"  "You  must  look  at  the  London 'Gazette'," retorts  the  noble lord, 
+"in  which  all  the  notifications,  such  as those  alluded to by you,  are  made." 
+5  The  London "Gazette" was, indeed, the quarter to which a British merchant 
+had  to  refer  for  such  information,  instead  of  the  ukases  of  the  Emperor  of 
+Russia.  Mr.  Bell,  finding  no  indication  whatever  in  the  "Gazette"  of  the 
+acknowledgement  of  the  blockade  or  of  other  restrictions,  despatched  his 
+vessel.  The  result  was,  that  some  time  after  he  was  himself  placed  in  the 
+
+10  "Gazette." 
+
+"I  referred  Mr. Bell,"  says  Lord  Palmerston,  "to  the  'Gazette,' where  he 
+would  find  that  no  blockade  had  been  communicated  or  declared  to  this 
+country  by  the  Russian  government—consequently,  none  was  acknowl 
+edged."  By referring Mr. Bell to the "Gazette," Lord Palmerston did not only 
+15  deny  the  acknowledgement  on  the  part  of  Great  Britain  of  the  Russian 
+blockade,  but  simultaneously  affirmed  that,  in  his  opionion,  the  Coast  of 
+Circassia formed  no part oí the  Russian territory,  because  blockades of their 
+own  territories  by  foreign  states—as  for  instance  against revolted  subjects-
+are  not  to  be  notified  in  the  "Gazette."  Circassia  forming  no  part  of  the 
+20 Russian territory could not, of course, be included in Russian Custom House 
+regulations.  Thus,  according to  his own statement, Lord Palmerston denied, 
+in his  letters to  Mr. Bell, Russia's  right to blockade  the  Circassian  Coast,  or 
+to  subject  it  to  commercial  restrictions.  It  is  true  that,  through  his  speech, 
+transpired  the  desire  to induce the house to infer that Russia had possession 
+25  of  Circassia.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  he  stated  plainly,  "As  far  as  the  ex 
+tension  of  the  Russian  frontier  is  concerned,  on the  South  of the  Caucasus 
+and the  shores of the Black Sea, it is  certainly not consistent with the solemn 
+declaration  made  by  Russia  in  the  face  of  Europe,  previous  to  the  com 
+mencement  of  the  Turkish  war."  When  he  sat  down,  pledging himself  ever 
+"to protect the interests and to uphold the honour of the country," he seemed 
+to  labour  beneath  the  accumulated  miseries  of  his  past  policy,  rather  than 
+hatching  treacherous  designs  for  the  future.  On  that  day  he  met  with  the 
+following  cruel  apostrophe:— 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+"The  want  of  vigorous  alacrity to  defend the honour of the  country which 
+the  noble  lord  had  displayed was  most culpable;  the  conduct  of no former 
+minister had ever been so vacillating, so hesitating, so uncertain, so cowardly, 
+when  insult  had  been offered  to  British  subjects.  How  much longer did  the 
+noble  lord  propose  to  allow  Russia thus  to  insult Great Britain,  and thus to 
+injure  British  commerce?  The  noble  lord  was d e g r a d i ng  England by hold-
+ing her  out  in  the  character of a bully—haughty and tyrannical to  the weak, 
+humble  and  abject  to  the  strong." 
+
+439 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Who  was  it  that  thus  mercilessly  branded  the  truly  English  Minister? 
+
+Nobody  else  than  Lord  Dudley  Stuart. 
+
+On  November  25th,  1836,  the  "Vixen"  was  confiscated.  The  stormy 
+debates  of  the  House  of Commons, just quoted,  took place  on  March  17th, 
+1837. It was not till April 19th,  1837, that the noble lord requested the Russian 
+government  "to  state  the  reasons  on  account  of which it had thought itself 
+warranted to  seize, in time  of peace,  a merchant vessel belonging to  British 
+subjects." On May  17th,  1837, the noble lord received the following despatch 
+from  the  Earl  of  Durham,  the  British  Ambassador  at  St. Petersburg:— 
+
+"My Lord,—With respect to the military  de facto occupation of  Soudjouk- 
+Kale,  I  have  to  state to your lordship that there is  a fortress in the bay which 
+bears  the  name  of the  Empress  (Alexandrinski),  and  that it has always been 
+occupied  by  a  Russian  garrison. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+I  have,  etc.,  D u r h a m ." 
+It  need  hardly  be  remarked  that  the  fort  Alexandrinski  had not even the  15 
+
+reality  of the  pasteboard towns  exhibited by  Potemkin,  before  the Empress 
+Katharine  II.,  on  her  visit  to  the  Crimea.  Five  days  after the receipt of this 
+despatch,  Lord  Palmerston  returns  the  following  answer  to  S t P e t e r s-
+b u r g :-
+
+"His  Majesty's  government,  considering in the first place that Soudjouk-  20 
+
+Kale,  which was  acknowledged by Russia in the treaty  of  1783  as a Turkish 
+possession,  now belongs  to  Russia,  as  stated by-Lord Nessehode, by virtue 
+of  the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  see  no  sufficient  reason  to  question  the  right 
+of  Russia  to  seize  and  confiscate  the  'Vixen'." 
+
+There  are  some  very  curious  circumstances  connected  with  the  negoti-  25 
+
+ation.  Lord  Palmerston  requires  six  months  of  premeditation  for  opening, 
+and hardly one to close it. His last despatch, of May 23d,  1837, suddenly and 
+abruptly  cuts  off  any  further  transactions.  It  quotes  the  date  before  the 
+Treaty  of  Kudschuk-Kainardji,  not  after  the  Gregorian,  but  after  the  Greek 
+chronology. Besides, "between April 19th, and May 23rd," as Sir Robert Peel  30 
+said,  "a  remarkable  change,  from  official  declaration  to  satisfaction,  oc 
+curred—apparently  induced  by  the  assurance  received  from  Count  Nessel 
+rode,  that  Turkey  had  ceded  the  coast  in  question  to  Russia  by  the Treaty 
+of  Adrianople.  Why  did  he  not  protest  against  this  ukase?"  (H.  of  C, 
+June  21st,  1838.) 
+
+35 
+
+Why  all  this?  The  reason  is  very  simple.  King William  IV.  had  secretly 
+instigated  Mr. Bell to  despatch the  "Vixen"  to the Coast of Circassia. When 
+the  noble  lord  delayed  negotiation,  the  King  was  still  in  full  health.  When 
+he  suddenly closed the negotiations, William IV.  was in the agonies of death, 
+and  Lord  Palmerston  disposed  as  absolutely of the  Foreign Office,  as  if he  40 
+was  himself  the  Autocrat  of Great Britain.  Was it not a master-stroke on the 
+
+440 
+
+Lord  Palmerston.  Eighth  Article 
+
+part  of  his  jocose  lordship  to  formally  acknowledge  by one  dash of  the  pen 
+the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  Russia's  possession  of  Circassia,  and  the  con 
+fiscation of  the  "Vixen," in the name of the dying king, who had despatched 
+that  saucy  "Vixen,"  with the  express  view to  mortify  the  Czar, to disregard 
+the  Treaty  of  Adrianople,  and  to  affirm  the  independence  of  Circassia? 
+
+5 
+
+Mr. Bell, as we stated, went into the "Gazette," and Mr. Urquhart then the 
+first  secretary  of  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople,  was  recalled,  because  of 
+"having  persuaded  Mr. Bell  to  carry  his  'Vixen'  expedition  into  execu 
+tion." 
+
+10 
+
+As long as King William  TV. was alive, Lord Palmerston dared not openly 
+countermand the "Vixen"  expedition,  as is proved by the Circassian declara 
+tion  of  independence,  published  in  the  Portfolio,  by  the  Circassian  m a p-
+revised  by  his  lordship—by  his  uncertain  correspondence  with  Mr. Bell, by 
+his  vague  declarations  in  the  house,  by  the  supercargo  of  the  "Vixen," 
+15  Mr. Bell's brother, receiving, when setting out, despatches from the Foreign 
+Office  for  the  Embassy  at  Constantinople,  and  direct encouragement from 
+Lord  Ponsonby,  the  British  Ambassador  to  the  Sublime  Porte. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+In  the  earlier  times  of  Queen  Victoria,  the  Whig  ascendancy  seemed  to 
+be  safer  than  ever,  and  accordingly  the  language  of the  chivalrous  viscount 
+suddenly changed.  From  deference  and  cajolery,  it became at once haughty 
+and contemptuous. Interrogated by Mr. T. H. Attwood, on Dec. 14,1837, with 
+regard  to  the  "Vixen"  and  Circassia—"As  to  the  'Vixen,'  Russia  had given 
+such  explanations  of her  conduct  as  ought to  satisfy  the  government of this 
+country.  That ship was  not taken during a blockade.  It was captured because 
+those who had the management of it contravened the municipal and customs' 
+regulations  of  Russia."  As  to  Mr. Attwood's  apprehension  of  Russian  en 
+croachment—"I  say that Russia gives to the world quite as  much security for 
+the  preservation  of  peace  as  England."  (Speech of Lord Palmerston,  H.  of 
+C,  Dec.  14,  1837.) 
+
+30 
+
+At  the  close  of  the  session the  noble  lord  laid before  the  house  the  cor 
+respondence  with the  Russian government,  the  two  most important parts of 
+which  we  have  already  quoted. 
+
+In  1838  party-aspects  had  again  changed,  and  the  Tories  recovered  an 
+influence.  On  June  21st  they  gave  Lord  Palmerston  a  round  charge,  Su 
+ss  Stratford  Canning,  the  present  Ambassador  at  Constantinople,  moving  for 
+a  Select Committee  to  inquire into  the  allegations  made by  Mr. George  Bell 
+against  the  noble  lord,  and  in  his  claims  of  indemnification.  At  first  his 
+lordship  was  highly  astonished  that  Sir  Stratford's  motion  should be  of  "so 
+trifling a character."  "You," exclaimed Sir Robert Peel, "are the first English 
+40  minister  who  dares  to  call  trifles  the protection of the  British property and 
+commerce."  "No individual merchant,"  said Lord Palmerston, "was entitled 
+
+441 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+to  ask Her Majesty's government to give an opinion on questions of that sort, 
+as  the  right  of  Russia  to  the  sovereignty  of  Circassia,  or  to  establish those 
+customs  and  sanatory  regulations,  she  was  enforcing  by  the  power  of  her 
+arms."  "If  that  be  not  your  duty,  what  is  the  use  of  the  Foreign  Office  at 
+all?"  asked  Mr. Hume.  "It  is  said,"  resumed  the  noble lord,  "that Mr. Bell, 
+this  innocent Mr. Bell,  was  led  into  a trap  by me  by the  answers  I gave him. 
+The trap, if there was one, was laidnotfor Mr. Bell, but by Mr. Bell," namely, 
+by  the  questions  he  put  to  innocent  Lord  Palmerston. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+In  the  course  of  these  debates  (June  21st,  1838),  out  came  at length  the 
+great  secret.  Had  he  been  willing  to  resist in  1836 the claims  of Russia, the 
+noble lord had been unable to  do  so from the very simple reason that, already 
+in  1831  his  first  act  on  coming  into  office  was  to  acknowledge  the  Russian 
+usurpation  of  the  Caucasus,  and  thus,  in  a  surreptitious  way,  the  treaty  of 
+Adrianople.  Lord Stanley (now Lord Derby) stated that, on August 8th, 1831, 
+the  Russian  Cabinet  informed  its  representative  at  Constantinople  of  its  15 
+intention  "to  subject  to  sanatory  regulations  the  communications  which 
+freely  exist  between  the  inhabitants  of  the  Caucasus  and  the  neighbouring 
+Turkish  provinces,"  and that he was  "to communicate the above-mentioned 
+regulations  to  the foreign missions  at Constantinople  as  well  as  to  the Otto 
+man  Government."  By  allowing Russia the  establishment of so-called sana-  20 
+tory  and  custom-house  regulations  on the coast of Circassia, although exist 
+ing  nowhere except in the above letter, Russian claims to the Caucasus were 
+acknowledged,  and  consequently  the  treaty  of  Adrianople,  on  which  they 
+were  grounded.  "Those  instruction,"  said  Lord  Stanley,  "had  been  com 
+municated  in  the  most  formal  manner  to  Mr. Mandeville  (Secretary  to  the  25 
+Embassy),  at  Constantinople,  expressly  for  the  information  of  the  British 
+merchants,  and  transmitted  to  the  noble  Lord  Palmerston."  Neither  did  he, 
+nor  dared  he,  "according  to  the  practice  of  former  governments,  com 
+municate  to  the  committee  at Lloyd's  the  fact of  such  a  notification having 
+been  received."  The  noble  lord  made  liimself  guilty  of  "a  six  years'  con-  30 
+cealment,"  exclaimed  Sir  Robert  Peel. 
+
+On  that day his  jocose lordship  escaped from  condemnation by  a majority 
+of  sixteen;  184 votes being against, and 200 for him. Those sixteen votes will 
+neither out-voice History nor silence the mountaineers, the clashing of whose 
+arms proves to the world that the Caucasus does not "now belong to Russia,  35 
+as  stated  by  Count  Nessehode,"  and  as  echoed  by  Lord  Palmerston! 
+
+(To  be  continued). 
+
+442 
+
+T he  W ar  Q u e s t i o n — F i n a n c i al  M a t t e r s — S t r i k es 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3904,  21. Oktober 1853 
+
+The War Question-
+Financial  Matters—Strikes. 
+
+Correspondence  of  The  N.Y.Tribune. 
+
+London,  Friday,  Oct. 7,  1853. 
+
+5  On Friday last,  The Morning Chronicle, in its fourth edition, communicated 
+a  telegraphic  despatch,  according  to  which  the  Sultan  had  declared  war 
+against Russia.  The Paris  Patrie of  yesterday evening announces, in a semi 
+official  note,  that the  intelligence  received  from  the  East,  does  not  confirm 
+the  statement of  The Morning Chronicle. According to another Ministerial 
+10  paper,  The  Constitutionnel, it  was  on the  reiterated representations of Mr. 
+de  Bruck,  the  Austrian  internuncio,  that  the  Divan  assembled  on  the  25th, 
+with  the  view  to  deliberate  on  the  Vienna  note,  when  it  declared  it  would 
+abide  by  the  last  note  of  Rechid Pasha.  A  Grand  Council was  convoked on 
+the following day.  This  Council  consisting of  120 of the principal Ministers, 
+is  Councillors,  Pashas  and  religious  dignitaries,  resolved  that  "it  would  be 
+contrary  to  the  dignity,  and  subversive  of  the  sovereign  authority  of  the 
+Sultan  to  sign  the  Vienna  note  without  the  modifications  suggested  by  the 
+Divan,  and  that,  inasmuch  as  the  Czar  had  declared those  modifications  to 
+be  totally  inadmissible,  and  refused  to  abandon  his  demand  for  an  en-
+20  gagement  destructive  of  the  independence  of  the  Ottoman  Empire,  it  only 
+remained  for  the  Council  to  advise  the  Sultan  to  proceed  at  once  to  adopt 
+thérneasures  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  his  Empire,  and to  free  his 
+dominions  from  the  presence  of  the  invader."  As  to  the  formal declaration 
+of  war,  it  has  not yet been confirmed by  any  authentic  dispatch.  This  time, 
+at least, the Porte has caught the Western diplomats. The English and French 
+Governments,  not  daring to  call their fleets home, unable to hold any longer 
+
+25 
+
+443 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+their  ridiculous  position at Besika Bay,  unwilling to pass  the  straits  in open 
+defiance  to  the  Czar,  wanted  the  Porte  to  send  for  ships  from  Besika  Bay 
+on  the  pretext  that  danger  to  the  Christians  at  Constantinople  was  to  be 
+apprehended  during  the  fêtes  of  the  Bairam.  The  Porte  refused,  observing 
+that  there  was  no  danger;  that  if  there  was,  it would protect the Christians 
+without foreign  aid,  and  that it did  not wish to  summon  the  ships  until after 
+the fêtes.  But the vanguard of the  united fleets had hardly crossed the straits, 
+when  the  Porte,  having  now  put  its  vacillating  and treacherous  allies into  a 
+fix,  declared  for  war.  As  to  the war  itself,  it  commenced  three  months  ago, 
+when  the  Russian  forces  crossed  the  Pruth.  The  first  campaign  was  even  10 
+brought to  a close when the Russianlegions reached the banks of the Danube. 
+The  only  change  that  can  now  take  place  will  be  that  the  war will cease to 
+be  a  one-sided  one. 
+
+5 
+
+Not  only  the  Bey  of  Tunis,  but  the  Shah  of  Persia,  notwithstanding  the 
+intrigues  of  Russia,  has  placed  at the  disposal of the  Sultan  a corps of 6,000  15 
+of his best troops. The Turkish army, then, may truly be said to be a mustering 
+of all the  available forces of Mohamedanism in Europe, Africa, and Western 
+Asia. The hosts of the two religions which have long struggled for supremacy 
+in  the  East,  the  Russo-Greek  and  the  Mohammedan  are  now fronting  each 
+other,  the  one  summoned  by the  arbitrary will of  a  single  man—the other by  20 
+the  fatal  force  of  circumstances,  according  to  their  mutual  creeds,  as  the 
+Russo-Greek  Church  rejects  the  dogma  of  predestination,  while  Moham 
+medanism  centers  upon  fatalism. 
+
+To-day  two  meetings  are  to  be  held, the  one  in Downing-st.—the  other  at 
+the  London  Tavern;  the  one  by  the  ministers—the  other  against  them;  the  25 
+one  in  favor of the  Czar—the  other in favor of  the  Sultan.  From  the  leaders 
+of  The  Times  and  Morning Chronicle, we  might infer,  if  there  could exist 
+any  doubt  about  the  intention of the  Coalition, that it will try to  the utmost 
+to  prevent war,  to  resume  negotiations, to kill time,  to  paralyze the Sultan's 
+army,  and  to  support the  Czar  in the  Principalities. 
+
+30 
+
+"The  Czar  has  declared  for  peace,"  The  Times  is  happy  to  state,  upon 
+undoubted  authority.  The Czar has expressed "pacific  sentiments at Olmütz 
+by his own lips." He will not accept the modifications the Porte has proposed ; 
+he  will  abide  by  the  original  Vienna  note,  but  he  will  allow  the  Vienna 
+conference  to  interpret  the  note  in a preternatural sense,  contradictory to  35 
+his  own  Nesselröden  interpretation.  He  will  allow  them  to  occupy  them 
+selves with conferences, provided they allow him, meanwhile, to occupy the 
+Principalities. 
+
+The  Times,  in its peace  paroxysm,  compares  the  two Emperors of Russia 
+and  Austria  to  a  couple  of  savage  chiefs  in  the  interior  of  Africa,  in  order  40 
+to  arrive  at  the  conclusion:  "After  all,  what  does  the  world  care  for  the 
+
+444 
+
+The War  Question—Financial  Matters—Strikes 
+
+Emperor of Russia, that it should go to war out of deference to his political 
+mistakes?" 
+
+The  banks  of  Turin,  Paris,  Berlin  and  Warsaw  have  raised  their  rate  of 
+discount.  In  the  bank  returns  of  last  week,  the  bullion reserve  of  the  Bank 
+5  of England was  stated  to  have  again decreased by £181,615, its total amount 
+now  being  only  £15,680,783.  The  active  circulation  of  notes  has  decreased 
+to  the  extent of nearly £500,000, while  the  discount of bills has increased by 
+£400,000,  a  coincidence  which  confirms  the  statement  I  made  in  my  letter 
+on  the  Peel  Act,  that  the  amount  of  bank  notes  in  circulation  does  not 
+rise  and  fall  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of  banking  business  which  is 
+done. 
+
+10 
+
+20 
+
+Mr. Dornbush  concludes  his  monthly  Commercial  Circular  as follows: 
+"Political  events  during  the  last week have greatly  added to  the  agitation 
+in the Corn trade, caused by the  increasing reports of a deficient wheat crop, 
+15 the spreading of the potato disease and the scarcity of ship-room. Town flour 
+has  advanced to 70 shillings per 280 pounds, new wheat to 80 shillings, with 
+a rising  discount  approaching  5  per et.  A great excitement now pervades the 
+corn trade—the  probability of  a war  in  the  East, the prohibition of exporting 
+grain  from  Egypt,  the  confirmed  deficiency  in  the  wheat  crop  in  England, 
+the  spreading  of  the  potato  disease,  the  falling  off  in the  foreign  arrivals, 
+(especially  from  the  South  of  Europe),  the  continued  demand  for  France, 
+Belgium  and  Holland—these  were  the  principal  exciting  causes  that  again 
+drove  up  prices  of  wheat  variously  from  one  shilling  to  six  shilüngs  per 
+quarter  in  the  leading  provincial  markets  held  last  week  . ..  Generally,  im-
+25  mediately  after harvest, the tendency of prices is and remains downward till 
+Christmas. This  year the movement has been the r e v e r s e . .. Prices have been 
+rising for  some  months  past.  At this  moment there is no actual want of corn 
+in  any part of this quarter of the globe; many granaries, barns and rick-yards 
+are  full  to  repletion,  and  in  some  sea-ports  store-room is  wanting. The  late 
+rise in price, therefore, has not been caused by a present, but by a prospective 
+scarcity  of  corn,  founded  on  the  presumption  of  a  deficiency  in the  crops, 
+the  effects  of  which  are  expected  to  be  felt  as  the  season  advances.  The 
+coming winter  is  likely to prove  one  of great hardship  and privation... The 
+prevailing  opinion  is  still  in  favor  of  a further advance in prices;  and  while 
+the bulk of  speculators  continue  'buying and  storing,' the tendency is  likely 
+to  remain  upward,  probably  till  next  spring  . ..  The  presumable  high  range 
+of prices  during the  next winter  is  likely to become, in the following spring, 
+a  great  attraction  to  the  importation  of  corn  from  distant  regions,  which,  in 
+ordinary seasons, cannot be reached on account of the distance and high cost 
+of carriage;  next  spring an accumulation of arrivals from all accessible parts 
+of  the  world  is  not  improbable;  and  the  very  cause  which now  contributes 
+
+35 
+
+30 
+
+40 
+
+445 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+to  raise the price by the withdrawal of stocks from sale, will, with the  setting 
+in  of  the  downward  tide  of  prices,  tend to  depress  the  value  of corn with a 
+force  commensurate  to  the  then  eagerness  of  holders  to  dispose  of  their 
+stocks. Now the rule is to buy; then the watchword will be to sell. Next year 
+may prove  as  dangerous  and disastrous  as  1847." 
+
+5 
+
+The general depression in the Manchester market continues. In proportion 
+as  the  news from Australia and China,  as  well  as  that regarding the Eastern 
+complication,  are  taking  a  more  gloomy  character,  the  minds  of  cotton-
+spinners,  manufacturers  and  merchants, become  more unsettled. The fall in 
+prices  may  now  be  considered  in ordinary  qualities  and Nos.  of yarn to be  10 
+from7ls  to  Id.  per lb.,  from the  highest point two  months  ago, which is very 
+near twice as  much as the fall in the corresponding quality of cotton, amount 
+ing to no more than V2 to 5/8d. And even at the extreme reduction of Id., people 
+find  it  difficult  to  sell,  and  stocks,  the  bugbears  of  our  sympathetic  school 
+of  political  economists,  go  on  accumulating.  Of  course  it must not be  ex-  15 
+pected  that  this  accumulation  of  stocks  will  increase  very  rapidly;  at  the 
+present  moment  both  merchants  and  manufacturers,  on  finding  several 
+markets  overstocked,  have  yet  the  outlet  of  sending  their  goods,  on  con 
+signment,  to  other  markets,  and  this  faculty  they  very largely  use just now. 
+But to throw the  entire exportable produce of British industry, large enough  20 
+to  swamp,  at  regular  intervals,  the  whole  world,  upon  a  few  more  or  less 
+confined  markets,  will  necessarily  excite  the  same  state of plethora,  and the 
+revulsions consequent upon it, in those very markets which are as yet, stated 
+to be healthy. Thus it is that the slightly-improved news from India, according 
+to  which  there  still  is  no  chance  of  profitable  exportation  to  that  country,  25 
+but  merely  a  chance  of  diminishing  loss  upon  fresh  exports,  has  induced  a 
+rather considerable business to  that country, partly on account of the regular 
+India houses,  partly on account of the Manchester  spinners  and manufactur 
+ers  themselves,  who,  rather  than  submit  to  the  loss  incumbent  upon  sales 
+in  a  declining  market,  prefer  taking  whatever  slight  chance  of  a better  sale  30 
+there  may  result  from  a  speculative  export  to  India.  And  here  I  may  add, 
+that  it  has  been  ever  since  1847  a  regular  practice  with  the  Manchester 
+spinners  and  manufacturers  to  send  out  for  their  own  account,  large  ship 
+ments to India, etc., and to have the returns in Colonial produce, sold equally 
+for their own account either in British North America or Continental harbors.  35 
+These  speculations  do  not,  certainly, belong to the legitimate trading sphere 
+of the manufacturer, who  is necessarily not half as well informed of the state 
+of the  markets  as the  sea-port  merchant,  but they please the  British cotton-
+spinner  who,  while  directing  such  distant operations, believes  that favorite 
+illusion  realized,  in  which  he  imagines  himself  the  supreme  director,  the  40 
+ruling  mind,  as  it  were,  of  the  world's  trade  and  commercial  destinies.  And 
+
+446 
+
+The  War  Question—Financial  Matters—Strikes 
+
+if  it  were  not  for  these  speculations  which  hold  fast  for  a  year  or  eighteen 
+months  a  considerable  portion  of  the  industrial  surplus  capital,  there  is  no 
+doubt that the  extension  of  manufactures  in  England  would for the last five 
+years  have  gone  on  at  a  still  more  rapid  rate. 
+
+5 
+
+In  the  dry  goods  market,  domestics  are  the  articles  suffering  under  the 
+greatest  depression;  stocks  continue to  accumulate although a great number 
+of looms have been stopped. Yet it cannot be said that there is anything doing 
+in  other  sorts  of  goods. 
+
+15 
+
+A  similar  stagnation  prevails  at  Leeds  and  Bradford,  at  Leicester  and 
+10  Nottingham.  At the latter  place the hours  of  work have been reduced to ten 
+and even eight in the lace  trade; hosiery has been depressed ever since June 
+last,  when the  production  was  at once  reduced in  Nottingham,  by  one-third 
+of its amount. The only trade that appears to go on in uninterrupted prosper 
+ity  for  the  present,  is  the  hardware trade  of  Birmingham  and  its vicinity. 
+At London, bankruptcy begins to spread among the small shop-keepers. 
+In  my  letter  of  August  12,1  stated  that  the  master  spinners  and  manu 
+facturers  were  getting  up  "An  Association  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the 
+trade  in  regulating  the  excitement  among  operatives  in  the  Manchester 
+District,"  that  that  Association  was  to  consist of local  Associations,  with a 
+20  Central  Committee,  and  that  it  intended  "resisting  all  demands  made  by 
+associated  bodies  of  mill-hands,  fortifying  the  monopoly  of  capital  by  the 
+monopoly  of  combination,  and  dictating  terms  as  an  Associated  body." 
+
+Now,  is  it  not  a  very  curious  fact,  that this  scheme,  of which I informed 
+you about two  months  ago,  has,  to  this  very  moment,  never been alluded to 
+25  by  the  London  papers,  although  silently  carried  out in  the  meantime,  and 
+already  doing  its  work  at  Preston,  Bolton  and  Manchester?  The  London 
+press, it appears, was  anxious to withhold the fact from the eyes of the world, 
+that  the  Factory  Lords  were  systematically  arraying  their  class  against the 
+class  of Labor,  and that the  successive  steps  taken by them, instead of being 
+the  spontaneous  result  of  circumstances,  are  the  premeditated  effects of  a 
+deep-laid  conspiracy  of  an  organized  Anti-Labor  League!  This  English 
+Capitalist  League  of  the  Nineteenth  century  is  yet  to  find  its  historian,  as 
+the  French  Catholic League  did in the  authors  of  the  Satyre Ménippée at the 
+end  of  the  Sixteenth  century. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+The workpeople, in order to  succeed in their demands, must naturally try 
+to  keep  the  one  party  in  till  the  strike  of  the  others  has  proved  victorious. 
+Where this plan is acted upon, the millowners combine to close all their mills, 
+and,  thus,  to  drive  their  hands  to  extremities.  The  Preston  manufacturers, 
+as  you know, were to begin the game. Thirteen mills are already closed, and, 
+at the  expiration  of  another  week,  every  mill is to be  shut up, throwing out 
+of  work  more  than 24,000 men.  The  weavers  have  addressed  a memorial  to 
+
+447 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the masters,  soliciting an interview,  or offering to refer the matters in dispute 
+to  arbitration,  but  their  request  was  rejected.  As  the  Preston  weavers  are 
+assisted  by  penny  collections  from  the  operatives  of  the  surrounding  dis 
+tricts,  from  Stalybridge,  Oldham,  Stockport,  Bury,  Withnell,  Blackburn, 
+Church-Parish, Ashton, Irvell-Vale, Enfield, Burnley, Colne, Bacup, etc. ; the 
+men  having  discovered that  the  only  means  of  resisting the undue influence 
+of  capital,  was  by  union  among  themselves;  the  Preston  factory-lords,  on 
+their  part,  have  sent out  secret emissaries to undermine the means of  succor 
+for the men on strike, and to induce the millo wner s of Burnley, Colne, Bacup, 
+etc.,  to  close  their establishments,  and to  cause a general cessation of labor. 
+In certain places, as  at Enfield, the overlookers have been induced to inform 
+their  masters,  who  had  taken  a  part  in  forwarding  the  movement,  and  ac 
+cordingly  a  number  of  penny  collectors  have  been  discharged.  While  the 
+Preston  men  are  exhorted  by  the  workpeople  of  the  surrounding  districts 
+to  remain  firm  and  united,  the  Preston  masters  meet  with  an immense  ap 
+plause  from  the  other  manufacturers,  being  extolled  as  the  true  heroes  of 
+the  age. 
+
+At  Bury,  matters  are  taking  a  similar  turn  as  at  Preston.  At  Bolton,  the 
+bedquilt  makers  having  lots  cast  to  decide  which  of  them  were  to  begin 
+striking,  the  masters  of  the  whole  trade  at  once  closed  their  mills. 
+
+Besides  the  simultaneous closing of mills, other means of combination are 
+resorted to.  At  Keighly,  for instance, the weavers of Mr. Lund struck for an 
+advance  of wages, the principal cause  of  their turn-out being his  giving less 
+than was received by the weavers of Mr. Anderton,  at Bingley.  A deputation 
+of  the  weavers  having  asked for an interview with Mr. Lund, and proceeded 
+to  his  lodgings,  they  had  the  door  politely  shut  in  their  faces.  But,  a  week 
+afterward,  Mr. Anderton's  work-people  were  informed  by  notice  that  a 
+reduction  would  be  made  in the wages  of his  weavers  of  3d.  per piece,  and 
+of  his woolcombers  of  one farthing per pound,  Mr. Lund  and  Mr. Anderton 
+having, in the meantime, concluded an alliance offensive and defensive, with 
+a view to fight the weavers of the one by pulling down the wages of the other. 
+Thus,  it  is  supposed,  Mr. Lund's  weavers  will  be  driven  to  submission  or 
+Mr. Anderton's  weavers  to  a  turn-out,  and the  additional weight of  another 
+turn-out  doing  away  with  all  chance  of  support,  both  sets  will  bend  to  a 
+general  reduction. 
+
+In  other  instances  the  masters  try  to  enlist  the  shopkeepers  against  the 
+working  men.  Thus  Mr. Horsfall,  the  coal  king  of  Darlymain pit,  when,  in 
+consequence  of  a  reduction  of  wages,  his  hands  struck,  went  to  all  the 
+butchers, bakers  and provision dealers  of the neighborhood the colliers trade 
+with,  to  prevail  on  them  not  to  let  his  men  have  anything  on  credit. 
+
+In all localities where the association for "regulating the excitement among 
+
+448 
+
+The  War  Question—Financial  Matters—Strikes 
+
+the  operatives"  exists,  the  associated  masters  have  pledged  themselves  to 
+heavy  fines,  in  case  of  any  individual  member  violating  the  status  of  their 
+League,  or  yielding  to  the  demands  of  the  "hands."  At  Manchester  these 
+fines  amount  to  £5,000,  at  Preston  to  £3,000,  at  Bolton  to  £2,000,  etc. 
+
+5 
+
+There  is  one  feature  which,  above  all,  distinguishes  the  present conflict 
+from  past  ones.  At  former  periods—as  in  1832,  1839,  1840,1842—a general 
+holiday,  as  it  was  called, viz.:  a general  and  simultaneous  stopping of labor 
+throughout the  whole  kingdom,  was  a favorite  idea  with the operatives,  and 
+the  great  object  they  aimed  at.  This  time,  it  is  capital  which  threatens  a 
+10  general withdrawal.  It is the  masters who endeavor to bring about a general 
+closing  of  mills.  Do  you  not  thmk  that,  if  successful,  it  may  prove  a  very 
+dangerous  experiment?  Is  it their intention to  drive the English people to an 
+insurrection  of  June,  in  order  to  break  their  rising  spirit,  and  to  lay  them 
+prostrate  for  a  series  of  years  to  come? 
+
+15 
+
+At  all  events, we  cannot too  closely watch the  symptoms of the civil war 
+preparing  in England,  especially  as the  London press  intentionally  shuts  its 
+eyes to great facts, while it diverts its readers with descriptions of such trifles 
+as  the  banquet  given  by  Mr. Titus  Salt,  one  of the factory princes  of York 
+shire,  at the  opening of  his  palace-mill, where  not only the local aristocracy 
+20  were  regaled,  but his  hands,  too.  "Prosperity,  health,  and happiness  to the 
+working  class,"  was  the  toast  proposed  by  him,  as  the public  is  told by the 
+Metropolitan press, but it is not told, that,  some days afterwards, his moreen 
+weavers  received  notice  of  another  reduction  in  their  wages  from  2s.  3d. 
+to  2s.  Id.  "If  this  means  either  health  or  prosperity  to  the  moreen  wea-
+25  vers,"  writes  one  of  his  victims  to  The  People's  Paper,  "I,  for  one,  do  not 
+
+want  it." 
+
+You  will  perhaps  have  seen  from  The  Times  that  a  Mrs. MacDonnell,  of 
+Knoydart,  Glengarry, has,  in imitation of the Duchess of Sutherland, under 
+taken  to  clear  her  estates,  in  order  to  replace  men  by  sheep.  The  People's 
+30  Paper, informed by  a correspondent on the  spot, gives the following graphic 
+
+description  of  this  Malthusian  operation: 
+
+"This lady had a number of cottagers on her domains, many of whom were 
+unable  to pay their rents—some being considerably in arrears,  as  we are told. 
+She,  therefore,  ordered  them  all  off,  and  drove  them  to  take  refuge  in  the 
+35  woods  and caves, where they have since been lurking, or rather dying, while 
+Mrs. MacDonnell's  horses have been warmly bedded in secure  and comfort 
+able  dwellings.  She  at the  same  time offered them a free passage to Canada, 
+passage  money  being  cheaper  than  poor  rolls,  and  permission  to  sell  'their 
+little  stocks,'  they having no  stock whatever to  sell,  except the  clothes they 
+stand  in,  a  broken table,  or  a rheumatic  cat.  Finally,  she  forgave  them  the 
+arrears—she  could  not  get.  This  is  called  noble  generosity'." 
+
+40 
+
+449 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Such  ejections  appear  to  be  again  the  order  of  the  day,  throughout  the 
+Highlands. Thus, at least, we are informed by Sir Charles Forbes, a Highland 
+laird, writing to  The  Times, "that sheep-farms are now becoming so valuable, 
+that  it  will  pay  our  English  sheep-farmers  to  hire  ships  at  any  time,  and to 
+pay for  the  removal  of  all  who  stand  in  their  way." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+450 
+
+T he  T u r k i sh  M a n i f e s t o — F r a n c e 's  E c o n o m ie  P o s i t i on 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+From  our  own  Correspondent. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3912,  31. Oktober  1853 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  October  18,  1853. 
+
+The  Turkish  manifesto  addressed  on  the  first  of  October to  the four  Great 
+Powers  as  a justification  of  the Sultan's declaration of war against the Czar, 
+is,  in every respect, superior to the huge mass of state papers, which Europe 
+has  been inundated  with  since  May,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Sultan,  it  states,  has  given no  motive for quarrel. There remained not 
+even  a  pretext for it,  after the question of the  Holy Shrines had been  settled. 
+On  the  part  of  Russia  all  treaties  were  infringed;  on  the  part  of  Turkey all 
+10  means  of  conciliation  exhausted.  According  to  the Powers themselves, the 
+Sultan was  not  to  subscribe to  Prince  Menchikoff's  note.  How,  then,  could 
+he be expected to adopt the Vienna note, which, as a whole, was not different 
+from  that  of  Prince  Menchikoff?  The  explanatory  epistle  of  the  Vienna 
+conference  could  not  change  the  condition  of  affairs.  The  clear and  precise 
+15  paragraph  of  the  Treaty  of  Kainardji  being  misconstrued  by  Russia,  what 
+would not be the  risk  of "placing in her hands  vague and  obscure paragraphs 
+affording  her  a  solid pretext for her pretentions  to  a religious Protectorate?" 
+Moreover,  the  modifications  proposed by the Sultan have been fully justified 
+by  the  subsequent  explanations  published  by  Nessehode.  The  occupation 
+20  of the Principahties had, at first sight, constituted a casus belli, and the Porte 
+is  now  decided  to  proclaim  it  a  casus  belli.  Prince  Gorchakoff  has,  ac 
+cordingly,  been  summoned  to  evacuate  the  Danubian  provinces.  If  fifteen 
+days  after  the  arrival  of  that  notification  he  should  answer  in the  negative, 
+Omer  Pasha  is  to  commence  hostilities,  the  Russian  agents  are  to  quit  the 
+25  Ottoman  states,  and  the  commercial  relations  of  the  two  countries  to  be 
+broken  off.  No  embargo,  however,  will  be  laid  upon  Russian  merchant 
+vessels,  but  they  will  receive  orders  to  leave  the  Turkish ports.  The  straits 
+will  remain  open  to  the  mercantile  navy  of  friendly  Powers. 
+
+Such  is  the  substance  of  the  Sultan's  manifesto. 
+
+451 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+The Turkish vjltimatum was intimated to Prince Gorchakof f on the 9th inst. 
+Accordingly,  the  term  for  evacuating  the  Principalities  expires  on  the 25th 
+inst.  The  threat,  however,  of  commencing  hostilities  cannot be understood 
+in a literal sense, as Omer Pasha is certain not to abandon his strong positions, 
+with a view  to  attacking the  Russians. 
+
+In  The  Morning Herald of  yesterday  you will  find  confirmed  my  observa 
+tions  on  the  westward  movement  of  the  Russian  Army,  and  the  secret 
+understanding  with  Austria  which  this  movement  indicates. 
+
+5 
+
+Russia,  true  to  the  old  Asiatic  system  of  cheating  and  petty  tricks,  now 
+plays  upon the credulity  of the  Western World by  spreading the rumor that  10 
+the  Czar  had  "just  sent  a  courier  in  all haste  to  Vienna  to  declare  that  he 
+accepted  freely  and  completely  the whole of the  conditions proposed by the 
+mediating powers," when, unfortunately,  "he became informed of the decla 
+ration  of  war  on  the  side  of  the  Porte."  Then,  of  course,  the  God  of  the 
+Russians  retracted  at  once  all  the  concessions  he  had  ever  made,  and  ex- 
+claimed  that  "nothing  remained  but  war,  and  war  to  the  knife,"  (guerre  à 
+l'outrance.)  Thus  the  Czar,  it  appears,  has  been  forced  into  war  by  the 
+Sultan. 
+
+15 
+
+Mr. de  Brack,  the  Austrian  Internuncio,  is  said  to  have  interrogated  the 
+Porte  whether it intended to  appeal to the political refugees in order to form  20 
+a  foreign  legion.  Redchid  Pasha  replied  that,  notwithstanding  the  proposi 
+tions  incessantly  made  to  the  Porte,  he  had  not  yet  come  to  any  decision; 
+but  that  in  the  case  of  Turkey  being  abandoned  by  her  allies,  she  would 
+believe  herself  perfectly justified  in  making use  of  all  means  for her proper 
+defense, and in employing the  services of the political refugees disseminated  25 
+throughout  the  several  countries  of  Europe. 
+
+We  read in the  Constitutionnel:  "We have reason to believe  that there  has 
+arrived at this  moment at Paris and London an official demand for the succor 
+of  France  and  England  on  the  part  of  the  Sublime  Porte." 
+
+You will read  in the  newspapers  that the Emperor of Austria has reduced  30 
+
+his  army  by  about  100,000  men.  The  truth  is  that  this  number  have  been 
+dismissed  on  furlough,  but  are  revocable  at  any  moment.  The  financial 
+pressure  on the  one  side,  and the  hope  of thus  catching the  money-lenders 
+on  the  other,  have  induced  the  Vienna  Cabinet  to  take  this  step. 
+
+The following extract from a London commercial circular, concerning the  35 
+
+Corn-trajde  of  France,  will,  I  suppose,  be  read  with  interest: 
+
+"From  a  very  extensive  correspondence  taking  every possible  trouble  to 
+ascertain the  real  state  of  the  case,  we believe the  crop  of wheat in France 
+to  be  on  an  average  fully one-third  short, varying according to  locality, the 
+greatest  deficiency  being  in  the  south.  It  is  true  that  journals  under  the  40 
+influence  of  the  Government  have  endeavored  to  persuade  the  public  that 
+
+452 
+
+The  Turkish  Manifesto—France's  Economic  Position 
+
+10 
+
+such  is  not  the  case,  but  the  very  acts  of  the  Government  are  a  sufficient 
+contradiction to such assertions. It first relaxed the Navigation Laws inf avor 
+of  this  country;  it  then  repealed  them  altogether;  next  it  anticipated  the 
+reduction  of  the  duty,  which the  shding-scale  would  of  itself  have  secured, 
+5  by  fixing  it  at  the  minimum  (without  reference  to  the  sections  into  which 
+France  is  divided  at  various  rates  of  duty)  and  opened the ports  to foreign 
+vessels free of tunnage dues. Since then it has opened all the rivers and canals 
+free  to  corn  vessels,  and  invited  the  railways  to  carry  the  food  at  reduced 
+rates;  it  has  opened  Algeria  free,  and  allowed  it  to  ship  to  France  by  any 
+tunnage; it has prohibited the export of potatoes and vegetables, and has not 
+hesitated to interfere  arbitrarily in many markets between buyers and sellers. 
+Surely  all  this  confirms  a  short  crop,  or  are  very unnecessary precautions. 
+The trade in France has, however, been in a state of suspense for some time; 
+not  that  the  merchants  throughout  the  kingdom  have  any  doubt  as  to  the 
+result of the harvest,  but the  false  step which the Government adopted with 
+regard to fixing the price of bread has  so perplexed them that they have been 
+afraid to  act,  and it is  notorious that as  soon as  the  decree  was  issued, tele 
+graphs  were  sent  off  in  all  directions,  cancelling  the  orders  given for  corn; 
+and  it is impossible to  estimate the ultimate  consequence this  measure  may 
+20  have  upon prices.  The  average  production  of  wheat  in France is  estimated 
+at  80 millions  of hectolitres,  (about 28  millions  qrs.,) the highest production 
+during  the  last  25  years  having  been  97  millions  in  1847,  and  the  lowest 
+52  millions  in  1830.  The  growth  of  wheat  has  increased  very  much  of  late 
+years, much faster in proportion than the population; and the fact that stocks 
+25 are completely exhausted at the present time, shows that the population have 
+been much better  fed  and  in  a more  prosperous  condition than they used to 
+be. 
+
+15 
+
+The following table will  show  the  progress  of the population and produc 
+
+tion  during  the  last 25  years: 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+Average  production 
+of Wheat in five years. 
+
+Population. 
+
+32,569,223 
+33,540,910 
+34,240,078 
+35,400,486 
+35,781,821 
+
+1831 
+1836 
+1841 
+1846 
+1851 
+
+from  1827 to  1831 
+from  1832 to  1836 
+from  1837 to  1841 
+from  1842 to  1846 
+from  1847 to  1851 
+
+Hectolitres. 
+
+57,821,336 
+68,684,919 
+71,512,258 
+72,015,564 
+86,121,123 
+
+The  increase  of  consumption,  in proportion to the increase of population, 
+will  cause  the  effect  of  a bad  harvest to  be  more  severely  felt,  as  there  are 
+40  no  old  stocks  left to  fall back upon,  and of course no  stocks of foreign grain 
+
+in  warehouse." 
+
+453 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+The  sinister  intentions  of  the  governing  classes  of  England,  with  regard 
+to  Turkey,  may  be inferred from the  sermons of Messrs.  Bright and Cobden 
+at Edinburgh, from the Gladstone speeches at Manchester, and from the hint, 
+thrown  out by  several papers, that, in the case of a Russo-Turkish war, Lord 
+Aberdeen will be  replaced by Lord Palmerston, the  chivalrous  antagonist of 
+Russia. 
+
+Jail Inquiries  are  now  a constant feature in the reports of the press. From 
+what  has  been  disclosed  it  appears  that  prison  discipline  in  Birmingham 
+consists  of  collars  and  mural  torture;  in  Leicestershire  of  cranks,  and  in 
+Hampshire  of  the  less  artificial  method  of  starvation.  And  "you  call this  a 
+free  country!" 
+
+I stated, in a former letter, that the so-called peace concluded with Burmah, 
+was  but  an  armistice,  and that the  new  acquisitions  would prove  an  endless 
+source  of  new  troubles  to  the  British  conquerors.  The  last  overland  mail 
+informs  us,  indeed,  that  the  war  party  in  Burmah  is  increasing in  strength; 
+that  the  new  territories  are  literally  overrun  by  large  bands  of  robbers,  in 
+stigated  by  the  Government  of  Ava  and  requiring  a  considerable  increase 
+of military force at Prome, and that "the British troops are sick and disgusted, 
+healthy  sites  for  barracks  having  not  yet  been  discovered." 
+
+The  shameful  neglect  of  all  means  of  irrigation  on  the  part  of  the  Indo-
+British  rulers,  is  again  producing,  in  the  district  of  Patna,  its  regular  quota 
+of  Cholera  and  famine,  consequent  on  the  long  continued  drouth. 
+
+From  a  return  just  issued  I  abstract  the  following  statistics  of wrecks  of 
+
+British  and  Foreign  vessels  on  the  coasts  of  the  United  Kingdom: 
+
+Year.  Total 
+
+Sunk by leaks 
+or collisions. 
+84 
+— 
+
+wrecks. 
+277 
+358 
+
+1850 
+1851 
+1852 
+Sum total of wrecks during the 3 years 
+And of lives lost 
+
+Stranded. 
+
+304 
+348 
+— about 
+
+Lives  Total sum 
+lost. 
+of wrecks. 
+784 
+681 
+701 
+750 
+900 
+1100 
+2482 
+
+2434 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+454 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+M o v e m e n ts  of  t he  A r m i es 
+
+in  T u r k ey 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3919,  8. November  1853 
+
+Movements  of the  Armies in Turkey. 
+
+5 
+
+Several  important military movements  have  recently taken place in the  seat 
+of  war  in  Turkey,  which  more  clearly  define the positions  and plans  of the 
+respective  parties.  The  Russians—to  whom  we first  advert because  they are 
+the  attacking  party,  and  as  such  must be  regarded  as  taking  the initiative-
+have  continued  to  extend  their line  of  operations  toward the  West.  Brigade 
+after brigade  has  been sent in the direction of Widdin, on the upper Danube; 
+and  now  the  front  of  the  Russian  army  may be  said  to extend from Kalafat, 
+opposite  Widdin,  to  Orash,  opposite  Hirsova,  in  a  direction  which  equally 
+10  menaces  the road  to  Constantinople, and that to Servia and Macedonia. The 
+first  movement  toward  Kalaf  at  was  sufficient  to  establish  the  certainty  of 
+a Russian diversion toward the centers of the Slavonic and Greek population 
+of Turkey.  It made it probable, at the same time, that the plan of the campaign 
+would  be  defensive  action  and  mere  demonstrations  on  the  direct  road  to 
+15  Constantinople,  with  energetic  offensive  action  on  the  road  to  Sofia,  in 
+Servia  and  Macedonia.  However,  when  these  movements  were  made,  the 
+Turks  had  not  declared  war.  This  event has  since taken place,  and appears 
+to  have  irritated  the  Czar  to  such  a  degree  that  he  is  likely  to  impart  a  far 
+more  energetic  impulse  to  his  troops  than  was  previously  to  be  expected. 
+20  Not only is Prince Paskiewich called  to the command of the Russian forces, 
+but he  is  also  said to bring with him 40,000 soldiers from the army in Poland, 
+who  next to  the guards  and grenadiers,  are considered the best troops in the 
+Russian  pay.  Such  reenforcements  would  establish  a  superiority  for  the 
+Russian  arms  which  might  justify  offensive  action,  both  on the  Upper  and 
+25 Lower Danube, while at the same time they might be considered as a counter 
+poise  against  any  French  and  British forces,  that,  according  to  rumor,  are 
+likely  to  be  sent  to  the  support  of  Turkey.  At  all  events,  these  Russian 
+reenforcements  cannot  arrive  on  the  Danube  in  time  for  operations  this 
+season.  From  Warsaw  to  Bucharest,  by  way  of  Dubno,  Chotin  and  Jassy, 
+
+455 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+the distance is eight hundred miles across  a country in which an army cannot 
+move  more than eight or ten  mues  a day.  It will then be  three  months  or till 
+the  beginning  of  January  before  these  fresh  troops  can  take  up  their  posi 
+tions;  and considering the  season of the year,  it is  even probable that it will 
+take  them  longer.  These  troops,  then,  must  remain  entirely  in  the  background  5 
+until  the  beginning  of  the  spring  campaign. 
+
+The Russian forces, now in the Principalities, have been estimated at from 
+130,000 to  150,000  men.  Supposing they have  lost by sickness and desertion 
+from  20,000  to  30,000,  they  still  maintain  a  numerical  superiority  over  the 
+Turks opposed to them. For if we know but little more of the actual strength 1 o 
+of  the  Russians  than  what  may be  concluded  from  the  number  of  divisions 
+and  brigades  marched  into  Turkey,  and  from  the  effective  numbers  they 
+ought to  show  on their rolls, the numbers of the Turkish forces on the Danube 
+are very well known through the reports of British,  French and Piedmontese 
+officers  sent there by their respective  Governments.  Now,  all these reports  15 
+agree  in this  fact,  that  even  after  the  arrival of  the  Egyptian contingent,  the 
+Turkish  active  army,  under  Omer  Pasha,  did  not  number  more  than 
+110,000  combatants,  of  whom  only  80,000  were  regulars.  Behind them,  at 
+Adrianople,  an  army  of  reserve  was  being  formed  which was  to  consist of 
+80,000  Redif  s,  (old  soldiers  called  in  again,)  but  of  the  state  of  this  reserve,  20 
+we have no positive information. The fact, then, is this, that on the day when 
+the  first  shot  will  be  fired,  Omer  Pasha will  command  an  army  numerically 
+inferior  to  that  of  his  opponent,  and  that  nothing  but  blunders  on  the  part 
+of  his  enemy,  or  capital  generalship  on  his  own  part,  will  save  him  from 
+defeat. 
+
+25 
+
+We  have  equally  good  information  as  to  the  position  and  the  defensive 
+preparations of the Turks. Three lines have been fortified:  first, the Danube, 
+to prevent its being passed by the enemy;  second, that from Varna to  Shumla; 
+third, that a few leagues in the rear of the second, on the river Kamesik, where 
+is  the  fort  which  guards  the  passes  of  the  Balkan.  These  fortifications  are  30 
+described  by  the  foreign  officers  as  formidable,  and  likely  to  frustate  any 
+attempt of  an enemy to  carry them.  Now, with all respect for the important 
+art  of  field-fortification,  and  for  the  judgment  of the  officers  who  give this 
+report,  we  may  be  allowed  to  say  that  such opinions  must be  received with 
+great  caution.  How  many  field-works  considered  to  be  impregnable  have  35 
+been carried,  after  a few  rounds  of  grape-shot,  on  the first assault; and who 
+does  not  know  that  the  most  celebrated  field-works  ever  constructed,  the 
+lines  of  Torres  Vedras,  were  strong,  not  by  their  passive  capacity  of  re 
+sistance  but  because  Wellington  had  100,000  men  to  defend  them,  while 
+Masséna  could  only bring  30,000 men to the  attack?  Single, detached field-  40 
+works,  as  in  mountain  passes  for  instance,  have  often  done  great  service; 
+
+456 
+
+Movements of the Armies  in Turkey 
+
+but  never  in  modern  times  has  a  superior  army,  commanded  by  an  able 
+General,  been  defeated  in  a  general  action  on  account  of  the  passive  re 
+sistance  offered  by  field-works.  And  then  the  manner  in which field-works 
+are  defended  is  almost  everything;  but  half  disciplined  troops,  or  soldiers 
+5  without any discipline, are of little avail behind breastworks when a vigorous 
+
+shower  of  grape  is  directed  upon  them. 
+
+But  let us  look at the  three  lines  of  defense  the  Turks  have  fortified.  The 
+first  is  that  of  the  Danube.  Now,  to  fortify  the  line  of the  Danube  can only 
+mean  to  erect  such  works  as  will  prevent  the  Russians  from  crossing  that 
+river.  The course of the Danube, from Orsova to the sea, is nearly 600 miles 
+long;  to  fortify such a line effectually and to garrison the fortifications, would 
+require  six  times  as  many  men  as  the  Turkish  General  can  command,  and 
+if he  had  them  he  would  commit the  greatest blunder  should  he  put them to 
+such  a  use.  We  conclude  then  that  this  first  Une  of  fortifications  must be 
+confined  to works  between Rustchuk  and  Hirsova,  by which the passage of 
+the  river  is  molested,  but  not  effectually  prevented. 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+The  second  position  from  Shumla  to  Varna  is  exactly  the  same  in which 
+the  Turks  were  routed  in  1829,  and  in  which  they  are  again  sure  to  be  an 
+nihilated  if  they  there  accept  a  decisive  battle.  The  position  appears  to 
+20  possess  striking  advantages  for  defense,  and  to  be  susceptible  of  great 
+additional  strength  by  art;  and  the  position  on  the  Kamesik,  to  the  rear  of 
+Varna  and  Shumla,  appears  to  be  stiU  stronger,  and  has  the  advantage  of 
+forcing  the  enemy  to  leave  troops behind to  blockade  those  fortresses.  But 
+both  have  this  disadvantage,  that  they  have  a  narrow  pass  in  their  rear  as 
+the  only  means  of  retreat,  which  outweighs,  for  an inferior  army,  aU other 
+advantages,  and which would make it an egregious  mistake to accept abattle 
+unless  the  inferior  army  were  as  sure  as  the  British were  at  Waterloo  that 
+at  the  decisive  moment  an  aUied  army  would  faU  upon  the  flanks  of  the 
+attacking  enemy. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+As  to  Omer  Pasha  we  have  no  means  of  judging  to  what  use  he  reaUy 
+intends turning these fortifications.  We  can not doubt but he knows very well 
+that  his  part  in  the  war  will  be  chiefly  defensive;  and  he  is,  therefore, per 
+fectly justified in  strengthening his  defensive position by all the means which 
+the  art  of  fortification places  at  his  disposal.  We  do  not  know,  whether he 
+intends these fortifications to frighten the Russians from passing the Danube 
+at those points by which Constantinople is most directly menaced or whether 
+he proposes to accept a decisive battle in them.  It is  said that he has disposed 
+his  army in  such a manner that at whatever point toward Shumla the Russians 
+shaU cross the river, he will be prepared to f aU upon the head of their main 
+column  and  beat  it before  support  can  arrive.  In  that case,  the  second line 
+of  fortifications  would  form  a  secure  retreat  if  the  operation  should  be 
+
+457 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+5 
+
+frustrated.  But  the  truth  is  that  a great  defensive  battle  on  any  of  the  three 
+lines  would  be  a  mistake;  for  either  the  Russians  will  concentrate  all  their 
+forces  for  the  attack,  and  then Omer  Pasha will  stand  but  a poor chance; or 
+they  will  divide  themselves,  and  then he  ought to  leave  his  fortified Unes  in 
+order to  fall upon one of their  columns.  The best use to which he could turn 
+these  fortifications,  and the  only  one  consistent with the  modern  system of 
+warfare  would  be  to  use  them  as  a provisional base for offensive operations 
+against  detached  Russian  columns,  on  their  passing  the  Danube;  to  check 
+the  Russian  advance  by  a  more  or  less  obstinate  defense  of  each line;  and 
+to hold, by means of the third line, the  most important passes of the Balkan  10 
+as  long  as  this  can be  done  without a general  engagement.  At the  same time 
+it  cannot be  denied that  any  army,  and particularly the Turkish army, would 
+be  exceedingly  demoralized  by  the  abandonment  without a battle,  of  these 
+fortifications;  for  if  they  cannot hold  out behind  ditches and bulwarks, how 
+are  they  to  beat  the  Russians  in  the  open field? This is the way the private  15 
+soldier  always  reasons,  especially  if  only  half  disciplined;  and therefore, if 
+the  fortifications  in  question  actually have the importance ascribed to them, 
+we  cannot but consider them  more  dangerous  to  the  Turks  themselves than 
+to  the  Russians. 
+
+But the Russians have fortified themselves, too, in Wallachia? Certainly,  20 
+
+and  their  case  is  different.  They  are  the  attacking  party;  their fortifications 
+merely  serve  to  cover  retreat  and check pursuit in case of disaster; and they 
+have four Unes  of rivers,  one behind the  other,  crossing their line of retreat, 
+and  forming  as  many  lines  of  defense.  These  lines  are,  the  Danube,  the 
+Ardgish,  the  Buseo  and  the  Sereth.  Here  is  a  fair  case  for  precautionary  25 
+fortifications;  here  are  natural  lines  of  defense  which  form, to  a European 
+army,  no  obstacle  for retreat,  while  with  a little  artificial improvement they 
+may  become  serious  obstacles  to  pursuit;  and  above all, here is no intention 
+of  accepting  a  general  battle  with  only  one  line  of  retreat  in  the  rear.  The 
+Russian  fortifications,  as  far  as  we  can  judge,  belong  decidedly  to  the  30 
+European  system  of  warfare,  while  the  Asiatic  spirit  predominates  in those 
+of  the  Turks.  This  same  unreflecting  character  is  the  ruling  feature  of  the 
+general  position  of the  latter.  They  defend  Constantinople  by  placing them 
+selves  across  the  nearest  road  which  leads  to  it, while  the  Russians  appear 
+to  direct  their  first  attack,  not  upon  that  city,  but upon the  central parts  of  35 
+the  peninsula, where  Turkish  dominion  is  most vulnerable, and where, after 
+all,  for  a  Russian  army,  lies  the  shortest  way  to  the  capital. 
+
+There  is,  however, one thing which we must not forget.  The Russian army 
+is,  and  ever  has  been,  slow  and  cautious  in  its  movements.  It  will  most 
+probably not  act during the winter  season. A few  skirmishes may take place  40 
+in order to  secure this or that island of the Danube to either party. But unless 
+
+458 
+
+Movements  of  the  Armies  in  Turkey 
+
+the  Czar  commands  extraordinary  activity—which  command  would  most 
+likely be  frustrated by the passive pedantry of his generals—there is very little 
+chance  of  decisive  maneuvers  before  spring.  The  Danube  might be  passed 
+but  the  Balkan  cannot  be  traversed,  and  between  the  two,  the  position  of 
+the  Russian  army would  be  most  dangerous. 
+
+5 
+
+In the  meantime, the  Turks  have  sent their fleet to Varna. Admiral Slade, 
+an  Englishman,  who  commands  it,  appears  to  be  in  high  spirits.  But  that 
+movement, too,  is full  of risk.  The Russian fleet,  indeed, appears inferior to 
+the  Turkish in everything but numbers; but as long as the Russians have two 
+10  guns  and two  ships of the line to  one of the Turks, the latter cannot venture 
+an  action out of the reach of their  strand batteries.  And in that case, the fleet 
+would be  safer  and better placed  in the  Bosphorus, where it is not likely the 
+Russians  will blockade it.  Once  at Varna,  the Turkish fleet is  exposed to be 
+deprived  of  all  possibility  of  movement;  while  in  the  Bosphorus,  it  retains 
+its  freedom  of  action,  and  might  be  used for expeditions  to  Trebizond,  to 
+the  Caucasian  coast,  or  against  detached  positions  of  the  Russian  fleet. 
+
+15 
+
+In  every  respect,  then,  we  are  unwillingly  compelled  to  believe the  Rus 
+sians to be superior to the Turks. Whether Omer Pasha, who is really an able 
+soldier,  will  succeed  by  his  personal  qualities  in  changing  the  balance,  re-
+20  mains  to  be  seen.  Old  Paskiewich,  however,  although  a  slow,  is  an  ex 
+
+perienced  general,  and  will  not  easily  be  caught. 
+
+459 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+A r r e st  of  D e l e s c l u z e — D e n m a r k — A u s t r i a — " T he  T i m e s" 
+
+on  t he  P r o s p e c ts  of  W ar  a g a i n st  R u s s ia 
+
+From  our  own  Correspondent. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3917,  5. November  1853 
+
+London,  Friday,  Oct. 21,  1853. 
+
+Among  the  arrests  recently  made  at  Paris,  the  most  important  is  that  of 
+M. Delescluze,  private  Secretary  to  M. Ledra  Rollin.  He  had  been  sent  to 
+Paris on a secret mission,  and compromising papers, as is  stated, have been 
+seized upon him.  One cannot understand M. Ledra Rollin's trusting to  a man 
+who  has  never cleared himself from the  suspicion of having betrayed in 1848 
+the  Belgian  Legion  in  the  famous  affair  of  Risquonstout. 
+
+5 
+
+At Copenhagen the  consummation  of  the  coup  d'état  seems  imminent, as 
+the Ministry will not yield, and as the Folkething has pronounced against the 1 o 
+abolition of the existing Constitution, unless the Government submit to them 
+its  own  project  of  a  Constitution  for the  whole  Danish  monarchy.  The  two 
+separate  projects  for  the  Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein have appeared. 
+They  are  poor  imitations  of  the  constitutions  of the  old Prussian  Provincial 
+Diets,  distributing  the  representation  among  the  several  "orders,"  making  15 
+the right of election dependent on the holding of landed property, and limiting 
+its  exercise  by  the  condition  of  "domicile"  in  the  respective  electoral  dis 
+tricts.  The  most  remarkable  paragraphs  in  these  constitutions  are  two,  one 
+of  which  deprives  the  courts  of  law  of  their  ancient  right  of  canceling  ad 
+ministrative  decrees,  and  the  other  excluding  all  individuals  from the right  20 
+of  voting  who  compromised  themselves  in  the  revolutionary  struggle  from 
+1848-50,  whether  they  have  since  been  amnestied  or  not. 
+
+I  told  you  in  my last letter that the Austrian decree reducing the army was 
+intended  merely  to  entrap  the  money-lenders;  and  now  that  all  chance  of 
+obtaining  a loan has  vanished—now  that the Government declare they never  25 
+intended  to  contract  any  loan—now  that  they  have  entered  upon  a  fresh 
+emission  of  paper,  we  are  informed  that  "no  arrangements  are being made 
+for  carrying  into  execution  the  Imperial  decree  relative to  the  reduction of 
+the  army,  and that, on the contrary, the generals who command in Lombardy, 
+
+460 
+
+Arrest of  Delescluze—Denmark—Austria—"The  Times"  on  the  Prospects  of War against  Russia 
+
+Hungary,  and  Croatia,  have,  all  of  them,  demanded  re-enforcements  on 
+account  of  the  state  of  the  public  mind  in  those  countries." 
+
+A  Paris  correspondent  writes  as  follows  to  The  Morning  Post  with 
+reference  to  the  proceedings  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia during his  late visits 
+to  Olmiitz  and  Berlin: 
+
+5 
+
+"The  Czar's  chief  object was  to make a new alliance between the Northern 
+P o w e r s . .. To overcome the resistance of Prussia he used every argument—I 
+may  say  every  bribe;  for  he  offered,  on the  event of  his  advancing into  and 
+holding Turkish territory, to yield the occupation of Warsaw and the military 
+
+10  dominion  of  Poland  to  Prussia." 
+
+As  to  the  reported  successes  of  the  Russians  over  Schamyl, letters  have 
+arrived  at  Paris  which  show  them  to  be  nothing  but  inventions,  no  en 
+gagement  of  any  description  having  taken  place  in  the  Caucasus  since  the 
+month of  May, when the victory at Mendoh was gained by Schamyl,  and the 
+
+15  Russians  were  driven back from  their  attempts  upon  Malka. 
+
+"We  quite  understand  the  popularity  of  a  war  with  Russia  on  behalf  of 
+the Poles or the Hungarians, even if there was no ground of our interference, 
+except  political  sympathy  . ..  We  do  not understand  a war  on behalf  of  the 
+Turk." 
+
+20 
+
+Thus  wrote  The  Times on  Oct.  12.  A  week later  we are told by the  same 
+
+paper: 
+
+"The  first  collision between British  and  Russian  armies  would be a signal 
+of  revolution  all  over  the  Continent,  and  we  think it by no  means unlikely, 
+nor,  indeed,  altogether  objectionable,  that  such  a  consideration may  have 
+25  occasionally  passed through the  minds  of our aristocratic, plutocratic,  des 
+potic,  and  anything  but  democratic  rulers  . ..  We  are  deliberately  to  go  to 
+war  with  Russia,  in  defense  of the Turkish nominal sovereignty over certain 
+really  independent provinces,  because by so  doing we  shall provoke a rebel 
+lion in the Austrian Empire. " One day England is not to go to war with Russia, 
+30  because  by  so  doing  it  would  defend  the  Turks,  instead  of  the  Poles  and 
+Hungarians;  and  the  next  day  because  any  war  in  behalf  of  Turkey  would 
+be  simultaneously  a  war  in  behalf  of  the  Poles  and  the  Hungarians. 
+
+35 
+
+The  Vienna  Presse  states  that Abd-el-Kader  has been asked by the  Sultan 
+to  accept  a military  command  in the  case of a war with Russia. The negotia-
+tions were managed by the Sheik-ul-Islam, and the Emir declared his willing 
+ness  to  enter  the  service  of  Turkey  on  the  condition  that  the  advice  of 
+Bonaparte  was  previously  asked.  The  command  destined  for  him  was  that 
+of  the  Asiatic  army. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+461 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  H o ly  W ar 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3925,15. November  1853 
+
+The Holy War. 
+
+The  war  has  at last opened  on  the  Danube,—a war of religious fanaticism on 
+both  sides,  of  traditional  ambition with the  Russians,  of life  and death with 
+the Turks.  As  was  to  have  been expected,  Omer Pasha  has  been the  first to 
+begin positive hostilities;  it was in the line of his duty to make some demon- 
+stration  toward  the  forcible  expulsion  of  the  invaders  from  the  Ottoman 
+territory;  but  it is by no means certain that he has thrown from thirty to fifty 
+thousand  men  across  the  Danube,  as  is  rumored  from  Vienna,  and there  is 
+reason  to  fear  that  if  he  has  done  so  he  has  committed  a fatal blunder.  On 
+the  shore  he  leaves,  he  has  ample  resources  of defense and a good position; 
+on the  shore  he  seeks  he  has  inferior power  of  attack  and  no  retreat in case 
+of  disaster.  The  report of  his  crossing with  such numbers must therefore be 
+doubted  till  more  positive  advices. 
+
+5 
+
+io 
+
+While  the  struggle  in  Europe  is  commenced  under  disadvantageous  cir 
+cumstances for the Turks, the  case  is otherwise in Asia.  There, the frontier  15 
+territories  of  Russia  and  Turkey  divide  themselves,  in  a  military  point 
+of  view,  into  two  quite  distinct  theaters  of  operation.  It  is  the  high  ridge, 
+or  rather  concatenation  of  ridges,  connecting  the  Caucasus  with  the  table 
+land  of  Central  Armenia,  and  dividing the  waters  that  run toward the  Black 
+Sea from  those which the Araxes leads to the Caspian Sea, or the Euphrates  20 
+to  the  Persian  Gulf;  it  is  this  ridge  which  formerly  parted  Armenia  from 
+Pontus,  that  now  forms  the  partition  of the two  distinct districts where  the 
+war  is  to  be  waged.  This  range  of  abrupt  and  generally  barren  rocks,  is 
+traversed  by  very  few  roads—the  two  principal  of  which  are  those  from 
+Trebisond  and  Batum to  Erzerum.  Thus  for  all  military  purposes,  the  hills  25 
+in  question may be  considered  as  nearly  impassable,  forcing both parties to 
+have  distinct  corps  on  either  side,  operating  more  or  less  independently of 
+each  other. 
+
+The  country  on  the  shore  of  the  Black  Sea is  intersected by  a number  of 
+
+462 
+
+The  Holy  War 
+
+rivers  and  mountain  torrents,  which  form  as  many  military  positions  for 
+defense.  Both the  Russians  and  the  Turks  have  fortified  posts on important 
+points.  In this generally broken country,  (the  valley  of the river Rioni is the 
+only one which forms anything like a plain,) a defensive war might be carried 
+5  on  with  great  success  against  a  superior  army,  (as  very  few  positions  are 
+liable  to  be  turned  on  the  land  side,  on  account  of  the  mountains,)  were  it 
+not  for  the  cooperation  of the  respective  fleets.  By advancing,  and,  in case 
+of need, landing troops, upon the flank of the enemy, while the army engages 
+him  in  front,  a  fleet  might  turn  all  these  strong  positions,  one  by  one,  and 
+10  neutralize, if not destroy, fortifications which, on neither side of the frontier, 
+are  very  respectable.  Thus  the  possession  of  the  Black  Sea  Coast  belongs 
+to  him  who  is  master  of  the  Sea; or, in other words,  unless  the  allied  fleets 
+cooperate  actively  with  the  Turks,  it  will  in  all  hkelihood  belong  to  the 
+Russians. 
+
+15 
+
+The country in the interior, on the inland side of the mountains, comprises 
+the  territory  in  which the  Euphrates,  the  Araxes  and  the  Kur  (Cyrus) take 
+their  rise;  the  Turkish  province  of  Armenia  is  on  the  one,  the  Russian 
+province  of  Georgia  on  the  other  side  of  the  frontier.  This  country,  too, is 
+extremely  mountainous  and generally impassable to  armies.  Erzerum  on the 
+20  part  of the  Turks,  Tiflis  on the  part  of the  Russians,  may  be  said to be the 
+two  immediate  bases  of  operations,  with  the  loss  of  which  the  possession 
+of the whole neighboring country would be inevitably lost. Thus the storming 
+of  Erzerum  by  the  Russians  decided  the  Asiatic  campaign  of  1829. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+But  what  is  the  immediate  oasis  of  operation  for  one  party,  will  be  the 
+direct object of operations to the other. Thus the roads connecting Tiflis and 
+Erzeroum will be the lines of operations for both.  There are three roads; one 
+by the upper Kur and Akhalzikhe, the other by the upper Araxes and Erivan, 
+the  third  in  the  midst between  these  two,  across  the  mountains  by  way  of 
+Kars.  All these roads are guarded on either side, by fortified towns and posts, 
+and  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  which  would  be  for Turks  or Russians, the 
+most eligible.  Suffice  it to  say that the  road  by Akhalzikhe  is  the one which 
+would  lead  a Turkish army  most directly  upon the  insurgent districts  of  the 
+Caucasus,  but that very  advance  of  the  Turks would be turned by a Russian 
+corps  advancing  from  Batum  up  the  valley  of  the  Tchorokh  by  Olti  upon 
+35  Erzerum; the road from Batum joins that from Tiflis only about 15  miles from 
+Erzerum  which  would  enable  a  Russian  corps  advancing  in  the  direction 
+alluded to,  to  cut off the communication of the Turks, and, if  strong enough, 
+to  take  possession  even  of  Erzerum,  the  fortifications  of  which  are  of  a 
+merely  Asiatic  character  and  not  capable  of  serious  resistance. 
+
+40 
+
+The key to the theater of war, in Asia, and on either side of the hills, then, 
+is Batum, and considering this, as well as its commercial importance, we need 
+
+463 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+not  wonder  at  the  efforts  the  Czar  has  always  been  making  to  get  hold  of 
+it.  And  Batum  is  the  key  of  the  theater  of  war,  nay,  of  all  Turkey  in  Asia, 
+because it commands the only passable road from the coast to the interior—a 
+road  which  turns  all  the  Turkish  positions  in  advance  of  Erzerum.  And 
+whichever  of  the  two  fleets  in  the  Black  Sea  drives  the  other  back into  its 
+harbors,  that  fleet  commands  Batum. 
+
+5 
+
+The Russians are perfectly aware of the importance of this post. They have 
+sent,  by  land  and  by  water,  reinforcements  to  the  Transcaucasian coast.  A 
+short  time  ago  it  might  have  been  believed  that  the  Turks,  if  weaker  in 
+Europe,  enjoyed a decided  superiority in Asia.  Abdi Pasha, who commands  10 
+the  Asiatic  army,  was  said  to  have  collected  60,000  or  80,000,  nay 
+120,000  men,  and  swarms  of  Bedouins,  Kurds  and  other  warlike  irregulars 
+were  reported  to  flock  daily  to  his  standard.  Arms  and  ammunitions  were 
+said  to  be  in  store  for  the  Caucasian  insurgents,  and  as  soon  as  war  was 
+declared,  an  advance  was  to  be  made  into  the  very  heart  of  these  centres  15 
+of  resistances  to  Russia.  It  may,  however,  be  as  well  to  observe  that Abdi 
+Pasha  cannot possibly have  more  than  about  30,000 regular troops, and that 
+before the Caucasus is reached, with these, and with these alone, he will have 
+to  encounter the  stubborn resistance of Russian battalions. His Bedouins and 
+Kurdish  horsemen  may  be  capital  for  mountain  warfare,  for  forcing  the  20 
+Russians  to  detach largely  and  to  weaken  their  main  body;  they  may  do  a 
+great  deal  of  damage  to  the  Georgian  and  Colonist  villages  in  the  Russian 
+Territory,  and  even  open  some  sort  of  an  underhand  communication with 
+the  Caucasian  mountaineers.  But  unless  Abdi  Pasha's  regulars  are  capable 
+of  blocking  up  the  road  from  Batum  to  Erzerum,  and  can defeat whatever  25 
+nucleus  of  an  active  army  the  Russians  may  be  enabled  to  bring  together, 
+the  success  of the irregulars will be of a very ephemeral nature. The support 
+of  a  regular  army  is  now-a-days  necessary  to  the  progress  of  all  in 
+surrectionary  or  irregular  warfare  against  a  powerful  regular  army.  The 
+position of the  Turks  on this  frontier would be  similar to  that of Wellington  30 
+in Spain, and it remains to be  seen whether Abdi Pasha will know to husband 
+his  resources  as  well  as  the  British general  did,  against  an enemy  decidedly 
+his  superior  in  regular  warfare  and  the  means  of  carrying it on.  In  1829  the 
+Russian forces  in Asia,  amounted,  before  Erzerum, to  18,000  men only, and 
+considering the improvements that have since then taken place in the Turkish  35 
+army,  (although  that  of  Asia  has  least  participated in them,)  we  should  say 
+the  Russians  would  have  a  fair  chance  of  success  if  they  could  unite 
+30,000  men  in  a  body  before  the  same  place  now. 
+
+Whether  they  will  be  able  to  do  so  or  not, who  can decide  at the  present 
+time,  when  there  is  even  less  of  real  facts  known,  and  more  idle  rumors  40 
+spread  as  to  the  Russian  army  in  Asia,  than  as  to  that  in  Europe?  The 
+
+464 
+
+The  Holy  War 
+
+Caucasian army is officially computed at200,000men, at its full complement; 
+21,000  Cossacks  of  the  Black  Sea  have  been marched  toward  the  Turkish 
+frontier;  several  divisions  are  said to  have been embarked from  Odessa for 
+Redut  Kaleh,  on  the  South  Caucasian  coast.  But  every body knows  that the 
+5  Caucasian  army  does  not count half its  official complement,  that the re-en 
+forcement  sent beyond  the Caucasus cannot, from obvious causes, have the 
+strength  reported  by  Russian  papers,  and from the  conflicting evidence  we 
+receive, we  are  absolutely at a loss  to  make  anything like  an estimate of the 
+Russian  forces  on  the  Asiatic  frontier.  But  that  we  may  say,  that  in  all 
+10  probability the  forces  of both parties  (an immediate general insurrection of 
+the  Caucasians  left  out  of the  question)  will be  pretty nearly  balanced,  that 
+the  Turks  may,  perhaps,  be a little  stronger than the Russians, and therefore 
+will  be,  on  this  theater  of  war,  justly  entitled  to  undertake  offensive opera 
+tions. 
+
+15 
+
+The chances for the Turks  are, indeed, far more encouraging in Asia than 
+in  Europe.  In  Asia  they  have  but  one  important  post to guard,  Batum;  and 
+an advance, be it from Batum, or from Erzerum toward the Caucasus, opens 
+to  them  in  case  of  success  a  direct  communication  with  their  allies,  the 
+mountaineers,  and  may  at once  cut off  the  communication,  at least by land, 
+20  of the Russian army  south of the  Caucasus with Russia; a result which may 
+lead to the entire destruction of that army. On the other hand, if defeated, the 
+Turks risk losing Batum, Trebisond and Erzerum; but even if that be the case, 
+the  Russians  will  then  not  be  strong  enough  to  advance  any  further.  The 
+advantages  are  far  superior  to  the  loss  to  be  undergone  in  case  of  defeat; 
+and  it is therefore, for sound and satisfactory reasons, that the Turks appear 
+to  have  decided  upon  offensive  warfare  in  those  regions. 
+
+25 
+
+465 
+
+Karl  M a rx 
+
+W a r - S t r i k e s - D e a r th 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3925,15. November  1853 
+
+War—Strikes—Dearth. 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London, Tuesday, Nov. 1,  1853. 
+
+The  news  of  the  cannonade  of  Isakchi  had  hardly  reached  London,  when 
+the intelligence was  telegraphed from  Vienna to  London and Paris, that the 
+Porte,  at  the  request  of  the  representatives  of  the  four  powers,  had  issued 
+orders  for  the  adjournment of the hostilities, if they should not have already 
+commenced,  till  the  1st  November.  Is  the  exchange  of  cannon-shots  at 
+Isakchi  to  be  or  not  to  be  considered  as  a  commencement  of  hostilities? 
+That is  the  question now  stirring  the  Stock Exchange and the press.  In my  10 
+opinion  it  is  a  very  indifferent  one,  as  in  any  event  the  armistice  would 
+have  elapsed  to-day. 
+
+5 
+
+It is rumored that the Turkish army had crossed the Danube at Widdin and 
+Malchin,  viz.:  at  the  south-eastern  and  north-western frontiers  of  Bulgaria. 
+The  accuracy  of this  dipatch appears  very doubtful.  According to the  Paris  15 
+Presse of to-day,  it  was  resolved  by  a  military  council held in the  Seraskirat 
+on  the  15th  or  16th  Oct.,  that  as  soon  as  the  refusal  of  Prince  Gorchakoff 
+to  evacuate the  Principalities  would be officially known, the hostilities  were 
+to  commence  in  Asia,  on  two  different  points:  against  the  fortress  of Poti, 
+at  the  Black  Sea,  and  on the  frontier  of  Georgia.  The  same  paper  informs  20 
+us,  that Gen.  Baraguay  d'Hilliers, the  newly  appointed  French Embassador 
+at  Constantinople,  has  set  out  accompanied  by  a  staff composed of officers 
+of  the  géme  and  of  the  artillerie.  Mr. Baraguay  is  known  as  a bad  General 
+and  a good intriguer.  I  remind you  of  his  exploits  at the  famous  Club  of the 
+Rue  de  Poitiers. 
+
+25 
+
+While  the  first  cannon  bullets  have  been  exchanged  in  the  war  of  the 
+Russian  against  Europe,  the  first blood  has  been  spilt  in the war now raging 
+
+466 
+
+War-Strikes-Dearth 
+
+in the manufacturing districts, of capital against labor.  On Friday night a riot 
+took  place  at  Wigan,  arising  out  of the  contest between the  colliers  and the 
+coal  kings;  on  Saturday the town was  stated to be perfectly quiet, but to-day 
+we  are  informed  by  electric  telegraph that  at the colliery of Lord Crawford, 
+5  or of the  Earl Balcarres,  an attack was  made by the  colliers;  that the armed 
+force  was  called  out;  that  the  soldiers  fired,  and  that  one  of  the  workmen 
+was  killed.  As  I  am  to  receive private  information from  the  spot,  I  adjourn 
+my  report  on  this  event,  only  warning  your  readers  against  the  reports  of 
+The Daily News  and  The  Times, the former of these papers being in the direct 
+10  pay  of  the  Manchester  School,  and the  latter being,  as  The Morning Herald 
+jusdy  remarks,  "the  bitter,  unforgiving,  relentless  enemy  of  the  working 
+classes." 
+
+15 
+
+In  1842,  when  the  Manchester  School,  under  the  banner  of  free  trade, 
+enticed the industrial proletariat into insurrectionary movements, and, in the 
+time of peril, treacherously abandoned them, as  Sir Robert Peel plainly told 
+the  Cobdens  in the House of Commons—at that epoch their watchword was: 
+Cheap  food and dear  wages.  The  Corn  laws  having been  abrogated  and free 
+trade,  as  they  do  understand  it,  realized,  their  battle-cry  has  been changed 
+into:  Cheap  wages  and  dear  food.  With  the  adoption  of  the  Manchester 
+
+20  Commercial system by Government, the millocracy had imposed upon them 
+selves  a problem  impossible  to be  resolved under  their régime: the  securing 
+of  an  uninterrupted  continuance  of  brisk  trade  and  commercial  prosperity. 
+For  the  hour  of  adversity,  they  had  cut  off  any  position  to  fall  back upon. 
+There  was  no  more  deluding  the  masses  with  Parliamentary  reform,  as  in 
+25  1831 ;  the legislative influence,  conquered by that movement for the  middle 
+classes,  having been exclusively  employed against the  working classes; and 
+the  latter  having,  in  the  mean  time,  got  up  a  political  movement  of  their 
+own—Chartism. There is no more charging the aristocratic protectionists with 
+all  the  anomalies  of the  industrial  system  and  the  deadly conflicts  springing 
+30  up from its very bowels, as free-trade has worked for about eight years under 
+wonderfully fortunate  circumstances with  a California and an Australia—two 
+worlds  of gold,  extemporized,  as  it  were,  by the imaginative powers  of the 
+modern  demiurge.  Thus,  one  by  one,  step by step, the industrial bourgeoisie 
+have  removed,  with their  own  hands,  all the  carefully  propagated  delusions 
+that  could  be  conjured  up  at  the  hour  of  danger,  in  order  to  deturn  the 
+indignation  of  the  working  classes  from  their  real  antagonist,  and to  direct 
+it  against  the  antagonists  of  the  millocracy,  against  the  landed  aristocracy. 
+In 1853, there have waned away the false pretenses on the part of the masters 
+and  the  silly  illusions  on  the  part  of  the  men.  The  war  between  those  two 
+40  classes  has  become  unmitigated,  undisguised,  openly  avowed  and  plainly 
+understood.  "The  question,"  exclaim  the masters themselves in one of their 
+
+35 
+
+467 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+recent  manifestoes—"is  no  longer  one  of  w a g es but one  of  mastership."  The 
+Manchester  liberals,  then,  have  at last thrown off  the  lion's  skin.  What they 
+pretend  at—is  mastership  for  capital  and  slavery  for  labor. 
+
+5 
+
+Lock-out versus Turn-out, is the great lawsuit now pending in the industrial 
+districts,  and  bayonets  are  likely  to  give  judgment  in  the  case.  A  whole 
+industrial army, more than 70,000 working-men are disbanded and cast upon 
+the  streets.  To the  muís  closed  at Preston  and Wigan there have been added 
+those  of  the  district  of  Bacup,  which  includes  the  townships  of  Bacup, 
+Newchurch,  Rawtenstall,  Sharnford,  and  Stanford.  At  Burnley  the  mills 
+stopped last Friday;  at Padiham  on Saturday;  at Accrington the masters are 
+contemplating  a  lock-out;  at  Bury,  where  about  1,000 men  are  already  out 
+of  work,  the  masters have  given notice  to  their  hands  of  a "lock-out unless 
+they  discontinued their  contributions to those out of work in their own town 
+and  at  Preston;"  and  at  Hindley,  three large mills were  closed on Saturday 
+afternoon,  and  more  than  a  thousand  additional  persons  thrown  out  of  15 
+employment. 
+
+10 
+
+While  the  hypocritical  phrase-mongering,  squint-eyed  set of  Manchester 
+
+humbugs  spoke  peace  to  the  Czar  at  Edinburgh,  they  acted  war  with then-
+own  countrymen  at  Manchester.  While  they  preached  arbitration  between 
+Russia and  Europe, they were rejecting  scornfully  all  appeals to  arbitration  20 
+from  their  own  fellow-citizens.  The  workmen  of  Preston  had  carried  in  an 
+open  air  meeting the  resolution  "that the delegates of the factory operatives 
+recommed  the  Mayor  to  call  a public meeting of  the  manufacturers  and the 
+operatives  to  agree to  an amicable  settlement of  the  dispute  now pending." 
+But  the  masters  do  not  want  arbitration.  What they pretend  at is  dictation. 
+While,  at  the  very  moment  of  a  European  struggle,  those  Russian  propa 
+gandists  cry for reduction of the  army, they are  at the  same time augmenting 
+the  army of civil  war,  the  police force, in  Lancashire  and Yorkshire.  To the 
+workmen  we  can  only  say  with  The  People's  Paper: 
+
+25 
+
+"If they close all the mills of Lancashire, do  you send delegates to York-  30 
+
+shire  and enlist the  support of the gallant men of the Westriding. If the mills 
+of  the  Westriding are  closed,  appeal to  Nottingham  and Derby, to  Birming 
+ham  and  Leicester,  to  Bristol  and Norwich,  to  Glasgow and Kidderminster, 
+to  Edinburgh and Ipswich. Further and further, wider and wider, extend your 
+appeals  and rally your class through every town and trade. If the employers  35 
+choose  to  array  all  their  order  against  you,  do  you  array  your  entire  class 
+against  them.  If  they  will  have  the  vast  class  struggle,  let them have it,  and 
+we  will  abide  the  issue  of  that  tremendous  trial." 
+
+While, on the one hand, we have the struggle of masters and men, we have, 
+on  the  other,  the  struggle  of  commerce  with overstocked  markets,  and  of  40 
+human  industry  with  the  short-comings  of  nature. 
+
+468 
+
+War-Strikes-Dearth 
+
+10 
+
+5 
+
+At  a  very  early  period  of  the  Chinese  revolution, I drew  the  attention of 
+your readers to the disastrous influences it was likely to exercise on the social 
+condition of Great Britain.  "The  Chinese  insurrection,"  we  are  now  told by 
+The Examiner,  "is  rampant in the tea districts, the  result of which is that teas 
+are  looking  up in  the  market  of  London,  and calicos  are looking down in the 
+market  of  Shanghai."  "At  Shanghai,"  we  read  in  the  circular  of  Messrs. 
+Bushby & Co., a Liverpool house, "the tea market has opened at prices about 
+40 to 50 per cent,  above last  season.  Stocks  were light,  and supplies coming 
+slowly." The last advices from Canton state that the "insurgents are generally 
+spreading themselves  throughout the country  to the entire ruin of trade, that 
+manufactures,  almost  without  exception,  have  given way  in price;  in  some 
+instances,  the  fall  is  very  serious.  Stocks  are  large  and  fast  accumulating, 
+and  we  fear  the prospect of amendment is rather remote. At Amoy the trade 
+in imports, beyond a few chests  of opium,  appears  at an end for the present." 
+15  The  following  is  described  as  the  state  of  the  markets  at  Shanghai:  "Both 
+black teas and raw silks have been offering freely, but the conditions imposed 
+by  holders  have  been  such  as  greatly  to  restrict  operations;  no  deste  ap 
+peared  to  take  manufactures,  and  transactions  have  been  chiefly  effected 
+by  means  of  opium  at  very  low  prices,  and  bullion  from  Canton.  Large 
+amounts  of  treasure  have  been  removed  from  that  place,  but the  supply is 
+rapidly being exhausted,  and we  must look to other quarters for silver bullion 
+and coin,  without which we  shall soon be unable to purchase produce, unless 
+a great improvement  should take place in the import market. Business in the 
+latter has  been very  limited,  and chiefly confined to  sales of damaged goods 
+
+20 
+
+25  at auction." 
+
+In the  commercial circular from  Messrs. Gibson & Co., dated Manchester, 
+Oct. 21, we find noticed, as a most prominent cause of the actual depression, 
+"not only present bad  advices  from  our  great  Chinese  market,  but the pros 
+pect  of  such continuing to  arrive  in that  absence  of  confidence  in monetary 
+30 transactions there, which must so inevitably be the result, and for a protract 
+ed  period,  of  the  complete  and  radical  changes  which  appear  likely  to  be 
+effected  in  the  Government  and  institutions  of  that  vast  Empire." 
+
+As  to  the  Australian  markets,  The  Melbourne  Commercial  Ctcular states, 
+that "Where goods purchased only about a month ago have been sold, if then 
+35  delivered,  at  a profit of  no  less  than  100 or  150 per  cent.,  now  they would 
+not  realize  enough  to  cover the  expenses."  Private letters  from Port Philip, 
+received  last  week,  are  also  extremely unfavorable  with regard  to  the  state 
+of  the  markets.  Goods  continue  to  pour  in  from  all  parts  of the  world,  and 
+the  prices  they  could  command  were  so  low,  that  rather  than  submit  to 
+immediate  sacrifices,  ships were being purchased in numbers, to be used for 
+storage. 
+
+40 
+
+469 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+5 
+
+We  can  then  not  be  surprised  at  the  commercial  circulars  continuing  to 
+record  dullness  and  declining prices  in the  markets  of the industrial  districts. 
+Thus  we  read  in  the  circulars  of  Messrs.  Fraser,  Son  &  Co.,  dated  Man 
+chester,  Oct. 21:  "The  extent  of  operations,  whether  for  the  home  trade,  or 
+for  foreign parts,  has  been on  an  exceedingly limited  scale,  and  prices  have 
+suffered  throughout  to  a  greater  or  lesser  extent.  The  further  decline  in 
+7/8  prints  and  madapolams  may  be  stated  at  lll2d.  to  3d.  per  piece;  in  56  to 
+66  reed  34  in.  to  36 in.  shirtings ^hd.  to 6d.  per piece; in 36-72 reed  slürtings, 
+3d.  per piece;  in  39  in.  shirtings,  of  low  quality, weighing 574 to 6lbs., about 
+472d.  per  piece;  in 39 in.  60 to 64 reed  shirtings  3d.  per piece;  in 45  to 54 in.  10 
+sliirtings  4 7 a d.  to  Tl2d.  per  piece;  in  low  5  to  8  jaconets  l 7 2 d .,  and  in  14  to 
+16  square jaconets  3 d. per piece; in Τ cloth  l 7 2 d ., in long cloths  3d. per piece 
+and  in  domestic  of  certain  classes  about  l-16d. per yard.  In yarns, watered 
+twist  has  delined  the  most  for  common  and  middling  qualities,  which  may 
+be considered as 74d. to 7 i d. per lb. below lastmonth's quotations. Mule yarns 15 
+have been most  affected in  No. 40's, which have been  selling  at a reduction 
+of  fully  Id.  per  lb.  from  the  highest  point  of  the  year.  Other  yarns  at  20s. 
+below  60  have  been  similarly  affected."  As to the food  market,  The London 
+Weekly Dispatch  states:  " In  so  far  as  wheat  is  concerned,  the  opinions  of 
+farmers, as they proceed to thrash their grain and count their stocks, is that  20 
+the  crop  will  be  shorter  still  than  they  anticipated.  Indeed  they  call  it  a 
+half-crop."  The  wetness  of  the  weather  since  about  a  fortnight,  highly 
+unfavorable for wheat-sowing and seeding in the ground, evokes, too, serious 
+apprehensions  for  the  harvest  of  1854. 
+
+From  Oxfordshire  it is  reported  as  follows: 
+"As  to  the  wheat  crop,  as  a  whole  it  is  a  miserable  failure;  farms  that 
+usually  produce  from 40  to  44  bushels  per  acre  are  this  year yielding from 
+15 to 20 bushels; and some well cultivated wheat and bean lands are yielding 
+but from 8 to 10 bushels per acre. Potatoes sadly diseased, are an insignificant 
+yield." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+A  Yorkshire  report  informs  us  that: 
+"The  wet  has  caused  a  complete  cessation of  all  active  out-door  opera­
+tions ; and the remains of the latter harvest, we are sorry to say—all the beans, 
+the bulk of  spring wheat,  and  some oats, are, by being exposed to the action 
+of  the  weather,  rendered  so  soft  as  to  prevent  the  hope  that  it can ever be  35 
+fit to  thrash after the drying winds of spring. It is, moreover, sadly sprouted, 
+and  a  sad waste of this last resource will doubtless inevitably take place.  We 
+give  a faint idea of the extent of the loss to which we now refer. Commencing 
+at the Tees,  and from thence to Catterick, at Stokesley, and embracing the 
+lowlands  of  Cleveland,  and  eastward  of  Thirsk  to  the  sea,  westward  of  40 
+Harrowgate  and  from  the  Humber  to  the  sea,  vast  quantities  of  corn  are 
+
+470 
+
+War—Strikes—Dearth 
+
+abroad  and  spoiled  by  the  wet,  with  a  rainy  sky  overhead;  a  full  fifty  per 
+cent,  of  the  potatoes  irrevocably  diseased,  and  a new  demand for  seed  has 
+sprung  up,  with  small  stocks  of  old  corn.  It is  certain  that the  whole  of the 
+wheat-growing  districts  of  the  country  are  deficient  and  spoiled  beyond  any 
+former  period  within  our  recollection." 
+
+A  Hertfordshire  report  states: 
+"It  is  very  extraordinary  at this  period  of  the  year  not  to  have  concluded 
+the  harvest  in  this  country.  Such,  however,  is  the  fact,  as  there  are  many 
+fields  of  oats  not  yet  carted,  and  a considerable  portion of  the  spring-sown 
+beans,  with  an  occasional  field  of  barley;  indeed,  there  are  some  fields  of 
+lent-corn  not  yet  cut." 
+
+The Economist of last Saturday publishes the following table, showing the 
+quantities of wheat and grains  of all kinds, and of meal and flour of all kinds 
+imported  into  the  United  Kingdom  during the  period from  Jan. 5  to  Oct.  10, 
+1853: 
+
+Countries  from 
+which exported. 
+
+Wheat, 
+
+Wheat meal, 
+or  flour. 
+
+Corn 
+
+qrs. 
+
+cwts. 
+
+of all kinds 
+
+qrs. 
+
+Aggregate of meal 
+and flour 
+of all kinds, 
+
+cwts. 
+
+Russia, viz: 
+Northern Ports 
+Ports within 
+Black Sea 
+Sweden 
+Norway 
+Denmark 
+Prussia 
+Mecklenburg-Schwerin 
+Hanover 
+Oldenburg 
+Hanseaüc Towns 
+Holland 
+Belgium 
+Channel Islands 
+(foreign  produce) 
+France 
+Portugal 
+Azores 
+Spain 
+Gibraltar 
+Italy, viz: 
+Sardinian 
+Territories 
+Tuscany 
+Papal Territories 
+
+69,101 
+
+64 
+
+307,976 
+
+65 
+
+704,406 
+3,386 
+— 
+220,728 
+872,170 
+114,200 
+19,187 
+2,056 
+176,614 
+58,034 
+15,155 
+
+526 
+96,652 
+4,217 
+630 
+13,939 
+— 
+
+7,155 
+43,174 
+39,988 
+
+— 
+13 
+1 
+5,291 
+3,521 
+— 
+— 
+— 
+53,037 
+306 
+353 
+
+4,034 
+857,916 
+4 
+— 
+177,963 
+9 
+
+2,263 
+67,598 
+— 
+
+1,029,168 
+3,809 
+561 
+733,801 
+899,900 
+123,022 
+146,601 
+19,461 
+231,287 
+132,255 
+20,829 
+
+629 
+470,281 
+21,657 
+14,053 
+48,763 
+4,368 
+
+8,355 
+45,597 
+41,488 
+
+— 
+13 
+1 
+5,291 
+3,521 
+— 
+— 
+— 
+53,066 
+308 
+353 
+
+4,034 
+858,053 
+4 
+1 
+177,985 
+9 
+
+2 33 
+67,598 
+— 
+
+471 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+45 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Countries  from 
+
+V« 
+
+l i l i a li  ^ A | J \ SI 
+
+l C l i> 
+
+Wheat, 
+
+Wheatmeal, 
+or  flour 
+
+Corn 
+of fill  ΙοηΗς 
+
+ν /ι  a il  I V I I I U9 
+
+qrs. 
+
+cwts. 
+
+qrs. 
+
+l
+
+lu 
+
+Aggregate  of  meal 
+ftrtff  flmtr 
+e l
+H U UI 
+of all  kinds, 
+cwts. 
+
+Naples and Sicily 
+Austrian Territories 
+Malta 
+Ionian Islands 
+Greece 
+Wallachia and 
+Moldavia 
+Syria 
+Egypt 
+Other Turkish 
+Dominions 
+Algeria 
+Morocco 
+British East India 
+British  North  America 
+U.S. of America 
+Brazil 
+Other Ports 
+
+8,618 
+44,164 
+28,569 
+82 
+1,417 
+
+209,048 
+21,043 
+297,980 
+
+218,407 
+— 
+3 
+— 
+45,587 
+434,684 
+
+— 
+1 
+
+2 
+370 
+— 
+— 
+— 
+
+— 
+— 
+— 
+
+7,370 
+— 
+3 
+205 
+232,216 
+2,388,056 
+3 
+148 
+
+11,977 
+106,796 
+56,281 
+16,220 
+10,221 
+
+601,481 
+24,686 
+543,934 
+
+689,703 
+21,661 
+13,451 
+— 
+62,626 
+630,324 
+237 
+8 
+
+2 
+370 
+— 
+— 
+— 
+
+— 
+— 
+— 
+
+7,370 
+— 
+— 
+205 
+232,493 
+2,389,263 
+320 
+148 
+
+Total 
+
+3,770,921 
+
+3,800,746 
+
+7,093,458 
+
+3,802,743 
+
+The  total of wheat is 
+The equivalent of 3,800,7· 
+Total of grain, flour and ι 
+
+46 cwts. of me 
+Tieal 
+
+al and flour is 
+
+qrs. 
+qrs. 
+qrs. 
+
+3,770,921 
+1,086,522 
+8,179,980 
+
+The  Economist,  in  order  to  allay  the  apprehensions  of  the  city  merchants, 
+
+draws  the  following  conclusions  from  the  foregoing  table: 
+
+" In  1847,  notwithstanding  the  extraordinary  stimulus  of  high  prices,  we 
+imported  of  wheat  and  flour,  in  the  whole  year,  only  4,464,000  quarters.  In 
+the first nine months  of  the  present year we  have imported, without any such 
+stimulus,  except  during  the  last  two  months,  4,856,848  quarters.  Now,  one 
+of  two  things  must  be  true  with  regard  to  these  large  imports  as  they  affect 
+our  own  home  supply—either  they  have  to  a  great  extent  been  consumed, 
+and  have  thereby  saved  in  the  same  proportion  our  own home  production, 
+or  they  are  warehoused,  and  they  will  be  available  hereafter." 
+
+Now, this dilemma is utterly inadmissible.  Consequent on the prohibitions 
+or  the threatened prohibitions  of the  export of corn from the continent,  the 
+corn  merchants  thought  it  fit  to  warehouse  their  stores  meanwhile  in Eng­
+land,  where  they  will  be  only  available  hereafter  in  case  of the  corn  prices 
+ranging higher in England than on the continent. Besides, in contradistinction 
+to  1847,  the  supply  of  the  countries  likely to be  affected by  a Russo-Turkish 
+war  amounts  to  2,438,139  quarters  of  grain  and  43,727 cwt.  of  flour.  From 
+
+472 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+War—Strikes—Dearth 
+
+Egypt, too, exportation willbe prohibited after 30th November next. Finally, 
+England  has  this  year  to  look  only  to  the  usual  annual  surplus  of  other 
+nations, while, before the abrogation of the corn laws, it had at its disposition, 
+in  seasons  of  want,  the  foreign  stocks  accumulated  during  the  favorable 
+seasons. 
+
+The  Weekly  Times,  from  its  point  of  view,  sums  up  the  situation  in  the 
+
+following  terms: 
+
+"The  quartern loaf  is  a  shüling—the  weather is worse  than it has  been for 
+half  a  century,  at  this  season  of  the  year—the  operative  classes  are  in  the 
+delirium  of  strikes—Asiatic  cholera  is  raging  among  us  once  more,  and  we 
+have  got  a  war  mania.  We  only  want  war  taxes  and famine to  make up the 
+orthodox  number  of  the  plagues  of  England." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+473 
+
+K a rl  M a rx 
+
+P e r s i an  E x p e d i t i on 
+
+in  A f g h a n i s t an  a nd  R u s s i an  E x p e d i t i on 
+
+in  C e n t r al  A s i a — D e n m a r k— 
+
+T he  F i g h t i ng  on  t he  D a n u be  a nd 
+
+in  A s i a — W i g an  C o l l i e rs 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3928,18. November  1853 
+
+London,  Friday,  Nov. 4,  1853. 
+
+Shaft  Khan,  the  Persian  Embassador  at  the  Court  of  St. James,  has  been 
+suddenly recalled from England by the  Shah. This recall coïncides  strangely 
+with the operations of Persia in Af f ghanistan, where it was said to have taken 5 
+Herat,  and with the Russian expedition upon Khiva, the capital of the Khanat 
+of  Khiva.  The  Persian  expedition  and  the  Russian  one  may  be  considered 
+as two movements, the one from the west, the other from the north, centered 
+on  the  Punjaub,  the  northern  outpost  of  the  British  dominions  in the  East. 
+The  Russian  expedition  is  commanded  by  Gen. Perowski,  the  same  whose  10 
+Khiva expeditionin 1839-40proved abortive. The Russians having organized, 
+of  late  years,  a  flotilla  in  the  Aral  Sea,  are  now  able  to  ascend  the  river 
+Djihun. 
+
+A  large  Russian  fleet  is  cruising  in  the  Baltic,  where  it  recently  took  an 
+opportunity  to  inspect  the  fortifications  of  Slite,  and  the  harbor  of  the  15 
+Swedish  Island  of  Gothland,  of which Russia is covetous, in the manner she 
+got  possession  of  the  Island  of  Aland,  close  to  the  coast  of  Sweden,  and 
+strongly  fortified  by  Russia  in  1836.  From  Gothland  the  Russian  fleet  pro 
+ceeded  to  the  Cattegat  and  the  Sound,  with  a view  to  support  the  King  of 
+Denmark's intended coup d'état in the very probable case of the Copenhagen 20 
+Diet not quietly accepting the  so-called Whole-State Constitution (Gesammt-
+Staats-Verfassung)  octroyed  by the  magnanimous  Czar. The  state of  affairs 
+at  Copenhagen  is  this:  The  Danish  Government  has  succeeded  in  carrying 
+the  abolition  of  the  Lex  Regia,  and  introducing  the  new  law  of  royal  suc 
+cession, by the  support they received from the peasant-leaguers. This party,  25 
+under  the  leadership  of  Col. Tscherning,  aims  principally  at  the  trans 
+formation  of  the  Feste  Gut,  a  sort  of  feudal  peasant-tenure,  into  free 
+property;  and  the  introduction  of  municipal  laws  favorable  to  the  interests 
+
+474 
+
+Persian  Expedition  in  Afghanistan  . 
+
+.—Denmark—The  Fighting  ...—Wigan  Colliers 
+
+and  the  development  of  the  peasantry.  The  properly-called  national  and 
+liberal party—the party  of  the  Eyderdanes,  who  formed the Casino Ministry 
+in  1848, forced the  Constitution of  1849 upon the  King,  and carried the war 
+against  Schleswig-Holstein—consisting  chiefly  of  professional  gentlemen, 
+5  had  neglected,  like  the  rest  of  the  liberal  party  all  over  the  Continent,  to 
+consult  the  interests  of  the  mass  of  the  people,  formed  in Denmark by the 
+peasantry.  Thus  their influence  on the people was lost, and the Government 
+has  succeeded  in  excluding  them  almost  altogether  from  the  present  Fol-
+kething,  where  they  can  hardly  be  said  to  muster  more  than  ten  men.  The 
+10  Government,  however,  having  got  rid  of  the  obnoxious  opposition  of  the 
+Eyderdanes  by  the  aid  of  the  peasant-leaguers,  threw  off  the  mask,  called 
+Mr. Oersted, who was odious  to both parties, to the Ministry; and so far from 
+any  longer  cajoling the peasant party, a royal veto prevented the publication 
+of  the  new  Municipal  law,  originally  introduced  by  the  Government  itself 
+in  order  to  catch the  peasants.  The peasant-leaguers, duped and abused by 
+the  Government,  have  entered  into  a  coalition  with  the  Eyderdanes,  and 
+appointed  Monrad,  a clergyman,  and  one  of the leaders  of the  Eyderdanes, 
+as  Vice-President  of  the  Committee  sitting  on  the  Constitutional  question. 
+This  coalition  has  baffled  all  hope  of  overthrowing  the  Constitution  in  a 
+constitutional  way,  and  accordingly  the  whole  plan having been formed by 
+and for  the  Muscovites,  a Russian fleet  appears  in the  Danish waters  at the 
+very  moment  of  the  crisis. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+All  the  journals  of  Vienna  and  Berlin  confirm  the  intelligence  of  the 
+passage  of  the  Danube  by  strong divisions  of the Turkish army.  According 
+to  the  Oesterreichische  Correspondent:, the Turks  have been repulsed by the 
+Russians  in  Little  Wallachia.  A  telegraphic  dispatch  states  that  a  serious 
+engagement  took place  on the  21st ult.  between the  two  armies  in Asia. We 
+must  wait  for  more  ample  and  authentic  information  to  account  for  the 
+circumstances  which  may  have  induced  the  Turkish  Commander-in-Chief 
+to  cross  the  Danube  at  Widdin,  a  maneuver  which,  at first  view,  must be 
+regarded  as  a  gross  blunder.  The  Kölnische  Zeitung announces  that  Prince 
+Gorchakoff  has  seized  upon  all  the  treasure-chests  (it  is  not  said  whether 
+governmental  or  other)  of  Wallachia;  and,  according  to  another  German 
+paper,  the  same  General  has  removed to the interior  all  deposits  of corn on 
+the  Danube  designed  to  be  exported  to  foreign  countries. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+The  news  of  advantages  gained  by  Shamyl  over  Prince  Woronzoff,  are 
+confirmed  by  the  French  papers  of  to-day.  We  read  in  the  Agram  Gazette, 
+that an important letter has been received by Prince Danilo from  Russia, and 
+the  Prince  after  having  received  it,  gave  orders  to  have  all  the  corn  which 
+40  had  been  gathered  in  from  the  Montenegrin  territory  removed  to  Zabliak. 
+Cartridges are being made  and bullets cast. It is said that Russia has informed 
+
+475 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+the  Vladika  that  a  collision between the  Turks  and  Russians  was  imminent, 
+and that the war had a patriotic and sacred character; and that the Monteneg 
+rins  ought  to  watch  their  frontiers  narrowly,  in  order  that  neighboring 
+provinces  should  not  furnish  aid  to  the  Porte. 
+
+The  Wanderer  of  Vienna,  of  the  28th  ult.,  says  that  a  letter  from  St.  Peters-  5 
+
+burg  states, that the Emperor Nicholas has ordered the formation of an army 
+of  reserve,  the  headquarters  of  which  are  to  be  in  Volhynia. 
+
+On  last Tuesday  a riot occurred  at Blackburn  on occasion of the  election 
+
+of  councilors  at  St. Peter's Ward, and the  soldiery was forced to interfere. 
+
+With  regard  to  the  Wigan  riots,  Mr. Cowell,  the  leader  of  the laborers  at  10 
+
+15 
+
+Preston  has  declared in a public meeting that—"he very much regretted what 
+had occurred in Wigan.  He was  sorry the people of Wigan had no more sense 
+than to have recourse to a system of leveling. There was no sense in working 
+people  collecting  together  and  destroying  the  property  they  had  produced. 
+The  property  itself  never  did  them any injury—it was  the  men that held the 
+property  that  were  the  tyrants.  Let  them  respect  property  and  life,  and by 
+proceeding in  a peaceable,  orderly  and  quiet  manner,  they might rely on the 
+struggle  terminating in their favor." Now I am far from defending the aimless 
+acts  of  violence  committed  by  the  Wigan  colliers,  who  have  paid for them 
+with the blood  of  seven men. But, on the other hand, I understand that there  20 
+is  a  great  difficulty,  especially  for  the  inferior  elements  of  the  working 
+classes, to which the colliers undoubtedly belong, in proceeding "peaceably, 
+orderly  and  quietly,"  when they are driven to acts of frenzy by utter destitu 
+tion  and  by  the  cool  insolence  of  their  masters.  The  riots  are  provoked by 
+the  latter  in order to  enable themselves to  appeal to the  armed force  and to 
+put  down,  as  they  have  done  in  Wigan,  all  meetings  of  the workingmen by 
+order  of  the  magistrates.  The  riot  which occurred in the town of Wigan,  on 
+Friday  afternoon,  was  occasioned  by  the  coal-kings  of  the  district meeting 
+in  large  numbers  at  Whiteside's  Royal  Hotel,  in  order  to  deliberate  on  the 
+demands  of  the  colliers;  and  by  their  coming to the resolution to repudiate  30 
+all  compromise  with  the  men.  The  attack  on  the  saw-mills  at  Haigh,  near 
+Wigan, which occurred on Monday, was directed against the foreign colliers, 
+brought  over from  Wales  by  Mr. Peace,  the  Agent  for the Earl of Balcarres, 
+in  order  to  replace  the  turnouts  of  the  coal  pits. 
+
+25 
+
+The  colliers  were  certainly  not  right  in preventing  their  fellow-laborers,  35 
+
+by violence, from doing the work they had abandoned themselves. But when 
+we  see the masters pledging each other by heavy fines, with a view to enforce 
+their  lock-out,  can  we  be  astonished  at the  more  rude  and less  hypocritical 
+manner  in  which  the  men  attempt  to  enforce  their  turn-out?  Mr. Joseph 
+Hume  himself  says,  in  a letter  addressed  to  the  operatives  at Preston: 
+
+40 
+
+"I  see  on  the  list  of  advocates  for  arbitration  to  settle  the  disputes  of 
+
+476 
+
+Persian  Expedition  in  Afghanistan  ..  —Denmark—The  Fighting  ...—Wigan  Colliers 
+
+nations, instead of having recourse to war,  many master-manufacturers who 
+are  at  this  moment  in  strife  against  their  men." 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+The  Manufacturers'  Association  at Preston have  published  a manifesto  in 
+order  to  justify  the  general  lock-out.  Their  sincerity  may  be  inferred  from 
+the  fact,  that  the  masters'  secret  league,  the  programme  of  which  I  com 
+municated to your readers about two months ago, is not mentioned in a single 
+word,  thus  giving  the  hue  of  a necessity, which the masters were unable  to 
+escape, to the deliberate result of conspiracy. They reproach the workingmen 
+with  asking for  10 per cent,  neither more  or less.  They do not tell the public 
+io that, when the masters took off 10 per cent, in 1847, they promised to restore 
+it  as  soon as  trade  had  revived,  and that the  men have been informed  again 
+and  again  of  the  revival  of  trade  by  the  glowing  descriptions  of  Messrs. 
+Bright,  Cobden & Co.,  by the declamations of the whole middle-class press, 
+and by  the  royal  speech  on  the  opening  of  Parliament.  They  do  not  tell  us 
+that  bread  is  more  than 40 per  cent,  dearer,  coals  15  to  20 per  cent., meat, 
+candles,  potatoes,  and  all other articles,  largely  entering in the consumption 
+of  the  working-classes,  about  20 per  cent,  dearer  than  before,  and  that the 
+manufacturers  vanquished  their  antagonists  under  the  banner  of:  Cheap 
+bread  and dear labor!  They  reproach  the  men with  continuing to  enforce  an 
+equalization of wages in the same town for the müls of the same description. 
+Why does  not the whole  doctrine of their masters,  of Ricardo  and  Malthus, 
+proceed from  supposing  such  an equalization to  exist throughout the whole 
+country?  The  men,  they  say,  are  acting  under  the  orders  of  a  Committee. 
+They are instigated by  "strangers,"  "intruders,"  "traders  in agitation."  Just 
+the  same thing was  contended on the part of the protectionists reproaching, 
+at the time of the Anti Corn Law League, the same manufacturers with being 
+directed  by  Messrs.  Bright  and  Cobden,  "two  professional traders  in agita 
+tion,"  and  with blindly  acting  under  the  orders  of  the  Revolutionary Com 
+mittee  at  Manchester,  levying taxes,  commanding  an  army  of lecturers  and 
+30  missionaries, inundating the country with small and large prints and forming 
+a  state  in  the  state.  The  most  curious  fact  is  that while  the  masters  accuse 
+the  men  of  "acting under the orders  of a Committee,"  they call themselves 
+the  "United  Manufacturers'  Association,"  publishing  their  very  manifesto 
+through  a  Committee  and  plotting  with  the  "strangers"  of  Manchester, 
+35  Bolton, Bury, etc. The  "strangers" of whom the masters' manifesto speaks, 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+are  merely  the  men  of  the  neighboring  industrial  localities. 
+
+1  am  far,  however,  from  supposing  that  the  work-men  will  obtain  the 
+immediate end their  strikes  aim at.  On the contrary, I have  stated in a former 
+letter,  that  at  no  distant  period  they  will  have  to  strike  against  a  reduction 
+instead of for an  advance of wages.  Already reductions of wages are growing 
+numerous,  and  producing  their'correspondent  quota  of  strikes.  The  true 
+
+40 
+
+477 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+result  of  this  whole  movement  will  be  as  I  stated  on  a  previous  occasion, 
+that  "the  activity  of  the  working  classes  will  soon  be  carried  over  to  the 
+political field, when the new organization of trades, gained in the strikes, will 
+prove  of  immense  value  to  them."  Ernest  Jones,  and  the  other  Chartist 
+leaders,  are  again in the  field;  and  on the  great  meeting  at  Manchester,  on 
+last  Sunday,  the  following  resolution  was  passed: 
+
+5 
+
+"That after  witnessing the  united exertions of the master class against the 
+trades  of this  country,  by  opposing  a fair  day's  wages  for  a fair  day's work, 
+this  meeting is of opinion that the present struggle of labor cannot be carried 
+to  a  successful  issue,  except  by  subverting  the  monopolies  of  the  master  10 
+class,  through  the  representation  of  the  laboring  classes  in the  Commons's 
+House  of  Parliament by  the  enactment  of the  People's  Charter,  when  alone 
+they will be  enabled to  make laws  in their  own interest,  to  repeal those  that 
+are  injurious,  and  to  obtain  the  command  of  means  of  work,  high  wages, 
+cheap  food,  steady trade,  and  independent  self-employment." 
+
+15 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+478 
+
+F 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  P r o g r e ss  of  t he  T u r k i sh  W ar 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr.3934,  25. November  1853 
+
+The Progress of the Turkish War. 
+
+5 
+
+io 
+
+There is no longer a doubt that military operations have begun on the Danube. 
+Omer  Pasha has crossed that river  at  Widdin, occupied Kalafat, a village on 
+the  opposite  side,  and  marched  his  advanced  guard  upon  Krajova,  while 
+another  attack  of  the  Turks,  from  Rustchuk,  has  been  made  upon  the  op 
+posite  town  of  Giurgevo,  and  a  third  and  fourth  attack  in  the  direction  of 
+Ibraila  and  Turna  are  spoken  of.  At  the  same  time  another engagement, in 
+which  the  Russians  were  the  attacking  party,  has  taken place  at  Oltenitza. 
+This last affair is reported by one of our dispatches to have lasted three hours 
+and  to  have  ended  in  the  repulse  of  the  Russians;  while  another  dispatch, 
+received  from  Vienna  on  the  evening  of the  8th  inst.,  states  that the battle 
+lasted  twenty-eight  hours,  and  that even the  result was not ascertained. The 
+former  account  seems  more  likely  to  be  true. 
+
+The  results  of  the  other  rencontres  are  also  variously  stated.  That  at 
+15  Giurgevo  appears  by  all  accounts  to  have  been fruitless;  of  the  effects  of 
+those  near Ibraila and Turna, we are ignorant; as to the advance from Kalafat, 
+some  telegraphs  report  advantages  gained by the Turks  and a repulse of the 
+Russians—others,  the  Turks  to  have  been checked  at once,  and  driven back 
+upon  Kalafat.  The  probabilities  remain  in  favor  of  the  first  report. 
+
+20 
+
+What is  certain, in the whole, is this: Omer Pasha, from reasons hereafter 
+to  be  considered,  has  abandoned  what  we  have  before  this  declared  to  be 
+the  natural position of  the  Turks  on this  frontier,  namely, the defensive.  He 
+has  taken  offensive  steps,  and  profiting  by  the  withdrawal  of the  Russians 
+from  Lesser Wallachia, he  crossed  the Danube  at the extreme left of his own 
+25  position,  at Widdin, on the 28th of October; with what force, we are utterly 
+at a loss to make out. However, as since then we have only heard of simulated 
+or partial attacks of the Turks on other points, and as it would be agratuitous 
+madness  to  pass  a  river  like  the  Danube  in  the  face  of  a  powerful  enemy, 
+with  a force  of  no consequence, we may take it for granted that Omer Pasha 
+
+479 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+has  with  him  the  main  portion  of  his  disposable  active  army.  For,  unless 
+convinced  by  undoubtable  intelligence,  we  will  not  believe  that  he  has 
+committed  himself  so  far  as  some  dispatches  maintain,  by  crossing  the 
+Danube  with  7,000  men  and  having  no  nearer  supports  or  reserves  than 
+8,000 men at  Sofia,  150 miles off. Yet, as the main body of the Turkish army 
+has  but  very  lately  been  concentrated  at  Varna,  Shumla  and Rustchuk,  we 
+find it equally difficult to  explain how  Omer Pasha should all at once succeed 
+in  concentrating  the  gross  of  his  army  at Widdin,  250  miles,  on an average, 
+distant  from  the  above  places. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The most probable  solution is, that on seeing the advance of the Russians 
+toward  Widdin,  Omer  Pasha has  shifted  the  position  of  his  army  in  a  con 
+siderable  degree  to  the  left;  leaving  the  defense  of  the  direct  road  to  Con 
+stantinople  to the garrisons of Rustchuk,  Silistria, Varna and Shumla, he has 
+taken Rustchuk for  the  support of  his  right,  Widdin for that of his left wing, 
+Nicopolis for the rallying point of his center. In this position, extending from 
+Rustchuk to  Widdin, some 200 miles, he has rallied to his left wing whatever 
+troops  he  could  collect  with him,  and  passed  the  Danube,  thus  apparently 
+turning the right wing of the Russians. He expected to fall upon their advance 
+corps and to force them to retreat behind the river Shill, the passage of which 
+he  might  either  force  in  front,  or  by  sending  near  Rahova  another  corps  20 
+across  the  Danube,  which  would  thus  turn  the  Shill.  The  river  Aluta,  the 
+second  tributary  of  the  Danube  which runs  across  the  road  from  Widdin  to 
+Bucharest,  might  be  forced  in  the  same  way,  by  throwing  another  portion 
+of  the Turkish center  across  the Danube  at Nicopolis  and Turna, below  the 
+junction of this river with the Aiuta.  Finally,  simulated attacks lower down,  25 
+at  Giurgevo  and  Ibraila,  might  contribute  to lead  the  Russians  into  error  as 
+to  the  real  points  at  which  the  Turks  were  arriving. 
+
+15 
+
+There  can  be  hardly  a doubt that,  leaving political  motives  for  a moment 
+out  of  the  question,  such  must  have  been  the  plans  of  Omer  Pasha.  The 
+London  Times  speaks  of  an  actual passage  of  the  Turks  at  Giurgevo;  but 
+this  is  an  evident  falsehood.  There  is  not an ensign in  any  disciplined army 
+who  would  commit  such a blunder as  to  cross  the greatest river in Europe— 
+where  it is  broadest  and  most  difficult, too—with two corps,  at two  different 
+points, 250 miles  asunder,  in the presence of a respectable and concentrated 
+enemy. 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+What,  then,  does  Omer  Pasha's  maneuver  amount to?  It is  an attempt to 
+turn  the  flank  of  the  enemy,  and  to roll  up by  simultaneous  flank  and  front 
+attacks,  his whole line of battle.  Such a maneuver is perfectly justified when 
+you  can  bring,  unawares,  your  own  main  strength upon the  enemy's  flank; 
+when  your  front  is  safe  from  attack; when your retreat,  in  case  of  a check,  40 
+is  secured;  and when, by rolling up, from one flank to the other, the enemy's 
+
+480 
+
+The  Progress  of  the  Turkish  War 
+
+position,  you  cut off  his  communications  with  his  base  of operations. Now, 
+in the  present instance, the latter conviction is not fulfilled.  On the contrary, 
+while  Omer  Pasha's  retreat  may  be  menaced by  the  right wing of  his  corps 
+in Wallachia being outflanked, and the road to Kalaf at thus cut off, (in which 
+5  case  his  only  retreat  would  be  into  Austria,)  the  attack  from  Kalaf  at  toward 
+Bucharest  does  not  at  all  interfere  with  the  Russian  line  of  retreat.  It  will 
+be  recollected  that,  upon  that  ground,  we  stated  some  time  ago,  the  only 
+useful  line  of  attack  for  the  Turks,  to  be  that  from  the  Danube  toward the 
+Sereth,  or  the  narrow  strip  of  land  which  divides  Bessarabia  from  the 
+10  Austrian  frontier.  Instead  of  the  movement  which  would  at  once  have 
+menaced,  if  not  interrupted  the  Russian line  of communications, the  Turks 
+attack at the opposite end where, even in case of victory, no decisive success 
+is  to  be  expected.  As  to  the  Turkish front being  safe from  attack, that may 
+be  the  case,  in  so  far  as  the  main  operations  taking  place  between  Widdin 
+and Krajova or Slatina, the Russians are not likely to cross the Danube lower 
+down—unless  they  were  bolder  in their  strategy  than  we  know  them  to be. 
+But  at the  same  time,  the Turkish front from  Widdin to  Rustchuk is equally 
+impeded by the large river which separates it from the enemy, and there must 
+be  comparative  inaction  in  that  quarter. 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+20 
+
+The  main  condition,  however,  is  not fulfilled  in  this  instance. 
+We have a  splendid historical example of this  sort of maneuver in the battle 
+of  Jena.  Napoleon  succeeded  in  bringing  the  mass  of  his  forces  unawares 
+upon  the  left  flank  of  the  Prussians,  and  in  eight  hours  rolled  them  up  so 
+completely, that the Prussian army was  cut off from its retreat, and annihilat-
+ed,  and  has  never  been  heard  of  since  as  an  army.  But that  took place  on 
+a  ground  twenty  miles  square  and  within  twenty  hours.  Here  we  have  a 
+territory two hundred miles by fifty, with no roads, and the duration of every 
+movement  corresponding  thereto.  The  surprise,  the  vigor  and  impetuosity 
+of  attack,  to  which Napoleon at Jena owed his complete  success, must here, 
+after a few efforts,  literally  stick fast in the mud. This will be more apparent 
+if we look at the map. The Turks, from Kalaf at, have to march upon Krajova. 
+Here  they  meet  with  the  first  of  those  rivers,  which  descending  from  the 
+Transylvanian Alps  to  the  Danube,  traverse  Wallachia from  north to  south, 
+and  form  as  many  lines  of  defense  to  be  forced by  an  attacking  army.  The 
+35  country  is  exactly  similar  in this  respect to  Lombardy,  and  the  two  rivers 
+here  in  question,  the  Shill  and  Aluta,  may  be  compared  to  the  Mincio  and 
+Adige,  whose  military  importance  has  so  often  been  conspicuous. 
+
+30 
+
+Supposing  the  Turks  force  the  passage  of the  Shill, which they may per 
+haps do, they will meet the first serious resistance on the Aluta, near Slatina. 
+40  The Aluta is a much more formidable barrier by its width and depth; besides, 
+with  a  little  alacrity,  the  Russians  may  there  concentrate  an  army  capable 
+
+481 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+5 
+
+not  only  of  repelling  all  Turkish  attacks,  but  of  following  up  the  victory  at 
+once.  Indeed,  a  Russian  victory  at  Krajova,  unless  very  strongly  defined, 
+would not be of much importance, as in three forced marches the Turks could 
+reach Kalaf at and the Danube, and thus escape pursuit. But a Turkish defeat 
+at  Slatina,  besides  being  more  decisive  from  the  greater  mass  of  Russian 
+troops  collected  there,  would  give  the  Russians five  or  six  days  of  pursuit; 
+and  everybody  knows  that  the  fruits  of  a  victory  are  not  collected  on  the 
+field  of battle,  but during the pursuit, which may bring about a total disorga 
+nization  of  the  discomfited  army.  It  is,  then,  not  likely  that  Omer  Pasha, 
+if Gorchakof f wishes to oppose him there, will ever be able to cross the Aluta; 10 
+for  taking every chance  in favor of the Turks, Omer Pasha cannot bring more 
+than  25,000  men  to  the  banks  of  that  river,  while  Gorchakoff  may  easily 
+collect  35,000  in  good  time.  As  to  the  flank  attacks  of  the  Turks  from  the 
+southern  shore  of  the  Danube,  they  are tolerably  harmless, if the  attacking 
+force  does  not  dispose  of  a  prodigious  quantity  of  pontoons  and  other  15 
+materials  very  rarely  met  with  among  the  Turks.  But  supposing  that  even 
+the  Aluta were forced,  and  even the Ardsish,  another important river further 
+east,  who  will  imagine  that  Omer Pasha can  succeed in forcing  the  Russian 
+retrenchments  at  Bucharest,  and  in putting  to  flight,  in  a pitched battle,  an 
+army which must certainly out-number by about one third the troops he could 
+bring  against  it? 
+
+20 
+
+If  the war, then, is conducted upon anything like military principles on the 
+Russian  side,  Omer Pasha's  defeat  appears  certain; but if it is carried on not 
+according  to  military  but  to  diplomatic  principles,  the  result  may  be  dif 
+ferent. 
+
+25 
+
+The  voluntary retreat of the  Russians from  the  important military position 
+of  Kalaf  at,  after  so  many  troops  had  been  sent  there  to  menace  Servia;  the 
+unresisted  passage  of  the  Danube  by  Omer  Pasha;  his  comparatively  un 
+molested  and very  slow  movements  in  Lesser  Wallachia,  (the  country  west 
+of the Aluta;) the insignificance, as far as we can judge, of the Turkish attacks  30 
+on all other points; lastly, the  strategical errors  implied in the advance from 
+Widdin,  and  which  nobody can for  a  moment  suppose  Omer  Pasha  to  have 
+overlooked—all these facts  seem to give  some ground for a conclusion which 
+has  been  adopted  by  some  competent  judges,  but  which  appears  rather 
+fanciful.  It  is,  that  there  is  a  sort  of  tacit  understanding  between  the  two  35 
+opposing generals, by which Lesser Wallachia is to be ceded by the Russians 
+to  the Turks.  The  Aluta,  say those  who  entertain this  opinion, forms  a very 
+comfortable  natural  barrier,  across  which  the  two  armies  may look at each 
+other the  whole  dreary  winter  long,  while the  diplomatists again busy them 
+selves  to  find  out  a  solution.  The  Russians,  by  receding  as  far,  would  not  40 
+only  show the generosity and peaceable feelings, but they would at the  same 
+
+482 
+
+w 
+
+The  Progress  of  the  Turkish  War 
+
+5 
+
+time  get  a  sort  of  right  upon  the  usurped  territory,  as  a joint occupation of 
+the  Principalities  by  Russians  and Turks  is  a thing  exceedingly in harmony 
+with  existing  treaties.  They  would,  by  this  apparent  generosity  in  Europe, 
+escape  real  dangers  in  Asia,  where  they  appear  to  be  worse  off  than  ever, 
+and above all, they would at any moment be strong enough to drive the Turks 
+out  of the  strip  of  territory  allowed to  them  on the  left bank of the Danube. 
+Curious  but  by  no  means  satisfactory  evidence  in favor  of  this  theory may 
+be found in the fact that it is openly propounded by Vienna journals enjoying 
+the  confidence  of the  Court.  A  few  days will  show whether this  view of the 
+10  question  is  correct,  or  whether  actual  war,  in good  earnest is  to be carried 
+on.  We  shall  be  disappointed  if  the  latter  does  not  prove  to  be  the  case. 
+
+20 
+
+15 
+
+In  Asia  we begin to  find  out that  both  parties are a good deal weaker than 
+was  supposed.  According  to  the  Journal  de  Constantinople,  the  Turks  had, 
+on  the  9th  October,  in  Erzerum  10,000 men,  as  a reserve;  in  Batum,  4,000 
+regulars  and  20,000  irregulars,  intended,  evidently,  for  an  active  army;  in 
+Bayazid,  on  the  Persian  frontier,  3,000  men;  in  Kars  and Ardahan,  the two 
+most  important  points  on  the  Russian  frontier,  (next  to  Batum)  advanced 
+guards  of,  together,  16,000  men.  These  were to  be  reënforced  in  a few  days 
+by  10 or  12,000 fresh troops from Syria. This certainly is a very considerable 
+reduction from  what other reports led us to suppose; they are 65,000 instead 
+of  100,000!  But  on  the  other  hand,  if  the  news  by way of Constantinople  is 
+to  be trusted,  the  main pass  of the  Caucasus,  connecting Tiflis  and Georgia 
+with  Russia  is  in  the  hands  of  the  mountaineers;  Shamyl  has  driven  the 
+Russians  back  to  within  nine  miles  of  Tiflis;  and  Gen. Woronzoff,  com-
+25  mander  in Georgia,  has  declared that in case of a Turkish war he  could not 
+hold that province unless reënf orced by 50,000 men. How far these accounts 
+may be  correct we  cannot judge;  but the  reënforcements  sent in great haste 
+by  sea to  Jerkkum Kalé, Redut Kalé and other points on the Transcaucasian 
+coast  prove  that  the  star  of  Russia  does  not  shine  very  brilliantly  in  that 
+30  quarter.  As  to  the  strength  of these  reënforcements,  reports  differ;  it  was 
+first said 24,000 men had been sent, but where were the Russians  to get ships 
+for  such  an  army?  It  now  turns  out  that  the  13th  Division,  the  first  of  the 
+5th  corps  (General  Lüders)  has  been  sent  thither;  that  would  be  some 
+14,000 men,  which  is  more  than  likely.  As  to  the  story  of the  Cossacks  of 
+the  Black  Sea having rounded  by land,  the  western point of the Caucasus, 
+and  succeeded  in  passing  undisturbed  along  the  rocky  and  narrow  shore 
+toward Redut Kalé, to the strength of 24,000 men, (this seems to be a favorite 
+number  with  the  Russians)  the  longer  we  look  at it,  the  more  incredible  it 
+seems.  The Tchornomorski Cossacks  have plenty to do to guard the line of 
+the  Kuban  and  the  Terek,  and  as  to  cavalry  passing,  single-handed  and 
+unattacked,  in  such  force,  a  defile  of  one  hundred  and  fifty miles,  through 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+483 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+a  hostile  population,  where  a few  men  might  stop  them or  cut their column 
+in two—these  things  are  only heard of in Russia, where up to the present day 
+it  is  affirmed  that  Suwaroff  beat  Masséna  at  Zurich. 
+
+Here,  then,  is  the  best  ground  for  the  Turks  to  act.  Rapid,  concentrated 
+attacks  of  the regulars  on one  main road to Tiflis—along  shore,  if the Turks 
+can  hold  out  at  sea;  by  Kars  or  Ardahan,  in  the  interior,  if  they  cannot— 
+accompanied  by  an  indefatigable,  energetic,  sudden  warfare,  according  to 
+their  own  fashion,  by  the  irregulars, would  soon put Woronzoff in an inex 
+tricable  position,  open a communication with  Shamyl,  and  ensure  a general 
+insurrection  of  the  whole  Caucasus.  But  here  more  than  on  the  Danube 
+boldness, rapidity,  and  ensemble of  action is  required.  It remains to be  seen 
+whether  these  qualities  belong to  the  Turkish commanders  in that region. 
+
+484 
+
+F r i e d r i ch  E n g e ls 
+
+T he  R u s s i an  D e f e a ts 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3936,  28. November  1853 
+
+The Russian Defeats. 
+
+5 
+
+We  have  carefully examined  the  European journals  brought by  the  Canada 
+in  order  to  gather  all  possible  light  as  to the fighting which has taken place 
+between the Turks  and  the Russians  in Wallachia,  and  are  able  to add some 
+important facts to those reported by the  Washington, which we commented 
+upon on Friday last. We knew then that several engagements had taken place, 
+and  with  regard  to  their  details  we  know  little  more  now.  Our  reports  are 
+still  incoherent,  contradictory  and  scanty,  and  so  will  probably  remain  till 
+we  receive  the  official  dispatches  of  the  Turkish  Generals.  So  much  is, 
+1 o however, clear, namely, that the Turks have been maneuvered with a degree 
+of  skill  and  have  fought  with  a  steady  enthusiasm  sufficient  to  justify  the 
+laudations  of  their  warmest  admirers,—laudations  that  by  the  mass  of  cool 
+and impartial men have been regarded as exaggerated. The result is a general 
+surprise. Of Omer Pasha's talents as a commander, all persons were prepared 
+to  receive  very  brilliant  proofs,  but  the  merit  of  his  army  has  not  been 
+recognized  by  western  journalists  or  statesmen  at  its  true  value.  It  is  true 
+its  ranks  are  filled  by  Turks,  but  they  are  a  very  different  sort  of  soldiers 
+from those  Diebitch drove before him in 1829. They have beaten the Russians 
+with  heavy  odds  and under  unfavorable  circumstances.  We  trust  this  may 
+
+15 
+
+20  prove  but the  augury  and  beginning  of  far  more  conclusive  defeats. 
+
+25 
+
+We  now  learn for  the  first time  that the Council of War at Constantinople 
+had  concentrated  at  Sofia  an  army  of  some  25,000  men in  order  to  operate 
+in  Servia  in  case  of  need.  Of  this  force  and  its  destination,  strange  to  say, 
+no  previous  information  seems  to  have  reached  Western  Europe,  but  it is 
+clear  that  Omer  Pasha has  made  the  best use  of  it.  Its  disposition at  Sofia 
+was a blunder since if the Servians should not revolt and make common cause 
+with  the  Russians—which  under  the  reigning  prince  they  are  not  likely  to 
+do,—there is no occasion for an army in that quarter; while in case of arevolt 
+the Turks must either march into the country and  suppress it, for which, with 
+
+485 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+the  Russians  in  Wallachia,  25,000 men would not  suffice,  or else they  must 
+occupy the passes  of the frontier and confine the Servians at home, for which 
+a  quarter  of  that  force  would  be  ample.  Omer  Pasha  evidently  viewed  the 
+matter  in  this  light,  for  he  has  marched  the  corps  straight  to  Widdin,  and 
+added  it  to  the  force  he  had  there  previously.  This  reenforcement  has,  no 
+doubt, essentially contributed to the victory he has now gained over the right 
+wing of the Russians under General Dannenberg,  a victory of which we have 
+no  particulars  beyond  the  number  of  Russian  officers  killed  and  captured; 
+but  which must have been quite complete, and will prove morally even more 
+beneficial to  the Turks  than it was  materially. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+We  now  learn,  also,  that  the  Turkish  force  which crossed from  Turtukai 
+(a  point  between  Rustshuk  and  Silistria),  to  Oltenitza,  was  led  by  Ismael 
+Pasha or General Guyon (he has not renounced Christianity though he holds 
+a high rank in the Sultan's army,) whose gallantry in the Hungarian war gave 
+him  a  high  reputation  as  a  bold,  energetic  and  rapid  executive  officer.  15 
+Without  remarkable  strategic  talent,  there  are  few  men  who  will  carry  out 
+orders  with  such  effect,  as  he  has  proved  on  the  present  occasion,  where 
+he  repelled  his  assailant  with  the  bayonet.  The  defeat  of  Gen. Pawloff  at 
+Oltenitza,  must  substantially  open  the  country  behind  the  Aluta,  and  clear 
+the  way  to  Bucharest,  since  it  is  proved  that  Prince  Gorchakoff  has  not  20 
+advanced  to  Slatina,  as  was  reported,  but  remains  at  the  Capital  of  the 
+Principahties,  wisely  preferring  not  to  divide  his  forces,  which  is  again  an 
+indication that he  does  not think himself  entirely  secure.  No doubt a decisive 
+battle has been fought long ere this in the vicinity of that place. If Gorchakoff 
+is  not  a  humbug,  and  if  he  can  concentrate  there  from  seventy  to  eighty  25 
+thousand  men—a  number  which  all  reasonable  deductions  from the  official 
+force  of  the  Russians  still  leave  to  him—the  advantage  is  decidedly  on  his 
+side.  But  seeing how false and exaggerated are the figures reported from the 
+Russian  camp;  seeing  how  much  more  powerful  and  effective  is  Omer 
+Pasha's  army  than  has  been  supposed,  the  conditions  of  the  campaign  be-  30 
+come  more  equal  than  has  been  imagined,  and  the  defeat  of  Gorchakoff 
+comes within the probabilities of the case. Certainly, if the Turkish General 
+issimo  can  concentrate  for  the  decisive  struggle  fifty  or  sixty  thousand 
+troops  already  flushed  with  victory—and  we  now  see  nothing  to  prevent 
+it—his  chance  of  success  is  decidedly favorable.  In saying this we desire to  35 
+speak with moderation,  for there is  no use in  making the Turks  seem better 
+off  than  they  are  because  our  sympathies  are  with  them. 
+
+It is impossible to study the geographical structure of Wallachia, especially 
+in  a  military point  of  view  without being reminded  of  Lombardy. In the one 
+the Danube  and in the other the Po and its confluents form the southern and  40 
+western  boundaries.  The  Turks  have  also  adopted  a  similar  plan  of  action 
+
+486 
+
+The  Russian  Defeats 
+
+with that pursued by  the Piedmontese in the campaign of  1849, ending in the 
+disastrous  battle  of  Novara.  If  the  Turks  prove  victorious,  the  greater will 
+be  their  claim  on  our  admiration,  and  the  more  palpable  the  bullying  in 
+capacity  of  the  Muscovite.  At  all  events  Gorchakòff  is  no  Radetzky  and 
+Omer  Pasha  no  Ramorino. 
+
+487 
+
+i 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+The  Labor  Question 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3936,  28. November  1853 
+
+The  Labor Question. 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London, Friday, Nov. 11,  1853. 
+
+Golden  opportunities,  and  the  use  made  of  them,  is  the  title  of  one  of  the 
+most  tragi-comical  effusions  of  the  grave  and  profound  Economist.  The 
+"golden  opportunities"  were,  of  course,  afforded  by  Free  Trade,  and  the 
+" u s e"  or  rather  "abuse"  made  of  them  refers  to  the  working  classes. 
+
+5 
+
+"The working classes, for the first time, had their future in their own hands ! 
+The  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  began  actually  to  diminish,  the 
+emigration carrying off  more than its  natural increase.  How  have the work-  10 
+ingmen  used  their  opportunity?  What have  they  done?  Just  what they  used 
+to  do  formerly,  on  every  recurrence  of  temporary  sunshine,  married  and 
+multiplied as fast as possible. At this rate of increase it will not be long before 
+emigration  is  effectually  counterbalanced,  and  the  golden  opportunity 
+thrown  away."  The  golden opportunity of not marrying and not multiplying,  15 
+except  at  the  orthodox  rate  allowed  by  Malthus  and  his  disciples!  Golden 
+morality  this!  But,  till  now,  according  to  The  Economist itself,  population 
+has  diminished,  and  has  not  yet  counterbalanced emigration.  Over-popula 
+tion,  then,  will  not  account  for  the  disasters  of  the  times. 
+
+"The next use the laboring classes should have made of their rare occasion  20 
+
+ought to have been to accumulate savings and become capitalists. In scarcely 
+one  instance  do  they  seem  to  have  risen,  or  begun  to  rise,  into  the rank of 
+capitalists.  They  have  thrown  away their  opportunity."  The  opportunity  of 
+becoming  capitalists !  At the  same  time  The Economistteils  the workingmen 
+that,  after  they  had  at  last  obtained ten  per  cent,  on  their former earnings,  25 
+they were able to pocket 16s. 6d. aweekinstead of 15s. Now,the mean wages 
+are too highly calculated at  15s.  per week.  But never  mind.  How to become 
+
+488 
+
+The  Labor  Question 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+a  capitalist  out  of  15  shillings  a  week!  That  is  a problem  worthy  of  study. 
+The  workingmen had the false idea that in order to  ameliorate their  situation 
+they  must  try  to  ameliorate  their  incomes.  "They  have  struck,"  says  TTie 
+Economist,  "for  more  than  would  have  done  them  any  service."  With 
+15  shillings  a week  they  had  the  very  opportunity  of  becoming  capitalists, 
+but with  16s.  6d.  this  opportunity would be gone.  On the one hand working-
+men must keep hands  scarce and capital abundant, in order to be able to force 
+on the  capitalists a rise of wages.  But if capital turns out to be abundant, and 
+labor  to  be  scarce,  they  must  by  no  means  avail  themselves  of  that  power 
+for  the  acquisition  of  which  they  were  to  stop  marrying  and  multiplying. 
+"They  have  lived  more  luxuriously."  Under  the  corn  laws,  we  are  told  by 
+the  same  Economist,  they  were  but  half  fed,  half  clothed,  and  more  or  less 
+starved.  If  they were  then to  live  at all,  how  could  they contrive  to  live less 
+luxuriously  than  before?  The  tables  of  importation  were  again  and  again 
+unfolded  by  The  Economist,  to  prove  the  growing prosperity  of  the  people 
+and the  soundness  of the business done.  What was thus proclaimed as  a test 
+of  the  unspeakable  blessings  of  free-trade,  is  now  denounced  as  a proof  of 
+the  foolish  extravagance  of  the  working classes.  We remain, however,  at a 
+loss  to  understand  how  importation  can go  on increasing with a decreasing 
+20  population  and  a  declining  consumption;  how  exportation can continue  to 
+rise  with  diminisldng  importation,  and  how  industry  and  commerce  can 
+expand  themselves  with  imports  and  exports  contracted. 
+
+15 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+"The third use made of the golden opportunity should have been to procure 
+the  best  possible  education  for  themselves  and  their  children,  so  as  to  fit 
+themselves  for  the  improvement  in  their  circumstances,  and  to  learn  how 
+to  turn it to the best account.  Unhappily, we  are obliged to  state that schools 
+have  seldom been so ill attended, or school fees so ill paid." Is there anything 
+marvelous  in this  fact?  Brisk trade was  synonimous with enlarged factories, 
+with  increased  application  of  machinery,  with  more  adult  laborers  being 
+replaced by  women  and  children,  with prolonged hours of work. The more 
+the  mill was  attended by the mother  and the  child, the  less  could the  school 
+be frequented.  And,  after all, of what  sort of education would you have given 
+the  opportunity to  the  parents  and  their  children?  The  opportunity of learn 
+ing  how  to  keep  population  at  the  pace  described  by  Malthus,  says  The 
+35  Economist.  Education,  says  Mr. Cobden,  would  show  the  men  that  filthy, 
+badly ventilated, overstocked lodgings, are not the best means of conserving 
+health and  vigor.  As  well  might you  save  a man from  starving by telling him 
+that  the  laws  of  Nature  demand  a  perpetual  supply  of  food  for  the  human 
+body.  Education,  says  The Daily News,  would  have  informed  our  working-
+classes  how  to  extract nutritive  substance  out of  dry  bones—how to  make 
+tea  cakes  of  starch,  and  how  to  boil  soup  with  devil's  dust. 
+
+40 
+
+489 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+If we  sum  up  then,  the golden opportunities which have thus been thrown 
+away  by  the  working  classes,  they  consist  of  the golden  opportunity  of  not 
+marrying,  of  the  opportunity  of  living  less  luxuriously,  of  not  asking  for 
+higher wages, of becoming capitalists  at  15  shillings  a week, and of learning 
+how  to  keep  the  body  together  with  coarser  food,  and  how  to  degrade  the 
+soul  with  the  pestiferous  doctrines  of  Malthus. 
+
+5 
+
+On  Friday  last  Ernest  Jones  visited  the  town  of  Preston to  address  the 
+factory-hands  locked out of the mills, on the labor question. By the appointed 
+time  at  least  15,000  persons  (The  Preston  Pilot  estimates  the  number  at 
+12,000)  had  assembled  on the  ground,  and  Mr. Jones,  on proceeding to  the  10 
+spot,  was  received  with an enthusiastic  welcome.  I give some extracts from 
+his  speech: 
+
+"Why  have  these  struggles  been?  Why  are  they  now?  Why  will  they 
+return?  Because  the  fountains  of  your  life  are  sealed  by the hand of capital, 
+that quaffs its golden goblet to the lees  and gives the dregs to you. Why are  15 
+you  locked  out of  life  when you  are  locked  out of the factory? Because you 
+have  no  other  factory  to  go  to—no  other  means  of working for  your  bread. 
+What gives the capitalist this tremendous power? That he holds all the means 
+of  employment...  The means  of work is, therefore,  the hinge  on which the 
+future of the  people  turns  . ..  It  is  a  mass-movement  of all trades, a national  20 
+movement  of  the  working-classes,  that  can  alone  achieve  a  triumphant 
+r e s u l t . ..  Sectionalize  and  localize  your  struggle and you may fail—national 
+ize  it  and  you  are  sure  to  win." 
+
+Mr. George  Cowell  in  very  complimentary  terms  moved,  and  Mr. John 
+Matthews  seconded,  a vote of thanks to Ernest Jones for his visit to Preston 
+and  the  services  he  was  rendering  to  the  cause  of  labor. 
+
+25 
+
+Great exertions had been made on the part of the manufacturers to prevent 
+Ernest Jones visiting the town; no hall could be had for the purpose, and bills 
+were accordingly printed in Manchester convening an open-air meeting. The 
+report had been industriously circulated by some self-interested parties, that 
+Mr. Jones was  going to  oppose  the  strike,  and  sow  division among the  men, 
+and  letters  had  been  sent that it would not be personally safe for him to visit 
+Preston. 
+
+30 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+490 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Prosperity—The  Labor  Question 
+
+New-York  Daily  Tribune. 
+Nr. 3938,  30. November  1853 
+
+Prosperity—The  Labor Question. 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  Nov. 15,1853. 
+
+"The  Trade  Returns  and  the  Money  Market"  is  the  title  under  which  The 
+5  Economist publishes  an  article  intended  to prove the general  prosperity and 
+the  fair  prospects  of  trade,  although  we  are  told  in  the  same  number  that 
+"provisions  are  high  and  are  still  rising  in  price,"  that  "a  quarter  of  wheat 
+will  sell  at  80  shillings,"  and  that  "the  state  of the  Cotton trade is  not  such 
+as  to  make  the  mill-owners  at all anxious to  recommence work."  "There  is 
+10  much  of  instruction,"  says  The  Economist,  speaking  of  the  tables  of  im 
+portations,  "conveyed  in  these  long  columns  of figures—so  much that goes 
+to  confirm  great  principles  which  have  been  the  subject  of  strong political 
+contest—so  much  that  explains  the  recent events,  with regard to  the  money 
+market,  and  casts  light  upon  the  future—so  much  that  is  highly  instructive 
+to the  statesman, the financier, the banker,  and the trader, in enabling them 
+to  take  an accurate view of the  state  of things  at present, and to make a just 
+estimate  of  their position  hereafter—that we feel we cannot perform a better 
+service  than  to  call  attention  to  some  of  the  main facts  developed  by these 
+returns,  and trace their connection with other most important features of the 
+time." 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+Let  us  then  sit  down  at  the  feet  of  this  prophet  and  hearken  to  his  very 
+circumlocutory  oracles.  This  time  the  tables  of  importation  are  referred  to 
+in  order to prove,  not the lavish expenditure  of the working classes, but the 
+unspeakable  blessings  these  very  classes  are  reaping from free trade. These 
+tables  are  as follows: 
+
+25 
+
+491 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Table  I. 
+Consumed from Jan. 5 to Oct. 10, 
+
+Cocoa 
+Coffee 
+Tea 
+Sugar 
+Tobacco 
+Wine 
+
+lb 
+lb 
+lb 
+cwt. 
+lb 
+gals. 
+
+1852. 
+
+2,668,822 
+25,123,946 
+42,746,193 
+5,358,967 
+21,312,459 
+4,986,242 
+
+1853. 
+
+3,162,233 
+28,607,613 
+45,496,957 
+5,683,228 
+22,296,398 
+5,569,560 
+
+5 
+
+One  glance over this  table  shows us  the fallacy of  TTje Economist.  All we 
+know  of  the  enumerated  commodities  is,  not that they  have  been  consumed, 
+as is stated, but that they have been entered tor consumption, which is quite 
+a  different  thing.  There  is  no  shop-keeper  so  ignorant  as  not  to  be  able  to 
+distinguish  between  the  stock  of  commodities  that  may  have  entered  his 
+premises,  and  the  stock  that  has  been  really  sold  and  consumed  by  the  15 
+public. 
+
+10 
+
+"This  list may be  regarded  as  including the  chief  articles  of  luxury  of  the 
+operative  classes,"  and  down  The  Economist puts  it  to the  account of these 
+classes.  Now, one of these articles, viz., coffee, enters but sparingly into the 
+consumption  of  the  English  operative,  and  wine  does  not enter it at all.  Or  20 
+does  The  Economistthink  the  operative  classes  must  be  better  off  because 
+their  masters  are  consuming more  wine  and coffee in  1853  than in  1852? As 
+to  tea,  it  is  generally  known  that,  consequent  upon  the  Chinese  revolution 
+and  the  commercial  disturbances  connected  with  it,  a  speculative  demand 
+has sprung up based on the apprehensions for the future, but not on the wants 25 
+of the  present.  As to  sugar, the whole difference between October,  1852 and 
+1853,  amounts  but  to  324,261 c w t;  and  I  don't  pretend  to  the  omniscience 
+of  The  Economist,  which  knows,  of  course,  that  not  one  cwt.  out  of these 
+324,261  has  entered the  stocks  of  the  shop-keeper or the  sweetmeats  of the 
+upper  classes,  but that  all  of  them  must have inevitably found their  way to  30 
+the  tea of the operative.  Bread being dear, he will have fed his  children upon 
+sugar, as Marie Antoinette, during the famine of 1788, told the French people 
+to  Uve  upon macaroons.  As  to  the  rise  in the import of tobacco, the demand 
+for  this  article  on  the  part  of the  operatives  regularly  increases in the  same 
+proportion as  they  are thrown out of work, and their regular course of living  35 
+is  interrupted. 
+
+Above  aU,  we  must  not  forget  that  the  amount of  commodities  imported 
+in  October,  1853,  was  determined  not by  the  actual demand of that month, 
+but  by  a  conjectural  demand  calculated  on  an  altogether  different  state  of 
+the home  market.  So  much for the first table  and its "connection with other  40 
+most  important  features  of  the  times." 
+
+492 
+
+F 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+Prosperity—The  Labor  Question 
+
+Table  Π. 
+Imported from Jan. 5 to Oct. 10. 
+
+Bacon 
+Beef  salted 
+Pork  salted 
+Hams  salted 
+Lard 
+
+Total 
+
+Rice 
+Potatoes 
+Grain and Flour 
+Cheese 
+Butter 
+Eggs 
+
+1852. 
+
+62,506 
+101,531 
+77,788 
+6,766 
+14,511 
+263,102 
+633,814 
+238,739 
+5,583,082 
+218,846 
+205,229 
+89,433,728 
+
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+qrs. 
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+No. 
+
+1853. 
+
+173,729 
+160,371 
+130,142 
+14,123 
+102,612 
+580,977 
+1,027,910 
+820,524 
+8,179,956 
+294,053 
+296,342 
+103,074,129 
+
+To  The  Economist  the  glorious  discovery  was  certainly  reserved  that,  in 
+years  of  dearth  and  imminent  famine,  the  relative  excess  of  imports  above 
+those  of common years, of provisions, rather proves the sudden development 
+of  consumption  than  the  unusual  falling  off  of  production.  The  sudden  rise 
+in  the  price  of  an  article  is  no  doubt a premium  on its  importation.  But has 
+any  one  ever  contended  that  the  dearer  an  article  the  more  eagerly  it  will 
+be  consumed?  We  come  now  to  a  third  class  of  importations,  constituting 
+the  raw  materials  of  manufactures: 
+
+Table ΠΙ. 
+Imported from Jan. 5 to Oct. 10. 
+
+Flax 
+Hemp 
+Silk, Raw 
+Silk, Thrown 
+Cotton 
+Wool 
+
+1852. 
+
+971,738 
+798,057 
+3,797,757 
+267,884 
+6,486,873 
+63,390,956 
+
+cwt. 
+cwt. 
+lbs. 
+lbs. 
+cwt. 
+lbs. 
+
+1853. 
+1,245,384 
+788,911 
+4,355,865 
+577,884 
+7,091,999 
+83,863,475 
+
+As  the  production  of  1853  has  largely  surpassed  that  of  1852,  more  raw 
+materials  were  wanted,  imported,  and  worked  up.  The  Economist,  however, 
+does  not  pretend  that  the  surplus  of  manufactures  produced  in  1853  has 
+entered  the  home  consumption.  He  puts  it  to  the  account of  exports.  "The 
+most  important  fact  is  the  enormous  increase  in  our  exports.  The  increase 
+upon  the  single  months  ending  the  10th  October  is  no  less  than £1,446,708, 
+completing  an  aggregate 
+increase  of  £12,596,291;  the  amount  being 
+£66,987,729 in the present year, against £54,391,438 in the corresponding year 
+
+493 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+of  1852  . ..  Taking  only  our  exports  of  British produce,  the  increase  is  no 
+less  than  23  per  cent,  in  the  year." 
+
+But how  does  it  stand with these  additional £12,596,291.  "A large portion 
+of these  exports  are  only  on the  way to their ultimate markets," where they 
+will  arrive  just  at  the  proper  moment  to  completely  undo  them.  "A  con- 
+siderable part of the increase is to Australia," which is glutted; "to the United 
+States,"  which  are  overdone;  "to  India,"  which  is  depressed;  "to  South 
+America,"  which  is  altogether  unable  to  absorb  the  over-imports  repelled 
+from  the  other  markets. 
+
+5 
+
+"The  enormous  increase  of  articles  imported  and  consumed,  is  already  10 
+
+paid by this  country,  or the bills  drawn for them are ninning and will be paid 
+in  a  very  short  period  . ..  When  shall  we  be  paid  for  the  exports?  In  six 
+months,  nine  months,  twelve  months,  and  for  some  in  eighteen  months  or 
+two  years'  time."  It  "is  but  a  question of  time,"  says  The Economist.  What 
+an error! 
+
+15 
+
+If you throw  this enormous  surplus of manufactures upon markets already 
+inundated  by  your  exports,  the  time  you  wait  for,  may  never arrive.  What 
+appears  in your tables as an enormous list of imaginary wealth, may turn out 
+an  enormous  list  of real  losses,  a list of bankruptcies on a world-wide  scale. 
+What then do table No. III.  and the boasted figures of exports prove? What  20 
+all  of  us  were  long  since  aware  of,  that  the  industrial  production  of  Great 
+Britain has  enormously increased in  1853, that it has overshot the mark, and 
+that its  movement of expansion is becoming accelerated at the very moment 
+when  markets  are  contracting. 
+
+25 
+
+The Economist arrives,  of  course,  at an opposite result.  "The pressure on 
+the  Money  Market,  and the  rise in the  rate  of interest,"  he tells us,  "are but 
+the  transitory  consequence  of  the  large  imports  being  immediately  paid, 
+while  the  enormous  surplus  of  exports  is  advanced on credit." In his eyes, 
+then,  the  tightness  of  the  Money  Market  is  but  the  result of  the  additional 
+amount of exports.  But we  may as justly  say that in these latter months the  30 
+increase  of  exports  has  been but the  necessary  result of  the pressure on the 
+Money  Market.  That  pressure  was  attended  by  an  influx  of  bullion and  an 
+adverse  exchange—but is  an adverse exchange not a premium on bills drawn 
+on  foreign  countries,  or  in  other  words,  a  premium  on  exportation?  It  is 
+precisely by virtue of this  law  that England, in times of pressure on her own  35 
+Money Market,  deranges all the other markets of the world, and periodically 
+destroys  the  industry of foreign countries, by bombarding them with British 
+manufactures  at  reduced  prices. 
+
+The  Economisthas  now  found  out  the  "two  points"  in which  the  working-
+men are decidedly wrong, decidedly blameable and foolish. "In the first place 
+they  are  at  issue,  in  most  cases,  on  the  merest  fraction of  a  coin."  Why  is 
+
+40 
+
+494 
+
+Prosperity—The  Labor Question 
+
+this?  Let  The  Economist  answer  himself:  "The  dispute  has  been  changed 
+from  being a question of contract to being a  struggle for power."  "Secpndly, 
+the  operatives  have  not  managed their  own business, but have  submitted to 
+the  dictation  of  irresponsible,  if  not  self-styled leaders  . ..  They have  acted 
+in combination,  and through a body  of insolent clubs  . ..  We  do not fear the 
+political  opinions  of  the  working  classes  themselves;  but  we  do  fear  and 
+deprecate  those  of  the  men  whom  they  allow to  prey upon them  and  speak 
+for  them." 
+
+To  the  class-organization of  their  masters  the  operatives  have responded 
+by  a  class-organization  of  their  own;  and  The  Economist teils  them  that  he 
+will  discontinue  "to  fear"  them,  if  they  dismiss  their  generals  and  then-
+officers  and  resolve  to  fight  single-handed.  Thus  the  mouth-pieces  of  the 
+allied  despots  of  the  north  assured  the  world  again  and  again,  during  the 
+period of the first  struggles of the  French revolution, that they did "not fear" 
+the  French  people  itself,  but  only  the  political  opinions  and  the  political 
+actions  of  the  savage  Comité  du  Salut  Public,  the  insolent  clubs,  and  the 
+troublesome  generals. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+In  my  last  letter  I  told  The  Economist that  it  was  not  to  be  wondered  at 
+if the  working  classes  had  not used the  period of prosperity to educate their 
+children  and  themselves.  I  am  now  enabled  to  forward  you  the  following 
+statement,  the  names  and particulars  of which have been given  me,  and  are 
+about  to  be  sent  to  Parliament:  In  the  last week of  September,  1852,  in the 
+,  at a bleaching and finishing 
+township of 
+,  Esq.,  the  under-
+establishment  called 
+25  mentioned  parties  attended  their  work  sixty hours consecutively,  with  the 
+
+four miles from 
+
+,  belonging  to 
+
+exception  of  three  hours  for  rest! 
+
+Girls. 
+M. S. 
+A.B. 
+M.B. 
+A.H. 
+C.N. 
+B.S. 
+T.T. 
+A.T. 
+M.G. 
+
+Boys. 
+
+W.G. 
+
+Age. 
+22 
+20 
+20 
+18 
+18 
+16 
+16 
+15 
+15 
+
+19 
+
+Girls. 
+H.O. 
+M.L. 
+B.B. 
+M.O. 
+A.T. 
+C O. 
+S.B. 
+Ann B. 
+
+Boys. 
+
+J.K. 
+
+Age. 
+15 
+13 
+13 
+13 
+12 
+12 
+10! 
+9! 
+
+11 
+
+40 
+
+Boys of nine and ten working 60 hours consecutively, with the exception of 
+three  hours'  rest!  Let  the  masters  say  nothing  about  neglecting education 
+now.  One  of  the  above,  Ann  B.,  a  little  girl  only  nine  years  of  age,  fell  on 
+
+495 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+the  floor  asleep  with  exhaustion,  during  the  60  hours;  she  was roused and 
+cried,  but  was  forced  to  resume  work!! 
+
+The factory operatives  seem resolved to take the  education movement out 
+of  the  hands  of the  Manchester humbugs.  At a meeting held in the  Orchard 
+by the  unemployed  operatives  at Preston,  as  we  hear: 
+
+5 
+
+"Mrs. Margaret  Fletcher  addressed  the  assembly  on  the  impropriety  of 
+married  females  working  in  factories  and  neglecting  their  children  and 
+household duties. Every man was entitled to a f ah day's wages for a fair day's 
+work,  by  which  she  meant,  that  he  ought  to  have  such remuneration  for his 
+labor  as  would  afford  him  the  means  of  maintaining  himself  and  family  in  10 
+comfort;  of  keeping  his  wife  at  home  to  attend  to  domestic  duties,  and  of 
+educating  his  children.  (Cheers.)  The  speaker  concluded  by  moving  the 
+annexed  resolution: 
+
+Resolved,  That  the  married  portion  of  the  females  in  this  town  do  not 
+intend  to  go  to  work  again  until  their  husbands  are  fairly  and  fully  re-  15 
+numerated  for  their  labor. 
+
+Mrs. Ann  Fletcher  (sister  of  the  last speaker)  seconded the resolution and 
+
+it  was  carried  unanimously. 
+
+The  Chairman announced that when the  10 per cent,  question was  settled, 
+there would be such an agitation raised respecting the employment of married  20 
+women  in  factories  as  the  mill  owners  of  the  country  little  expected." 
+
+Ernest Jones,  in  his  tour  through the  manufacturing districts,  is  agitating 
+for  a  "Parliament  of  Labor."  He  proposes  that "a delegation from all trades 
+shall  assemble  in  the  center  of  action,  in  Lancashire,  in  Manchester,  and 
+remain  sitting  until the  victory  is  obtained. This would be an expression of  25 
+opinion  so  authoritative  and comprehensive  as  would fill the world with its 
+voice,  and  divide  with  St. Stephen's the  columns  of the  press  . ..  At  a crisis 
+like  this  the  ear  of  the world would hang more on the words of the humblest 
+of  those  delegates  than  on  those  of  the  coroneted  senators  of  the  loftiest 
+House."  The  organ  of  Lord  Palmerston  is  of  a  quite  different  opinion:  30' 
+"Among  ourselves,"  exclaims  The  Morning Post,  "the  boasted progress has 
+been effectually checked, and  since the wretched failure of the  10th of April 
+no  further  attempt  has  been  made  to  convert  laborers  into  legislators,  or 
+tailors  into  tribunes  of  the  people." 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+35 
+
+496 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+Progress  of  the  Turkish  War 
+About  November  17,  1853 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3944, 7. Dezember 1853 
+
+Progress  of the Turkish War. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+The  news  from  the  seat  of war, brought by the  steamer Humboldt, confirms 
+the  report  previously  received  by  the  Europa  that  the  Turks,  after  having 
+again  and  again  made  good  their  position  at  Oltenitza,  against heavy odds, 
+and with hard fighting,  finally retired across the river about the  14th ult. and 
+took up their position in their former entrenchments at Turtukai. We presume 
+that  when  we  receive  our  letters  and  journals  this  will be  explained, but  at 
+present  we  do  not altogether  understand  the  reason for the  movement.  It is 
+stated  in  the  dispatch  that  it  was  accomplished  without  molestation,  which 
+10  precludes  the  supposition  that  it  was  the  result  of  any  decided  advantage 
+gained  by  Prince  Gorchakoff,  unless  indeed,  we  are  to  believe  that  the 
+Russian  commander  had  succeeded  in  mustering  for  his  second  attack  on 
+that place twice the force that he  had brought against it on the first.  But the 
+truth is, that he  had no  such corps  of 45,000 men for  such a purpose, as will 
+appear on a careful review of  all the facts in our possession. It is also  stated 
+that  the  Turks  return  to  Turtukai,  in  order  not to  expose  themselves  to  the 
+danger  of  a  surprize  at  Oltenitza  in  winter,  when  retreat  across  the  river 
+would be difficult; but this  statement contradicts  the fact that they are acting 
+on the offensive without a check hitherto and with undeniable preponderance 
+20  of  forces.  Besides,  their  left wing  is  not  only  maintained  at Widdin, on the 
+Wallachian  side  of  the  Danube,  but  is  even  strengthened,  which  indicates 
+anything  but  a  general  retrograde  movement  on  their  part.  And,  taking the 
+hypothesis  of  a  projected  movement,  with  a large  force,  across  the  river  at 
+Ibraila or  Galatz, which is  probably true,  we  are at a loss to understand why 
+25  Omer Pasha should withdraw his troops from the strong position at Oltenitza 
+simply because  he  was  about, with another body of men, to move decisively 
+against the  Russian left  flank.  But the  perplexities  of  the  case  will be better 
+understood  by referring  to  the  events of the campaign since its beginning. 
+
+It is certain first of all that the Turks were allowed to cross the river without 
+
+497 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+serious  opposition,  both at Widdin and Turtukai.  There was nothing surpris­
+ing in this, as military experience has established the impossibility of prevent­
+ing  an  active  enemy from  crossing  a  river,  however large;  and  also, that it is 
+always  most  advantageous  to  attack  him  after  he  has  got part  of  his  troops 
+across—thus  falling  upon  them  with  a  superior  force,  and  while  they  have 
+only  one  line  of  retreat  and  that  encumbered.  But  that  the  Turks  should 
+establish themselves  upon the  left bank of  the  Danube;  that in  every  action 
+fought  they  should  come  off  victorous;  that  they  should keep possession of 
+Oltenitza,  not  more  than  forty  miles  from  Bucharest,  for  ten  days  without 
+the  Russians  being  able  to  dislodge  them from that important position;  and 
+that they  should finally retire from  it unmolested and of their own accord—all 
+this  shows that the proportionate  strength of the Turkish and Russian forces 
+opposed  to  each  other  in  that  quarter  has  been  greatly  mistaken. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+We  know  pretty  accurately  what  forces  the  Turks  had  to  dispose  of;  but 
+as  to  the  forces  of  the  Russians,  we  have  always  been  obliged  to  grope  in 
+the  dark.  Two  Army-Corps,  it  was  stated,  had  crossed  the  Prath,  and  part 
+of  a third followed  them  shortly afterward.  Supposing this  to be correct, the 
+Russians  could  not  have  less  than  150,000  men  in  the  Principalities.  Now, 
+however,  when  events  have  already  shown  that  there  is  no  such  Russian 
+force  in  Wallachia—now  at last we  receive  an  authentic  account,  by way of 
+Vienna,  of  what  they  really  have  there.  Their  forces  consist  of: 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+1. The  Fourth Army-Corps,  under Gen. Dannenberg, consisting 
+
+of  the  following  3  Divisions  of  infantry: 
+A The  10th Division,  (Gen. Soimonoff) 
+(Gen. 
+Β 
+C The  12th Division,  (Gen. Liprandi) 
+Z>One  battalion  of riflemen 
+
+11th  Division, 
+
+The 
+
+Pawlof 
+
+f 
+
+) 
+
+2.  One  brigade  of  the '14th  Division,  belonging  to 
+
+the  Fifth  Army-Corps,  and  commanded  by  Gen. 
+Engelhardt 
+Total,  Infantry 
+
+3.  Two  Divisions  of  light  horse,  commanded  by  Gen. Nirod 
+
+and  Gen. Fischbach,  together  8,000 men, 
+and  10  regiments  of  Cossacks,  6,000  men, 
+making  in  all 
+
+16,000  men 
+16,000  men  25 
+16,000  men 
+1,000  men 
+
+8,000 men  30 
+
+57,000  men 
+
+14,000  men  35 
+
+4.  One Division of  Artillery,  of about one battery (12 guns) for every Infantry 
+
+regiment,  or  altogether  170  to  180  guns. 
+
+It also  appears, that the Fifth Army-Corps, that of Gen. Lüders, is not even 
+concentrated  at  Odessa,  but  has  part  of  its  troops  at  Sevastopol,  and  part 
+
+498 
+
+Progress  of  the  Turkish  War.  About  November  17,  1853 
+
+in the Caucasus; that the third Army-Corps under Gen. Osten-Sacken, is still 
+in Volhynia, or at least has but just crossed the Pruth,  and cannot be brought 
+down  to  the  theater  of  war  in  less  than  three  or  four  weeks;  and  that  the 
+Russian cavalry of reserve—mostly heavy horse—are behind the Dnieper, and 
+5  will  require  five  or  six weeks  to  march to  the  place where  they are wanted. 
+This  information is  no  doubt correct;  and if  it had been before us  six weeks 
+ago we should have said that Omer Pasha ought to pass the Danube, no matter 
+where  or  how,  but  the  sooner  the  better. 
+
+There  is,  in  fact,  nothing  which  can  rationally  explain  the  foolhardiness 
+10  of the Russians.  To  march with  something like  80,000  men into  a cul-de-sac 
+like  Wallachia,  to  stop  there  a  couple  of  months,  to  have,  as  the  Russians 
+themselves  have  confessed,  about  15,000  men  sick  in hospital,  and to trust 
+to good luck, without getting further reënf orcements, is a thing that has never 
+been  done,  and  that  nobody  had  any  right  to  suspect  in  people  like  the 
+15  Russians, who  are generally so  very cautious, and always take care to be on 
+the  safe  side.  Why,  this  whole  available  army in  Wallachia,  after deducting 
+for  detachments, would  only come to  some 46,000 men, who might, besides, 
+be  wanted  at  different  points! 
+
+But  such is  the  fact,  and we  can only explain it by  an absolute confidence 
+20  on the part of the  Russians  in the  diplomatic intrigues  of their friends in the 
+British  Government;  by  an unwarranted  contempt for  their  opponents,  and 
+by the  difficulties  which the Russians  must find in concentrating large bodies 
+of  troops  and  large  masses  of  stores  at  a  point  so  remote  from  the  center 
+of  their  Empire. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+The  Turks,  on  the  other  hand,  are  25,000  strong  at  Kalafat,  in  Lesser 
+Wallachia,  and  are  strengthening  that  force.  As  to  the  ulterior  movements 
+of  this  corps  we  know  little.  They  seem  not  to  have  advanced  even  as  far 
+as  Krajova, and indeed, to have done nothing more than occupy the neighbor 
+ing  villages.  The  reason  for  this  is  also  doubtful,  and  we  can only  suppose 
+that Omer Pasha is in some way controlled in his movements by the Council 
+at  Constantinople, which originally  stationed those  25,000 men at Sophia. At 
+any  rate,  as  far  as  it  is  possible  to judge  at this  distance, this corps is  quite 
+useless  where  it is,  and its  presence  there  is  a mistake,  since even for hypo 
+thetical  and improbable  use  against the  Servians, it is  as  we have  shown on 
+a  former  occasion,  either  too  large  or  too  small.  It would  apparently  have 
+been  far better  to  move  it lower  down the Danube; for it crossed on Oct. 28, 
+and up to Nov.  15 it had not advanced much, or in any way operated actively. 
+These  fifteen  days  might have been better  employed in  moving it  150  miles 
+lower  down  the  Danube,  as  far  as  Sistova,  where  it  would  have  been  in 
+immediate  connection  with the  left  wing  of  the  Turkish  grand  army,  and a 
+couple  of  marches  more  would  have  brought  it  down  upon  Rustchuk,  the 
+
+499 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+headquarters of the Turkish left. That these 25,000 men united with the main 
+body  would  have  been  worth  twice  their  number  at  Kalaf  at  nobody  can 
+doubt;  and  events  support this  opinion,  for,  as  before  stated,  we  have  not 
+yet heard  that  during the  nineteen days  since  they crossed the Danube,  they 
+have  given any  active  support to  Omer Pasha. 
+
+5 
+
+The attacks of the Turks at Nicopolis and Rustchuk were mere feints. They 
+appear to have been well executed, with no  more troops than was necessary, 
+and  yet  with  that  vigor  which  is  apt  to  lead  an  enemy  into  error  as  to  the 
+ulterior  objects  of  the  attacking  party.  The  main  attack  was  at  Oltenitza. 
+What force they brought there is even now uncertain. Some reports say that  10 
+as  early  as the  11th the  Turks  had 24,000 men at Oltenitza, and the Russians 
+35,000  to  oppose  them.  But  this  is  evidently  false.  If  the  Russians  were 
+stronger  than  the'Turks  in  the  proportion of three to two, they  would have 
+very  soon  sent  them  back to  the  other  side  of the  Danube, when the fact is 
+that the  11th  saw  a Russian  defeat. 
+
+15 
+
+It  would  seem  now  as  much  as  ever  that  nothing  but  exceedingly  bad 
+generalship  can prevent the Turks from driving Gorchakoff out of Wallachia. 
+It  is  certain,  however,  that  there  have  been  some  singular  specimens  of 
+generalship  on  both  sides.  On  the  2d  of  November  the  Turks  crossed  at 
+Oltenitza—evidently their main point of passage.  In the  3d, 4th and 5th they  20 
+successfully  repulsed  the  attacks  of the  Russians, thereby  estabh^liing then-
+superiority  upon the  left bank of  the  Danube.  During these  three  days  their 
+reenforcements  ought to  have  arrived,  and  they  ought to have been  at  once 
+in  a  position  to  march  upon  Bucharest.  This  was  the  way  Napoleon acted, 
+and  every  general  since  his  time  has  known that rapidity  of  movement can  25 
+in  itself  make  up  for  deficiency  of  strength,  inasmuch  as  you fall upon your 
+opponent  before he  has time  to  concentrate his forces.  Thus,  as  men  say in 
+trade,  Time  is  money;  so  we  may  say  in  war,  Time  is  troops.  But  here  in 
+Wallachia,  this  maxim  is  neglected.  The  Turks  quietly  keep  possession  of 
+Oltenitza  during  nine  days,  from  the  6th  to  the  15th,  and  excepting  petty  30 
+skirmishes,  nothing  at  all  is  done,  so  that  the  Russians  have  time  to  con 
+centrate  their  forces,  to  dispose  them  as  maturely  as  possible,  and  if  their 
+line  of retreat is menaced, to restore and secure it. Or are we to suppose that 
+Omer Pasha intended merely to keep the Russians near Oltenitza till his main 
+army  had  crossed  lower  down  and  entirely  intercepted their  retreat?  Pos-  35 
+sibly, though this is an operation which, with 25,000 men at Kalaf at and 24,000 
+at  Oltenitza,  presupposes  some  50,000  more  lower  down  toward  Hirsova. 
+Now, if  he  had  such a force there, as very possibly he may, they might have 
+passed the time much better than in all these artificial and subtle maneuvers. 
+In  that  case,  why  not  throw  70,000  or  80,000  men  in one  mass  across  the  40 
+Danube  at  Ibraila,  and  cut the  Russians  in  Wallachia off  at  once  from their 
+
+500 
+
+Progress of the Turkish War. About November 17, 1853 
+
+communications?  As we  have  said, it is  probable that this movement is now 
+to  be  made,  but  why  this  long  delay,  and  why  these  complicated  pre 
+liminaries, does not appear. With so great a preponderance of force  all ready 
+on the  line  of operations,  there  was  no  particular  advantage to  be gained by 
+5  deceiving  Prince  Gorchakoff.  He  should  rather  have  been  cut  off  and 
+
+crushed  at  once. 
+
+As to the Turkish soldiers themselves, in the few engagements where they 
+have  acted,  they  have  so  far  come  out  in  capital  style.  The  artillery  has 
+everywhere  proved  that  the  Emperor  Nicholas  did  not exaggerate  when  he 
+10  pronounced it among the best in Europe.  A battalion of riflemen, organized 
+only  ten  weeks  before  the  beginning  of  hostilities,  and  armed  with  Minié 
+rifles,  then just  arrived from  France, has,  during this  short time, gained high 
+proficiency  in  the  skkmishing  service,  and  furnished  first-rate  marksmen, 
+who  well  know  how  to  use  that  formidable  weapon;  at  Oltenitza  they  had 
+an opportunity of showing this by picking off almost all the superior officers 
+of the Russians. The infantry in general must be quite capable of the ordinary 
+line  and  column  movements,  and  besides,  must  have  attacked  at  Oltenitza 
+with  great  courage  and  steadiness,  as  at least on two  days  out of three,  the 
+charge  of the  Turkish  infantry  decided  the battle, and that at close  quarters; 
+20  and  with  the  bayonet,  the  Russian  infantry,  it  is  well-known,  are  no  con 
+
+15 
+
+temptible  opponents. 
+
+25 
+
+The  news  from  Asia  is  even  more  decisively  in favor  of  the  Turks  than 
+that  from  Europe.  It  appears  certain  that  there  has  been  a  general  and 
+combined rising of  the  Circassian  tribes against the Russians; that they hold 
+the  Gates  of  the  Caucasus,  and  that  Prince  Woronzoff  has  his  com 
+munications  cut  off  in  the  rear,  while  he  is  pressed  by  the  Turkish forces 
+in front.  Thus  the  war  everywhere  opens  with  disasters  for the Czar.  Let us 
+hope that such may be its history to the end, and that the Russian Government 
+and  people  may be  taught by it to restrain their ambition and arrogance, and 
+
+30  mind  their  own business  hereafter. 
+
+501 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+Der  Ritter  vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+|2|  Der  Mann  des  kleinen  Kriegs  (siehe  Deckers  Theorie  des kleinen Kriegs) 
+braucht  kein  edler  Mann  zu  sein,  aber  er  muß  doch  ein  edelmüthiges  Be 
+wußtsein haben.  Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  schlägt nach Hegel nothwen-
+dig  in  das  niederträchtige um.  Diesen  Umschlag werde  ich  erläutern  an  den 
+5  Ergüssen  des  Herrn Willich — Peter der Einsiedler und Walther von Habe 
+nichts in einer Person. Ich beschränke mich auf den Cavaliere della Ventura; 
+seine hinter ihm stehenden Cavalieri del dente überlasse ich ihrer Mission. 
+
+10 
+
+Um  von  vorne  herein  einzuprägen,  daß  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein die 
+Wahrheit  im  „höheren"  Sinn  durch die Lüge im  „gewöhnlichen"  Sinn aus-
+zudrücken  pflegt,  beginnt  Herr  Willich  seine  Antwort  auf  meine  „Enthül 
+lungen"  mit  den  Worten:  „Dr. Carl  Marx  gab  in  der  Neu-England-  und 
+Criminal-Zeitung  einen  Bericht  über  den  Kölner  Communistenprozeß." 
+Nie  habe  ich  der  Criminal-Zeitung  einen Bericht über  den Kölner  Commu 
+nistenprozeß  gegeben.  Es  ist  bekannt,  daß  ich  der  Neu-England-Zeitung 
+15  die  „Enthüllungen" und Herr Willich der Criminal-Zeitung Hirsch's Selbst 
+
+bekenntnisse  gab. 
+
+Pag. 11  der  „Enthüllungen"  heißt es:  „Aus  der Aufzählung der der Partei 
+Willich-Schapper  entwandten  Documente  und  aus  den Daten  dieser  Docu 
+mente  folgt,  daß  diese  Partei,  obgleich  durch  den  Einbruch  des  Reuter ge-
+20  warnt,  noch  fortwährend  Mittel  fand,  sich  Documente  stehlen  und  sie  an 
+die preußische Polizei gelangen zu lassen."  Pag. 64 wird diese Stelle rekapi-
+tulirt. 
+
+„Herr  Marx",  antwortete  Herr Willich, „weiß sehr wohl, daß diese Doku 
+
+mente  selbst  meistens  gefälscht,  theilweise  erfunden waren." 
+
+25 
+
+Meistens  gefälscht;  also  nicht  ganz gefälscht.  Theilweise  erfunden;  also 
+
+nicht  ganz  erfunden.  Herr  Willich  gesteht  also:  Nach  wie  vor  dem  Reu-
+ter'schen  Diebstahl  fanden  seiner  Fraktion  angehörige  Documente  ihren 
+Weg  zur  Polizei.  Wie  ich behaupte. 
+
+Der  Edelmuth  des  Herrn  Willich  besteht  nun  darin,  hinter  der  richtigen 
+falsches  Bewußtsein  auszuwittern.  „Herr  Marx  weiß." 
+Thatsache  ein 
+
+30 
+
+507 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Woher  weiß  Herr Willich,  was  Herr  Marx weiß? Von einigen der fraglichen 
+Dokumente  weiß  ich,  daß  sie  echt  sind.  Von  keinem  derselben  weiß  ich, 
+daß  es  sich  während  der  Prozeßverhandlungen  als verfälscht oder erfunden 
+auswies.  Aber  ich  hätte  „mehr"  wissen  sollen,  da  „ein  gewisser  Blum  der 
+in  Willich's  nächster  Umgebung  befindliche  Berichterstatter  von  Marx" 
+war.  Blum blühte  also  in der nächsten Umgebung von Willich. Desto weiter 
+ab  hielt er  sich mir vom Leibe.  Was  ich von Blum weiß,  den ich nie gespro 
+chen,  selbst  nicht  durch  die  Blume,  beschränkt  sich  darauf,  daß  Blum  ein 
+Russe  von  Geburt und ein  Schuster von Handwerk sein soll, daß er auch als 
+Morisson figurirt,  auf  Wilhch'sche  Morrison-Pillen  schwört,  und  sich jetzt 
+wahrscheinhch  in  Australien  befindet.  Ueber  die  Wirksamkeit  des  Willich-
+Kinkel'schen  Missionärs  wurde  ich  von  Magdeburg  aus  benachrichtigt, 
+nicht in London.  Das  edelmüthige Bewußtsein konnte  sich daher die jeden 
+falls  schmerzliche  Operation  ersparen,  einen  seiner  Söhne  im  Glauben auf 
+bloßen Verdacht hin  öffentlich zu verunglimpfen. | 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+|3|  Erst lügt mir  das  edelmüthige Bewußtsein einen eingebildeten Bericht 
+erstatter  an;  dann lügt es  nur einen wirklichen Brief  ab.  Es  citirt:  „Seite 69, 
+der  Enthüllungen,  Bemerkung  A,  aus  dem  vorgeschützten Briefe  Beckers." 
+Herr  Willich ist zu  edelmüthig vorauszusetzen,  daß  „ein  Mann von Geist 
+und  Charakter",  wie  Becker  den  Geist  und  Charakter  in einem  Manne wie  20 
+Willich  verkennen  darf.  Er  verwandelt  daher  Becker's  Brief  in  einen  vor 
+geschützten und  mich in  einen  Falsclimünzer.  Aus  Edelmuth, versteht sich. 
+Der  vorgeschützte  Brief  existirt  noch  immer  im  Besitze  des  Advokaten 
+Schneider  II.  Ich  schickte  ihn  der  Vertheidigung  zur  Zeit  des  Processes 
+nach  Köln,  weil  er  jede  Theilnahme  Beckers  an  den  Willich'sehen  Narr-  25 
+heiten  widerlegt.  Nicht  nur  ist  der  Brief  von  Becker  geschrieben,  Kölner 
+und  Londoner  Poststempel  constatiren  sein  Datum  der  Absendung  und 
+des  Empfangs. 
+
+„Vorher  aber  schrieb  Frau  Kinkel  einen  längeren  berichtigenden  Brief 
+an  mich  (Willich);  Becker  in  Köln übernahm  die  Besorgung.  Er  theilte  ihr  30 
+mit,  der  Brief  sei  besorgt,  — ich  habe  ihn  nie  gesehen.  Hat  ihn  Herr Marx, 
+Becker,  oder  die  Post  bewahrt?}" 
+
+Nicht  die  Post,  demonstrirte  Willich.  Vielleicht  Becker?  So  lange  er  in 
+Freiheit,  fragte  kein  Willich  bei  ihm  an.  Also  „Herr  Marx".  Herr  Willich 
+läßt  mich,  in  seiner  stillen Weise,  die Briefe,  die  Becker  mir  nicht schreibt,  35 
+veröffentlichen  und  die  Briefe,  die  er  mir  zur  Besorgung anvertraut, unter 
+schlagen.  Leider  war  Becker  so  freundlich,  mich  niemals  mit  Commission 
+von Episteln,  sei es  der  Frau Johann,  sei es  des  Herrn Johann Gottfried, zu 
+behelligen.  Anfragen an Becker von  so gleichgültigem Inhalt steht weder das 
+Gef ängniß im Wege, noch das schwarze Cabinet. Herr Willich verlügt sich in 40 
+die  schmutzige  Insinuation,  aus  der  reinen Absicht zur Tugend  anzufeuern 
+
+508 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+und  die  Wahlverwandtschaft  zwischen  den  Guten,  zwischen  den  Kinkels 
+und  den  Willichs  als  siegreich über  jede  Scheidungskunst  der  Bösen  darzu 
+stellen. 
+
+5 
+
+„Die  Parteistellung  innerhalb  des  Proletariats  zwischen  der  Partei  Marx 
+und  Willich-Schapper,  nach  der  Bezeichnung  des  Herrn  Marx,  nicht  der 
+meinigen." 
+
+Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  muß  die  eigene  Bescheidenheit  durch  die 
+fremde  Ueberhebung  beweisen.  Es  verwandelt  daher  die  „Bezeichnung des 
+Kölner  Anklageakts"  (siehe  pag.  6  der  Enthüllungen)  in  „Bezeichnungen  des 
+
+10  Herrn  Marx".  Aus  Bescheidenheit  verwandelt  es  gleichfalls  die  Partei 
+stellung  innerhalb  einer  bestimmten  geheimen deutschen Gesellschaft,  von 
+der  ich  spreche  (siehe  1. c ),  in  die  „Parteistellung  innerhalb  des  Proleta 
+riats". 
+
+„Als  Techow  im  Herbst  1850  nach  London  kam,  —  ließ Marx  sich  von 
+15  Dronke  schreiben,  Techow  habe  über  mich  die  wegwerfendsten  Aeußerun-
+gen  gemacht;  der  Brief  wurde  verlesen.  Techow  kam  an,  wir  sprachen uns 
+als  Männer  gegen  einander  aus,  die  im  Briefe  gemachten  Mittheilungen 
+waren  erfunden!!" 
+
+Als Techow  nach London kam, ließich mir von Dronke  schreiben,  empfing 
+20  den  Brief,  verlas  ihn,  und  dann  kam  Techow.  Die  falsche  consecutio  tem-
+porum  spiegelt die Verlegenheit des edelmüthigen Bewußtseins ab, das einen 
+falschen Causalnexuß  zwischen mir, Dronke's  Brief und Techow's Kommen 
+hervorzubringen  sucht.  In Dronke's  Brief,  der  übrigens  an Engels und nicht 
+an  mich  addressirt  ist,  lautet  die  verbrecherische  Stelle  wörtlich:  „Heute 
+25  habe ich Techow etwas umgestimmt, obwohl ich dabei mit ihm und Schily" 
+—  Schily  befindet  sich  in  diesem  Augenblicke  in  London  —  „in einen heftigen 
+Disput  gerieth und  er wiederholt die  Angriffe auf Sigel als persönlichen Ulk 
+von  Wülich,  dem  er  beiläufig  auch  das  allergeringste  militärische  Talent 
+abspricht,  erklärte."  Dronke  spricht  also  nicht  von  den  wegwerfendsten 
+30  Aeußerungen  Techow's  im  Allgemeinen,  sondern  seinen  wegwerfenden 
+Aeußerungen  über  Herrn  Wilhch's  militärisches  Talent.  Hat Techow  daher 
+etwas  für  erfunden  erklärt,  so  waren  es  nicht  die  in  Dronke's  Briefe  ge 
+machten  Mittheilungen,  sondern  die  Mittheilungen  des  edlen  Bewußtseins 
+über  Dronke's  Mittheilungen.  Techow  hat  in  London  seine  Schweizer 
+35  Auffassung  von ||4| Herrn  Wilhch's  militärischem  Talent  nicht  modificirt, 
+wenn  auch  vielleicht  andere  Anschauungen,  die  er  vom  falschen  Asceten 
+besaß.  Mein  Zusammenhang  mit  Dronke's  Brief  und  Techow's  Kommen 
+beschränkt  sich  also  darauf,  daß ich Dronke's  Brief verlas,  wie ich  als Prä 
+sident  der  Centraibehörde  alle  Briefe  zu  verlesen  hatte.  So  unter  andern 
+einen Brief von Karl Brunn, worin auch der sich über Wilhch's militärisches 
+Talent  erlustigte.  Herr  Willich  war  damals  überzeugt,  daß  ich  Bruhn  den 
+
+40 
+
+509 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Brief  schreiben ließ.  Da  Bruhn aber noch nicht wie Techow nach Australien 
+abgereist  ist,  unterdrückt  Herr  Willich  vorsichtig  „diese  Probe  meiner 
+Taktik".  So  hatte  ich  einen  Brief  zu  verlesen,  worin  Rothacker  schreibt: 
+,  Jeder  andern  Gemeinde,  —  aber  dieser  (nämlich  Willich's)  niemals  —  will 
+ich angehören." Er erzählt, wie er durch einfache Opposition gegen Willich's 
+Ansichten  über  „die  auffallenden  Rüstungen  Preußens"  das  Schicksal  sich 
+zuzog,  daß  einer  der  Trabanten  Willich's  seine  „sofortige  Ausstoßung  aus 
+dem  Bunde  verlangte,  — und  ein anderer  eine  Commission ernannt wissen 
+wollte,  zu  prüfen,  wie  denn  dieser Rothacker in  den Bund gekommen wäre, 
+das  sei  verdächtig". Herr Willich war überzeugt, daß ich Rothacker den Brief 
+schreiben tieß. Da aber  Rothacker  statt  Gold bei  Melbourne zu graben, eine 
+Zeitung in Cincinnati herausgiebt,  fand  Herr Wilhch es  wieder passend,  die 
+Welt um  diese  andere  „Probe  meiner  Taktik"  zu  prellen. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  muß  seiner  Natur  nach  überall  Freude  an 
+sich  erleben und  sich überall  anerkannt finden.  Findet es daher seine glück-  15 
+liehe  Ansicht  von  sich verneint,  spricht Techow  ihm das militärische Talent 
+ab oder Rothacker die politische Befähigung oder erklärt Becker es geradezu 
+für  „dumm",  so  sind  diese  unnatürlichen  Erfahrungen  aus  dem  taktischen 
+Gegensatz  von  Ahriman — Marx und Engels gegen Ormuzd — Wilhch prag 
+matisch  zu  erklären,  und  der  Edelmuth  bethätigt  sich  demgemäß  in  der  20 
+niederträchtigsten  Beschäftigung,  die  Geheimnisse  dieser  eingebildeten 
+Taktik  auszuhecken,  auszubrüten,  auszulugen.  Wir  sehen,  sagt  Hegel,  wie 
+dieses  Bewußtsein,  statt  mit  dem  Höchsten,  mit  dem  Niedrigsten,  nämlich 
+mit  sich  selbst,  beschäftigt  ist. 
+
+„Dies", ruft Herr Wilhch triumphirend aus, „sind einige Proben der Taktik  25 
+
+des  Herrn  Marx." 
+
+„Der  erste  Widerspruch  zwischen  Marx,  Engels und  mir  stellte  sich her 
+aus,  als  von  den in  London  anwesenden  Männern  der  Revolution, die einen 
+größern oder geringeren Wirkungskreis gehabt haben, die Einladung zu einer 
+Versammlung  an uns  gerichtet wurde.  Ich  wollte  darauf eingehen; ich ver-  30 
+langte,  daß  unsere  Parteistellung und  Organisation gesichert,  aber  der  éclat 
+innerer  Zerwürfnisse  in  der  Emigration  nach  außen  hin  nicht  verbreitet 
+werden  sollte.  Ich wurde  niedergestimmt,  die  Einladung abgelehnt,  und von 
+dem  Tage  an  datiren  die  ekelhaften  Zerwürfnisse  in  der  Londoner  Emigra 
+tion,  deren  Folgen  noch  heute  da  sind,  indeß  jetzt wohl  für die  öffentliche 
+Meinung  alle  Bedeutung  verloren  haben." 
+
+35 
+
+Herr Wilhch als „Parteigänger" im Kriege, findet es auch im Frieden seiner 
+Mission gemäß,  von  einer  Partei  zur  anderen  zu gehen,  und  es  ist völlig der 
+Wahrheit  gemäß,  daß  seine  edelmüthigen Coahtionsgelüste  niedergestimmt 
+wurden.  Das  Bekenntniß  ist  um  so  naiver,  als  Herr  Willich  später  zu  ver-  40 
+breiten  suchte,  die  Emigration  habe  uns  von  ihrer  Zunftorganisation  aus-
+
+510 
+
+Der  Ritter  vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+geschlossen.  Hier  gesteht  er,  daß  wir  die  Emigrationszunft  von  uns  aus 
+schlossen.  So  weit  die  Thatsache.  Nun  ihre  Verklärung.  Das  edelmüthige 
+Bewußtsein  muß  nachzuweisen  suchen,  daß  es  nur durch Ahriman an dem 
+edlen  Werk  verhindert  wurde,  allem  Bösen,  das  über  die  Emigration  ge-
+5 kommen ist, vorzubeugen. Zu diesem Behuf e muß es sich wieder dem Lügen 
+ergeben  mit  evangelistengem��ßer  Verdrehung  der  profanen  Chronologie 
+(siehe  Bruno  Bauer  „Synoptiker").  Ahriman—Marx, Engels erklärten ihren 
+Austritt  aus  dem  Arbeitervereine  der  Great  Windmill  Street,  und  ihre 
+Scheidung von Willich in der Sitzung der Centraibehörde vom 15. September 
+10  1850.  Seit diesem  Tage  zogen  sie  sich  zurück von  allen öffentlichen Orga 
+nisationen, Demon||5|strationen und Manifestationen. Also seit dem 15. Sept. 
+1850.  Am  14. Juli  1851  wurden  „die  namhaften  Männer  aller  Fraktionen" 
+zu  Bürger  Fickler  geladen,  am  20. Juli  1851  wurde  der  „Agitationsverein" 
+gestiftet und  am 27. Juli  1851  der deutsche  „Emigrations-Club". Von diesem 
+15  Tage  an,  wo  die  geheimen  Wünsche  des  edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins  sich 
+erfüllten,  datiren  die  ekelhaften  Zerwürfnisse  der  „Londoner  Emigration", 
+der  auf  beiden  Seiten  des  Ozeans  geführte  Kampf  zwischen  „Emigration" 
+und  „Agitation",  der  große  Froschmäuslerkrieg  begann. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+„Wer  giebt  die  Worte  mir,  und  wer  die  Stimme 
+Das  Größte  groß  und  würdig  zu  berichten? 
+Denn  stolzerer  Kampf,  geführt  mit  wilderem  Grimme, 
+Ward  seit  der  Welt  Beginn  gesehen  mit  Nichten; 
+Die  andern  Schlachten,  wenn  auch noch  so  schlimme, 
+Sind  Veilchen  nur  und  Rosen,  und  mein  Dichten 
+Versagt  mir,  wo  Bravour  und  Ehrenglorie 
+Gleich  herrlich  strahlt  in  dieses  K a m p fs  Historie." 
+
+(Nach  Bojardo.  Orlando  Innam.  canto  27.) 
+
+Die  „Bedeutung  dieser  ekelhaften  Zerwürfnisse"  hat in der  „öffentlichen 
+Meinung"  nie  existirt,  sondern stets nur in der eigenen Meinung der Frosch-
+30  mäusler.  Aber  „die  Folgen  sind noch  da".  Selbst Herrn WiHich's Dasein in 
+Amerika  ist  eine  Folge.  Das  in  der  Form  der  Anleihe  von  Amerika  nach 
+Europa  gewanderte  Geld  reiste  in  der  Form  Wiliich  von  Europa  nach 
+Amerika  zurück.  Eins  seiner  ersten  Geschäfte  dort  war  die  Bildung  eines 
+geheimen Committee's i n . . ., um den heiligen Gral, das demokratische Gold, 
+35  dem  Gottfried  von  Bouillon  zu  sichern  und  Peter  dem  Einsiedler  gegen 
+
+Arnold  Winkelried  Ruge  und  Melanchthon  Ronge. 
+
+Obgleich die  „Edlen"  sich selbst überlassen, und nach dem Ausdrucke von 
+Eduard  Meyen  Alle  vereinigt  waren  „bis  hinauf  zu  Bucher",  ging  der 
+Scheidungsprozeß  nicht  nur  der  Hauptheere  unter  einander,  sondern  im 
+Innern jedes Lagers  selbst so flott voran, daß der Agitationsverein bald auf 
+
+40 
+
+511 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+ein  halbvollzähliges  Siebengestirn  reduzirt  war,  der  Emigrationsklub  aber, 
+trotz  der  Bindekraft  des  edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins,  auf  die  Dreieinigkeit, 
+Willich,  Kinkel und den Gastwirth Schärttner zusammenschmolz.  Selbst die 
+dreieinige  Anleihe-Regentschaft  —  so  attraktiv  war  das  edelmüthige  Be 
+wußtsein — verfiel in etwas, was nicht einmal ein Dualismus genannt werden 
+kann,  nämlich  in  Kinkel-Wilhch.  Herr Reichenbach  war  zu  respektabel, um 
+lange  der  Dritte  in  solchem  Bunde  bleiben  zu  können.  Er  hat  den  „per 
+sönlichen  Charakter"  des  edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins  praktisch  kennen 
+gelernt. 
+
+5 
+
+Unter  den Proben,  die  das  edelmüthige Bewußtsein von der  „Taktik von  10 
+
+Marx"  gjebt,  befinden  sich  auch  seine  Erlebnisse  mit  Engels.  Ich  lege  an 
+dieser  Stehe  einen  Brief  von  Engels  selbst  ein. 
+
+„Manchester,  den  23. Nov.  1853.  In  dem  Roman,  den  Herr  August  Willich 
+in  der  New-Yorker  Criminalzeitung  (d. d.  28. Oct.  und  4. Nov.)  zu  seiner 
+Rechtfertigung  veröffentlicht  hat,  habe  auch  ich  die  Ehre  zu  figuriren.  Ich 
+bin  genöthigt,  ein  Paar  Worte  über  diese  Angelegenheit,  so  weit  sie  mich 
+betrifft,  zu  Protokoll  zu  geben. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+Daß  Freund  Wilhch,  der  den reinen  Müßiggang  mit  der  reinen Thätigkeit 
+verwechselt,  und  sich  daher  ausschließlich  mit  Freund  Wilhch beschäftigt, 
+für Alles, was  seine Person betrifft, ein vortreffliches Gedächtniß hatte, daß 
+er eine Art Register führte über jede Bemerkung, die  selbst im Schoppenste 
+chen  der  Gesellschaft  in  Beziehung  auf  ihn  fiel,  das  war  denen längst kein 
+Geheimniß  mehr,  die  sich  seines  Umgangs  erfreuten.  Freund Wilhch wußte 
+aber  von jeher  sein Gedächtniß und  sein Register sehr gut zu benutzen.  Eine 
+kleine Verdrehung, einige scheinbar unbeabsichtigte Auslassungen machten  25 
+ihn, wenn  dergleichen Bagatellen wieder  zur  Sprache  kamen, jedesmal zum 
+Helden  des  dramatischen  Ereignisses,  zum  Mittelpunkt  einer Gruppe, eines 
+lebenden Bildes.  Im  Detail, wie  im  Ganzen  des Wülich'schen Romans dreht 
+sich  der  Kampf  überall  und  immer  um  den  unbeleckten  und  deshalb  an 
+gefeindeten  Wilhch.  In  jeder  einzelnen  Episode  finden  wir  am  Schluß  den  30 
+braven  Wilhch  eine  Rede  haltend,  und  die  verruchten  Gegner  geknickt, 
+gebrochen, zertreten, zurücksinkend in das Bewußtsein ihrer Nichtigkeit. Et 
+cependant  on  vous  connaît,  ô  chevaliers  sans  peur  et  sans  reproche! 
+
+In  dem  Wilhch'sehen  Roman  ist  also  die  Leidensepoche,  während  deren 
+der  Edele||6|so  viel  Unbill  zu  erdulden  hatte  von  Marx,  Engels  und  den  35 
+übrigen  Gottlosen,  zu  gleicher  Zeit  eine  Epoche  des  Triumphs,  worin  er 
+jedesmal  seine  Gegner  siegreich  niedertritt,  und  jeder  neue  Triumph  alle 
+früheren  übergipfelt.  Freund  Willich  schildert  sich  einerseits  als  leidenden 
+Christus,  der  die  Sünden  von  Marx,  Engels  &  Comp,  auf  sich  nahm,  an 
+dererseits  aber  als  den Christus,  der da kam, zu richten die Lebendigen und  40 
+
+512 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+die  Todten.  Es  war  Freund  Wülich  vorbehalten,  zwei  so  widersprechende 
+Rollen  gleichzeitig in  Einer  Person  zu  vereinigen.  Wer  diese  beiden  Phasen 
+gleichzeitig  repräsentirt,  dem  muß  man  doch  wahrlich  glauben. 
+
+Für  uns,  die  wir  diese  selbstgefälligen  Phantasieen,  womit  ein  ältlicher 
+5  Hagestolz  seine  schlaflosen Nächte  ausfüllt,  längst  auswendig konnten,  für 
+uns  ist  nur  das  erstaunlich,  daß  alle  die  Idiosynkrasien  heute  noch  in  der 
+selben  unveränderten  Form  auftauchen,  wie  Anno  1850.  Nun  zu  den  De 
+tails. 
+
+Freund  Willich,  der  die  Herren  Stieber  und  Consorten  in  Agenten  einer 
+10  deutschen  ,Bundescentralpolizei'  verwandelt,  die  seit den uralten Demago 
+gengeschichten  nicht  mehr  existirt  hat,  der  eine  Menge  anderer  ebenso 
+wundersamer  ,Fakta'  erzählt,  behauptet  auch  mit üblicher  Genauigkeit,  ich 
+habe  eine  ,Broschüre'  über  die  badische  Campagne  von  1849  geschrieben. 
+Freund Wülich, der den Theil meiner Arbeit, worin er vorkommt, mit seltener 
+15  Gründlichkeit  studirt  hat,  weiß  sehr  wohl,  daß  ich  nie  eine  derartige  ,Bro-
+schüre'  vom  Stapel ließ.  Was ich  schrieb,  war eine Reihe  von Artikeln über 
+die  Reichsverfassungs-Campagne  in  der  Revue  ,Neue  Rheinische  Zeitung, 
+Hamburg  und  New-York  1850',  in  deren  einem  ich  meine  Erfahrungen 
+während  der  pfälzisch-badischen  Campagne  veröffentlichte.  In  diesem 
+20  Artikel  figurili  natürlich  auch  Freund  Willich,  und  wie  er  sagt,  war  dieser 
+Artikel für ihn ,sehr anerkennend', brachte ihn aber  sogleich in Conflikte mit 
+seiner  habituellen  Bescheidenheit,  indem  er  ihn  gleichsam  zum  Konkur 
+renten der  andern so  vielen großen Staatsmänner, Diktatoren und Feldherrn' 
+machte. 
+
+25 
+
+Und  worin  bestand  die  große  ,Anerkennung'  meinerseits,  die  jetzt  dem 
+edlen  Herzen  Willich's  so  wohlthut?  Darin,  daß  ich  den  Herrn  Willich  als 
+einen  unter  Umständen  recht brauchbaren Bataillonschef  ,anerkannte',  der 
+in  den 20 Jahren,  wo  er preußischer Lieutenant war,  sich  die  dazu nöthigen 
+Kenntnisse  erworben;  der  für  den  kleinen  und  speziell  für  den  Parteigän-
+30  gerkrieg  nicht  ohne  Anlagen  war,  und  der  endlich  den  Vortheil  hatte,  daß 
+er  als  Führer  eines  Freicorps  von  6—700  Mann  sich  ganz  an  seinem  Platze 
+befand,  während die  Mehrzahl der höheren Offiziere in jener Campagne  aus 
+Subjekten  bestand,  die  entweder  gar  keine,  oder  doch  eine  ihrer  Stellung 
+durchaus unangemessene militairische Büdung besaßen.  Zu sagen, daß Herr 
+35  Willich 700  Mann besser führen konnte, als  der erste beste  Student,  Unter 
+
+offizier,  Schulmeister  und  Schuster,  ist  allerdings  ,sehr  anerkennend'  für 
+einen preußischen Lieutenant, der 20 Jahre Zeit zur Vorbereitung hatte ! Dans 
+le  royaume  des  aveugles le borgne  est  roi.  Und daß  er in  seiner untergeord 
+neten Position weniger Verantwortlichkeit trug,  also  weniger Fehler machen 
+40  konnte,  als  ,seine  Conkurrenten',  die Divisionäre oder Obergenerale waren, 
+versteht sich doch von selbst. Wer weiß, ob Sigel, der als ,ObergeneraP nicht 
+
+513 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+am  Platze  war,  als  einfacher  Bataillonschef  nicht  auch  etwas  geleistet 
+hätte? 
+
+Und  nun die wehmüthige Klage des bescheidenen Wilhch, der inzwischen 
+kraft  einiger  amerikanischer  Zeitungen  auf  dem  Anciennitätswege  zum 
+,General' avancirt ist, wahrscheinlich durch meine Schuld — als hätte meine 
+»Anerkennung'  ihn  in  Gefahr  gebracht  auch  General in partibus  zu  werden, 
+und  nicht nur  General,  sondern  Feldherr,  Staatsmann,  ja — Diktator] Freund 
+Wilhch  muß  sich  sonderbare Vorstellungen von den brillanten Belohnungen 
+gemacht  haben,  die  die  communistische  Partei  in  petto  habe für einen pas 
+sablen  Bataillons-  und  Freischaaren-Chef,  der  sich ihr  anschließt. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+In  dem  angeführten  Artikel  sprach  ich  von Wilhch  nur  als  Militair,  weil 
+er  nur  als  solcher  das  Publikum  interessiren  konnte,  denn  Staatsmann' ist 
+er  ja  erst  seitdem  geworden.  Hätte  ich  die  Malice  gegen  ihn besessen,  von 
+der  er  glaubt,  sie  besitze  mich  und  meine  Freunde,  hätte  ich  ein  Interesse 
+daran  gehabt,  ein  persönliches  Charakterbild  von  ihm  zu  geben,  was  für  15 
+Geschichten  wären  zu  erzählen!  Hätte  ich  mich  selbst  auf  die  nur  heitere 
+Seite  beschränkt,  wie  würde  ich  die  Geschichte  mit  dem  Apfelbaum  weg 
+gelassen  haben,  unter  dem  heber  zu  sterben  während  Absingung  eines 
+Liedes, als den deutschen Boden nochmals zu verlassen, er und seine Besan-
+çons einen leiblichen Eid geschworen hatten. Wie hätte ich nicht die Comödie 20 
+an  der Grenze erzählt, wo  Freund Willich that, als sollte dies nun in Erfüllung 
+gehen;  wo  einige  Biedermänner  zu  mir  kamen,  um  mich  ganz  ernsthaft  zu 
+bewegen, den braven Willich von seinem Entschluß abzubringen; wo ||7| end 
+lich  Willich  dem  vereinigten  Corps  die  Frage  stellt,  ob  sie  nicht  lieber  auf 
+deutschem Boden sterben, als ins Exil zurückgehen wollten, wo nach langem 25 
+allgemeinen  Schweigen  ein  einziger  todesverachtender  Besançon  ausrief: 
+,Hierbleiben!'  und  wo  zum  Schluß  die  ganze  Gesellschaft  mit großem  Ver 
+gnügen  und  mit  Waffen  und  Bagage  nach  der  Schweiz  übertrat.  Welche 
+Episode  hätte  nicht die  spätere Geschichte der Bagage  selbst gebildet, heute 
+nicht  ohne  Werth,  wo  Willich  selbst die halbe  Welt auffordert, über  seinen  30 
+,Charakter'  sich  zu  erklären.  Wer  übrigens  weitere  Details  über  diese  und 
+andere  Abenteuer  wünscht,  braucht  sich  nur  an einen  seiner  300  Spartaner 
+zu  wenden,  die  damals  kein  Thermopylä  finden  konnten.  Sie  waren  stets 
+bereit, hinter dem Rücken des persönlichen Charakters die größten Skandale 
+zu erzählen.  Ich habe  Zeugen in Menge. 
+
+35 
+
+Ueber  die  Geschichte  wegen  meiner  ,Courage'  werde  ich kein Wort ver 
+lieren.  Ich habe zu meiner damaligen Verwunderung in Baden gefunden, daß 
+die  Courage  eine  der  allerordinärsten  Eigenschaften  ist,  nicht  der  Mühe 
+werth  davon  zu  reden;  daß  aber  die  bloße  rohe  Courage  nicht  mehr  werth 
+ist, als der bloße gute  Wille, und es deßhalb sehr häufig vorkommt, daß jeder  40 
+Einzelne ein Held an Courage ist, und das ganze Bataillon doch ausreißt, wie 
+
+514 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Ein Mann.  Ein Exempel bietet die Expedition, des Willich'schen Corps nach 
+Karlsdorf,  die  in  meiner  Erzählung  der  Reichsverfassungs-Campagne  des 
+Breiteren  mitgetheilt  ist. 
+
+Bei  dieser  Gelegenheit,  nämlich  in  der  Neujahrsnacht  1850,  behauptet 
+5  Willich mir eine siegreiche moralische Predigt gehalten zu haben. Da ich nicht 
+gewohnt bin,  Buch darüber  zu führen,  wie  ich aus  einem  Jahr  in das  andere 
+komme,  kann  ich  für  das  Datum  nicht  einstehen.  Die  Predigt,  die  Willich 
+abdrucken  läßt,  hat  er  so  nie  gehalten. 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+Im  Hüchtlings-Committee,  heißt es, habe  ich mit mehreren Anderen mich 
+.unwürdig'  gegen  den großen  Mann benommen.  Shocking!  Aber  wo waren 
+die  siegreichen  sittlichen  Argumente  denn  damals,  wenn Willich,  der  Zer 
+treter  der  Gottlosen,  sich  plötzlich  machtlos  gegen  bloßes  ,unwürdiges 
+Benehmen' fand. Man wird nicht verlangen, daß ich ernsthaft auf dergleichen 
+Albernheiten  eingehen  soll. 
+
+In der  Sitzung der Centraibehörde, wo  es zwischen Schramm und Willich 
+zur  Forderung  kam,  soll ich  das  Verbrechen begangen haben,  mit Schramm 
+kurz  vor der Scene das  ,Zimmer verlassen', also die ganze Scene vorbereitet 
+zu  haben. 
+
+Früher  war  es  Marx,  der  Schramm  ,gehetzt'  haben  sollte,  jetzt,  zur  Ab-
+20  wechselung  bin  ich  es.  Ein  Duell  zwischen  einem  alten  auf  Pistolen  ein 
+
+geschossenen preußischen Lieutenant und  einem  commerçant, der vielleicht 
+nie  eine  Pistole in der Hand gehabt, war wahrlich eine famose  Maßregel, um 
+den  Lieutenant  ,aus  dem  Wege  zu  räumen'.  Trotzdem  erzählte  Freund 
+Willich  überall,  mündüch  und  schriftlich,  wir  hätten  ihn  erschießen  lassen 
+
+25  wollen. 
+
+30 
+
+Es  ist  wohl  möglich  —  ich  führe  kein  Buch  darüber,  wenn  gewisse  Be 
+dürfnisse  mich nöthigen,  das Zimmer zu verlassen, — daß ich mit Schramm 
+zugleich das Zimmer verließ; aber es ist nicht wahrscheinlich, da ich aus den 
+bei  mir  deponirten  Sitzungsprotokollen  der  damaligen  Centralbehörde  er-
+sehe,  daß  Schramm  und  ich  an  jenem  Abend  abwechselnd  das  Protokoll 
+führten.  Schramm  war  einfach  wüthend  über  Willich's  schamloses  Auftre 
+ten,  und  uns  Allen  zur  größten  Ueberraschung,  zwang  er  ihn  zum  Duell. 
+Schramm  selbst  hatte  einige  Minuten  vorher  keine  Ahnung,  daß  es  dazu 
+kommen  werde.  Nie  war  eine  Handlung  spontaner.  Willich  erzählt  hier 
+35  wieder,  er habe eine  Rede gehalten,  ,Du,  Schramm, verläßt das Zimmer!' In 
+der  Wirklichkeit  appellirte  Willich  an  die  Centraibehörde,  Schramm  aus 
+zuweisen.  Die  Centraibehörde  ignorirte  sein  Begehren,  und  Schramm  ent 
+fernte  sich  nur  auf  persönliches  Zureden  von  Marx,  der  weiteren  Skandal 
+vermeiden  wollte.  Auf  meiner  Seite  steht  das  Protokollbuch,  auf  der  des 
+
+40  Herrn  Willich  sein  persönlicher  Charakter. 
+
+Friedrich  Engels." 
+
+515 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Herr  Willich  erzählt  weiter,  wie  er  das,  „unwürdige  Benehmen"  des 
+Flüchtlings-Kommittee's  im  Arbeiterverein erzählt und  einen Antrag darauf 
+begründet hat.  Als, berichtet das edle Bewußtsein,  „als die Entrüstung gegen 
+Marx  und  Clique  auf  das  höchste  stieg,  summte ich für  die  Behandlung  der 
+Sache  in  der  Centraibehörde.  Dies fand  statt". 
+
+Was 
+
+in  der 
+fand  statt?  Willich's  Stimmen  oder  die  Behandlung 
+Centraibehörde?  Welche  Großmuth!  Seine  Gebieter  stimme  entreißt  seine 
+Feinde  der  auf's  Höchste  gestiegenen  Entrüstung  des  Volks.  Herr  Wilhch 
+vergißt  den  Umstand,  daß  die  Centraibehörde  die  geheime  Behörde  einer 
+geheimen  Gesellschaft,  der  Arbei||8|terverein  aber  eine  öffentliche  exoteri- 
+sehe  Gesellschaft  war.  Er  vergißt,  daß  die  Behandlung  der  Sache  in  der 
+Centraibehörde  im  Arbeiterverein  daher  nicht  zum  Stimmen  gebracht 
+werden und  so  die  Samariterscene,  als  deren Held er figurirt, nicht vorfallen 
+konnte.  Freund  Schapper  wird  ihm  sein  Gedächtniß  erfrischen  helfen. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Von dem öffentlichen Arbeiterverein führt uns Herr Wilhch in die geheime 
+Centraibehörde  und  aus  der  Centraibehörde  nach  Antwerpen  zum  Duell, 
+seinem  Duelle  mit  Schramm: 
+
+15 
+
+„Schramm  kam  nach  Ostende  in  Begleitung  eines  ehemaligen  russischen 
+Offiziers,  der  in  der  ungarischen  Revolution  nach  seiner  Aussage  zu  den 
+Ungarn  übergegangen  war  und  nach  dem  Duell  spurlos  verschwand." 
+
+20 
+
+Dieser  „ehemalige  russische  Offizier"  ist  niemand  anders  als  Heinrich 
+
+Ludwig  Miskowsky. 
+
+„This  is",  heißt  es  in  einem  der  Zeugnisse  des  ehemaligen  russischen 
+Offiziers,  „This is to testify, that the bearer Henri Lewis Miskowsky, a Polish 
+gentleman,  has  served  during  the  late  Hungarian  war  1848—1849 as  officer 
+in the 46th.  bataillon of the  Hungarian  Honveds,  and that he behaved as  such 
+praiseworthy  and  gallantly. 
+London,  Nov.  12,  1853. 
+
+L. Kossuth,  late  governor  of  Hungary." 
+
+25 
+
+Verlogenes  edelmüthiges  Bewußtsein!  Aber  der  Zweck  ist  ede7.  Der 
+Gegensatz  des  Guten  und  Bösen muß im  stechenden Contrast als lebendes  30 
+Bild  vorgeführt  werden.  Welch'  künstlerische  Gruppe!  Auf  der  einen  Seite 
+der  Edle,  umgeben  „von  Techow,  jetzt  in  Australien,  Vidil, französischem 
+Husarenrittmeister,  der  damals  im  Exil,  jetzt  Gefangener  in  Algier,  und 
+Barthélémy,  durch  die  französischen  Blätter  als  einer  der  entschiedensten 
+Revolutionäre bekannt".  Kurz, Wilhch in eigener Person, umgeben von den  35 
+Blüthen zweier  Revolutionen,  auf der einen Seite.  Auf der andern Schramm, 
+das  Laster,  verwais't  auf  einen  „ehemaligen  russischen  Offizier",  dessen 
+Theilnahme  an der ungarischen Revolution nicht wirklich, sondern nur „nach 
+seiner  Aussage"  stattfindet,  und  der  gar  nach  dem  Duell  „spurlos  ver 
+schwindet", also am Ende der Teufel selber war. In malerischer Ausführung  40 
+steigt die Tugend in  dem  „ersten Hotel"  Ostende's  ab,  wo  ein  „preußischer 
+
+516 
+
+ir 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Prinz"  logirt,  während  das  Laster  mit  dem  russischen  Offizier  „in  einem 
+Privathause  wohnte".  Ganz  scheint  der russische  Offizier  nicht  „nach  dem 
+Duelle  verschwunden"  zu  sein,  da  nach Herrn Willich's  fernerer Erzählung 
+„Schramm  mit  dem  russischen  Offizier  an  dem  Bach  zurückblieb".  Der 
+russische  Offizier  ist  auch  nicht,  wie  der  Edelmuth  hofft,  aus  der  Welt 
+verschwunden,  wie  nachstehende  Erklärung  beweis't: 
+
+5 
+
+London,  den  24.  Nov.  1853. 
+
+15 
+
+„Unter  dem  28. Oct.  befindet  sich  ein  Artikel  in  der  Criminalzeitung  von 
+Herrn  Willich,  in  welchem  er  unter  andern das  mit  Schramm  in Antwerpen 
+10  gehabte Duell 1850 beschreibt. Ich bedaure, daß die Beschreibung desselben 
+nicht  in  allen  Punkten  wahrhaft  der  Oeffentlichkeit  übergeben  worden  ist. 
+Es heißt: ,es wurde das Duell arrangirt etc. ; Schramm kam in Begleitung eines 
+ehemaligen  russischen  Offiziers  etc.,  der  etc.  verschwand'.  Dieses  ist  eine 
+Unwahrheit.  Ich  diente  niemals  Rußland,  und  so  wie  ich,  könnten  alle  an-
+deren  polnischen  Offiziere  in  Ungarn's  Freiheitskampf  russische  genannt 
+werden.  Ich  diente  in  Ungarn  von  Anfang  des  Krieges  von  1848,  bis  1849 
+das  Ende  bei  Villagos  erfolgte.  Ich  bin  auch  nicht  spurlos  verschwunden. 
+Nachdem  Schramm's  Schuß  fehlte,  den  er  aus  dem  Lager  mit 
+ll2  Schritt 
+Position auf Willich abschoß,  Willich auf Schramm von  seinem Standpunkte 
+20  aus  feuerte  und  seine  Kugel Schramm's  Kopf unbedeutend verletzte, blieb 
+ich  bei  Schramm  zurück,  weil  wir keinen  Doktor hatten  (Herr  Willich  hatte 
+das  Duell  arrangirt),  wusch  ihm  seine  Wunde  und  verband  dieselbe  ohne 
+Rücksicht  auf  sieben Menschen,  die in unserer Nähe Heu machten, das Duell 
+mit  ansahen  und  für  mich  gefährlich  werden  konnten.  Willich  und  seine 
+25  genannten Begleiter  entfernten  sich eiligst vom Platze, und Schramm sowie 
+ich  blieben  ruhig  stehen,  denselben  nachsehend.  Bald  waren  sie  aus  den 
+Augen.  Noch  muß  ich  bemerken,  daß  Willich  mit  seinen Begleitern bereits 
+auf  dem  Kampfplatz  war,  als  wir  daselbst  ankamen,  daß  sie  die  Mensur 
+abgesteckt hatten,  in welcher Willich  seine  Stellung  so  eingenommen hatte, 
+30 daß er im Dunkeln stand. Ich machte Schramm darauf aufmerksam, er sagte : 
+Laß  es  gehen.  Schramm  war  muthig,  unerschrocken  und ganz gleichgültig. 
+Daß  ich  gezwungen  in  Belgien  zurückblieb,  ist  den  betreffenden  Personen 
+nicht unbekannt geblieben.  Auf die weitern Umstände  dieses in  seiner Form 
+so  eigenthümlichen  Duells  will  ich  nicht  weiter  eingehen. 
+
+35 
+
+Heinrich  Ludwig  Miskowski." 
+
+Das  Räderwerk des  edelmüthigen Bewußtseins  ist  aufgezogen.  Eben  hat es 
+den  russischen  Offizier  gehirnspinstet,  um  ihn  dann  spurlos  verschwinden 
+zu  lassen.  An  seiner  Stelle  muß  ich  nun  nothwendig  als  Samiel  auf  dem 
+Kampf  platze  erscheinen,  wenn  auch  in  unleiblicher  Gestalt.  | 
+
+517 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+|9|  „Andern  Morgens  früh  (nach  Hrn. Willich's  Eintreffen  in  Ostende) 
+zeigte  er  (ein  befreundeter  französischer  Bürger)  uns  den  Précurseur  de 
+Bruxelles,  in  welchem  Blatte  sich eine  Privat-Correspondenz mit folgender 
+,Mehrere  deutsche  Flüchtlinge  sind  in  Brighton  angekommen. 
+Stelle  fand: 
+Man  schreibt  uns  aus  dieser  Stadt:  Ledru  Rollin  und  die  französischen 
+Flüchtlinge  aus  London  werden  in  diesen Tagen  einen  Congreß  in  Ostende 
+mit  den  belgischen Demokraten abhalten.' Wer kann auf die  Ehre  Anspruch 
+machen,  diese  Idee  seine  eigene  zu  nennen?  Von  einem  Franzosen war  sie 
+nicht, dafür war sie zu apropos. Diese Ehre bleibt ungeschmälert Hrn. Marx; 
+denn  wenn  es  auch  einer  seiner  Freunde besorgt haben  mag—  der  Kopf  ist 
+der  Ideenfinder,  nicht  die  Hand." 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+„Ein  befreundeter  französischer  Bürger"  zeigt  Herrn Wilhch  und  Comp, 
+den  Précurseur  de  Bruxelles.  Er  zeigt ihnen,  was  nicht existirt.  Ein Précur 
+seur  d'Anvers  existirt  allerdings.  Das  systematische  Verfälschen  und  Um-
+lügen der Topographie und Chronologie bildet eine wesentliche Funktion des 15 
+edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins.  Ideale  Zeit  und  idealer  Raum  sind  der  ent 
+sprechende  Rahmen  seiner  idealen  Erzeugnisse. 
+
+Um  zu  beweisen,  daß  diese  Idee,  nämlich  der  Artikel in dem Précurseur 
+de  Bruxelles,  „von"  Marx  „war",  versichert  Hr. Wilhch:  „von einem Fran 
+zosen war sie nicht". Diese Idee  warnicht  von!  „Dafür war sie zu à propos." 
+Mon dieu, eine Idee, die Hr. Wilhch selbst nur französisch ausdrücken kann, 
+sollte  nicht  von  einem  Franzosen  sein?  Aber  wie  kommt  der  Franzose 
+überhaupt hereingeschneit, edelmüthiges Bewußtsein? Was hat der Franzose 
+zu  thun  mit  Willich  und  Schramm  und  dem  ehemaligen  russischen  Offizier 
+und  dem Précurseur  de Bruxelles? 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Der  Gedankensprecher  des  edelmüthigen Bewußtseins  wird  unzeitig laut 
+und  verräth,  daß  es  à  propos  findet,  ein  nothwendiges  Zwischenglied weg-
+zueskamotiren.  Flicken wir  das  Glied  wieder  an. 
+
+Bevor Schramm  Hrn. Willich  zum  Duell  provozirt  hatte,  hatte  der  Fran 
+
+zose  Barthélémy  ein Duell  mit  dem  Franzosen  Songeon verabredet, das in  30 
+Belgien  stattfinden  sollte.  Barthélémy  erkor  sich  Willich  und  Vidil  zu  Se 
+kundanten.  Songeon war nach Belgien abgereis't.  Der Incident mit Schramm 
+kam  dazwischen.  Beide  Duelle  sollten  nun  an  einem  Tage  stattfinden. 
+Songeon  stellte  sich  nicht.  Barthélémy,  bei  seiner  Rückkehr nach  London, 
+behauptete  öffentlich:  Songeon  habe  den  Artikel  im  Précurseur  d'Anvers 
+veranlaßt. 
+
+35 
+
+Lange  schwankte  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein,  bis  es  die  Idee  von  Bar 
+thélémy  auf  sich  und  von  Songeon  auf  mich  übertrug.  Ursprünglich,  wie 
+Techow  selbst nach  seiner Rückkunft nach London mir und Engels erzählte, 
+war  es  fest überzeugt,  daß  ich  durch  Schramm's  Vermittlung  das  Edle  aus  40 
+der  Welt  zu  schaffen  beabsichtigte,  und  es  schrieb  diese  Idee  in  alle  Welt. 
+
+518 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Bei  näherem  Nachdenken  fand  es  indeß,  daß  ein  diabolischer  Taktiker 
+unmöglich  auf  den  Einfall  kommen  konnte,  Herrn  Willich  durch  ein  Duell 
+mit  Schramm  zu  beseitigen.  Also  griff  es  nach  der  Idee,  „die  von  einem 
+Franzosen  war". 
+
+5 
+
+These:  „Diese  Ehre  bleibt  ungeschmälert  Herrn  Marx."  Beweis:  „Denn 
+wenn  es  (die  Idee  ist  natürlich  dem  Sittenreinen  nicht  weiblich,  sondern 
+geschlechtslos)  auch  einer  seiner  Freunde  besorgt  haben  mag  (eine  Idee 
+besorgen)  —  der  Kopf  ist  der  Ideenfinder,  nicht  die  Hand."  Denn  wenn! 
+Großes  denn  wenn .'Um zu beweisen, daß Marx „es"  erfunden hat, unterstellt 
+
+10  Hr. Wülich,  daß  ein  Freund  von Marx  „es"  besorgt hat,  oder  vielmehr be 
+
+sorgt  haben  mag.  Quod  erat  demonstrandum. 
+
+„Wenn",  sagt  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein,  „wenn  es  feststeht,  daß 
+Szemere,  der  Freund  von  Marx,  die  Krone  Ungarns  an  die  östreichische 
+Regierung  verrathen,  so  würde  das  ein  treffender  Beleg  etc.  sein." 
+
+15 
+
+Es  steht nun  zwar  das  Gegentheü fest.  Doch das gehört nicht zur  Sache. 
+Wenn Szemere  einen Verrath begangen hätte,  so  würde das für Herrn Wülich 
+ein „treffender" Beleg sein, daß Marx den Artikel im Précurseur de BruxeUes 
+besorgt  hat.  Wenn  aber  auch  der  Vordersatz  nicht feststeht,  so  steht  doch 
+der  Nachsatz  fest,  und ||10| es  steht  fest,  daß  wenn  Szemere  die  Krone  des 
+
+25 
+
+Nachdem  der  russische  Offizier  spurlos  verschwunden 
+
+20  heiligen  Stephan,  Marx  den  heiligen  Stephan  selbst verrathen hat. 
+ist, 
+
+taucht 
+Hr. Willich  wieder  auf;  und  zwar  im  „Arbeiterverein  in  London",  wo  „die 
+Arbeiter  Herrn  Marx  einstimmig  verurtheüten"  und  „am  Tage  nach  dem 
+Austritt  aus  dem Verein in einer Generalversammlung des Londoner Kreises 
+einstimmig  aus  dem  Bund  ausschlossen".  Vorher aber  „faßte  Marx mit der 
+Majorität  der  Centraibehörde  den  Entschluß,  dieselbe  von  London  zu ver 
+legen",  und  trotz  Schappers  wohlgemeinten  Remonstrationen  einen  Kreis 
+für  sich  zu  büden.  Nach  den  Statuten  der  geheimen  GeseUschaft  hatte  die 
+Majorität  das  Recht,  die  Centraibehörde  nach  Köln  zu  verlegen  und  pro-
+30  visorisch den ganzen Wülich'sehen Kreis auszuschließen, der ihr gegenüber 
+beschlußunfähig^/ar.  Auffallend  bleibt,  daß  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein mit 
+seiner Vorhebe für kleine dramatische Scenen, worin Herr Wülich eine große 
+rhetorische  Rone  spielt,  diesmal  die  Katastrophe  selbst,  die  Scheidungs-
+scene,  unbenutzt  vorübergehen  läßt.  Die  Versuchung war groß,  aber leider 
+35  existirt  das  trockene  Protokoll  und  weis't  nach,  daß  der  triumphirende 
+Christus  stundenlang  den  Anklagen  der  Bösen  stumm  und verlegen gegen 
+über  saß,  dann  plötzlich  ausriß,  Freund  Schapper  im  Stiche  ließ  und  die 
+Sprache  erst wieder  fand im  „Kreise"  der  Gläubigen.  En passant.  Während 
+Herr  W.  in  Amerika die  Herrlichkeiten  des  „durch Achtung und  Vertrauen 
+40  mit ihm verbundenen Arbeitervereins" verkündet, hat selbst Herr Schapper 
+es  für  nöthig  erachtet,  vorläufig  aus  dem  Verein  des  Herrn Wülich  zurück 
+zutreten. 
+
+519 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+Das  edelmüthige Bewußtsein erhebt sich für einen Moment aus der Sphäre 
+des ihm eigentümlichen „taktischen"  Prozesses zur Theorie. Indeß nur zum 
+Schein.  In  der  That fährt es  fort,  „Proben von der  Taktik des  Herrn Marx" 
+zu  geben.  Pag. 8  der  Enthüllungen  heißt  es:  „Die  Partei  Schapper-Wülich 
+(Hr. Wülich citirt Willich-Schapper) hat nie auf die Ehre Anspruch gemacht, 
+eigne Ideen zu besitzen.  Was ihr gehört, ist das eigenthümliche Mißverständ-
+niß  fremder  Ideen."  Um  dem  Publikum  seinen  Vorrath  an  eignen Ideen  zu 
+beweisen,  theüt  Hr. W.  als  seine neueste Entdeckung  mit und zwar  als  eine 
+Widerlegung  der  Ansichten  von Engels  und  mir,  „welche  Institutionen"  das 
+Kleinbürgerthum,  käme  es  zur  Herrschaft,  „treffen"  würde.  In  einem  von  10 
+Engels  und  mir  verfaßten  Rundschreiben,  das  die  sächsische  Polizei  bei 
+Bürgers  abfaßte,  das  in  den  gelesensten  deutschen  Zeitungen  erschien und 
+die  Grundlage  des  Kölner  Anklageakts  büdet,  befindet  sich  eine  längere 
+Ausführung  über  die  frommen  Wünsche  des  deutschen  Kleinbürgerthums. 
+Dies  der  Text  der Wülich'sehen Predigt.  Der Leser vergleiche  Original und  15 
+Copie.  Wie  human  von  der  Tugend,  das  Laster  abzuschreiben,  wenn  auch 
+mit  dem  „eigenthümlichen Mißverständniß".  Für  den verschlechterten  Styl 
+entschädigt  die  verbesserte  Gesinnung. 
+
+Pag. 64  der  Enthüllungen  heißt  es,  daß  der  Bund  der  Communisten  in 
+meiner  Ansicht  „die Büdung nicht der  Regierungs- sondern der  Oppositions- 
+partei  der Zukunft bezweckt".  Hr. Wülich  ist  edel,  den  vordem Theü  „nicht 
+der  Regierungs-"  wegzuschwindeln,  um  sich  an  das  Hintertheü der Opposi 
+tionspartei  der  Zukunft festzuklammern.  Aus  dieser  sinnigen Halbirung des 
+Satzes  beweis't  er,  daß  die  Partei  der  Stellenjäger  die  wahre  Partei  der 
+Revolution ist. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+Die  sonstige  „eigene"  Idee,  die  Herr Wülich produzirt, besteht darin, daß 
+der  praktische  Gegensatz  zwischen  dem  edelmüthigen  Bewußtsein  und 
+seinen  Gegnern  auch 
+theoretisch  ausgedrückt  werden  kann  als  „eine 
+Scheidung  der  Menschheit  in  zwei  Gattungen",  die  Willichs  und  die  Anti-
+Wülichs,  die  Gattung  der  Edlen  und  die  Gattung  der  Unedlen.  Von  der  30 
+Gattung  der  Edlen  erfahren  wir,  daß  ihr  Hauptkennzeichen  darin  besteht, 
+„daß  sie  sich  anerkennen".  Langweüig  sein  ist  das  Privüegjum  des  edelmü 
+thigen  Bewußtseins,  wo  es  aufhört,  durch  Proben  von  der  Taktik  zu  kurz-
+weüen. 
+
+Wir haben gesehen, wie das edelmüthige Bewußtsein Thatsachen umlügt,  35 
+
+oder zurechtlügt oder lächerlichen Hypothesen den Rang von ernsten Thesen 
+anweis't,  —  Alles  um  den  Gegensatz  gegen  es  selbst  thatsächlich  als  das 
+Unedle,  das  Niederträchtige  zu  konstatiren.  Wir  haben gesehen,  wie  daher 
+seine  ganze  Thätigkeit ||l l| ausschließlich  in  der  Erfindung des Niederträch 
+tigen besteht. Die umgekehrte Seite dieser Thätigkeit ist, daß es die thatsäch-  40 
+liehen  Verwickelungen,  worin es  selbst mit der Welt geräth, mögen sie noch 
+
+520 
+
+Der  Ritter  vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+so  compromittirend  erscheinen, 
+in  thatsächliche  Beweise  des  eignen 
+Edelmuths  verwandelt.  Dem  Reinen ist Alles  rein,  und  der Gegner,  der  den 
+Edelmuth  an seinen Thaten mißt, beweis't eben dadurch, daß er der Unreine 
+ist.  Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  hat  sich  daher  nicht  zu  rechtfertigen, 
+sondern nur  seine  sittliche  Entrüstung und  sein  Erstaunen über  den Gegner 
+kundzugeben,  der  es  zur  Rechtfertigung  zwingt.  Die  Episode  daher,  worin 
+Herr  Wilhch  sich  zu  rechtfertigen  vorgiebt,  hätte  ebensogut  ganz  wegfallen 
+können,  wie  Jeder  sich überzeugen wird,  der meine Enthüllungen,  Hirsch's 
+Selbst-Bekenntnisse und Herrn Willich's Antwort vergleicht.  Ich hebe daher 
+nur  an  einigen  Beispielen  die  Männer des  edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins  her 
+vor. 
+
+Herr  Willich war weniger kompromittirt durch meine  „Enthüllungen", als 
+durch  Hirsch's  Selbstbekenntnisse,  obgleich  sie  ursprünglich  bestimmt 
+waren,  ihn  als  den Erlöser der eignen Feinde zu verherrlichen.  Er vermeidet 
+es  daher  sorgfältig,  auf  Hirsch's  Selbstbekenntnisse  einzugehen.  Er  ver 
+meidet  sie  auch  nur  zu  erwähnen.  Hirsch  ist  das  notorische  Werkzeug  der 
+preußischen Polizei gegen die  Partei,  der ich angehöre.  Der Thatsache steht 
+Herr  Willich  die  Vermuthung  gegenüber,  daß  Hirsch  eigentlich  von  mir 
+bestimmt  war,  die  Partei  Wilhch  zu  „sprengen". 
+
+„Sehr  bald  intriguirte  er  (Hirsch)  mit  einigen  Anhängern  von Marx,  na 
+mentlich  einem  gewissen  Lochner,  um  den  Verein  zu  sprengen.  In  Folge 
+dessen  wurde  er  beobachtet.  Er  wurde  ertappt  etc.  Er  wurde  auf  meinen 
+Antrag  ausgestoßen;  Lochner  trat  für  ihn  auf  und  wurde  ebenfalls  aus 
+Hirsch intriguhte nun namentlich gegen O. D i e t z . .. die Intrigue 
+gestoßen 
+
+25  wurde  augenblicklich  wieder  aufgedeckt." 
+
+Daß Hirsch auf Antrag des Herrn Willich als Spion aus dem Arbeiterverein 
+der  Great  Windmill  Street  ausgestoßen  wurde,  berichte  ich  selbst  in  den 
+„Enthüllungen" pag. 67. Diese Ausstoßung war ohne alles Gewicht für mich, 
+da  ich  erfuhr,  was  Herr  Wilhch  jetzt  selbst  bestätigt,  daß  sie  nicht  auf  den 
+30  Grund  erwiesener  Thatsachen  erfolgte,  sondern  auf  den  Verdacht  ein 
+gebildeter  Intriguen  Hirsch's  mit  mir.  Von  diesem  Verbrechen  wußte  ich 
+Hirsch  frei.  Was  Lochner  betrifft,  so  verlangte  er  Beweise  für  Hirsch's 
+Schuld.  Herr  Wilhch antwortete, daß Hirsch's  Subsistenzquellen unbekannt 
+seien.  Und  die  Subsistenzquellen des  Herrn Wilhch? fragte Lochner. Wegen 
+dieser  „unwürdigen"  Aeußerung  ward  LochneF  vor  ein  Ehrengericht citirt, 
+und  da  er  die  Sünde  trotz  allen geistlichen  Zuspruch's  nicht bereuen wollte, 
+„ausgestoßen".  Nachdem Hirsch ausgestoßen, nachdem  Lochner ihm nach 
+gesandt  war,  intriguht  Hirsch  „nun  namentlich  gegen  O. Dietz  mit  einem 
+sehr  verdächtigen  ehemaligen  Polizeidiener,  der  Dietz  bei  uns  denun-
+
+35 
+
+40  zirte". 
+
+Stechan,  einem  hannover'schen  Gefängnisse  entsprungen,  kam  nach 
+
+521 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+London,  trat  in  den  Willich'schen  Arbeiterverein  und  denunzirte  den 
+O.Dietz.  Stechan  war  weder  „verdächtig",  noch  „ehemaliger  sächsischer 
+Polizeidiener".  Was  ihn  zur  Denunziation  des  O. Dietz  bestimmte,  war  der 
+Umstand,  daß  der  Instruktionsrichter  ihm  mehrere  seiner  an  Dietz,  den 
+Sekretär  des  Willich'schen  Committees,  nach  London  gerichteten  Briefe in 
+Hannover  vorzeigte.  Ungefähr  gleichzeitig  mit  Stechan  hatte  Lochner  sich 
+eingefunden,  Eccarius II,  eben aus  der Gefängnißhaft in Hannover entlassen 
+und  ausgewiesen,  Gümpel,  wegen  seiner  Betheiligung  an  den  Schleswig-
+Holstein'schen  Angelegenheiten  steckbrieflich  verfolgt,  und  Hirsch,  der 
+1848  wegen  eines  revolutionären  Gedichts  in  Hamburg  gesessen  hatte  und 
+sich  für  abermals  verfolgt  ausgab.  Sie  bildeten  mit  Stechan zusammen eine 
+Art  Opposition  und  begingen die  Sünde  gegen den heiligen Geist,  die  Glau 
+benslehre  des  Herrn  Wülich  in  den  öffentüchen  Diskussionen  des  Vereins 
+zu  bekämpfen.  Ihnen  allen fiel auf, daß Stechan's Denunziation gegen Dietz 
+mit  der  Ausstoßung  Hirsch's  durch  Wülich beantwortet  wurde.  Bald  waren 
+sie  sämmtlich aus dem Arbeiterverein ausgetreten und büdeten eine Zeitlang 
+mit  Stechan  einen  Verein für  sich.  Mit  mir  traten sie erst in Berührung nach 
+ihrem  Austritt  aus  dem  Vereine  des  Herrn  Wülich.  Das  edel||l2|müthige 
+Bewußtsein  verräth  seine  Lüge  durch  die  Verkehrung  der  Zeitverhältnisse 
+und  das  Weglassen  Stechan's,  des  nothwendigen,  aber  lästigen Mittelglie 
+des. 
+
+Ich  sage  pag.66  der  Enthüllungen:  „Nicht  lange  vor  den  Kölner Assisen 
+verhandlungen  schickten  Kinkel  und  Wülich  einen  SchneidergeseUen  als 
+Emissair nach Deutschland etc." „Warum" ruft das edelmüthige Bewußtsein 
+entrüstet  aus,  „warum  hebt  Herr  Marx  den  Schneidergesellen  hervor?"  Ich 
+hebe  den  SchneidergeseUen  nicht  „hervor",  wie  z.B.  der  Edle  bei  Pieper 
+„den  Privatlehrer  bei  Rothschüd"  hervorhebt,  obgleich  Pieper  seine  Stelle 
+bei Rothschüd  in  Folge  des  Kölner  Communistenprozesses  verlor und  statt 
+dessen  die  Mitredaktion  am  Organ  der  englischen  Chartisten gewann.  Ich 
+nenne  den  SchneidergeseUen  einen  SchneidergeseUen.  Warum?  Weü  ich 
+seinen  Namen  verschweigen  und  doch  Herrn  Kinkel-Wülich  beweisen 
+mußte,  daß  ich genau mit  den Personalien  ihres  Emissairs bekannt war. Der 
+Edelmuth  bezüchtigt  mich  daher  eines  Hochverraths  an  sämmtlichen 
+SchneidergeseUen  und  sucht  ihre  Stimmen  durch  eine  pindarische  Ode  auf 
+die  SchneidergeseUen  zu  sichern.  Aus  Schonung  für  den  guten  Ruf  der 
+SchneidergeseUen verschweigt er großmüthig, daß Eccarius, den er als einen 
+der  ausgestoßenen  Böcke  bezeichnet,  ein  SchneidergeseUe  ist,  was  den 
+Eccarius  bisher  nicht  daran  verhindert  hat,  einer  der  größten  Denker  des 
+deutschen  Proletariats  zu  sein  und  durch  seine  englischen  Artikel  im  Red 
+Republican,  in  den  Notes  to  the  People  und  in  den  People's  Paper  sich  eine 
+Autorität  unter  den  Chartisten  selbst zu  erobern.  In  dieser  Weise  widerlegt 
+
+522 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Herr Willich meine  Enthüllungen über die Thätigkeit des von ihm und Kinkel 
+nach  Deutschland  gesandten  Schneidergesellen. 
+
+Nun  zum  Casus  Herne.  Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  sucht  durch  einen 
+Ausfall  auf  mich  seine  eigene  Position  zu  decken.  „Unter  andern  hat  er 
+
+5 
+
+(Henze)  Marx  300Rth.  geborgt. " 
+Im Mai 1849 setzte ich Herrn Rempel die f inanziellen Schwierigkeiten der 
+Neuen  Rheinischen  Zeitung  auseinander,  die  mit  der  Zunahme  der  Abon 
+nentenzahl  zunahmen,  da  die  Auslagen  baar,  die  Einnahmen  aber  nur 
+nachträglich  zu  erheben  waren,  und  zudem  bedeutende  Ausfälle  veranlaßt 
+10  wurden durch die Desertion fast sämmtlicher Aktionäre in Folge der Artikel 
+für  die  Pariser  Junünsurgenten  und  gegen  die  Frankfurter  Parlamentler,  die 
+Berliner  Vereinbarer  und  die  Märzvereinler.  Herr  Rempel  wieß  mich  an 
+Henze, und Herr Henze  schoß der Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung, gegen meine 
+schriftliche  Obligation,  300 Thaler vor.  Henze, damals  selbst von der Polizei 
+15  verfolgt,  fand es  nöthig,  Hamm zu verlassen und reis'te mit nur nach Köln, 
+wo  mich die  Nachricht  von meiner Expulsion aus Preußen empfing.  Die 300 
+nur von Henze geborgten Thaler,  1500 Thaler Abonnentengelder, die ich von 
+der  preußischen  Post  erhielt,  die  mir  gehörige  Schnellpresse  etc.  wurden 
+sämmtlich zur Liquidation  der  Schulden  der  Neuen Rheinischen Zeitung an 
+20  Setzer,  Drucker,  Papierhändler,  Comptoiristen,  Correspondenten,  Redak 
+tionspersonal etc.  verwandt.  Niemand weiß  dieß besser,  als Herr Henze, da 
+er  selbst  meiner  Frau  eine  Reisetasche borgte, um  ihr  Silber  zu verpacken, 
+nach  Frankfurt  in's  Pfandhaus  zu  bringen,  und  so  die  Mittel  für  unsere 
+Privatbedürfnisse  zu  beschaffen.  Die  Rechnungsbücher  der  Neuen  Rhei-
+25  nischen  Zeitung  hegen  zu  Köln  bei  dem  Kaufmann  Stephan  Naut,  und ich 
+ermächtige  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein,  sich dort einen  amtlich beglaubig 
+ten  Auszug  ausfertigen  zu  lassen. 
+
+Nach  dieser  Abschweifung  zur  Sache. 
+Die  Enthüllungen finden es  keineswegs  unklar,  daß  Herr Wilhch Henze's 
+30  Freund  war  und  Unterstützungen  von  ihm  empfing.  Sie  finden  es  unklar 
+(pag. 65.), daß Henze, bei dem selbst eine Haussuchung stattfand und Papiere 
+saisirt wurden, der überwiesen war, den Schimmelpf ennig in Berlin auf einer 
+geheimen  Mission beherbergt  zu  haben, und der Mitwissenschaft am  Bunde 
+„geständig"  war,  daß  dieser  Henze  während  der  Epoche,  wo  der  Kölner 
+35  Prozeß  zur  Entscheidung drängte, wo  die  Aufmerksamkeit der preußischen 
+Polizei  auf's  höchste  gespannt,  und  jeder  halbverdächtige  Deutsche  in 
+Deutschland  und  in  England  auf's  strengste  überwacht  war,  die  obrigkeit 
+liche  Erlaubniß  erhielt,  nach  London  zu  reisen  und  dort  ungenirt 
+mit I| l 3| Willich  zu  verkehren,  dann  aber  in  Köln  eintraf,  um  gegen Becker 
+„falsche  Aussagen"  zu  machen.  Die  bestimmte  Zeitepoche giebt dem Ver-
+hältniß  des  Herrn  Henze  und  Willich  den  bestimmten  Charakter,  und  die 
+
+40 
+
+523 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+erwähnten  Umstände  mußten  Herrn  Willich  selbst  befremden,  obwohl  er 
+nicht  wußte,  daß  Henze  von  London  aus  mit  der  preußischen  Polizei  tele-
+graphirte.  Es  handelt  sich  um  die  Zeitepoche.  Hr. Willich  fühlt  dies  richtig 
+heraus und erklärt daher in seiner edlen Art:  „er{Henze) kam vor dem Prozeß 
+nach  London"  (dies  behaupte  ich  auch);  „nicht  zu  mir,  sondern  zur  Indu- 
+strieausstellung."  Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  hat  seine  eigene  Industrie 
+ausstellung,  wie  seinen  eigenen  Précurseur  de  Bruxelles.  Die  wirkliche 
+Londoner  Industrieausstellung  wurde  Oktober  1851  geschlossen;  Herr 
+Willich  läßt  den  Henze  im  August  1852  „zu  ihr"  reisen.  Diesen  Umstand 
+können  Schily,  Heise  und  die  übrigen  Garanten  der  Kinkel-Wülich'schen  10 
+Anleihe  bezeugen,  denen Herr Henze einzeln  seine Aufwartung machte, um 
+ihre  Stimmen für die  Uebersiedlung der  amerikanischen Gelder  von London 
+nach  Berlin  zu  gewinnen. 
+
+5 
+
+Als Herr Henze bei Herrn Willich verweilte, war er längst als  Zeuge, nicht 
+von  der  Vertheidigung,  sondern  von  der  Anklage,  zu den Kölner Gerichts-  15 
+Verhandlungen  vorgeladen.  Sobald wir  erfuhren,  Herr Willich habe  Henze 
+instruirt,  vor  den  Kölner  Assisen  gegen  Becker,  „den  Mann von  Geist und 
+Charakter"  auszusagen  (pag.68  der  Enthüllungen),  wurde  sofort  an  Ad 
+vokaten  Schneider  II,  Becker's  Vertheidiger  die  nöthige  Mittheüung  ge 
+macht;  der  Brief  traf  ein  am  Tage  des  Zeugenverhörs  von  Henze,  die  Art  20 
+seiner  Aussage  stimmte  mit unsrer  Vorhersage,  Becker und  Schneider inter-
+pellirten ihn daher öffentlich über sein Verhältniß zu Herrn Willich. Der Brief 
+befindet  sich  in  den Vertheidigungsakten zu  Köln,  der Bericht über Henze's 
+Verhör  in  der  Kölnischen  Zeitung. 
+
+Ich raisonire nicht: „ Wenn es feststeht, daß Herr Henze das und das gethan  25 
+
+hat,  so  würde das ein schlagender Beweis für die Thätigkeit des Herrn Willich 
+sein;  denn  wenn  es  auch  Freund  Henze  besorgt  haben  mag  —  der  Kopf ist 
+der  Ideenfinder,  nicht  die  Hand."  Diese  Dialektik  überlasse  ich  dem 
+edelmüthigen  Bewußtsein. 
+
+Kehren wir zum eigentlichen Gebiet des Herrn Willich zurück: „zur vollen 30 
+
+Würdigung  der  (von  Marx  befolgten)  Taktik  noch  einige  Proben". 
+
+Zur  Zeit  des  passiven  Widerstandes  in  Hessen,  des  Landwehraufgebots 
+in Preußen, und  des  simulirten Conflikts  zwischen Preußen und Oesterreich, 
+stand  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  grade  auf  dem  Sprung,  eine  Mi 
+litärinsurrektion  in  Deutschland  zu  vollbringen,  und  zwar  durch  Sendung  35 
+eines  „kurzen  Entwurfs  zur  Bildung  von  Landwehrausschüssen  an  einige 
+Personen  in  Preußen"  und  durch  den  Willen  des  Herrn Wülich „selbst  nach 
+Preußen zu gehen" . .. „Herr Marx, benachrichtigt von einem der Seinen war 
+es,  der  meine  beabsichtigte  Abreise  weiter  wissen  ließ  und  später  sich 
+rühmte,  mich  mit  falschen  Briefen  aus  Deutschland  mystif  izirt  zu  haben."  40 
+Indeed!  Becker  schickte  mir  mit  drolligen  Randglossen  die  tollen  Briefe 
+
+524 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+Willich's, die er in Köln öffentlich zum Besten gab. Ich war nicht so grausam, 
+meinen  Freunden  den  Genuß  dieser  Lektüre  vorzuenthalten.  Schramm  und 
+Pieper  ergötzten  sich  daran,  Herrn  Wilhch  mit  Antworten,  nicht  „aus 
+Deutschland",  sondern  vermittelst  der  Londoner  Stadtpost  zu  mystif  iziren. 
+5  Der  Edle  wird  sich  hüten,  die  Poststempel  der  Briefe  zu  produziren.  Er 
+behauptet,  „einen  Brief  mit  nachgemachter  Handschrift  erhalten  und  als 
+falsch erkannt zu haben".  Unmöglich. Diese Briefe waren alle von derselben 
+Hand  geschrieben.  Während  Herr  Wilhch  sich  daher  „rühmt",  eine  nicht 
+existirende  nachgemachte  Handschrift entdeckt und unter einer Anzahl von 
+10  Briefen, von denen der eine in seiner Weise so echt war wie der andere, einen 
+als  falsch  erkannt zu  haben,  war  er  viel  zu  edelmüthig,  die  Mystifikation zu 
+erkennen, aus der in asiatischen Hyperbolen gehaltnen Verherrhchung seiner 
+eignen  Person,  aus  dem  grobkomischen  Eingehen in  seine  fixen Ideen,  und 
+aus  der  romantischen  Uebertreibung  seiner  eignen  Anmaßungen.  Wäre 
+15  Herrn Willich's Abreise  auch ernst gemeint gewesen, so wurde sie vereitelt, 
+nicht  durch  mein  „Weiter  wissen ||14| lassen  an  dritte  Personen",  sondern 
+durch  das  Wissen  lassen  an  Herrn  Willich  selbst.  Der  letzte  Brief,  den  er 
+erhielt,  warf  nämlich  den  ohnehin  durchsichtigen  Schleier  weg.  Seine  Ei 
+telkeit  zwingt  ihn  bis  auf  diesen Augenblick,  den  Brief  der  ihn  enttäuschte, 
+für  falsch und  die  Briefe,  die  ihn  narrten,  für  echt  zu  erklären.  Glaubt  das 
+edelmüthige  Bewußtsein, weil es  tugendhaft sei, solle es wohl sect and cakes, 
+aber  keinen Humor  mehr in  der  Welt geben?  Es war unedel von dem Edlen, 
+das  Publikum  von  dem  Genuß  dieser  Briefe  auszuschließen. 
+
+20 
+
+„Was  die  von  Marx  angegebene  Correspondenz  mit Becker anbetrifft,  so 
+
+25 
+
+ist  das  darüber  gesagte  falsch." 
+
+Was  diese  falsche  Correspondenz  anbetrifft und  Herrn Willich's  Absicht, 
+in  eigner  Person  nach  Preußen  zu  reisen,  und  mein  Weiter  wissen lassen  an 
+dritte Personen,  so  fand  ich es  angemessen,  eine  Copie  der Criminalzeitung 
+an den ehemaligen Lieutenant Steffen zu schicken.  Steffen war Schutzzeuge 
+30  Beckers,  der  ihm  seine  sämmtlichen Papiere  zur Aufbewahrung anvertraut 
+hat.  Durch  die  Polizei  gezwungen,  Köln  zu  verlassen,  hält  er  sich  jetzt  in 
+Chester  als  Lehrer  auf, da er zur unedlen Gattung von Menschen gehört, die 
+ihr  Leben  verdienen  müssen,  selbst  im  Exil.  Das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein, 
+seinem  aetherischen Wesen gemäß,  lebt nicht von dem Kapital, das es nicht 
+35  besitzt; auch nicht von der Arbeit, die es nicht thut; es lebt—von dem Manna 
+der  öffentlichen  Meinung,  von  der, Achtung  der  Anderen.  Es  streitet  daher 
+um  sie,  als  sein  einziges  Kapital. 
+
+Steffen  schreibt  mir: 
+
+40 
+
+„Wilhch  ist  sehr  böse,  daß  Sie  Bruchstücke  aus  einem  Briefe  Becker's 
+mittheilen.  Er  bezeichnet den Brief  und  also  auch die daraus citirten Stellen 
+
+Chester,  den  22. Nov.  1853. 
+
+525 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+als  vorgeschützt.  Dieser  plumpen  Behauptung  stelle  ich  Thatsachen  ent 
+gegen, um Beckers Ansicht über Willich zu dokumentiren. Eines Abends gab 
+mir  Becker  mit  herzlichem  Lachen  zwei  Briefe  und  bat  mich,  dieselben 
+durchzulesen, wenn ich übler Laune  sei;  der  Inhalt würde mich um so mehr 
+erheitern, als ich durch meine früheren Verhältnisse im Stande sei, denselben 
+vom mihtairischen Standpunkt zu beurtheilen.  In der That, beim Durchlesen 
+dieser  Briefe,  von  August  Wilhch  an  Becker  gerichtet,  fand  ich  höchst 
+komische  und  merkwürdige  Parolebefehle  (um  mich  eines  passenden  kö 
+niglich  preußischen  Ausdrucks  zu  bedienen),  in  welchen  der  große  Feld 
+marschall und  sociale  Messias  von  England  aus  den  Befehl  giebt,  Köln  zu  10 
+nehmen,  das  Privatvermögen  zu  konfischen,  eine  künstlich  konstruirte 
+militärische  Dictatur  zu  etabliren,  einen  militärisch-socialen  Codex  ein 
+zuführen,  alle  Zeitungen bis  auf  eine zu  verbieten,  welche  die  Befehle  über 
+die  vorschriftsmäßige  Denk-  und  Handlungsweise  täglich  zu  bringen habe, 
+und  eine  Menge Details mehr.  Wilhch war gütig genug zu versprechen,  daß  15 
+wenn  in  Köln  und  der  preußischen  Rheinprovinz  das  Stück  Arbeit  gethan 
+sei,  er  selbst  kommen  werde,  zu  sondern  die  Böcke  von  den  Schafen  und 
+zu richten die  Lebendigen und  die Todten. Wilhch giebt an, daß sein ,kurzer 
+Entwurf leicht  ausführbar gewesen wäre,  wenn einige Personen die Initiative 
+ergriffen  hätten'  und  ,daß  er  die  bedeutendsten  Folgen  (für  wen?)  gehabt  20 
+haben  würde'.  Ich  möchte  zu  meiner  Belehrung  wohl  wissen,  welche  tief 
+sinnigen  ,Landwehroffiziere'  Herrn  Willich  das  ,später  erklärten',  und  ob 
+diese  Herren,  die  an  ,die  bedeutendsten  Folgen  des  kurzen  Entwurfs'  zu 
+glauben  vorschützten,  sich während  der  Zusammenziehung  der  preußischen 
+Landwehr  in  England  aufhielten  oder  in  Preußen,  wo  das  Kind  der  Welt  25 
+produzirt werden  sollte?  Es  ist  sehr  hübsch von Willich gewesen, daß er die 
+Geburtsanzeige  und  die  Beschreibung  des  Kindes 
+,einigen'  Personen 
+zugeschickt hat.  Keine dieser Personen  scheint jedoch mehr Neigung gehabt 
+zu  haben,  Gevatter  bei  der  Taufe  zu  stehen,  als  Becker  ,der  Mann  von 
+Verstand  und  Charakter'.  Willich  hat  einmal  einen  Adjudanten  hinüber-  30 
+geschickt,  Namens 
+Dieser  erzeigte  nur  die  Ehre,  mich  rufen  zu  lassen, 
+und  war  sehr  fest ��berzeugt,  daß  er  alle Verhältnisse von vornherein besser 
+beurtheilen  könne,  als  irgend  jemand,  der  Tag  für Tag  den Thatsachen in's 
+Auge  sah.  Er  bekam  daher  eine  sehr  geringe  Meinung  von  mir,  als  ich ihm 
+mittheilte,  die  Offiziere  der preußischen Armee würden sich nicht glücklich  35 
+schätzen,  unter  seinem  und  Willich's  Banner  zu  fechten,  wären  gar  nicht 
+geneigt, die Willich'sehe Republik citissime zu erklären. Noch mehr erzürnte 
+er,  als  kein  Mensch  unsinnig  genug  war,  seine  fertig  mitgebrachte  Auffor 
+derung  an  die  Offiziere,  sofort  offen  zu  ,das'  sich  zu  erklären,  was  er  die 
+Demokratie  nannte,  vervielfältigen  zu wollen. Wüthend verließ er  ,das von  40 
+Marx  geknechtete  Köln'  (wie  er  nur  schrieb),  und  bewirkte  die  Verviel-
+
+526 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+f  ältigung  dieses  Blödsinns  in  einem  andern  Orte,  sandte  ihn  an  eine  Menge 
+Offiziere  und  so  kam  es,  daß  das  keusche  Geheimniß  dieser  schlauen 
+Methode,  die  preußischen Offiziere  zu Republikanern  zu machen,  von  dem 
+,Zuschauer'  der  Kreuzzeitung  prostituirt  wurde. 
+
+Wülich  erklärt  seinen  absoluten  Unglauben,  daß  Personen  von  dem 
+,Charakter  und  Geist  Becker's'  über  sein  Projekt lachen konnten.  Er erklärt 
+das  Aussprechen  dieser  Thatsache  für  eine  plumpe  Unwahrheit.  Wenn  er 
+den  Kölner Prozeß gelesen hätte,  und  er  hatte doch wahrlich Ursache dazu, 
+so  hätte  er  gefunden,  daß  Becker  sowohl  als  ich  das  in  dem  von  Ihnen 
+veröffentlichten  Brief  enthaltne  Urtheü  über  seine Projecte  öffentlich  aus 
+gesprochen  haben.  Wünschte  Wülich  eine  richtige  militärische  Schüderung 
+der  damaligen  Verhältnisse,  die  er  nach  seiner  Phantasie  modelte,  so  kann 
+ich  damit  dienen. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Ich  bedaure,  daß  Wülich  nicht  allein  in  Weydemeyer  und  Techow  ehe-
+15  malige Cameraden findet, die seiner militärischen Genialität und praktischen 
+Auffassung  der  Verhältnisse  die  gewünschte  Bewunderung  versagen. 
+
+W.  Steffen."  \ 
+
+|15|  Nun  zur  Schluß-„Probe  von  der  Taktik  von  Marx". 
+
+Herr  Wülich  giebt  eine  phantastische  Beschreibung  eines  im  Jahre  1851 
+20  abgehaltenen Februarbanquets,  das  von Louis Blanc als  eine Gegendemon 
+stration  gegen  das  Banquet  von  Ledru  Rollin  und  gegen  den  Einfluß  von 
+Blanqui  veranstaltet  war.  „Herr  Marx  war  natürlich  nicht  zugezogen." 
+Natürlich  nicht.  Es  konnte  sich  Jeder  für  sh. 2  zuziehen,  und  Louis  Blanc 
+fragte  Marx  einige  Tage  später  mit  großem  Nachdruck,  warum  er  nicht 
+erschienen  sei?  „Es  wurde  darauf  (worauf?  auf  dem  Banquet?)  ein  nicht 
+gehaltner  Toast  Blanqui's  mit  einer  das  Fest  schmähenden  Einleitung,  in 
+welcher  Schapper  und  Wülich  als  Volksverführer  bezeichnet  wurden,  als 
+Flugschrift  in  Deutschland  unter  den  Arbeitern  verbreitet." 
+
+25 
+
+Der  „nicht  gehaltene  Toast  Blanqui's"  gehört wesentlich  zur  Geschichte 
+30  des  edelmüthigen  Bewußtseins,  das  im  Glauben  an  den höhern Sinn  seiner 
+
+Worte  mit  Entschiedenheit  zu  äußern  pflegt:  „Ich  lüge  nie!" 
+
+Einige Tage nach dem Banquet brachte  die Pariser Patrie einen Toast, den 
+Blanqui  auf  Verlangen  den  Festordnern  von  Belle  Isle  eingesandt  hatte, 
+worin er  in  seiner gewohnten prägnanten Form  die gesammte provisorische 
+35  Regierung von 1848 und spezieU den Vater des Banquets, Herrn Louis Blanc, 
+geißelte.  Die  Patrie  stente  sich  verwundert,  daß  dieser  Toast  während  des 
+Banquets  unterschlagen  worden  sei.  Sofort  erklärt  Louis  Blanc  in  der 
+Londoner  Times,  Blanqui  sei  ein  abominabler  Intriguant  und  habe  dem 
+Festcommittee  einen  solchen  Toast  nie zugeschickt.  Die  Hrn. Louis  Blanc, 
+40  Landolphe,  Barthélémy,  Vidü,  Schapper  und  Willich  selbst  erklärten  im 
+
+527 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+Namen  des  Festkomittees  in  der  Patrie  den  fraglichen  Toast nie erhalten zu 
+haben.  Die Patrie jedoch, bevor sie die Erklärung abdrucken ließ, erkundigte 
+sich  bei  Herrn  Antoine,  Blanqui's  Schwager,  der  ihr  den  Toast  zur  Ver 
+öffentlichung  mitgetheilt  hatte.  Unter  die  Erklärung  der  obengenannten 
+Herren  druckte  sie  Antoine's  Antwort  ab:  er  habe  den  Toast  allerdings 
+Barthélémy  zugeschickt und  von ihm  auch Empfangsanzeige erhalten.  Herr 
+Barthélémy  erklärte  „darauf",  er  habe  den Toast zwar erhalten, ihn aber als 
+unpassend  zurückgelegt,  ohne  dem  Committee  davon  Anzeige  zu  machen. 
+Aber  leider  hatte  schon  vorher  der  ebenfalls  mitunterzeichnete  Exkapitain 
+Vidil  der  Patrie  geschrieben,  sein  militärisches  Ehrgefühl  und  sein  Wahr-  10 
+heitsinstinkt  drängen  ihm  das  Geständniß  ab,  daß  er  selbst,  Louis  Blanc, 
+Willich  und  alle  die  anderen  in  der  ersten  Erklärung  gelogen  hätten.  Das 
+Committe  habe  nicht  aus  den  genannten  sechs,  es  habe  aus  13  Mitgliedern 
+bestanden.  Ihnen allen  sei der  Toast Blanqui's vorgelegt, von ihnen allen sei 
+er  diskutirt  und  nach  längerer  Debatte  durch  eine  Majorität  von 7  gegen  6  15 
+unterdrückt  worden.  Er  habe  sich  unter  den  6  befunden,  die  für seine  Ver 
+lesung  gestimmt. 
+
+5 
+
+Man begreift den Jubel der Patrie, als sie, nach dem VidiT sehen Brief, die 
+Erklärung  des  Herrn  Barthélémy  erhielt.  Sie  ließ  ihn  mit  folgendem  „Vor 
+wort"  abdrucken:  „Wir  haben uns  oft  gefragt,  und  die Frage ist schwer  zu  20 
+beantworten,  was  bei  den  Demagogen  größer  sei,  ihre  Ruhmredigkeit oder 
+ihre  Dummheit:  Ein  vierter  Brief  von  London  vermehrt  noch  unsre  Ver 
+legenheit.  Da  sind  ihrer,  wir  wissen  nicht  wie  viele  arme  Teufel,  in  einem 
+solchen Grade gemartert von der Wuth zu schreiben und ihren Namen in den 
+reaktionären Blättern genannt zu sehen, daß sie selbst vor einer grenzenlosen 
+Beschämung  und  Selbstherabsetzung  nicht  zurückschrecken.  Was  liegt 
+ihnen  am  Gelächter  und  der  Indignation  des  Publikums  —  das  Journal  des 
+Débats,  die  Assemblée  Nationale,  die  Patrie  werden ihre  Stylübungen  ab 
+drucken;  um  dies  Glück  zu  erreichen,  ist  kein  Preis  der  kosmopolitischen 
+Demokratie  zu h o c h . ..  Im Namen der literarischen Commisération nehmen  30 
+wir  daher  den  folgenden  Brief  des  Bürgers  Barthélémy  auf;  er ist ein neuer, 
+und  wir  hoffen  der  letzte  Beweis  für  die  Aechtheit  des  nur  zu  berühmten 
+Toastes  Blanqui's,  den  sie  erst  Alle geläugnet,  und für  dessen  Betheuerung 
+sie  sich  jetzt  untereinander  in  die  Haare  gerathen."  Soweit  die  Geschichte 
+des  Blanqui-Toastes.  Die  société  des  proscrits  démocrates  socialistesbrach 
+in  Folge  des  „nicht  gehaltnen  Toastes  Blanqui's"  ihr  Kartell  mit  dem  Ver 
+eine  des  Herrn Willich  ab. j 
+
+25 
+
+35 
+
+|16|  In  der  société  des proscrits  démocrates  socialistes ging gleichzeitig mit 
+der  Spaltung im  deutschen Arbeiterverein und  der  deutschen Communisten-
+Gesellschaft  eine  Scheidung  vor  sich.  Eine  Anzahl  Mitglieder,  der  Hin-  40 
+neigung  zur  bürgerlichen  Demokratie,  zum  Ledru  Rolh'nismus  verdächtig, 
+
+528 
+
+Der  Ritter vom  edelmütigen  Bewußtsein 
+
+reichte  ihre  Entlassung  ein  und  wurde  dann  nachträglich  ausgeschlossen. 
+Sollte  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  nun  dieser Gesellschaft erklären, was  es 
+jetzt  den  bürgerlichen  Demokraten  erklärt,  Engels  und  Marx  hätten  es 
+verhindert,  der  bürgerlichen  Demokratie  in  die  Arme  zu  sinken,  „mit  allen 
+5  Revolutionsgefährten durch die Bande der Sympathie vereinigt" zu bleiben, 
+oder  sollte  es  ihnen  sagen,  daß  „bei  der  Trennung  die  verschiedenen  An 
+sichten über  die  revolutionäre  Entwicklung  keine Rolle  spielten"? Das  edle 
+Bewußtsein  erklärte  vielmehr  umgekehrt,  die  Scheidung  sei  in  beiden  Ge 
+sellschaften  aus  demselben  prinzipiellen  Gegensatze  hervorgegangen,  En-
+10  gels,  Marx  etc.  hätten  das  Bourgeoiselement repräsentirt  in  dem  deutschen 
+Verein,  wie  Madier  und  Konsorten  in  dem  französischen.  Der  Edle  be 
+fürchtet  sogar,  die  bloße  Berührung  mit  diesem  Bourgeoiselement  möchte 
+den  „wahren  Glauben"  gefährden  und  stellte  daher  in  stiller  Größe  den 
+Antrag,  daß  das  Bourgeoiselement  „selbst  nicht  als  Besucher"  in  die  Ge 
+
+is  Seilschaft  des  proscrits  zugelassen  werden  solle. 
+
+Erfunden!  falsch!  ruft  das  edelmüthige  Bewußtsein  in seinen gesinnungs 
+
+tüchtigen  Monosyllaben.  Meine  „Proben  der  Taktik"! 
+
+Voyons! 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+«Présidence  du  citoyen  Adam. 
+Séance  du  30.  Sept.  1850. 
+< Trois délégués  de la société démocratique allemande de Windmül-Street 
+sont  introduits,  us  donnent  connaissance  de  leur mission qui consiste  dans 
+la  communication  d'une  lettre  dont  il  est  fait  lecture,  (In  diesem  Briefe 
+werden die  Gründe  der  Scheidung angeblich auseinandergesetzt).  Le citoyen 
+Adam  fait  remarquer  l'analogie qui  existe  entre  les  événements  qui viennent 
+de  s'accomplir  dans  les  deux  sociétés,  de  chaque  côté  l'élément  bourgeois 
+et  le  parti  prolétaire  ont  fait  scission  dans  les  circonstances  identiques  etc. 
+etc.  Le  citoyen  Wülich  demande  que  les  membres  démissionaires  (er  ver 
+bessert  sich  dann,  wie  das  Protokoll  sagt,  und  sagt  expulsés)  de  la  société 
+allemande,  ne  puissent  être  reçus  même  comme  visiteurs,  dans  la  société 
+française. >  (Extraits conformes  au texte original des procès verbaux. ) L'ar 
+chiviste  de  la  société  des  proscrits  démocrates  socialistes. 
+
+J.Clédat.» 
+
+Hiermit  schließt  die  süßklingende,  wunderliche,  hochtrabende,  unerhörte, 
+wahrhafte  und  abentheuerliche  Geschichte  des  weltbekannten  Ritters  vom 
+
+35 
+
+edelmüthigen  Bewußtsein. 
+
+An  honest  mind  and  plain;  he  must  speak  truth, 
+And  they will  take  it,  so;  if  not,  he's  plain. 
+These  kind  of  knaves  I  know. 
+
+London,  den  28. November  1853. 
+
+40 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+529 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+Manteuffel's  Speech—Religious  Movement  in  Prussia-
+Mazzi ni's  Address—London  Corporation-
+Russell's  Reform—Labor  Parliament 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3948,12. Dezember 1853 
+
+London,  Tuesday,  Nov. 29,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+Yesterday morning the  Prussian Chambers  were  opened by  a  speech of  the 
+Prime  Minister,  Mr. Manteuffel.  The  passage  relative  to  the  eastern  com 
+plication,  as  communicated  to  us  by electric telegraph, is  couched in terms 
+clearly  intended  to  allay  the  suspicions  afloat  with  respect  to  a conspiracy 
+between  the  courts  of  St. Petersburg,  Berlin,  and  Vienna.  It  is  the  more 
+remarkable  as it is generally known that Frederick William IV, by the organ 
+of  the  same  Manteuffel,  has  condescended  at  various  previous  occasions, 
+to solemnly communicate to his loyal people, that the Chambers have no call 1 o 
+to  intermeddle  with  matters  of  foreign  policy,  since  the  external  relations 
+of  the  state  f  ah  as  much  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the  crown,  as  the 
+king's  own  demesne  lands.  The  above  mentioned  passage,  involving  as  it 
+does,  something like an appeal to the people, betrays the extreme difficulties 
+the  Prussian government finds  itself placed in, menaced on the one hand by  15 
+Russia  and  France,  and  on the  other  by  its  own  subjects,  at the  same time 
+that  it  is  stimulated  by  the  high  price  of  provisions,  a  deeply  depressed 
+commerce,  and  the  remembrance  of  an  atrocious  breach of  faith  still to  be 
+expiated.  The  Prussian government  itself  has  cast  off  the refuge of working 
+on public opinion through the means of the Chambers, which are dehberately  20 
+constituted by the king as  a mere  sham, intentionally treated by the ministers 
+as  a  mere  sham,  and  accepted  by  the  people  as  a  mere  sham,  in  a  manner 
+not  to  be  misunderstood.  It  will  not  do  to  tell  them  now  that  these  mock 
+institutions are,  all of a sudden, to be looked upon as the bulwarks of "Father 
+Land."  "The Prussians,"  says  The Times of to-day, "have hardly shown the  25 
+sense  and  sagacity  for  which  they  once  had credit,  by  the  undeserved  con 
+tempt into which they have allowed the  Chambers, elected under the present 
+constitution,  to  fall."  On the  contrary,  the  Prussians  have fully  shown their 
+good  sense,  by  allowing  the  men  who  betrayed  the  revolution in  the  hope 
+
+530 
+
+Mariteuffel's  Speech—Religious  Movement  in  Prussia—Mazzini's  Address—Labor  Parliament 
+
+of  reaping  its  fruits,  to  enjoy  not  even  the  appearance  of influence,  and to 
+prove  to  the  government  that  they  are  not  the  dupes  of its  juggle,  and that 
+the  Chambers,  in  their  opinion,  if  they  are  anything  at  all,  are  but  a  new 
+bureaucratic  institution,  added  to  the  old  bureaucratic  institutions  of  the 
+
+5  country. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+Every  one  not  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  past  history  of  Germany 
+will be at a loss to understand the religious quarrels  again and again troubling 
+the  otherwise  dull  surface  of German society. There are the remnants of the 
+so-called  German  Church,  persecuted  now,  as  eagerly  as  in  1847,  by  the 
+10  established governments. There is the question of marriages between Catho 
+lics  and Protestants,  setting the Catholic clergy and the Prussian Government 
+by  the  ears,  as  in  1847.  There  is,  above  all,  the  fierce  combat between  the 
+Archbishop  of  Friburg,  excommunicating  the  Baden  Government,  and hav 
+ing  his  letter  publicly  read  from  the  pulpits,  and  the  Grand  Duke  ordering 
+the recreant churches to be closed, and the parish priests to be arrested; and 
+there  are  the  peasants  assembling  and  arming  themselves,  protecting  their 
+priests  and  driving  back  the  Gendarmes,  which  they  have  done  at  Bishof  s-
+heim,  Königshofen,  Grünsfeld,  Gerlachsheim,  where  the  Mayor  of  the 
+village  was  forced  to  fly,  and  at many  other villages.  It would be  a  mistake 
+to  consider  the  religious  conflict  in  Baden  as  possessed  of  a  purely  local 
+character.  Baden is only the battle-ground the Catholic party has deliberately 
+chosen  for  attacking  the  Protestant  princes.  The  Archbishop  of. Friburg 
+represents  in  this  conflict  the  whole  Catholic  clergy  of  Germany,  as  the 
+Grand Duke of Baden represents all the great and small potentates confessing 
+the  reformed  creed.  What  then  are  we  to  think  of  a  country  renowned  on 
+the  one  hand  for  the  profound,  bold  and  unparalleled  criticism  to  which  it 
+has  subjected all religious traditions, and surprising, on the other, all Europe, 
+at periodically recurring  epochs,  with the  resurrection of the religious quar 
+rels  of  the  17th  century?  The  secret  is  simply  this,  that  all  popular  com-
+30  motions,  lurking  in  the  back-ground,  are  forced  by  the  governments  to 
+assume  at  first  the  mystical  and  almost  uncontrollable  form  of  religious 
+movements.  The  clergy,  on  their  part,  allow  themselves  to  be  deceived  by 
+appearances,  and,  while  they  fancy  they  direct the  popular passions  for  the 
+exclusive  benefit  of  their  corporation,  against  the government, they  are, in 
+truth,  the  unconscious  and  unwilling  tools  of  the  revolution itself. 
+
+35 
+
+25 
+
+The  daily  London  press  exhibits  a  great  show  of  horror  and  moral  in 
+dignation  at  an  address  issued  by  Mazzini,  and  found  in  the  possession  of 
+Felice  Orsini,  leader  of  the  National  Band  No. 2,  destined  to  rise  in  the 
+province  of  Lunigiana,  which contains  portions  of  Modena, Parma,  and the 
+40  Kingdom  of  Piedmont.  In  this  address  the  people  are  exhorted  to  "act  by 
+surprise, as the people of Milan tried to do, and will again." The address then 
+
+531 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+says:  "The  dagger, if it strikes unexpectedly, does good service and supplies 
+the place of muskets."  This  the  London press represents  as  an open appeal 
+to  "secret,  cowardly  assassination.  "  Now  I  want  only  to  know  how,  in  a 
+country like Italy, where public means of resistance are nowhere, and pohce 
+spies are everywhere, an insurrectionary movement could expect any chance 
+of  success  if  surprise be  not  resorted  to?  I  want  to  know,  if  the  people  of 
+Italy  are  to  fight with the troops  of Austria at all, with what kind of weapons 
+they  are  to fight except with those left to them—with the  daggers Austria has 
+not  succeeded  in  taking  away?  Mazzini  is  far  from  telling  them  to  use  the 
+dagger  for  cowardly  assassination  of the  unarmed foe—exhorts  them to  use 
+it  "by  surprise,"  it  is  true,  but  in  the  broad light of  day,  as  at Milan, where 
+a  few  patriots,  armed  only  with  knives,  rushed  on  the  guard-houses  of the 
+armed  Austrian  garrisons.  But,  says  The  Times,  "constitutional  Piedmont 
+is  to  undergo  the  same  fate  as  Rome,  Naples,  and  Lombardy!"  Why  not? 
+Was  it  not  the  King of  Sardinia who betrayed the  Italian revolution in  1848  15 
+and  in  1849,  and  can  Italy  be  transformed  into  a  Republic  with  a  King  of 
+Piedmont  any  more  than  Germany  with  a  King  of  Prussia?  So  much  as  to 
+the  morahty of Mazzini's address. As to its political value, it is quite another 
+question.  I,  for  my  part,  think Mazzini to  be  mistaken,  both in his  opinions 
+about  the  Piedmontese  people  and  in  his  dreams  of  an  Italian  revolution,  20 
+which he supposes is not to be effected by the favorable chances of European 
+complications,  but  by  the  private  action  of  Italian  conspirators  acting  by 
+surprise. 
+
+" 
+
+10 
+
+You will  have  seen by the London papers that Government has  appointed 
+
+a commission for inquiring into the corrupt practices and the whole organiza-  25 
+tion of  that most venerable  body  known  as  the  Corporation of the  City.  The 
+following  are  some  of the  facts  contained  in the  reports  of the  commission, 
+whose  labors  are  still  far  from  having  arrived  at  a  close: 
+
+The  revenue  of  the  Corporation  of  London  is  estimated  at  £400,000, 
+without  taking  all  items  into  account,  and  the  gross  amount  paid  away  in  30 
+salaries reaches  the  very  considerable  sum  of £107,000, or more than 25 per 
+cent, of the whole income. The legal salaries are set down at £14,700, of which 
+the  Recorder  receives  £3,000, the  Common Sergeant, £1,500,  and  the Judge 
+of the Sheriff's Court, £1,200. The Town Clerkreceives £1,892; the Secretary, 
+£1,249,  and  the  Remembrancer,  £1,765.  The  Chief  Clerks  at  the  Mansion-  35 
+House  and  Guildhall receive between them £1,250  a year.  The Mace-bearer 
+receives £550,  and  the  Sword-bearer  £550;  the  Upper  Marshal £450 or £500, 
+the  Under  Marshal  £200  or  £300.  These  Bumbles  draw  besides,  £70  for 
+uniforms, £14 for boots,  and £20 for  cocked  hats.  Mr. Bennoch  stated in his 
+evidence  that  "the  whole  expense  of the  estabhshments  in the  Corporation  40 
+of  London  is  much  greater  than the  whole  expense  of  the  Federal  Govern-
+
+532 
+
+Manteuffel's  Speech—Religious  Movement  in  Prussia—Mazzini's  Address—Labor  Parliament 
+
+ment  of  the  United  States,  or,  what  is  perhaps  a  more  startling  statement, 
+its  expenditure  upon  itself,  in  administering  the  funds  of  the  Corporation, 
+is  larger  than  the  whole  amount  of  revenue  from  rents,  tolls  and fees  from 
+brokers  which  it  receives." 
+
+5 
+
+The  great  secret  of  the  Reform  pills  Lord  John  Russell  intends  to  ad 
+minister  to  the  British public  has  at last come  out.  He proposes:  1,  a repeal 
+of  the  property  qualification  for  members  of  Parliament,  a  qualification 
+which  has  long  since  become  a  nominal  one;  2,  a  readjustment of the con 
+stituencies  by doing away with  some  small boroughs  and  adding more large 
+10  ones;  3,  a  reduction  of  the  county  constituencies  from  the  £20  to  the  £10 
+borough qualification.  A  fourth proposition to  lower  the  franchise  to £5 has 
+been  abandoned,  as  by  this  means,  says  The  Times,  "the  present  electors 
+would  be  virtually  disenfranchised,  because  the  class  to  be  admitted  will 
+greatly  outnumber  all  others  put together,  and has  only to be unanimous  to 
+15  be  supreme."  In other  words,  enfranchising  the  majority even of the  small 
+trading  class  would  disenfranchise  the  minority.  A very ingenious  argument 
+this.  The most important feature  of  the  Reform  bill looming in the future is, 
+however, not this point, or all its points taken together. This important feature 
+is the general and  absolute indifference its announcement meets with. Every 
+20  Police  report  attracts  a  great  deal  more  of  public  attention  than  the  "great 
+measure, " the  new  Reform  bill,  the  common  work  of  the  "Ministry  of  all 
+the  talents." 
+
+Ernest Jones was  quite  right in anticipating that the  first note  sounded  of 
+the  mass  movement  of  the  people  and  a  national  organization headed by  a 
+25  Labor  Parliament  would  strike  alarm  into  the  moneyed  classes,  and force 
+the London class papers to take notice of it. The Times has immediately seen 
+the importance of this new movement, and has given for the first time a report 
+of  the  Chartist  meeting  held  in  the People's Institute  at Manchester.  All its 
+cotemporaries  are  filled with leading articles on the labor movement and the 
+30  Labor Parliament proposed by the  Chartists, who were long since supposed 
+to  have  died  of  exhaustion.  The  Economist has  no  less  than four  articles  on 
+the  question.  The  reports,  however,  of  the  highly  important  meeting  at 
+Manchester cannot be  said to  afford any idea of its  character or the business 
+there  transacted.  I  think  fit,  therefore,  to  give  a  report  of  my  own.  The 
+following  resolutions  were  proposed  and  adopted: 
+
+35 
+
+" 1.  That  this  meeting,  after  witnessing the  futility  of  sectional  struggles 
+on  the  part  of  isolated bodies  of  workingmen to  maintain  a just  standard  of 
+wages  and  to  achieve  the  emancipation  of  labor,  is  of  the  opinion  that  the 
+time  has  now  arrived  when  a  united  and  mass  movement  of  the  working 
+40  classes, based on a national organization,  and guided by one directing body, 
+can alone insure adequate  support to the men now locked out of employment 
+
+533 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+and on strike, and enable workingmen in the future to emancipate labor from 
+the  thraldom  of  capital.  The  mass  movement  of  the  people  and  national 
+organization  be  not  intended  to,  and  shall  not,  interfere  with  the  present 
+Trade  Unions  and  combinations  of  workingmen,  but  that  its  action  be  to 
+centralize,  concentrate  and  confederate  the  strength of  all, and of the entire 
+body  of  workingmen. 
+
+5 
+
+2. That  to  carry  the  foregoing resolution it will  be  imperatively necessary 
+that  a  Labor  Parliament  should  meet  as  soon  as  possible; that Parliament to 
+consist  of  delegates  elected  by  the  workingmen  of  each  town  in  public 
+meeting  assembled.  That the  duties  of  that  Parliament  shall be  to organize  10 
+machinery whereby  support may be rendered to the people now out on strike, 
+or  locked  out by  the manufacturers, by raising a national subscription of the 
+most  extensive  character  to  lay  down  a  specific  plan of  action for  the  guid 
+ance  of  the  working  classes  in  their  contest  with  the  employers,  and  to 
+propound  the  means  by  which  labor  may  be  emancipated  from  the  undue 
+influence  of  capital  and  become  independent,  self-employing  and  re 
+munerative,  without  the  necessity  of  strikes. 
+
+15 
+
+3. That this meeting elect a Committee to correspond for the above purpose 
+with the  various  towns  and  districts  to  make all necessary arrangements for 
+the calling of the Labor Parliament, and to arrange and publish the necessary 20 
+details for the  sitting of the delegates,  as well as  a programme of the business 
+to  be  brought  before  the  delegation." 
+
+By  far  the  most remarkable  speech was  that of  Mr. Jones, of which I give 
+
+some  extracts: 
+
+"The  employer  says,  in  The London  Times,  you  have  nothing  to  do  with  25 
+
+his  profits.  You  must  only  count  your  own  heads,  not  his  profits.  If  there 
+are  many heads, although you want more, you will get less. And that he calls 
+the  law  of  supply  and  demand.  That  alone,  he  says,  should  regulate  your 
+wages.  But does  it?  No!  If you've  no business to claim a rise of wages when 
+his  profits  are  high,  he  should not pull  you  down when his  profits become  30 
+low.  But  then  he'll  tell  you,  though  not  one  hand  less  may  be  employed— 
+'trade's  bad,  times  are  hard,  my  profits  have  grown  smaller—I  can't  afford 
+to  pay  you  the  same  wages.'  It  is  not  the  law  of  supply  and demand, then, 
+but  the  law  of  dear  cotton  and  small  profits  that  regulates  your  labor.  The 
+law  of  supply  may be  true,  but the  law  of  life  is  truer.  The  law of demand  35 
+may be  strong, but the law of  starvation will be  stronger  still! We say, if the 
+one  capital, money, has a right to profits, so has the other capital, labor, too ; 
+and  labor  has  the  greater right, because  labor  made  money,  and not  money 
+labor. What is profit? The  capital that remains  after deduction of all working 
+charges.  The  wages  you  have  hitherto  received  are  merely a portion of the  40 
+working charges. That which only keeps  soul and body together is no reward 
+
+534 
+
+Manteuffel's  Speech—Religious  Movement  in  Prussia—Mazzini's  Address—Labor  Parliament 
+
+15 
+
+for  toil.  It  is  merely  the  necessary  cost  of  keeping  the  human  machine  in 
+working  order.  You  must  have  a  surplus  over  and  above  the  working  cost 
+of  feeding  and housing the  machine  of flesh and blood. You must have food 
+for  heart  and  brain,  as  well as for the mouth and belly.  The employer dreads 
+5  your  getting  more  wages;  not  because  he  can't  afford  to  pay  them,  for  his 
+capital has increased more than 100 per cent, in the last seven years, and you 
+asked  for  only  10  as  your  wage  out  of  his  100  on  your  work.  He  dreads  it, 
+because  higher  wages  would  lead  to  independence;  he  dreads  it,  because 
+higher  wages would lead to  education;  he  dreads it, because  an enlightened 
+10  people  will  not  be  slaves;  he  dreads  it,  because  he  knows  you would  then 
+no  more  submit  to  work  so  many  hours;  he  dreads  it,  because  you  would 
+then  not  allow  your wives  to  slave  in the factory hell;  he  dreads  it, because 
+you  would  then  send  your  children  to  school instead of the  mill; he  dreads 
+it,  because  he  knows  if  the  wife  was  at  the  fireside, the  child  at the  school 
+and  short time  at  the  factory, the  surplus hands that now beat wages  down 
+would  flee  from  his  control  and labor would become  a priceless pearl, gem 
+ming the diadem of human freedom. But the question has once more changed 
+its  aspect:  it is  not merely one of obtaining a share in the employer's profits, 
+or  a rise  of  10  per  cent.;  it  is  one  of  preventing  a  fall  of  20.  Good trade or 
+20  bad  trade  makes  little  change  to  them:  in  the  one  they  plunder  the  world 
+abroad—in the  other  they  plunder the world at home.  The question is rapidly 
+changing  for  you,  not  into  one  of  lower  or  higher  wages,  but  into  one  of 
+starvation  or existence; of life in the factory hell or dead at the factory door. 
+The  capitalists,  those  Cossacks  of  the  West,  first  crossed  the  Danube  of 
+25 labor's rights ; they have proclaimed their martial law of gold, and hurl starva 
+tion into our ranks from the batteries of monopoly. Town after town is placed 
+in  a  state  of  siege.  Non-employment  digs  the  trenches,  hunger  scales  the 
+citadel  of  labor,  the  artillery of famine  plays  on the  lines  of toil.  Every day 
+their  great  confederation  spreads;  every day their movement becomes  more 
+30  national. How are you prepared to confront them? Your movement is running 
+into  chaos  and  confusion.  As the  lock-outs  spread and your isolated  action 
+continues,  you  will be poaching in each other's preserves; the  collectors of 
+the one place will meet those of the others on the same ground—you will stand 
+as foes where you should  shake hands as allies—you will weaken each other's 
+35  help where you  should help each other's weakness. The Wigan colliers were 
+close to Preston, to  Stockport, to Manchester, to  Oldham, and they were left 
+to  fall unaided.  The factory  operatives  are on strike at Wigan too. And what 
+do  they  say  to  the  defeat  of  their  brother  workingmen  the  miners?  They 
+consider it a happy riddance. They cannot help it—because they stand in each 
+40  other's way.  But why do they so stand? Because you hedge your movement 
+within  the  narrow  hmits  of  one  trade,  one  district  and  one  interest.  The 
+
+535 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+movement  of  your  employers  is  becoming  national,  and  national  must  be 
+your  resistance  also.  As it is  you  are  ranning  into  anarchy  and ruin.  Do  not 
+suppose  that  I  impugn  the  wisdom,  conduct  or  integrity  of  the  Trades' 
+Unions. 
+
+But the leading strings that support the child become impediments that clog 
+the  man.  That  isolation  which  worked  well  in  the  infancy  of  the  labor 
+movement  becomes  ruin  in  its  manhood.  Let  all  the  trades  be  represented 
+whose  support  you  seek.  Place  the  cause  of  labor  not  in  the  hands  of  one 
+mill, or one  town, or even one district, but place it in the hands of a laborers' 
+Parliament." 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+536 
+
+Friedrich  Engels' 
+„Bemerkungen  über  den  russisch-türkischen  Krieg", 
+Handschrift  mit  Zeichnung 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+Bemerkungen  über  den  russisch-türkischen  Krieg 
+
+Lager  für  20,000M. 
+
+Türk,  forces  3 Bat. = 2400,  später  noch  eins.  2 Comp.  Garde =  160. 
+
+2 Comp,  chasseurs = 200.  Ahes  3560 M.  Inf. 
+6  Kanonen  &  150 M.  berittene  Gensdarm.  Auf  der  Insel  10 
+schwere Gesch. In Turtukai 22 Kan.  (schwere vor Schumla) 
+
+Russen  nach  Omer  Pascha  20 Bat.  3 Reg.  Cav.  1R.  Cos. 
+
+16  reitende  16  fuß  Kanonen.  Das  Auffliegen  der  Protzen 
+bestätigt. Das Centrum 12 Bat. formen 3 Angriffs Colons—die 
+rechten  6 Bat.  auch  eine.  Zwei  Angriffe  vom  Centrum,  einer 
+von  der  russischen  Rechten.  Der Centrumangriff  meist durch 
+die  Insel  &  Turtukai  vernichtet:  Die  Russen  fast  bis  an  den 
+Grabenrand  vorgedrungen. 
+
+Schefkatil  (S.Nicolai)  von  den  Russen  5mal  vergebens  angegriffen. 
+
+1  russischer  Steamer  bei  Schefkatil  oder  Batum  gestrandet, 
+1500M. ersoffen. Der „EHHKajrfc" bei Yalta (Sebastopol) auf 
+einen  Felsen  in  smooth  water  gesunken. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+539 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+The  War  on  the  Danube 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3952,16. Dezember 1853 
+
+The War on the Danube. 
+
+As we have  already observed, the retreat of the Turks from Oltenitza appears 
+to  indicate  the  conclusion  of the  first epoch of the Turko-Russian war;  with 
+it  at  least a first and distinct series of operations, beginning with the passage 
+at  Kalafat,  seems  to  be  concluded,  to  make  room  either  for the tranquility 
+of  winter-quarters,  or for the execution of new plans not yet developed. The 
+moment  seems  opportune for a review of the campaign up to that epoch, the 
+more  so  as  the  official  and  non-official  reports  of  the  only  action  of  con 
+sequence  fought  on  the  Danube,  the  Russian  attack upon the Turkish tête-
+de-pont  at  Oltenitza,  are  just  come  to  hand. 
+
+On  the  28th  of  October  the  Turks  crossed  from  Widdin  to  Kalafat.  They 
+were  hardly  disturbed  in  their  occupation  of  this  point,  except  by  recon-
+noitering  skirmishes;  for  when  the  Russians  were  on  the  point  of  con 
+centrating  an  effective force  at  Krajova for the  attack on  Kalafat, they  were 
+disturbed by the  news of a second and more dangerous advance of the Turks, 
+who,  on the  2d of November,  had crossed the  Danube  at  Oltenitza, whence 
+they  seriously menaced the Russian communications.  Simulated and second 
+ary  attacks  were  at the  same  time  made  by  the Turks  on  the  whole line of 
+the  Danube  from  Widdin  to  Oltenitza,  but  these  either  found  the  Russians 
+well  prepared,  or  were  not undertaken  with  a sufficient force to  deceive the 
+enemy  and  lead  him  into  any  serious  error. 
+
+The  corps  at  Kalafat,  therefore,  remained  unmolested  and  gradually  re 
+ceived  reinforcements,  which  are  said  to  have  swelled  it  to  something like 
+24,000  men.  But  as  this  corps  has  neither  advanced  or  suffered  a  repulse, 
+we  may  for  the  present  leave  it  out  of  consideration. 
+
+The  passage  at  Oltenitza  took  place  according to  Omer Pasha's  report in 
+the  following way:  Oltenitza is  a village  situated  near  the  confluence  of  the 
+Ardgish  River  and  the  Danube.  Opposite  the  mouth of  the  Ardgish there  is 
+an  island  in  the  Danube;  on  the  southern  bank  of  this  river  the village  and 
+
+540 
+
+The War on the  Danube 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+fort of Turtukai  are  situated,  on  a  steep  bank rising to  some 600 or 700 feet, 
+on  the  top  of  which  elevation the  fort of Turtukai is  constructed.  The guns 
+of  Turtukai,  therefore, form  a most  effective  support  to  any  corps  crossing 
+the  river  at  this  point.  On the  1st Nov.  the Turks  crossed over to the island 
+and  there  threw  up  solid  entrenchments  during  the  night.  On  the  2d  they 
+crossed  from  this  island  to  the  Wallachian  shore,  east of the  Ardgish.  Two 
+battalions, with  100 horsemen and two guns passed in boats to the Wallachian 
+side;  a  few  gun-shots  from  Turtukai  drove  the  Russian  outposts  from  a 
+lazaretto  building  situated  near  the  river  side,  and  this building, which was 
+immediately  taken possession of by the Turks, proved a great advantage to 
+them. It was massively constructed, with vaulted chambers, thereby offering, 
+with hardly  any  additional labor,  all the  advantages of that great desideratum 
+in field-fortification,  a  réduit.  Consequently  the  Turks  at once began throw 
+ing  up  entrenchments  from  the  Ardgish  to  the  Danube;  four  hundred  men 
+15  were  kept constantly employed,  gabions  and fascines  having been prepared 
+beforehand.  From all the reports  we receive, we can only conclude that these 
+entrenchments  were  continuous  lines,  cutting  off  entirely  every  com 
+munication  from  the  Russian  positions  to  the  Turkish  points  of  landing. 
+Fortification  by  continuous  entrenched  lines  has  been  long  since  generally 
+condemned  and  found  ineffective;  but  the  special  destination  of  this  en 
+trenchment  as  a  bridge-head,  the  fact  that  a  capital  réduit was  found  ready 
+made,  the  want  of  engineers  among  the  Turks,  and  other  circumstances 
+peculiar  to  the Turkish army, may have rendered it, after all, more advisable 
+to  employ this  antiquated  system.  In the  Ardgish the  Turks found a number 
+25  of boats  which were  at once  employed  together with what they had before, 
+in  the  construction  of  a  bridge  across  the  Danube.  All  these  works  were 
+nearly  completed  by  the  morning  of  Nov. 4. 
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+At  Oltenitza,  then,  the  Turks  had  a  mere bridge-head  on the left bank of 
+the  Danube;  the  Turkish  army  had  not crossed the  river,  nor has  it  done  so 
+since;  but  it  had  a  safe  débouché  on  the  left  bank,  which  might  be  turned 
+to  account  the  very  moment  when  a  sufficient  force  was  concentrated  at 
+Turtukai.  They  had  the  means,  beside,  of  taking  either  the  right  or the  left 
+of  the  Ardgish;  and,  finally,  all  their  operations  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river 
+were protected by ten heavy guns  in the fort on the hights of Turtukai, whose 
+35 range, consequent upon this elevated position and the narrowness of the river 
+
+at  that  point,  extended  at  least  half  a  mile  beyond  the  bridge-head. 
+
+The bridge-head was  occupied by three battalions  of  the line, (2,400 men) 
+two  companies  of  guards,  (160  men)  two  of  sharp  shooters,  (200 men) 
+100 cavalry  and  some  artillery,  who  attended  to  the  12  heavy  guns  placed 
+in  the  Lazaretto.  The  right  wing  of  the  entrenchment  was  enfiladed  and 
+flanked  by  the  guns  of  Turtukai,  which  besides  could  sweep  the  whole  of 
+
+40 
+
+541 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+the  plain  in  front of the  center  of the  bridge-head.  The  left  wing,  resting  on 
+the  River Ardgish, was  flanked  by the battery on the  island, but part of this 
+ground  was  thickly  studded  with  brush-wood,  so  as  to  offer  considerable 
+shelter  to  the  Russians  in  approaching. 
+
+When  on  Nov. 4,  the  Russians  attacked  the  Turkish  lines  they  had,  ac 
+cording  to  Omer  Pasha,  20 battalions,  4 regiments  of  cavalry  and  32 guns, 
+altogether  about 24,000men.  It  appears  they formed  in  the  following order: 
+twelve  battalions  and  14 guns  opposite  the  center  of the  bridge-head;  two 
+battalions  and  two  guns  in  the  wood  to  the  left (Russian right) on the river 
+Ardgish,  six battalions,  en  échelons, with four guns  against the Turkish right, 
+toward  the  Danube,  their  line  being  prolongated  and  outflanked  by  the 
+cavalry.  The  center  first  formed  a  column  of  attack,  after  the  fire  of  the 
+Russian guns  had been kept up  for  a time;  the  two  wings followed; then the 
+artillery,  which  had  first  fired  at  a  distance  of  some  1,200 yards  from  the 
+parapets  came  up  to  effective  grape  range,  (600  to  700 yards,)  and  the 
+columns  of  attack were  hurried forward.  As may be  anticipated, the column 
+of  the  Russian  left  (nearest  the  Danube)  was  shattered  by  the  fire  of  the 
+Turtukai  guns;  that  of  the  center very  soon shared the  same fate; that of the 
+right  (on  the  Ardgish)  was  crushed  by the  fire  from  the  Island,  and  appears 
+to  have  been  far  too  weak  to  do  any  good.  The  attack  was  once  or  twice 
+repeated,  but without the  ensemble of  the  first  assault, and then the Russians 
+had  enough  of it.  They  had  marched resolutely up  to  the  brink  of the  ditch, 
+(which  must  not  be  too  literally  understood,)  but  the  Turkish  fire  proved 
+overwhelming  before  they  came  to  a  hand-to-hand  fight. 
+
+During  the  fight  Omer  Pasha  sent  a battalion of  regulars  across  the  river 
+to act as reserve. Thus the Turks engaged may be estimated at 3,600  infantry, 
+with 44  heavy  guns. 
+
+The forces  of the  Russians  are  less  easily  ascertained. While Omer Pasha 
+speaks of twenty battalions, two British officers in his camp agree in reducing 
+the force  actually engaged to some 8,000 men. These two  statements are not 
+exactly  contradictory.  The  Russians  might  have  some  twenty  battalions  in 
+order  of  battle,  and  yet from  the  nature  of  the  ground,  of  from  contempt  of 
+their  opponents, the  actual  mass  of the  attacking columns  might not exceed 
+eight  battalions  at  a  time;  and  a  circumstance  which the  British officers  do 
+not  mention,  but  which  Omer  Pasha reports,  shows  that  the  Russians  had 
+ample  reserves.  It  is  this,  that  every  fresh  attack  was  headed  by  a  fresh 
+battalion  drawn from  the  reserves  for  the  purpose.  Besides,  the  reports  of 
+the  two  "officers  of  her  Majesty's  guards"  bear  in  every  line  the  stamp  of 
+that ignorant  and inexperienced  self-sufficiency  which belongs  to  subalterns 
+of  the  privileged  corps  of  all  armies. 
+
+Upon  the  whole,  therefore,  we  think  Omer  Pasha's  statement entitled to 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+542 
+
+The War on the  Danube 
+
+credit.  There  may  have  been eighteen  or twenty  Russian battalions  present 
+during the  action, of which ten or twelve may successively have been brought 
+to  act,  although from  six to  eight thousand may be the number of those who 
+at a given time advanced simultaneously and inef f ectually upon the Turkish 
+5 entrenchments. The loss of the Russians, which must have amounted at least 
+to  1,500  or  2,000,  also proves what numbers they must have brought into the 
+field. They were finally repulsed, leaving 500  muskets, plenty of baggage and 
+ammunition,  and  800 killed  and  wounded  in  the  hands  of  the  Turks,  and 
+retreated  partially  in  disorder. 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+If  we  look  at  the  tactics  of  this  conflict on either  side,  we  are  surprised 
+to  find  a gross  blunder  committed  by  the  Russians,  which  was  deservedly 
+expiated by their  signal defeat.  They  showed  a contempt of their adversaries 
+which has  been  seldom  equaled.  They had to  attack pretty  strong lines, with 
+a  capital  réduit  flanked  by  ten  heavy  guns  on  the  island,  commanded  by 
+twenty-two guns at Turtukai, which also commanded the ground in front of 
+the  lines;  altogether,  forty-four,  or  at  least  thirty-eight  guns,  ah  or  mostly 
+of  heavy  metal.  Now  every  officer  knows  that  in  attacking  a  field  forti 
+fication,  you have  first by  your  artillery  to  silence  its  guns  and the batteries 
+that  may  support  it;  then  to  destroy,  as  much  as  possible,  the  parapets, 
+20 palisades and other defenses ; then, by approaching your batteries still closer 
+to  the  attacked works, to  sweep the  parapets  with  a continued hail-storm of 
+grape-shot,  until  at last you  can risk launching your  columns of attack upon 
+the  half-demolished  work  and  its  demoralized  defenders.  In order to  do  all 
+this,  you must have  a decided  superiority in the  number  and caliber of your 
+artillery.  But what do we  see the Russians attempt? To storm a bridge-head, 
+defended  by  artillery  superior  to  their  own  in  number,  superior  in  caliber, 
+and  still  more  superior  in  practice,  after  a  short  cannonade  from  twelve 
+12-pounders  and  twenty  6-pounders!  This  Russian  cannonade  can  only  be 
+considered  as  a  mere  formality,  a  sort  of  civility  offered  to  the  Turks,  for 
+it  could  have  no  serious  purpose;  and  if,  as  aU reports  agree, the Russian 
+batteries  advanced up to within 650 yards  of the bridge-head,  it is  a wonder 
+that we  do  not  hear  of  a  number  of  dismounted guns.  At the  same time we 
+must  acknowledge  the bravery  of the  Russian troops,  who  were  very hkely 
+for the f irst time exposed to fire, and that under such adverse circumstances, 
+35  yet  advanced  to  within  fifty  yards  of  the  Turkish  lines  before  they  were 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+crushed  by  the  superior  fire  poured  in  upon  them. 
+
+A s to the Turks, we cannot say much in favor of their tactics either.  It was 
+very  well that  Omer Pasha  during  the  assaults  did  not crowd together  more 
+troops  in  the  bridge-head  than  were  necessary  for  its  defense.  But  how  is 
+40 it that he did not concentrate a reserve, especially of cavalry, on the Turtukai 
+end  of  the  bridge  and  on  the  island?  that,  as  soon  as  the  repulse  of  the 
+
+543 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+Russians was becoming manifest, he did not launch his cavalry on the beaten 
+foe?  and  that,  after  all,  he  was  satisfied  with  the  moral  effect  of  the  victory 
+and  neglected  to  gather  all  its  fruits,  by  which  he  might  have  decided  the 
+campaign?  We  can  only  find  two  excuses:  Firstly,  that  the  system  of  con 
+tinuous  lines  in  field-fortification  does  not  easily  admit  of  any  vigorous 
+offensive  action  after  the  repulse  of  the  enemy,  as  the  uninterrupted  lines 
+do  not  offer  any  wide  space  for  sudden  and  energetic  sallies  of  masses  of 
+troops;  and  secondly,  that Omer  Pasha either  distrusted the  capacity  of  his 
+troops for fighting in the  open field,  or that he had not troops  enough at hand 
+to  follow  up  the  victory. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+This leads us to the strategic questions connected with this action. If Omer 
+Pasha  had  had  at  Qltenitza  the  troops  who  were  lounging without  anything 
+to  do  at  Kalafat,  would  he  not  have  acted with more  decision?  How  was  it 
+that a corps  of  12,000  men,  with a reserve of equal force, was directed upon 
+Kalafat,  to  menace  that  point  of  the  Russian  position,  where  of  all  points  15 
+it  must have been  most  desirable to the Russians to be attacked?  How came 
+it  that  on  the  point  where  the  Turks  could  gain  decisive  advantages  these 
+24,000  men  were  not  present? 
+
+But  this  is  only  one  point.  The  Russians,  it  is  now  ascertained  beyond 
+doubt, could not muster more than 50,000 or 55,000 combatants in Wallachia  20 
+at  the  end  of  October.  Taking  into  consideration  the  want  of  roads,  the 
+intersected nature of the country, detachments not to be avoided, the regular 
+wear  and tear of an active army, the Russians, it is certain, could on no point 
+muster more than 30,000 men in a single mass.  Forty thousand Turks collect 
+ed  upon  any  given  spot of  Wallachia were  sure  to  beat them,  and  there  is  25 
+no  doubt that the  Turks,  if  they  had  been  so  minded  and taken proper steps 
+in proper time, could  have  collected  that body,  or even twice  as many, with 
+comparative  ease.  But the interference of European diplomacy, irresolution 
+in  the  Divan,  vacillation  in  the  Turkish  policy  towards  Servia,  and  other 
+similar  considerations,  appear  to  have  produced  a  series  of half-measures,  30 
+which placed  Omer  Pasha in  a very  singular  position when hostilities  broke 
+out.  He  knew  the  weakness  of  the  Russians;  he  himself  had  a far  superior 
+army,  eager  to go to war; but his army was  spread upon an extent of country 
+three  hundred  and fifty  miles  long,  and fifty to one hundred miles  wide. The 
+lameness  of  his  operations  in the first half  of November was  the  necessary  35 
+consequence  of  this.  The  passage  at  Kalafat,  otherwise  a  mistake,  thus 
+became  a  sort of  necessity,  Widdin  being  the  natural  point of concentration 
+of  some  twenty  thousand  men,  who  without that passage  would have been 
+entirely  inactive,  being  too  far  distant  from  the  main  army.  This  passage 
+enabled  them  at  least  to  paralyze  a  portion  of  the  Russian  forces,  and  to  40 
+create  a  moral  impression  in  favor  of  the  Turks. 
+
+544 
+
+The War on the  Danube 
+
+The passage at Oltenitza—which was intended evidently as the main attack 
+by  which  Bucharest  was  to  be  taken,  and the  Russians  allured westward by 
+the  Kalaf  at  operation,  to  be  cut  off  from  their  retreat—had  no  effect  what 
+ever,  because  the  necessary forces for  a march  on Bucharest  appear  not to 
+5  have  been  forthcoming.  The  moral  effect  of  the  combat  at  Oltenitza  was 
+certainly a great gain, but the inactivity after the victory—an inactivity which 
+lasted  nine  days,  and  ended  in the  voluntary  retreat of  the Turks behind the 
+Danube, in consequence of the rains setting in—this inactivity and retreat may 
+not  destroy  the  flush  of  victory  on the  cheek  of  the  Turkish  soldier,  but it 
+1 o undermines the reputation of the Turkish General, most probably more than 
+he  deserves.  But  here,  if  the  original  fault lies  with  the  Divan,  there  must 
+be  some  fault  with  Omer  Pasha.  To  pass  twelve  days  on the left bank of the 
+Danube,  to  possess  a  bridge  and  a  bridge-head  strong  enough to  repel  the 
+united force  of the Russians, to have behind him an army numerous and eager 
+to  fight  and  not  to  find  means  to  carry  30,000 or  40,000 men  across—why, 
+all  this  cannot  have  been  done  without  some  negligence  on  the  part  of the 
+General.  The Russians may be thankful for their escape. Never did aRussian 
+army  get  out  of  a  scrape  half  as  bad  as  this  with  so  little  material damage. 
+They  deserved  to  be  cut  to  pieces,  and they  are  all  safe.  Whether they will 
+ever be  taken  at  such  advantage  again  may  well be  doubted. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+545 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+The  Turkish  War—Industrial  Distress 
+
+The Turkish War—Industrial Distress. 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Ν r. 3952,16. Dezember 1853 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London, Friday, Dec. 2,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+No  more  fighting  of  any  account  has  taken  place  in  Turkey  since  my  last 
+letter,  but Russian diplomacy,  more  dangerous than Russian generalship, is 
+again  at  work,  and  the  revival  of  the  famous  London  Conferences  of  1840 
+and  1841,  which  terminated  with  sanctioning the  treaty  of  Unkiar  Skelessi, 
+under  a  slightly  altered  form,  is  more  or  less  clearly  announced through the 
+medium  of  the  ministerial  papers  on  both  sides  of  the  Channel.  The  Times 
+even  hints  at 
+"vigorous  measures  of  pacification,"  viz:  a  sort  of  armed 
+pacfication  directed  against  Turkey  by  her  self-styled  protectors.  There  is 
+one great diplomatic fact not to be misunderstood, namely, the last Note sent 
+by  the  English  Cabinet  to  Constantinople,  presented  by  the  British  Em­
+bassador  to  the  Porte,  rejected  by  the  Divan  on the  14th Nov.,  and turning 
+out to be but a second edition of Redschid Pasha's  answer to Prince Menchi-  15 
+koff's  ultimatum  in  the  month of  May  last.  This  is  the  manner  in which the 
+Palmerstons  and Aberdeens  give the  Sultan to understand that, however the 
+face  of things  may  have  otherwise  changed,  the  relative  situations  of Turkey 
+and  Russia have  undergone no  change whatever  since the month of May last, 
+Turkey  having  won  nothing  nor  Russia  lost  anything  in  the  eyes  of Western  20 
+diplomacy. 
+
+10 
+
+As  Prince  Alexander  of  Servia  forbids  the  Turkish  troops  to  cross  his 
+territory,  asks  for  the  return  of  the  Russian  Consul-General,  and  treats,  in 
+his  declaration to the  Sultan, Turkey and Russia as the two protecting powers 
+placed  on the  same  footing with regard to  the  Principality,  serious  conflicts  25 
+with  Servia  may be  apprehended,  which,  fatal  as  they  might have proved to 
+Turkey  at any other moment, are at present perhaps, the only means of  saving 
+
+546 
+
+The Turkish War—Industrial  Distress 
+
+her  from  the  claws  of  Western diplomacy.  Every new incident adding to the 
+present  complication,  driving  bankrupt  Austria  out  of  her  dangerous  neu 
+trality,  augmenting  the  chances  of  an  European  war,  and  enforcing  upon 
+Turkey the  alliance  with the  revolutionary  party,  must turn out favorable to 
+5 her, at least in her conflict with Russia. The constitutional causes of her decay 
+will,  of  course,  continue  to  do  their  work,  if  not counteracted by thorough 
+transformation  of  the  Turkish  rule  in  Europe. 
+
+From the war carried on in the Principahties between Russians  and Turks, 
+let us  return for one moment to the war raging in the manufacturing districts 
+10  of  England  between  masters  and  men.  You will remember the  epoch when 
+the  masters  fiercely  opposed  and  denounced  the  short-time  movement  on 
+the  part  of  the  men.  Now  the  tables  are  turned,  and,  as  I  predicted  at  the 
+time,  the  system  of  short  time  is  enforced by  the  masters  on the  men.  The 
+lockout  exhibits  its  true  meaning  as  a  financial measure  on  the  part  of  the 
+15  masters,  as  a  sort  of  antidote to  an industrial overproduction unparalleled 
+in  the  "history of prices."  Since  Monday last the mills  have resumed work, 
+but  only for four days per week, in the Rossendale district—Burnley, Bacup, 
+Newchurch—at  Bury  in  the  Ashton  district—Ashton,  Stalybridge,  Glossop, 
+Hyde,  Newton.  Bolton  will  soon  be  obliged  to  follow.  Manchester  is  de-
+liberating  the  question  not  whether,  but  when,  to  give way.  In two  or three 
+weeks  short  time  will  be  general,  save  in  some  few  favored  branches  of 
+industry.  This, of course, must be followed by  a  stoppage  of the supplies to 
+the  Preston  résistants.  But  even four  days  work  still overruns the  demand. 
+Just  think that  not three  weeks  ago  the Preston masters  had on hand a stock 
+25  equal  to  twenty  weeks'  production,  which  proved  almost  unsalable.  The 
+
+20 
+
+industrial  crisis  has  no  longer  to  begin;  it  has  fairly  set  in. 
+
+"The  reduction of time,"  says  The  Times,  "is  accompanied by a reduction 
+of  wages  to  the  standard  before  the  recent  advances  were  obtained by the 
+hands."  "A  pauper  cannot dictate  conditions—he  must take what is  offered 
+him,"  says  The  Economist,  in  a  fit  of  sincerity. 
+
+30 
+
+I have repeatedly  stated  that the turn-outs of the men, by beginning at too 
+late  an epoch, when the  opportunities  afforded by unprecedented prosperity 
+were  already  vanishing  away,  could  not prove  successful  in  an economical 
+point of view, or as far as their immediate end was concerned.  But they have 
+35  done  their  work.  They  have  revolutionized  the  industrial  proletariat,  and, 
+stirred up by  dear food and cheap labor, the political consequences will show 
+themselves  in  due  time.  Already  the  idea  of  a  Parliament of Labor, which, 
+in fact,  means  nothing but  a general reassembling  of the  workingmen under 
+the  banners  of  Chartism,  evokes  the  fears  of  the  middle-class  press. 
+"Mr. Ernest Jones,"  says  The Economist,  "the editor of  The People's Paper, 
+is described as the  successor of Mr. Feargus O'Connor, as Mr. O'Connor was 
+
+40 
+
+547 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+the  successor  of  Mr. Hunt  . ..  From  following  Hunt  and  O'Connor,  the 
+workingmen got nothing but hard knocks and great losses ; nevertheless, they 
+place  equal  confidence  in  the  successor of these great kings,  and now look 
+to  be  saved  by  Jones." 
+
+From  the following quotations  you will  see  that the  English class papers, 
+if  stimulated  by  party  motives,  as  is  the  case  with  The Morning Herald,  or 
+if inspired, as The Morning Post, by a cynical but keen observer like Palmer 
+ston,  know  how  to  judge  the  present  state  of  affairs,  and how to  deal with 
+the  vulgarism  of  Prosperity-Robinson: 
+
+5 
+
+"To hear them  now,  you would  suppose  that the  authority of mill owners  10 
+
+was  nothing  less  than  divine,  and that the  safety  of the empire depended on 
+their  being  allowed  to  exercise  powers  little  short  of  those  of  the  French 
+Emperor  . ..  Some  60,000  of  the  workingmen  of  Lancashire  are  at  this 
+moment living on fare which barely suffices to keep  soul and body together, 
+without  so  much  as  a thought of  a plunder  or  violence,  although in towns  15 
+which  manufacturing  economy  has  left  wholly  unguarded  by  police.  Right 
+or  wrong these  men have  stood by their opinions and their leaders manfully, 
+and  it would  not be  easy to  find  another  instance  of  a movement  at once  so 
+peacefully  and  so  effectually  carried  out." 
+
+(Morning Herald.) 
+
+20 
+
+"Our  economists  boasted  of  the  overwhelming blessings which would  flow, 
+past all our dreams, as the result of free trade ; yet there we are with the winter 
+before us, and the pestilence only waiting the return of  spring, and just when 
+our  poor  are  most in need of more than usual food and clothing to raise their 
+physical system up to the point most capable of resisting disease—just at this  25 
+time,  they  are  actually  crushed  by  the  unprecedented  high prices  of all the 
+necessaries  of  life.  Not  a  sign  is  visible  of the  milk and honey that were  to 
+enrich the  land;  while  all that was predicated of the perpetuity of cheapness 
+and  plenty  seems  in  a  fair  way  of  being  classed  among  the  other  thousand 
+popular  delusions  by  which  society  has  been gulled...  English  society is  a  30 
+filthy,  pestilent,  immoral,  ignorant,  cruel,  blundering,  discontented,  and 
+uncommonly  hard-up  community." 
+
+Such  is  the  language  of  The  Morning Post,  the  drawing-room  print,  and 
+
+the  official  organ  of  my  Lord  Palmerston. 
+
+Karl Marx. 
+
+35 
+
+548 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+The  Quadruple  Convention—England  and  the  War 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3960, 26. Dezember 1853 
+
+The  Quadruple  Convention—England 
+and the War. 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London,  Friday,  Dec. 9,  1853. 
+
+5  Your readers  have followed,  step  by  step,  the  diplomatic movements of the 
+Coalition  Cabinet,  and they  will  not be  surprised  at any new attempt, on the 
+part  of  the  Palmerstons  and  the  Aberdeens,  to  back  the  Czar  under  the 
+pretext  of  protecting  Turkey  and  securing  the  peace  of  Europe.  Even the 
+resurrection of  a Vienna conference  or  of a London Congress they are fully 
+10  prepared for.  The  Metropolitan Stock Exchange was first informed by  The 
+Morning Chronicle,  on Friday last,  of  England  having  succeeded  in inducing 
+Austria  and Prussia to  support the Western Powers in their attempt at a new 
+mediation  between  the  belligerent  parties.  Then  came  The  Morning  Postwith 
+the  news  of  "this  attempt"  and  with the consolatory announcement that "in 
+this  attempt  the  cooperation  of  Prussia  and  Austria  has  been  sought  and 
+obtained,  and  the  four  Powers  have  signed  a  protocol,  engaging  them,  im 
+plicitly,  to  maintain  the  present  territorial  distribution  of  Europe,  and  inviting 
+the belligerent Powers to come to an amicable adjustment of their differences 
+by  means  of  an  European  conference.  The  first  step  that  will  be  taken,  in 
+20  consequence  of  this  proceeding  of the four Powers,  will be to  ascertain the 
+views  of  Turkey on the  bases  upon which  she  will  allow  negotiations for an 
+arrangement of the Eastern dispute to be conducted. This clearly ascertained, 
+the  four  Powers  will  then  invite  Russia  to  state  her  views  in  regard  to  the 
+bases  of  the  proposed  arrangement,  and then both Powers will be requested 
+to  send  plenipotentiaries to  a conference of the great Powers, at some  time 
+
+15 
+
+25 
+
+549 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+ι 
+
+5 
+
+and  place  to  be  hereafter  determined  upon  . ..  The  Czar's  dignity might  be 
+preserved  while  the  interests  of  Turkey  would  be  fully  upheld  in  the  first 
+place  by  a  treaty  between  Turkey  and  Russia  of  amity  and  peace  and  of 
+commerce,  stipulating  for  a  due  protection  of  the  subjects  of  either  state 
+within  the  territories  of  the  other,  and,  in  the  second  place,  by  a  treaty 
+between  the  Sultan  and  the  five  Powers,  such  a  treaty  as  that  of  the  Darda­
+nelles  of  1841,  in  which  the  Sultan  should  undertake  to  respect  the  existing 
+constitutions  and privileges  of  the  Danubian  Principalities  and of Servia,  and 
+in  which  he  should  bind  himself  as  in  the  treaty  of Kainardji,  but  this  time 
+to Europe, a n d n o t to Russia—specially to protect the Christian religion within 10 
+his  dominions."  At  last  came  the  thunderer  of  Printing  House-square,  an­
+nouncing in a fir st edition that the alliance between the four Powers had been 
+definitively  concluded,  and that they had laid down conditions  which Russia 
+and  the Porte  would,  if  necessary,  "be  forced to  accept."  Instantly  the  funds 
+rose; but the  satisfaction of the stock-jobbers proved short-lived, as the same 
+Times announced in its  second edition that the four Powers had indeed drawn 
+up  a  protocol  and  presented  the  draft  of  a  collective  note,  without  having, 
+however,  bound  themselves  to  enforce its  acceptance.  Down went  the  funds 
+again.  At  last the  "startling  news"  was  reduced to the old  story  of the resur­
+rection  of  the  dead  body  of  the  late  Vienna  Conference—it  would  be  pre-  20 
+posterous  to  speak  of  its  ghost—and  a  telegraphic  dispatch  confirmed  the 
+report  that  "the  Conference  of  the  four  Powers  at  Vienna  had  on  the  6th 
+forwarded  to  Constantinople  another  proposal  for  the  arrangement  of  the 
+pending  differences  founded  on  a  new  project,  and  that  negotiations  for 
+peace  will  continue,  even  though  hostilities  should  not  be  suspended."  On  25 
+the  very  eve  of  war  the  Vienna  Conference,  that retrospective  Pythia,  had 
+just  proposed  to  Turkey to  accept  Prince  Menchikoff's ultimatum.  After the 
+first  defeat  Russia  had  undergone,  England  and  France  took  up  Rechid 
+Pasha's  answer  to  Prince  Menchikoff's  ultimatum.  What  phase  of  the  past 
+transactions  they  will  now  have  arrived  at in their  retrograde  movement,  it  30 
+is  impossible  to  predict.  The  Augsburger Zeitung states  that the  newproposi-
+tions  of  the  Conference  express  the  desire  of  the  four  Powers  to  "prevent 
+war."  A  startling  novelty  this! 
+
+15 
+
+Insipid,  as  all  this  diplomatic  gossip  may  appear  at  a  moment,  when  the 
+
+status  quo has  been  supplanted  by  a  status  belli, we  must not forget that the 
+hidden  intentions  of  the  British  Cabinet  transpire  through these  fantastical 
+projects  of  conferences  and  Congresses;  that  the  ministerial  papers  throw 
+out  their  feelers  to  ascertain  how  far  the  Ministry  may  venture  to  go;  and 
+that the unfounded rumors  of to-day more than once have foreshadowed the 
+events  of  to-morrow.  So  much is  sure,  that  if  not  accepted by Austria, the  40 
+quadruple  alliance  has  been  proposed  by  England  with  a  view  to  enforce 
+
+35 
+
+550 
+
+The  Quadruple  Convention—England  and  the War 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+upon  Turkey  the  resolutions  to  be  agreed  upon  by  the  four  powers.  If  no 
+alliance  has  been  concluded,  a  "protocol"  has  at  least  been  signed by  the 
+four  powers,  establishing  the  principles  upon  which  to  conduct  the  trans 
+actions.  It  is  no  less  sure  that  the  Vienna  Conference,  which  prevented 
+5  Turkey  from  moving  till  the  Russian  army  had  occupied  the  Principalities 
+and reached the frontiers  of Bulgaria, has again resumed its work and already 
+dispatched a new note to the  Sultan. That the  step from  a Vienna conference 
+to  a European Congress,  at London, is by no means a great one, was proved 
+in  1839  at the  epoch of Mehemet Ali's  insurrection.  The  Congress pursuing 
+its  work  of  "pacification,"  while  Russia  pursued  her  war  against Turkey, 
+would  be  but  a repetition  of  the  London  Congress  of  1827-29,  resulting  in 
+the  destruction  of  the  Turkish  fleet,  at  Navarino,  and  the  loss  of  Turkish 
+independence, by the treaty of Adrianople. The bases upon which the British 
+Cabinet have proposed, and the other powers agreed to conduct negotiations, 
+are clearly indicated by the Ministerial papers. Maintenance of the "present 
+territorial  distribution  of  Europe."  It  would  be  a great  mistake  to consider 
+this proposition as  a  simple return to  the provisions  of the peace of Vienna. 
+The  extinction  of  the  Kingdom  of  Poland,  the possession of the  mouths  of 
+the  Danube  by  Russia,  the  incorporation  of  Cracow, the  transformation of 
+20  Hungary into an Austrian province—all these "territorial arrangements" have 
+never  been  sanctioned  by  any  European Congress.  A  sanction,  then,  of the 
+present  "territorial  distribution  of  Europe"  would  be,  instead  of  a  simple 
+admission of Turkey to the treaty of Vienna, as is pretended, rather a sanction 
+of all the violations  of that treaty by Russia and Austria, since 1830. "A treaty 
+25  of amity,  and peace,  and commerce between Russia and Turkey"—such are 
+the  identical  terms  in  the  preamble  of the treaties  of  Kainardji,  Adrianople 
+and  Unkiar  Skelessi.  "A  treaty  like  that  of  the  Dardanelles  of  1841,"  says 
+the  Palmerstonian  paper.  Exactly  so.  A  treaty  like  that  which  excluded 
+Europe  from  the  Dardanelles  and  transformed  the  Euxine  into  a  Russian 
+lake.  But,  says  The  Times, why should we not stipulate for the free entrance 
+of  the  Dardanelles  for  men-of-war,  and  the  free  navigation of  the Danube. 
+But  read  the  letter  addressed  by  Lord  Palmerston  in  September,  1839,  to 
+Mr. Bulwer, the then Envoy at Paris, and we shall find that similar hopes were 
+held  out  at  that  epoch. 
+
+30 
+
+35  "The  Sultan  bound  to  respect  the  existing  constitutions  of  the  Principalities 
+and  Servia."  But these existing constitutions distribute the  sovereignty over 
+the provinces between the  Czar and the Sultan, and they have, till now, never 
+been  acknowledged  by  any  European  Congress.  The  new  Congress  then, 
+would  add  to  the  de  facto  protectorate  of  Russia  over  Turkish  provinces, 
+the  sanction  of  Europe.  The  Sultan  would  then be  bound  not to  the  Czar, 
+but to Europe, to protect "the Christian religion within his dominions." That 
+
+40 
+
+551 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+is  to  say,  the  right  of  interference  between  the  Sultan  and  his  Christian 
+subjects  by  foreign  powers,  would  become  a paragraph  of  European inter 
+national  law,  and,  in case  of any new conflicts  occurring,  Europe would be 
+bound  by  treaty  to  back  the  pretentions  of  Russia,  who,  as  a  party  to  the 
+treaty, would have a right to interpret in her sense, the protection to be asked 5 
+for  by  the  Christians  in  the  Sultan's  dominions.  The  new  treaty,  then,  as 
+projected by  the  coalition cabinet,  and as explained by its own organs, is the 
+most  comprehensive  plan of European surrender to  Russia,  ever  conceived, 
+and  a  wholesale  sanction  of  all  the  changes  brought  about by  the  counter 
+revolutions  since  1830.  There  is,  therefore,  no  occasion  for  throwing  up  10 
+caps  and  being  astonished  at  the  change  of  the  policy of Austria,  a change 
+as  Ifte  Morning  Post  feigns  to  believe,  "effected  suddenly  within  the  last 
+ten  days."  As  to  Bonaparte,  whatever  his  ulterior  designs  may  be,  for  the 
+moment the Parvenu Emperor is  content enough to climb up  into the heaven 
+of the old  legitimate powers, with Turkey as  his  ladder. 
+
+15 
+
+The views  of  the  Coalition Cabinet  are clearly expressed by  The Guardian, 
+
+the  ministerial  weekly  paper: 
+
+"To  treat  Russia  as  a beaten enemy  and fancy we  have  her  by the  throat 
+because  Russian  troops  have  been  foiled  at  the  trenches  of  Oltenitza  and 
+some forts captured on the Black Sea, is simply ridiculous ; these petty losses 20 
+would  in  themselves  but  exasperate  her  pride  and indispose  her to  treat till 
+she could do  so on better terms. But sovereigns, like other men, are governed 
+by mixed motives. The Czar is a proud and passionate, but he is also a prudent 
+man.  He  is  engaged  in  a  quarrel in which he may lose  and  cannot gain.  His 
+policy  is  that  of  his  predecessors,  who  have  throughout  gained  more  by  25 
+threatening  than  by  waging  war,  and whose  steady and  undeviating  system 
+of  encroachment had in it a vein  of  elastic  phabihty,  which  enabled them to 
+avoid  great  disasters  and  even  to  turn  minor reverses  to  profitable  account. 
+The  preUminary  resolution of the four powers, that no change  shall be made 
+or permitted  in  the  territorial  arrangement  of  Europe,  appears  to  be  based  30 
+on  this rational view  of  his  position  and  pohcy.  It  will  disappoint those who 
+see  in imagination the feet of England on his neck, or who  suffer themselves 
+to  be  misled  by  the  chimerical  nonsense  of the  Protectionist papers.  But the 
+business  in  hand  is  not  the  humiliation  of Russia,  but  the  pacification  of 
+Europe (in a Russian sense of course,) the establishment, as far as possible,  35 
+of  that  durable  peace  for  which  the  French  Soldier-Envoy  pledges  his 
+master's  honor  to  the  Sultan.  And  the  coming  treaty,  we  may  be  sure,  will 
+not be  a mere  restoration of  the  status  quo, but will attempt at least to  settle 
+on  some  permanent footing the  relations  of Turkey  with Europe  and  of  the 
+Turkish  Government  with  its  Christian  subjects,  attempt—for,  settle  it  so  40 
+durably  as  we  may,  any  arrangement  which  leaves  a  Turkish  Empte  in 
+
+552 
+
+The  Quadruple  Convention—England  and  the  War 
+
+Europe  will  always  be  provisional  at  bottom.  Such  a  provisional  arrange 
+ment,  however,  is  the  thing  now  practicable  and  needful." 
+
+The  ultimate  object,  then,  the powers  aim  at,  is  to  help  the  Czar  "to  turn 
+minor  reverses  to  profitable  account,"  and  "to leave  no Turkish Empire in 
+5  Europe."  The provisional arrangement will of  course, prepare  that ultimate 
+
+consummation  as  far  as  "the  thing  is  now  practicable." 
+
+Some  circumstances,  however,  have  singularly  confounded  the  calcula 
+tions of the Coalition politicians. There is intelligence of new victories gained 
+by  Turkey  on  the  shores  of  the  Black  Sea  and  on the  frontiers  of  Georgia. 
+10  There  is,  on the other hand,  a peremptory assertion representing the whole 
+army  in  Poland  as  under  orders  for  the  Pruth,  while we  are  informed  from 
+the  frontiers  of  Poland  that  "in  the  night  from  the  23d  and  24th  ult.,  the 
+branka, or levy of men for the army, took place, and in places, where formerly 
+one or two men were taken, eight or ten have now been drawn." This, at least, 
+15  proves  little  confidence  on  the  part  of  the  Czar  in  the  pacifying genius  of 
+the  four  Powers.  The  official  declaration  on  the  part  of  Austria  "that  no 
+alliance  had  been  concluded  between  the  four  Courts,"  proves  on her part 
+that,  willing  as  she  is  to  enforce  conditions  upon  Turkey,  she  dares  not 
+assume  even  the  appearance  of  coercing  the  Czar  to  submit  to  conditions 
+20  projected  in  his  own  interest.  Lastly,  the  Sultan's  reply  to  the  French 
+Embassador  that  "at present an amicable arrangement is  quite unacceptable 
+without  the  complete  abandonment by  Russia  of the  pretensions  which  she 
+has  raised  and  without the  immediate  evacuation of  the  principahties,"  has 
+struck the  Congress-mongers  like  a thunderbolt,  and the  organ of the crafty 
+and experienced Palmerston now frankly tells the other fellows of the broth 
+erhood  the  following  piece  of  truth: 
+
+25 
+
+"To  the  immediate  evacuation  of the Principalities  and the total abandon 
+ment  of  all  her  claims,  Russia  cannot  submit  without  a  loss  of  dignity  and 
+influence which it is foolish to  suppose a power of her magnitude will endure 
+30  without a desperate  struggle.  For this present attempt at negotiation  we  are 
+
+sorry,  therefore,  that  we  can  only  prognosticate  failure." 
+
+Defeated  Russia  can  accept  no  negotiations  at  all.  The  business  in  hand 
+is,  therefore,  to  turn  the  balance  of  war.  But  how  to  effect  this,  but  by 
+enabling  Russia  to  gain  time?  The  only  thing  she  wants  is  procrastination, 
+time  to  levy  new troops,  to  distribute  them  throughout the empire—to con 
+centrate  them,  and  to  stop  the  war  with Turkey  till  she  has  done  with  the 
+mountaineers  of  Caucasus.  In this  way  the  chances of Russia may improve, 
+and  the  attempt  at  negotiation  "may  be  successful  when  Russia  proves 
+victorious  instead  of  defeated."  Accordingly,  as  stated by  the  Vienna  Ost-
+deutsche  Post,  and  the ministerial Morning Chronicle, England has urged on 
+Turkey  the  propriety  of  consenting  to  a  three  month's  armistice.  Lord 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+553 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+Redcliffe  had  a  five  hour's  interview  with  the  Sultan,  for  the  purpose  of 
+obtaining  from  His  Highness  that consent to  the  suggested  armistice  which 
+his  ministers  had  refused,  and  the  result was,  that an  extraordinary  council 
+of  ministers  was  convened to take the  matter into consideration.  The Porte 
+definitively  refused  to  accede  to  the  proposed  armistice,  and  could  not 
+accede  to  it  without  openly  betraying  the  Ottoman  people.  "In the  present 
+state  of  feeling,"  remarks  the  to-day's  Times,  "it  will  not  be  easy  to  bring 
+the  pretentions  of  the  Porte  within  the  bounds  of  moderation."  The  Porte 
+is  immoderate  enough  to  understand  that  it  is  perfectly irreconcilable with 
+the  dignity  of  the  Czar  to  be  defeated,  and that it must therefore grant him  10 
+a  three  month's  armistice  in  order  to  frustrate  its  own  success,  and  to  help 
+him  to  become  again  victorious  and  "magnanimous."  All  hope  of  bringing 
+about the  three  month's  armistice  has  not yet been  parted with.  "Possibly," 
+says  The  Times,  "an  armistice  recommended  by  the  four  powers  may  fare 
+better."  The  good-natured  Morning Advertiser is  "unwilling  to  assume  that 
+these  representations are correct," because "a mere direct attempt to betray 
+the Ottoman cause into the hands of the Czar, or one better adapted to answer 
+that purpose,  could not have been devised by the most ingenious mind." The 
+confidence  of  the  radical  Morning  Advertiser  in  "the  honor  and  the  good 
+faith" of Palmerston, and its ignorance of the history of England's diplomatic 20 
+past,  seem  equally  incommensurable.  This  paper  being  the  property of  the 
+Licensed  Victualler's  Association,  I  suspect  that  those  very  victualler's 
+themselves  write  from  time  to  time  the  editorial  articles. 
+
+15 
+
+While England is thus occupied at Constantinople  and Vienna, the outpost 
+of  Russia,  let us  see how on the  other hand,  the Russians  manage  affairs  in  25 
+England. 
+
+I have already, in a previous letter, informed your readers that at this very 
+epoch, when the  Coalition feigns to threaten Russia in the Black Sea, Russian 
+men-of-war,  the  two  frigates  Aurora  and  Navarino,  are  fitting  out  in  the 
+Queen's  dock  yards  at Portsmouth.  On Saturday last we were informed by  30 
+The  Morning Herald and  The  Daily News,  that  six  sailors  had  escaped  from 
+the  Russian  frigate  Aurora,  and  nearly  reached  Guildford,  when they were 
+overtaken  by  an  officer  of  the  Russian  frigate  Aurora  and  an  English  in 
+spector  of  police,  brought back  to  Portsmouth,  placed  on  board the  Victo 
+rious—an English ship occupied by the crew of the Aurora, while out-fitting—  35 
+subjected  to  cruel,  corporeal  punishment  and  placed  in  irons.  When  this 
+became  known  in  London,  some  gentlemen  obtained,  through  the  in 
+strumentality  of  Mr. Charles  Ronalds,  solicitor,  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus, 
+directed  to  Rear-Admiral  Martin,  some  other  English officers  of  the  navy, 
+and to the Russian Captain, Commander of the frigate Aurora, ordering them  40 
+to bring the  six sailors before the Lord Chief Justice of England. The English 
+
+554 
+
+The  Quadruple  Convention—England  and  the  War 
+
+5 
+
+dock-yard  authorities  declined to  obey  the writ, the English Captain appeal 
+ing  to  the  Vice-Admiral  and  the  Vice-Admiral  to  the  Admiral,  and  the 
+Admiral  feeling  himself  obliged  to  communicate  with  the  Lord  of  the  Ad 
+miralty,  the  famous  Sir  James  Graham,  who,  ten  years  before,  in the  case 
+of the Bandieras, placed the British Post-Office at the service of Metternich. 
+As  to  the Russian Captain,  although the  Queen's  writ was  served on him on 
+board  the  English  ship the  Victorious,  and though he  was  fully informed of 
+its  nature  by an interpreter, he threw it contemptuously from the vessel, and 
+when  thrust  through  a  port-hole,  it  was  thrown  out  again.  "If,"  said  the 
+10  Russian  captain,  "it  came  from  Her  Majesty  in  reality,  it would  be  sent to 
+his  Embassador  or  Consul."  The  Consul  being  absent,  the  Vice-Consul 
+refused  to  interfere.  On  Dec. 6,  fresh  writs  were  served  on  the  naval  au 
+thorities  at Portsmouth,  commanding them in the  Queen's  name to produce 
+not  only  the  six  men  in  question  before  the  Lord  Chief  Justice,  but  the 
+15  Russian captain also.  Instead of the writ being complied with, the Admiralty 
+used  every  effort to  tow  the  ship  out  of the harbor and to get her to  sea, and 
+the  other  day,  the  Aurora,  Capt. Isylmetieff,  was  seen,  by  daylight,  sailing 
+for  the  Pacific,  defying  the  writ  of  the  habeas  corpus.  In  the meantime,  as 
+we  are  informed,  by  yesterday's  Daily News,  "the  Russian  corvette,  Nava-
+rino, is still in dock, undergoing a thorough re-caulking and repair. A number 
+of  dockyard  men  are  engaged  on  her." 
+
+20 
+
+Now  mark in what manner this  "startling" case has been dealt with by the 
+
+Ministerial  Press. 
+
+The  Morning Chronicle,  the  Peelite  organ,  chose  to  remain  silent, its  own 
+25  Graham  being  the most compromised man in the whole  affah.  The Palmer-
+stonian  Morning Post was  the  first  to  break  silence,  as  its  Lord  could  not 
+let  escape  such  an  occasion  of  proving  his  mastership  in  making  pleasant 
+apparently difficult cases. The whole case, it stated, was greatly exaggerated 
+and  overrated.  The  six  deserters,  it  stated  on  the  authority  of  the  Russian 
+30  Captain, Who  ordered them  to be cruelly flogged and hulked, "these seamen 
+say  that  they  did  not  desert  from  their  own  inclination,  but  were  inveigled 
+away  by  persons  who  introduced  themselves  to  them  in the  streets,"  these 
+seamen  having also contrived against their inchnation and against the orders 
+of  the Russian Captain to get ashore at Portsmouth,  "made them  intoxicated 
+and then took them  away  in  a carriage, up the country,"  and then deserted 
+the  deserters,  "giving them directions  how to get to London, with the address 
+of  some  persons,  to  whom to go when there."  The  absurd  story  is  invented 
+by the Palmerstonian organ with  a view  to  induce  the  public to believe, that 
+the  "deserters  gave  themselves  up  to  the  Police,"  a  he  too  gross  to  be 
+reechoed  by  The  Times  itself.  The  whole  affair  insinuates  The Post,  with  a 
+great  show  of  moral  indignation,  was  got  up by  some  Pohsh refugees,  who 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+555 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+probably,  intended  wounding  the  feelings  of  Lord  Palmerston's  magnani 
+mous  master. 
+
+Another ministerial organ, The Globe, states that "the plea that a foreigner 
+is  only bound to  recognize  processes  coming to him from the minister of his 
+own  country  is  manifestly  untenable;  otherwise,  any foreigners  in  a British 
+seaport  could  break  our  law  and  could  be  brought  under no  responsibility, 
+except  by  the  intervention  of  an  Embassador."  The  Globe arrives therefore 
+at the  moderate  conclusion that  the  reply of the Russian captain to the clerk 
+who  served  on him the writ of habeas corpus  "is  not perfectly satisfactory." 
+But in human matters it would be idle to aspire to  anything like perfection. 
+
+"If  the  Russian captain had  hanged  them  (viz.,  the  six recaptured sailors) 
+all  at  the  yard-arm  of  his  frigate  the  next  morning,  he  would  have  been 
+altogether  beyond the  control of the  English law,"  exclaims  The  Times.  And 
+why this?  Because in the treaty of navigation concluded between Russia and 
+Great  Britain  in  1840  (under  the  direction  of  Lord  Palmerston)  there  is  a 
+provision  to  this  effect: 
+
+"The  Consuls,  Vice-Consuls,  and  commercial  agents  of  the  high  con 
+tracting  parties,  residing  in  the  dominions  of  the  other,  shall  receive  from 
+the  local  authorities  such  assistance  as  can  by  law  be  given  them,  for  the 
+recovery  of  deserters  from  the  ships  of  war  or  merchant  vessels  of  their 
+respective  countries." 
+
+But,  good  Times,  the  question  is  exactly  what  assistance  the  English 
+authorities  were  warranted  by  law  to  give  the  Russian  Captain.  As  to  the 
+Russian  authorities  themselves,  "sending  their  vessels  to  England  to  be 
+repaired  at  this  crisis  in  political  affairs,"  it  appears  to  The  Times,  "to  be 
+an act of great indelicacy and bad taste," and it thinks, "the position, in which 
+the  officers  of  these  vessels  have  been  placed  here,  is  that  of  spies."  But, 
+it says,  "the British Government could no more forcibly express its contempt 
+for  such politics,"  than by  admitting the Russian spies into the Queen's own 
+dockyards  "even at some public inconvenience," by placing at their disposal 
+British  men-of-war,  employing  the  dock  yard  men,  paid  out  of the  pockets 
+of the British people, in their  service, and firing parting salutes to them, when 
+they  run  away  after  having  insulted  the  laws  of  England. 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+556 
+
+The  Russian  Victory—Position  of  England  and  France 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3961, 27. Dezember 1853 
+
+The  Russian Victory-
+Position of  England  and  France. 
+
+From  Our  Own  Correspondent. 
+
+London, Tuesday, Dec. 13,  1853. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+"With  the  fleets  of  France  and  England  in  the  Black  Sea,  the  astonished 
+Sultan  of  Turkey  is  already  surprised that one  of his  ships  is captured  with 
+impunity  by  a  Russian  vessel.  The  spring will  bring  him  further wonders." 
+Thus  we  were  informed  by  last  Saturday's  Press.  The  following  Monday 
+brought the "further wonders," not expected until spring. Defeat of aTurkish 
+squadron  by  a  Russian  fleet  in  the  Black  Sea,  off  Sinope—such  were  the 
+contents  of  a  Russian  dispatch  from  Odessa,  dated  5th  inst.,  confirmed 
+afterward  by  the  French  Moniteur.  Although  we  are  not  yet  in  possession 
+of  the  exact  details  of  this  occurrence,  so  much  is  clear  that  the  Russian 
+report  greatly  exaggerates  the  case;  that  the  whole  matter in question is  to 
+15  be  reduced  to  the  surprise  of  some  Turkish frigates  and  a certain number 
+of  transports,  which  had  on  board  troops,  provisions,  amunition and  arms, 
+destined  for  Batum;  that  the  Russian  force  was  largely  superior  in number 
+to  the  Turkish  one,  and that,  nevertheless,  the  latter  only  surrendered  after 
+a  desperate  engagement,  lasting  an  hour. 
+
+20 
+
+"Our  fleet,"  says  the  Englishman,  "at  all  events,  is  not there  to  prevent 
+the  Russians  from  attacking Turkey.  The  fleet  is  not there  to  interfere  with 
+Russian  convoys  of  men  and  arms  to  the  Caucasus.  The  fleet  is  not there 
+to  see  that the  Black  Sea is  not a Russian lake.  The fleet is  not there to help 
+our  ally,  nor  to  save  him  from  destruction.  The  fleet  is  n oi  there  to  avert  a 
+25  Navarino, after the memorable p a t t e r n . .. Russian Admirals may maneuver, 
+we  suppose,  within  gun-shot of  Constantinople,  and  the  screws  of  England 
+will  continue  as  impassive  as  the  prime  screw  of  Lord  Aberdeen  himself. 
+Will  these  costly  farces  be  tolerated  by  the  people?" 
+
+557 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+The  coalition  is  exasperated  at  the  Czar  having  beaten  the  Turks  at  sea 
+instead of on the  ierra fuma.  A victory of the latter sort they wanted. Russian 
+successes  at  sea may  endanger  their  places,  just at the moment when Count 
+Buoi  has  assured  the  Sultan  of  the  Czar's  strictly  defensive intentions,  and 
+when Lord Redcliffe was urging on him  a three months' armistice. It is very 
+amusing to observe how the business  of  soothing  down the  public  has  been 
+distributed  between  the  several  organs  of  the  Coalition  Ministry. 
+
+5 
+
+The  Times,  as  the  representative  of  the  whole  of  the  Cabinet  expresses 
+its general indignation at the ingratitude of the Czar, and ventures even upon 
+some menaces. 
+
+10 
+
+The  Morning Post,  of  course,  is  still  more  warlike,  and  gives  its  readers 
+
+to  understand  that  the  "untoward"  event  at  Sinope  could  never  have  oc 
+curred  if  Lord  Palmerston  were  the  Premier,  or  at  least  the  Minister  for 
+Foreign  Affairs. 
+
+"It  is  at  least  evident,"  says  The Post,  "that  a  Russian  naval  force,  dis-  15 
+
+patched  to  act  on  the  Turkish  coast,  has  been  able  to  strike  a  sudden  and 
+heavy blow  at the resources  of  the Porte, precisely in the quarter where the 
+Divan had the  best reason  to  expect that if there  were  anything  substantial, 
+anything  beyond  mere  ostentation,  in  the  professed  services  of  her  allies, 
+the value  and  operation of  such  services  might now be  expected to  become  20 
+available.  It  will  hardly  be  urged,  we  suppose,  that  the  Black  Sea  is  an 
+appropriate  stage for another scene of the diplomatic comedy which has been 
+played  in the  Principalities  under  the  name  of the  'Material Guarantee.' The 
+Russians,  therefore,  may  be  taken  to have abandoned the hypocrisy of their 
+defensive attitude. It must be a subject of deep regret, that the extent to which 
+our (read Aberdeen's)  soothing  policy  has  gone,  has  brought heavy  damage 
+on  our  ally  and  a  shadow  of  reproach on ourselves.  It would  be  a matter  of 
+lasting blame and  scandal,  should  a second such disaster be suffered to occur 
+for  want  of,  that  protection  which  our  fleets  were  expressly  dispatched  to 
+afford." 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+The  philosophical  Morning  Chronicle,  the  special  organ  of  the  Peelites, 
+thinks  "it  not  improbable  that  the  power  which  has  disturbed  the  peace  of 
+the  world  may nowbe disposed to acquiesce in the termination of the war." 
+
+The  Emperor  Nicholas,  on the  plea that "he  does  not  wish to  oppose the 
+
+expression  of  the  free  will"  of  the  Hospodar  s  Stirbey  and  Ghika  to  withdraw  35 
+from the  government  of  Moldavia  and Wallachia, has, by rescript of Nov. 8, 
+intrusted  their  functions  to  General  von  Budberg,  placed,  however,  under 
+the  superior  control  of  Prince  Gorchakoff. 
+
+The  fact  of  England  urging  upon Turkey  an  armistice  at  a moment when 
+it  cannot  but  assist  the  Czar  in gaining time  to  concentrate  his  troops  and  40 
+to  work at the  decomposition  of  the  ostensible  alliance between France and 
+
+558 
+
+The  Russian  Victory—Position  of  England  and  France 
+
+England;  the  simultaneous  intrigues  of  Nicholas  to  upset  Bonaparte  and to 
+replace him by Henry V. ; the loudly boasted-of "fusion" of the two Bourbon 
+branches  negotiated  in  common  by  King  Leopold,  Prince  Albert  and  the 
+Princes  of  Orléans—such  are  the  circumstances  which induce  the public to 
+direct  anew  their  attention  to  Windsor  Castle,  and  to  suspect  it of a  secret 
+conspiracy  with  the  courts  of  Brussels,  Vienna  and  St. Petersburg. 
+
+"The  present  race  of  Englishmen,"  says  the  aristocratic  Morning Herald, 
+"should  see  that  the  pohcy  of  this  country  be  not  made  subordinate  to 
+Orleanistic  dreams  of  restoration,  Belgian  terrors  of  annexation,  and  in-
+finitesimal  German  interests."  "There  are,"  insinuates  Lloyd's  Weekly 
+Newspaper,  "conspirators  not  watched  by  the  Home  Office—conspirators 
+whose  names,  like  stars  upon  a  frosty  night—glitter  in  The  Court  Circular. 
+They do not live in St. John's Wood, neither dwell they in Chelsea. No. They 
+enjoy  a somewhat larger accommodation in the  Halls  of  Claremont.  One of 
+those  conspirators—the  frequent  guest  of  our  gracious  Queen—called  by 
+comphment  the  Duke  of  Nemours,  went  fresh  from  his  English  home  to 
+Frohsdorf  to  make  that bridge—that is,  to  bridge the  abyss for the Bourbons 
+back  to  France.  And  doubtless  he  will  return  and  again  eat  his  venison  at 
+Buckingham  Palace  or Windsor  Castle."  "Your ministers," writes  the  Paris 
+correspondent  of  The  Leader,  "are  doing  what  Victoria  tells  them  to  do. 
+Queen  Victoria  wishes  all that King Leopold wishes.  King Leopold desires 
+all  that  Emperor  Nicholas  desires,  so  that  Nicholas  is  de  facto  the present 
+King  of  England." 
+
+The position of Bonaparte is  at this moment more critical than ever before, 
+although, at first view, his chances of fortune never seemed more promising. 
+He has succeeded in slipping into the circle of European royalty. The charac 
+ter  Nicholas  has  lost, he has  won.  For the first time in his life he has become 
+"respectable."  The  power which,  combined with Russia,  tumbled  down his 
+uncle  from  his  gigantic  throne,  England,  has  been  forced  into  an  apparent 
+alliance with himself against Russia. Circumstances have almost constituted 
+him  the  arbiter of Europe.  The  prospect of  a European war,  dragging  along 
+with  it insurrectionary movements  in  Italy,  Hungary, and Poland-countries 
+where the people looking almost exclusively to the  recovery of their national 
+independence,  are  by  no  means  too  scrupulous as to the quarter from which 
+to  receive  assistance—these  eventualities  seem  to  allow the  man  of  the  2d 
+of  December  to  lead  the  dance  of  the  peoples,  if  he  should  fail to play the 
+pacificator  with the  kings.  The  enormous  blunders  committed by his prede 
+cessors  have  given  his  policy  even  the  appearance  of  national vigor,  as  he, 
+at  least,  evokes  apprehensions  on  the  part  of  the  powers, while they,  from 
+the  Provisional  Government  down  to  the  Burgraves  of  the  Assemblée 
+Législative,  had  assumed  only the power to tremble  at everything and every 
+body. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+559 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+But  now  let us  look  at the  opposite  side of the medal.  The fusion between 
+the  two  branches  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty,  whatever  may  be  its  mtrinsic 
+value,  has  taken  place  under  the  auspices  of  the  Courts  of  London  and 
+Vienna,  and at the  dictation of the  Emperor Nicholas.  It is,  therefore, to be 
+considered  as the first act of a Holy Alliance directed against Bonaparte. On 
+the  other hand it has, for the moment, conciliated the different parties of the 
+French  Bourgeoisie,  whose  very  divisions  prevented  them  in  1848-51  from 
+opposing  the  usurpation  of  the  hero  of  Strasburg  and  Boulogne.  The  blue 
+Republicans themselves, meeting  at the house  of  Mr.Carnot, have decided, 
+almost unanimously, that they would lend their  aid to the Legitimists in any  10 
+attempt  to  overthrow  Bonaparte.  These  gentlemen  seem  fully  resolved  to 
+run again through the traditionary cycles of restoration, Bourgeois-monarchy 
+and  Republic.  For  them  the  Republic  meant never  anything but,  "ôte-toi de 
+là,  que je  m'y mette, " and  if  they  cannot  take  themselves,  the  place  of their 
+rival,  they  will  at  least  inflict  upon  him  the  greatest  punishment  they  are  15 
+aware  of—the  loss  of  place.  The  parts  to  be  acted  have  already  been  dis 
+tributed.  The  generals,  the  ministers,  all  the  principal functionaries  are  al 
+ready  nominated.  The  danger  threatening  Bonaparte  from  this  side  is  a 
+military  insurrection which,  if  it  do  not lead to  the restoration of the  Bour 
+bons, may afford the occasion for a general outbreak. But after all this Mallet 20 
+conspiracy, dependant on the  support of the Cossacks, is no more dangerous 
+than  the  Ledm-Rollin  conspiracy,  dependant  on  the  support  of  the  Turks. 
+Let  me  remark,  en passant,  that  if  the  whole  French  emigration at London 
+and  Jersey  were  to  meet.  Ledru  would  hardly  venture  to  present  himself. 
+The  great  majority  of  the  French  refugees  belonging  to  different fractions 
+of  the  socialist  party,  have  joined  together  in  the  Société  des  Proscrits 
+Démocrates  et  Socialistes,  avowedly hostile to the pretentions of Ledru.  He 
+is  said to  possess  still  some  influence  with the  French peasantry, but power 
+must be  conquered, not in the  departments, but at Paris, and at Paris he will 
+meet with a resistance  he is  not the  man to  overcome. 
+
+30 
+
+25 
+
+The  serious dangers to be apprehended on the part of Bonaparte rise from 
+quite  a different quarter, viz.:  from the high prices of provisions, the  stagna 
+tion  of  trade,  and  the  utter  dilapidation  and  exhaustion  of  the  Imperial 
+exchequer. It was the peasantry who, in their  superstitious faith in the  magic 
+powers  of  the  name of  "Napoleon,"  and in the  golden promises  held out by  35 
+the hero of Strasburg, first imposed him on France.  For them the restoration 
+of  the  Bonaparte  dynasty  was  the  restoration  of their own supremacy, after 
+they had  been  abused  by  the  restoration,  speculated  upon by the  monarchy 
+of  July,  and  made by the  Republic to  pay the  expenses  of the revolution of 
+February.  They are  now disabused,  not only by dragonnades but by famine  40 
+too. Incendiarism spreads, at this moment, through France at an unparalleled 
+
+560 
+
+The  Russian Victory—Position of  England and  France 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+pace.  As  to  the  middle  classes,  they  were  foolish  enough  to  suspect  the 
+Assemblée  Nationale  of  having caused,  by the  disputes  and intrigues  going 
+on  among  its  different  fractions,  and  by  their  common  opposition  to  the 
+executive  power,  the  transitory  commercial  stagnation  of  1851.  They  de-
+serted  not  only  their  own  representatives,  but  they  provoked  intentionaUy 
+the  coup  d'état with  a  view  to  restore  what  they  called  "a  regular  Govern 
+ment,"  and  above  all,  "sound  business."  They  have  now  discovered  that 
+industrial  crises  are  neither  to  be  prevented  by  military  despotism  nor  al 
+leviated  by  its  stretching  public  credit to  its  utmost hmits,  exhausting it by 
+the  most  lavish  expenditure,  and  making the  financial  crisis  the  inevitable 
+partner  of  a  commercial  one.  The  middle  class  pine,  therefore,  for  a  new 
+change  of  power,  to  afford  them  at last  "a regular Government" and  "sound 
+business."  As  to  the  proletarians,  they  accepted  Bonaparte  from the  first 
+moment  only  as  a  transitory  necessity,  as  the  destroyer  of  the  république 
+cosaque,  and  their  avenger  on  the  party  of order.  Weakened  as  they  were 
+by successive defeats before the 2d of December, and fuUy occupied as they 
+were  during the years  1852  and  1853, they have had time to watch the occa 
+sion  when  general  causes  and  the  universal  discontent  of  ah  other  classes 
+would  enable  them  to  resume  their  revolutionary  work  anew. 
+
+20 
+
+The following Paris  commercial report will throw  some light on the social 
+
+state  of  France: 
+
+25 
+
+"The  state  of  commercial  affairs  in  Paris  during  the  last  week  is  not 
+satisfactory.  Except  the  manufacturers  who  are  preparing  New-Years 
+presents  for  the  shop-keepers,  and  those  employed  in  dress-making,  trade 
+appears to be at a complete stand-still. One great cause of this is the dearness 
+of  provisions  in  the  provinces,  which  prevents  the  mass  of  the  population 
+from  making  their  usual  purchases.  The wheat crop,  the  chestnuts, and  the 
+vintage  failed  simultaneously  in the  central departments  of  France,  and  the 
+peasants,  being  compelled to  make  sacrifices  in order to buy bread, deprive 
+30 themselves of every thing but articles of f irst necessity. The provincial letters 
+state  that  the  principal  portion  of  the  cotton  goods  offered  for  sale  at  the 
+late  fairs  found  no  buyers,  which easily  accounts  for  the  stagnation in trade 
+apparent  at  Rouen.  AU  exportation  is  confined  at  present  to  the  South 
+American  States.  The  markets  of  New-York  and  New-Orleans  are  repre-
+sented  as  glutted  with  French  produce,  and  consequently  no  orders  are 
+expected  from  those  quarters.  The  houses  which  fabricate  generally' for 
+Belgium and Germany have almost all suspended their works, all orders from 
+their  correspondents  abroad  having  ceased.  Business  must  be  duU  in Paris 
+when  the  Bank  of  France  finds,  as  it  does  at  present,  the  commercial büls 
+40  offered  for  discount  decrease  considerably  in  amount.  The  corn  market, 
+which  was  duU ten days  since, with declining prices,  has become  animated, 
+
+35 
+
+561 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+and the holders of wheat are more firm in their banks. The bakers have shown 
+a  greater  inclination to  purchase  flour,  and  several buyers  from  the  eastern 
+departments  have  definitively  arrested  the  downward  tendency  of  prices. 
+The  corn  factors  in  Paris  not being  able  to  execute  all  the  orders  received 
+on  Wednesday  last,  the  buyers  proceeded to  Havre, where  a decline  of 2f. 
+a  barrel  had  previously  been  announced.  Flour  immediately  on  the  arrival 
+of the buyers  rose from 44 f.  to 47 f.  the barrel,  and wheat from 83 f.  to 86 f. 
+the  measure  of  200 kilogrammes.  A  similar  rise  took place  in  the  markets 
+through the department of the North. The corn market at Strasbourg has been 
+well supplied, and wheat has declined 1 f. the hectolitre ; at Lyons the market 1 o 
+was quiet, but without a fall. Rye has again risen in Paris ; sales 12,000 quintals 
+of  oats  at  22 f.  9 c.  the  100 kilogrammes.  A  letter  from  Marseilles  of the  2d 
+inst.,  states that 341  ships, bearing 804,270 hectolitres of wheat, entered that 
+port  between  the  1st  and  30th  of  November.  These  arrivals  make 
+2,102,467 hectolitres  of wheat imported into  Marseilles by 714  ships, within  15 
+the  last 4 months." 
+
+5 
+
+Karl  Marx. 
+
+562 
+
+Karl  Marx 
+
+Palmerston's  Resignation 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3965, 31. Dezember 1853 
+
+Palmerston's  Resignation. 
+
+The  most  interesting  and  important  piece  of  intelligence  brought  by  the 
+steamer  Africa  is  the  resignation  of  Lord  Palmerston  as  a  member  of  the 
+Coalition  Ministry  under  Lord  Aberdeen.  This  is  a  master-stroke  of  that 
+5  unscrupulous  and consummate  tactician.  Those  journals  at London, which 
+speak  for  the  Ministry,  carefully  inform  the  public  that  the  event  does  not 
+grow  out  of the  Eastern  difficulty,  but that his  conscientious  Lordship,  like 
+a  true  guardian  of  the  British  Constitution,  quits  office  because  he  cannot 
+give  his  consent  to  a  measure  of  Parliamentary  Reform,  even  of the  pigmy 
+10  dimensions  natural  to  such  a Whig  as  Lord  John  Russell.  Such  is,  indeed, 
+the  official  motive  of  resignation  he  has  condescended  to  communicate  to 
+his  colleagues  of  the  Coalition.  But  he  has  taken  good  care  that  the  public 
+shall  have  a  different  impression  and  in  spite  of  all  the  declarations  of the 
+official  organs,  it  is  generally  believed  that  while  the  Reform  B ui  is  the 
+15  pretext,  the  Russian policy  of  the  Cabinet  is  the  real cause.  Such has been 
+for  some time, and especially since the close of the last session of Parliament, 
+the tenor of all the journals in his interest.  On various keys, and in multiform 
+styles, they have played a single tune, representing Lord Palmerston as vainly 
+struggling  against  the  influence of the Premier, and revolting at the ignomin-
+ious  part  forced  upon  him  in  the  Eastern  drama.  Rumors  have  been  in 
+cessantly  circulated  concerning  the  division  of  the  Ministry  into  two  great 
+parties,  and  nothing  has  been  omitted  to  prepare  the  British public  for  an 
+exhibition  of  characteristic  energy  from  the  chivalrous  Viscount.  The 
+comedy  having  been  thus  introduced,  the  mise  en scène arranged, the noble 
+25  Lord,  placed behind the  curtain,  has chosen, with astonishing sagacity, the 
+exact moment when his appearance on the  stage would be most startling and 
+effective. 
+
+20 
+
+Lord  Palmerston  secedes  from  his  friends  of the  Coalition just as Austria 
+has  eagerly  seized  the  proposition  for  new  conferences;  just as  the  Czar is 
+
+563 
+
+Karl Marx 
+
+5 
+
+spreading  wider  his  nets  of  intrigue  and  war,  effecting  an  armed  collision 
+between  the  Servians  and  Bosnians,  and  threatening  the  reigning prince  of 
+Servia with deposition  should  he  persist in remaining neutral in the conflict; 
+just  as  the  Turks,  relying  on  the  presence  of the  British and  French  fleets, 
+have  suffered the  destruction of  a flotilla and  the  slaughter of 5,000 men by 
+a Russian fleet three times  as powerful;  when Russian captains  are allowed 
+to  defy the British law  in British ports, and on board of British vessels ; when 
+the  dynastic  intrigues  of  the  "spotless  Queen"  and  her "German  Consort" 
+have  become  matters  of  public  notoriety;  and, lastly, when the  dull British 
+people, injured in their national pride abroad, and tortured by strikes, famine, 1 o 
+and  commercial  stagnation at home, begin to  assume  a threatening attitude, 
+and  have  nobody  upon  whom  to  avenge  themselves  but  their  own  pitiful 
+Government.  By retiring  at  such a moment,  Lord  Palmerston throws  off  all 
+responsibility  from  his  own  shoulders  upon  those  of  his  late  partners.  His 
+act  becomes  a  great  national  event.  He  is  transformed  at  once  into  the  15 
+representative  of the people against the  Government from which he secedes. 
+He  not  only  saves  his  own  popularity,  but  he  gives  the  last  finish  to  the 
+unpopularity  of  his  colleagues.  The  inevitable  downfall  of  the  present 
+Ministry  appearing  to  be  his work, he becomes  a necessary element of  any 
+that  may  succeed it.  He not only deserts  a doomed Cabinet, but he imposes  20 
+himself  on  its  successor. 
+
+Besides  saving  his  popularity  and  securing  a  prominent place in the  new 
+administration,  Lord  Palmerston  directly  benefits  the  cause  of  Russia,  by 
+withdrawing  at  the  present  momentous  crisis.  The  Coalition  Cabinet,  at 
+whose  procrastinating  ingenuity  Russian  diplomacy  has  mocked,  whose  25 
+Orleanist and  Coburg predilections have ever been suspected by Bonaparte, 
+whose  treacherous  and  pusillanimous  weakness  begins  even  to  be  under 
+stood  at  Constantinople—this  Ministry  will  now  lose what little  influence  it 
+may have  retained in the councils of the world.  An administration disunited, 
+unpopular,  not  relied  upon  by  its  friends,  nor  respected  by  its  foes;  con-  30 
+sidered  as  merely  provisional,  and  on  the  eve  of  dissolution;  whose  very 
+existence  has  become  a matter  of  doubt—such  an  administration is  the least 
+adapted  to  make  the  weight  of  Great  Britain  felt  in  the  balance  of  the 
+European  powers.  Lord Palmerston's withdrawal reduces the Coalition, and 
+with it England herself, to a nullity as far as foreign policy is concerned; and  35 
+never  has  there  existed  an  epoch when the  disappearance  of  England from 
+the  public  stage,  even for  a  week  or  a  fortnight,  could  do  so  much  for  the 
+Autocrat.  The  pacific  element  has  triumphed  over  the  warlike  one  in  the 
+councils  of  Great  Britain.  Such  is  the  interpretation  that  must  be  given  at 
+the courts  of Berlin, Paris and Vienna to Lord Palmerston's resignation; and  40 
+this  interpretation  they  will  press  upon  the  Divan,  already  shaken  in  its 
+
+564 
+
+M 
+
+Palmerston's  Resignation 
+
+self-confidence  by  the  last  success  of Russia, and consulting under the guns 
+of  the  united  fleet. 
+
+It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  since  Lord  Palmerston became  a member 
+of the Coalition Ministry, his public acts, as far as foreign policy is concerned, 
+5  have  been  limited  to  the  famous  gun-powder  plot,  and  the  avowed  em 
+ployment  of  the  British  police  as  spies  against  the  political  refugees;  to  a 
+speech wherein  he  jocosely treated  the  obstruction by Russia of the naviga 
+tion  of  the  Danube  as  of  no  account;  and,  lastly, to the  oration with which 
+he dismissed Parliament, assuring the Commons that all the Government had 
+10  done  in  the  Eastern  complication  had  been  right—that  they  might  quietly 
+disband  since the ministers remained at their posts, and pledging himself "for 
+the  honor  and  good  faith  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia." 
+
+Besides  the  general causes we  have enumerated, Lord Palmerston has had 
+a  special  reason  for  surprising the  world  with this  last  act of self-sacrificing 
+15  patriotism.  He has been found out.  His prestige has begun to wane, his past 
+career  to  be  known to the  public.  The  people  of  England  who  had not been 
+undeceived  by  his  avowed  participation  in  the  conspiracy  of  the  2d  of 
+December,  which  overthrew  the  French  Repubhc,  and  by  bis  gunpowder 
+comedy,  have  been  aroused  by  the  revelations  of  Mr. D a v id  U r q u h a r t, 
+20 who has vigorously taken his Lordship in hand. This gentleman, by a recently 
+published  work  called  the  Progress  of  Russia,  by  articles  in  the  English 
+journals,  and  especially  by  speeches  at  the  anti-Russian  meetings  held 
+throughout the  Kingdom, has  struck a blow at the political reputation of Lord 
+Palmerston  which  future  history  will  but  confirm.  Our  own  labors  in  the 
+cause  of  historical  justice  have  also  had  a  share,  which we  were  far  from 
+counting upon,  in the  formation of  a new  opinion in  England with regard to 
+this  busy  and  wily  statesman.  We  learn from  London,  quite unexpectedly, 
+that  Mr. Tucker has reprinted there and gratuitously circulated fifty thousand 
+copies  of an elaborate  article  in which,  some two months since, we exposed 
+30  his  Lordship's  true  character  and  dragged the  mask from his  public career. 
+The change in public feeling is not a pleasing one for its subject, and he thinks 
+perhaps,  to  escape  from the rising tide  of  reprehension,  or to  suppress  it by 
+his  present  coup.  We predict that it will not succeed, and that his lengthened 
+career  of  official  life  will  ere  long  come  to  a  barren  and  unhappy  end. 
+
+25 
+
+565 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+Progress  of  the  Turkish  War 
+December  22,  1853 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr. 3971, 9. Januar 1854 
+
+Progress  of the Turkish War. 
+
+After  a long delay we are at last in po ssession of official documents in relation 
+to the two victories which Russia so loudly boasts of and so liberally rewards. 
+We  allude,  of  course,  to  the  destruction of the Turkish  squadron at Sinope 
+and the engagement near Akaltzik, in Asia. These documents are the Russian 
+bulletins;  but  the  fact  that  the  Turkish  official  organ  has  maintained  a 
+profound  silence  on  the  subject,  when  its  communications,  if it had any to 
+make  should  have  reached  us  before  those  from  St. Petersburg,  makes  it 
+certain  that  the  Porte  has  nothing  agreeable  to  publish.  Accordingly  we 
+proceed,  on  the  information we  have,  to  analyze  the  events in question, in  10 
+order  to  make  our  readers  acquainted  with  the  real  state  of  the  case: 
+
+5 
+
+The  battle  of  Sinope  was  the  result  of  such  an  unparalleled  series  of 
+blunders  on the part of the Turks that the whole  affair can only be explained 
+by  the  mischievous  interference  of  Western  diplomacy  or by collusion with 
+the  Russians  of  some  parties  in  Constantinople connected with the French  15 
+and  English Embassies. In November, the whole Turkish and Egyptian  fleet 
+proceeded  to  the  Black  Sea,  in  order  to  draw  the  attention  of  the  Russian 
+Admirals  from  an  expedition  sent  to  the  coast  of  the  Caucasus  in  order to 
+land  supplies  of  arms  and  ammunition for the  insurgent  mountaineers.  The 
+fleet  remained  eighteen  days  at  sea without  meeting  with  a  single  Russian  20 
+man-of-war;  some  say  the  Russian  squadron  never  left  Sevastopol  during 
+all  that  time,  whereby  the  expedition  to  the  Caucasus  was  enabled  to 
+effect  its  object;  others  report  that,  being  well-informed  of  the  plans  of 
+the  Turks,  it withdrew  eastward,  and merely watched the vessels conveying 
+stores, which, in consequence, never reached the  Caucasian  shore, and had  25 
+to  return  to  Sinope,  while  the  main  fleet  reentered  the  Bosphorus.  The 
+great  amount  of  powder  on  board  the  Sinope  squadron,  which  caused  the 
+explosion  of  several  of  them  at  a  comparatively  early  period  of  the  en 
+gagement,  appears  to  be  a  proof  that  the  latter  version  is  correct. 
+
+566 
+
+Progress of the Turkish War · December 22,1853 
+
+5 
+
+Thus  seven  Turkish frigates,  two  steamers,  three  sloops, and one  or two 
+smaller  ships, together with  some transports,  were  abandoned in the harbor 
+of Sinope, which is little better than an open roadstead, formed by abay open 
+towards  the  sea,  and  protected  by  a  few  neglected  and  ill-constructed bat-
+teries,  the  best  of  which  was  a  castle  constructed  at  the  time  of the  Greek 
+Emperors,  and  most  likely  before  artillery  was  known  in  Europe.  How  it 
+happened  that  a  squadron  of  some  three  hundred  guns,  mostly  of  inferior 
+caliber, was thus abandoned to the tender mercies of a fleet of three times its 
+force  and  weight  of  metal,  at  that  point  of  the  Turkish  shore,  which  from 
+its  proximity  to  Sevastopol,  is  most  exposed to a Russian attack, while the 
+main  fleet  was  enjoying  the  tranquil  ripple  of  the  Bosphorus,  we  have  yet 
+to  learn.  We  know  that  the  dangerous  position  of  this  squadron  was  well 
+appreciated and warmly debated at head quarters; that the discordant voices 
+of  Turkish,  French  and  British  admirals,  were  loudly  heard in the councils 
+15  of  war,  and  that  the  ever-meddling  embassadors  were  there  also,  in  order 
+
+10 
+
+to  speak their  minds  upon  the  matter,  but  nothing  was  done. 
+
+25 
+
+In the mean time  it appears, according to  one  statement, that an Austrian 
+steamer  reported  at  Sevastopol  the  position  of  the  squadron.  The  Russian 
+official  report maintains  on the  contrary,  that Nachimoff  while  cruising off 
+20 the coast of Asia, descried the squadron, and took measures to attack it. But, 
+if  the  Russians  descried the Turks  at  Sinope,  the  Turks  from the tower  and 
+minarets  of  the  town  must  necessarily  have  descried  the  Russians  long 
+before.  How  then came  it to pass that the Turkish batteries were in such bad 
+trim,  when  a couple  of days' labor might have done a great deal toward their 
+repair?  How  happened  it  that the  Turkish  vessels  were at anchor in places 
+where  they  obstructed  the  fire  of  the  batteries,  and  were  not  shifted  to 
+moorings  more  fit  to  meet  the  threatened  danger?  There  was  time  enough 
+for  all this;  for  Admiral Nachimoff  states that he first  sent to  Sevastopol for 
+three  three-deckers  before  he  ventured  the  attack.  Six days, from  Novem-
+30  ber  24  to  November  30,  would  not  have  been  allowed  to  elapse  without 
+some  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Turks:  but indeed, the  report of  the Turkish 
+steamer  Ta'if,  which  escaped  to  Constantinople,  amply  proves  that  the 
+Turks  were  taken  by  surprise.  So  far,  then,  the  Russian  report  cannot  be 
+correct. 
+
+35 
+
+Admiral  Nachimoff  had  under  his  command  three  ships-of-the-line,  one 
+of them a three-decker,  six frigates, several steamers, and six or eight smaller 
+vessels, a force of at least twice the weight of metal of the Turkish squadron. 
+Yet he  did  not  attack until he got three more three-deckers, which, by them 
+selves,  should  have  been  quite  sufficient  to  perform  the  exploit.  With  this 
+40  disproportionate  superiority  he proceeded to the assault.  A fog,  or as  some 
+say,  the  use  of  the  British  flag,  enabled  him  to  approach  unmolested  to  a 
+
+567 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+distance of 500 yards.  Then the fight began. The Russians, not liking to stand 
+under  canvas  on a lee shore, dropped their anchors. Then the firing from the 
+two  moored  fleets,  without  any  naval  maneuvers,  and  having  rather  the 
+character  of  a  cannonade  on  shore,  went on for four  hours.  The  possibility 
+of  doing away with all naval tactics, with all movements, was very favorable 
+to  the  Russians,  whose  Black  Sea  fleet,  manned  almost  exclusively  with 
+"land-lubbers,"  and  especially  with  Polish Jews,  might have had very poor 
+success  if  opposed  to  the  well-manned  Turkish  ships  in  deep  water  .  Four 
+hours  were  required  by  the  Russians  before  they  could  silence  the  feeble 
+ships  of  their  opponents.  They had,  besides,  this  advantage, that any  stray  10 
+shot  on  their  part  would  do  harm either in the batteries  or in the town,  and 
+what  a  number  of  misses,  in  comparison  to  the  hits  they  must  have  made, 
+appears  from  the  almost  total  destruction  of  the  place,  accomplished  long 
+before  the  hostile  fleet  was  silenced.  The  Russian  report  says  only  the 
+Turkish  quarter  was  burnt  down,  and  that  the  Greek  quarter  escaped  as  if  15 
+by miracle.  This  is, however,  contradicted by better  authority, which states 
+that  the  whole  town  is  in  ruins. 
+
+5 
+
+Three  Turkish frigates  were  burnt during the  action, four were run ashore 
+and burnt  afterwards,  along  with  one  steamer  and the  smaller vessels.  The 
+steamer  Tai'f,  however,  cut her  cables, boldly  steamed  through the Russian  20 
+lines, and escaped to Constantinople, although chased by Admiral Kornilof f 
+with  three  Russian  steamers.  Considering  the  clumsiness  of  Russian  naval 
+maneuvers,  the  bad  position  of  the Turkish fleet in front,  and in the line  of 
+fire,  of 
+their  own  batteries,  and  above  all  the  absolute  certainty  of 
+destruction, it would have perhaps been better if the whole Turkish squadron 
+had  got under  weigh and  borne  down as  far  as  the  wind permitted  upon the 
+enemy.  The ruin of  some,  which could by no  means be avoided, might have 
+saved  at least  a portion of  the  squadron.  Of course the direction of the wind 
+must  have  decided  as  to  such  a  maneuver,  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether 
+Osman Pasha ever  thought of  such a  step  at all. 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+The victory of Sinope has no glory for the Russians, while the Turks fought 
+with almost unheard of bravery; not a single ship having struckits flag during 
+the  whole  action.  And  this  loss  of  a  valuable  portion  of  their  naval  force, 
+the  momentary  conquest  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  the  dejecting  moral  con 
+sequences  of  such  an  event upon  the  Turkish population,  army  and  navy,  35 
+is  entirely due to the "good offices" of Western diplomacy, which prevented 
+the  Turkish  fleet  from  standing  out  and  protecting  or  fetching  home  the 
+Sinope  squadron.  And it is equally due to the  secret information given to the 
+Russians  enabling  them  to  strike  the  blow  with  certainty  and  safety. 
+
+The  second  victory  of  which  the  Russians  boast,  came  off  at Akhaltzik,  40 
+
+in Armenia. The Turks have for some time past been checked in the offensive 
+
+568 
+
+Progress of the Turkish War · December 22, 1853 
+
+movements  which  they  had  effected  on  the  Georgian  frontier.  Since  the 
+taking  of  Shef  katil,  or  St.  Nicolas,  not  a  place  of  any  importance  has  been 
+taken,  nor  any  victory  gained  of  more  than  ephemeral  effect.  And  this  in  a 
+country  where  the  Russians  must fight under  all imaginable  disadvantages, 
+5  where  their  land  communications  with  Russia  are  reduced  to  two  roads 
+infested  by  insurgent  Circassians,  where  their  sea  communications  might 
+very  easily  be  cut off  or endangered,  and where  the Transcaucasian country 
+occupied by  them,  with Tiflis  for its  centre,  might be considered more  as  an 
+independent  State,  than  as  part  and  parcel  of  a mighty empire.  How  is  this 
+1 o check of the Turkish advance to be explained? The Turks accuse Abdi Pasha 
+of  treason  and  have  recalled  him;  and  certainly it is  very curious that Abdi 
+Pasha  is  the  only  Turkish  General  in  Asia,  who  has  been  allowed  by  the 
+,  Russians  to  gain local  and  partial  victories.  But  there  are  two  mistakes  on 
+the  part of the  Turks which explain the want of success in the beginning and 
+15 the actual defeat in due course afterward. They have spread and divided then-
+army upon all the long une from Batum to Bayazid; their masses are nowhere 
+strong  enough  for  a  concentric  attack  upon  Tiflis,  though  part  of them  are 
+at  the  present  moment,  enjoying  the  undisputed  and  useless  possession  of 
+the  city  of  Erivan.  The  country is barren and rocky,  and it may be  difficult 
+20 to feed a large army there ; but quick concentration of all resources and rapid 
+movements  are  the  best  means  against  famine  in  an  army.  Two  corps, one 
+for  covering  Batum  and  attacking  on  the  coast-line,  another  for  a  direct 
+march  upon Tiflis  through  the  valley of the  Kur would have been  sufficient. 
+But the Turkish forces have been divided and  subdivided without any neces-
+sity whatever, and to the almost entire disabling of every one of the different 
+corps. 
+
+25 
+
+In  the  second  place,  the  inactivity  in  which  diplomacy  held  the  Turkish 
+fleet  allowed the Russians to land two divisions of infantry (of the 5th corps) 
+in  Mingrelia,  and  thus  to  re-enforce  Prince  Woronzoff's Caucasian army by 
+30  nearly 20,000 men.  Thus  strengthened, he not only arrested the Turks of the 
+coast, but has  now  had  the  satisfaction of  seeing a corps under Gen. Andro-
+nikoff  deliver  the  beleaguered  fortress  of  Akhaltzik,  and  beat the  enemy on 
+the  open  field  near  that  town.  The  Russians  pretend  that  with  about 
+10,000 men  they  have  routed  18,000 Turks;  of  course  we  cannot  rely  upon 
+such statements; but must confess  that the  great number of irregulars in the 
+Turkish  Anatolian army  and the  almost total  absence  of  European officers, 
+particularly  in  the  higher  commands  and  on  the  staff,  must make  them  but 
+a  poor  match  for  an  equal  number  of Russians.  The  Russians  pretend  they 
+have  taken  ten  or  twelve  pieces  of  cannon,  which  may  be  true,  as  in  that 
+impassable  country the vanquished party must necessarily abandon most of 
+its  guns;  at  the  same  time  they confess  they have  made  only  120 prisoners. 
+
+40 
+
+35 
+
+569 
+
+Friedrich  Engels 
+
+This  amounts  to  a  confession  that  they  have  massacred  almost  all  the 
+wounded  on  the  field  of  battle,  they  being  necessarily  left  in  their  hands. 
+Besides,  they  prove  that  their  measures  for  pursuit  and  intercepting  the 
+retreat  of  at  least  part  of  the  enemy,  must  have  been  wretchedly  planned. 
+They  had  plenty  of  cavalry;  a  bold  charge  into  the  midst  of  the  fugitives 
+would  have  cut  off  whole  battalions.  But  this  action  offers,  so  far  as  our 
+reports  go,  but  little  military  or  political  interest. 
+
+On the Danube, the Russians have done nothing more than repeat the affan-
+by  which they  opened  the  campaign,  at Matchin,  a fort, on a projecting rock 
+opposite  Braila.  They  appear to  have  made little  impression.  We  have  also, 
+on  good  authority,  a  detailed  statement  of the  Turkish troops  concentrated 
+at Widdin. They consist of 34,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry, and 2,000 artillery, 
+with 66 field-guns, besides heavy artillery on the walls of Widdin,  and on the 
+redoubts  of  Kalafat.  Thus,  40,000 Turks  are  wasted  in  order to  occupy the 
+direct route  from Bucharest into  Servia.  Forty thousand men, chained down 
+to  extensive  fortifications  which  they  have  to  defend,  are  too  few  to  with 
+stand the  attack of  a large  army,  and  a great  deal too  many  to  defeat roving 
+expeditions of small bodies. With the force already collected at Shumla, these 
+40,000  men  would  there  be  worth  twice  their  number  elsewhere.  Their  ab 
+sence,  next  to  diplomatic interference, ruined the  operation of  Oltenitza.  It 
+is  impossible  that  Omer  Pasha  should  not  know,  that  if  he  stands  with 
+100,000 men between Silistria and Rustchuk, the Russians, in numbers  suffi 
+cient  to  do  mischief,  will  never  attempt  to  pass  by  him  in  order  to  throw 
+themselves  into  the  mountains  of  Servia.  Such  a  disposition  of  his  troops 
+cannot  accord  with  his  judgment,  and  he  must  chafe  desperately  at  the 
+maleficent  influences  which  force  it  upon  him. 
+
+570 
+
+ψ. 
+
+A N H A NG 
+
+Artikel,  die  mit  Marx'  oder  Engels'  Hilfe 
+verfaßt  wurden 
+
+Ernest  Jones 
+
+The  Storm's  First  Thunder 
+
+T he  S t o r m 's  F i r st  T h u n d e r. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 42,19. Februar 1853 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+The first thunder of the coming storm has rolled in Italy, smothered in a rain of blood, 
+or echoing only within  dungeon walls—it has passed  away—and the marked victims 
+of popular  and  national  vengeance,  saved  this once, exclaim:  "Quiet is restored!" 
+It is.  The ominous  and dreadful quiet that intervenes between the first burst of the 
+tempest  and  its  returning roar.  This  transient outbreak of  the  prostrate giant, this 
+heaving  of  Enceladus  beneath  his  burning  mountain,  is  a  terrible  warning  to the 
+oppressors of the world. At one electric touch,  at one  voice, at one cry of "Rise!" 
+though issued from a distance of near  a thousand miles,  all Italy thrills  and  moves 
+from  end  to end. Napoleon trembles on his bridal throne, and multiplies arrests in 
+Paris;  a dangerous movement runs through the very ranks of Austria's armies—and 
+the thrones  of Europe  vibrate to their foundations beneath an unseen blow. Verily! 
+there is  hope for Italy  and the world. 
+
+Fellow  countrymen!  The  facts  of  this  noble  rising  will  be  distorted—are  being 
+15  distorted by that vilest of  all party panders, the British Press.  Every calumny will 
+be heaped upon it, and the chartered purveyors of lies, the class papers, will vie with 
+each other to turn it into ridicule, or cover it with obloquy.  Let us, therefore, give 
+you a succinct account, from the fountainhead, of this, the noblest act of unhesitating 
+heroism in the  modern  world. 
+
+20  Milan, the vast and splendid capital of Lombardy, a fortified town—coerced by a 
+powerful citadel, is garrisoned and surrounded by forty thousand Austrian soldiers, 
+whose stern disciplined masses can be brought simultaneously to bear on any given 
+point.  A  terrible  artillery  is  housed  in  its  citadel—that  domineers  over  an utterly 
+disarmed  city.  Not  a  musket  or  a  pike  was  to  be  found  in  the  possession  of  the 
+25  Milanese. Based in this force, Austria hung, whipped, imprisoned, and murdered its 
+countless  victims,  and  that terrible tyranny marched on through a deluge  of blood 
+and tears, in a course of slaughter, bigotry, and persecution that has astounded the 
+modern  world,  and even called forth the  sympathy and protests  of Prussian Kings 
+and British aristocrats—the last people on the earth likely to help the oppressed. In 
+the  midst  of  all  this,  two  vile  and  degenerate  classes—the  Italian aristocracy  and 
+bourgeoisie—bowed their bare necks unmurmuring to the yoke—the former content 
+if they could kick their heels as the lacqueys of lacqueys in the palaces of old Lombard 
+
+30 
+
+575 
+
+Ernest Jones 
+
+princes now held by Austrian slaves, the latter, if they could traffic, and plunder the 
+native, or cheat the English and French fools who passed squandering through their 
+towns.  Not  so  the  working  men—the  proletarians  from whom,  and through whom 
+alone, the hope  and liberation of the world can come.  The word having been given 
+by  Mazzini  in  England,  who thought that the  Montenegrin war by drawing off the 
+Austrian forces,  afforded  a favourable opportunity; that the Protestant persecution 
+in  Sardinia  would  predispose  the  Piedmontese,  and  that  the  terrible  excitement 
+occasioned by a successful revolt in Italy would prevent Napoleon from stirring with 
+his  army  from  Paris—while  the  consecutive  explosion of Hungary would intercept 
+Russian invasion, and distract Austrian power—the word having been given—up rose 10 
+the glorious working men of Milan and Monza, unhesitating, self-devoted, and heroic. 
+Alas! the leaders miscalculated sadly: Montenegro had just drawn 200,000 Russians 
+on  the  Turco-Hungarian  frontier—all  ready  to  coerce  Hungary,  and  sufficient  to 
+prevent  a  rising.  This  anticipated  rupture  with  France,  had  just  caused  Austrian 
+armaments to concentrate in the south-west; and liberal religious concessions already 15 
+made,  and more  promised, in  Sardinia,  had  disarmed  the  indignation of  the  Pied 
+montese. No occasion could have been more inopportune. But what cared the noble 
+working men of Lombardy. Their leaders told them to rise—and they rose like  flame 
+from a volcano!  And  against what odds! 
+
+5 
+
+There spread the glorious city, in the pride of the carnival. The rich were revelling 20 
+
+in the smile of their Austrian masters—the rich nobles and merchants, who welcome 
+their German tyrants, since it saves them from beholding the triumph of democracy 
+which shall  sweep away their monopolies and splendours. The luxuries and parties 
+of these bastard sons of Italy have long outraged the people—these knaves who joined 
+the foreign murderer, in dancing and laughing over the graves of their own country-  25 
+men.  Such was the indignation, that several of the  common newspaper  statements 
+actually ascribe the insurrection to the anger of the starving poor at these festivities 
+of the wealthy. One such report says:—"The principal object was to frighten the rich, 
+because they gave so many balls, and La Scala (the theatre) is so much frequented. 
+...  has  received  some  frightful  anonymous  letters, because he has given and is to  30 
+give  some  grand  balls."  Fancy,  these  sons  of  Mammon dancing and  singing and 
+feasting  amid  the  blood  and  tears  of  their debased and  crucified nation!! 
+
+That very night there was to be  a splendid ball at the Duchess of Visconti's, and 
+
+another at a noble  club—that  of the  Marino. 
+
+It was the 6th of February, a Sunday in the Carnival. The Austrian Government  35 
+
+were aware that an explosion was about to take place, and were armed at all points. 
+In the morning a rumour began to  spread, that at two there would be  a rising—but, 
+there was a perfect calm in the city, and, owing to a heavy rain, fewer people in the 
+streets  than usual.  The  patriots  themselves  suspected that their enemy was on his 
+guard—but  the  word  had  been  given  from  the  exiles  in  England,  and  they  never  40 
+wavered  for  a  moment.  At five  o'clock—a band of  50 men, were  seen marching in 
+serried order, on the citadel. They were armed with nothing but long knives, all other 
+arms  having  been  long  since  taken  away  by  the  Austrians,  so  complete  was  the 
+disarmament of the people. Readers, I ask you to admire the heroism of these 50 men, 
+who, armed only with knives, march to attack the citadel of a garrison and surrounding 45 
+
+576 
+
+The  Storm's  First Thunder 
+
+army of 40,000 of the finest troops in Europe. They were working men. They rose 
+at the call of their exiled chief for the salvation of their country, in the holiest cause 
+that ever consecrated arms. These are designated by the "Times" and other papers— 
+"a band of bad subjects, of the lowest grade of the city,"—and "alow rabble of ragged 
+5  persons."  Shame  on  the  Press  that  dares  to  print  such  words,  so  applied,  in  its 
+columns.  "The bourgeois  did not join,"  says  the  "Basle Gazette;" "the poordevus 
+all belong to the labouring classes,"  says the "Parlamento." Yes! it was the people 
+who rose for Italy, while the noble prepared his feasts, the priest blessed the murder 
+er's bayonet, and the tradesman stood looking on, turning his money in his pocket, 
+
+10  while his countrymen were being slaughtered before his eyes. 
+
+15 
+
+The little band marched on undismayed against the citadel, amid a general silence, 
+broken only by the tolling of alarm bells, rung by the insurgents in three churches. 
+The guard ran to arms, but, ere they could close the gate, the insurgents were already 
+within,  and a dreadful  encounter ensued, between the well-armed-guard, and these 
+few men armed only with short daggers.  Several Austrian officers and soldiers fell 
+in the  struggle, but ere the  assailants could push on further to the place where the 
+arms of the garrison were kept, the gates were closed before them, and behind, and 
+they  died fighting  in  a long  heroic  struggle,  listening  with their last breath for the 
+answering sounds of insurrection in the streets. There, another band of about thirty 
+20  or forty,  threw themselves  against the  viceregal palace,  and here  also, they over 
+powered  the  guard,  killing  officers  and  men—and  maintaining with  their wretched 
+arms a terrible encounter, isolated in the stronghold of their foes, for upwards of an 
+hour! Till the troops mustering, marched in their rear, and exterminated them by a 
+cowardly fusillade. We have heard much and read much of feats of daring heroism, 
+25  but  here  were  two  little  bands,  not  mustering  100 conjointly,  attacking,  in broad 
+daylight, the two strongholds of an army of 40,000 men, throwing their lives on the 
+hazard  of  the  die,  in the  hope  that the  noble  self-sacrifice would have roused the 
+servile thousands of the capital to action, and lighten the beacon of revolution through 
+Italy. But without, all remained  silent.  Except an isolated attack here and there on 
+30 desultory guards, by detached portions of the little band of glorious conspirators, and 
+the  gathering  of  slight  crowds  from  morbid  curiosity,  the  population  of  the  city 
+remained  dead  and tame!  Either they misdoubted the truth of the proclamation of 
+Mazzini calling on them  to rise, or that the latter had lost his influence and hold on 
+the Italian people. Alas! that such heroes should be sacrificed in vain! Let them not 
+35  call this heroism rashness; they obeyed the command of their leaders—and, indeed, 
+it appears that, Aadthe masses risen, success would have been certain, temporarily, 
+at least—for the Austrian press itself says :—"For one hour the military were paralysed, 
+and had a general rising taken place, it would, in all probability, have proved success 
+ful."  What caused the failure? The  Hungarian soldiers  were  summoned to revolt— 
+the Italian people were ordered by Mazzini to rise—who assured the Milanese that 
+the soldiers would go over and the rising be universal. Only two or three Grenadiers 
+allowed  themselves to  be quietly disarmed.  The  reason of this  signal failure of the 
+people, is, however, our Italian friends  assure us, not to be found in a decay of the 
+Italian spirit, which is still as warm and true as ever. Perhaps had Kossuth appeared 
+in person, the old enthusiasm would have kindled up, and with exultant Eljens the 
+
+45 
+
+40 
+
+577 
+
+Ernest Jones 
+
+veterans  of  Komorn  and  Pesth would  have  rallied  around  the  ensign of universal 
+freedom.  Perhaps,  if  Mazzini  or  Saffi had come down from their refuge in Bellin-
+zona, confidence would have been given to the proletarians and sympathy awakened 
+in the liberal portion of the middle class. But as it was, after the terrible experience 
+of  '48  and  '49,  it  needed  something  more  than  paper  summonses  from  distant 
+leaders  to  cause  the  men of  Milan once  again to  evoke  the  fires  of those terrible 
+volcanoes,  that  in  the  form  of  citadel and forts  surrounded their once bombarded 
+City of the Plains. 
+
+5 
+
+The difficulty of reaching the scene of action without being arrested midway, can 
+form the only excuse for those who urged others to throw their lives upon the cast,  10 
+not  risking  their  own.  Mazzini,  however,  went  as  near  as  perhaps  he  dared—he 
+hovered  in the Italian confine, ready,  doubtlessly,  when the  sword had  shaken the 
+strictness of Austrian cordons, to  plunge  into the centre of the conflict. 
+
+But revolutions are never made to order—they are the spontaneous combustion of 
+
+long  suffering,  smouldering below,  but breaking outward at the touch of accident,  15 
+and triumphant only in the  combination of courage with favouring opportunities. 
+
+We have thus  succinctly dwelt upon this great event, because we believe it to be 
+the precursor of others far greater; because it has fully revealed the weakness of the 
+European  tyrants:  one  hundred  men almost unarmed, drove  Giulay, the Governor 
+General, in fright out of Milan, balanced the  military despotism for two hours, and  20 
+terrified every crowned and mitred head in continental Europe—aye ! even sent a thrill 
+of fear to the aristocratic reactionists in England; and, lastly, because of the insolent 
+mis-representations  that  will  be  heaped  on  this  band  of  heroes.  They  are  called 
+"assassins"  because  they  wield  daggers—the  last  weapons  left  them  by  Austrian 
+disarmament—but the daggers were wielded in brave open fight, in broad day, against  25 
+an armed foe, expecting (as the Austrian papers themselves tell us), their attack; they 
+are called "rabble," "low" and "dissolute," because they are poor; they will be called 
+plunderers and robbers, though not one outrage of the kind was perpetrated by them, 
+because  they  sought to wrest their beautiful country from the robber and the plun 
+derer.  But they are an advanced guard of the coming army of democracy, sent out  30 
+too  early  and  too  unprepared,  to  fall  a  useless  sacrifice  for  their  great  cause, but 
+indicating by  the very fact of their advance and death, that the vast host to which 
+they belong, is silently but surely gathering up and marching on behind them. Honour 
+to their memories, and glory to their effort! The shootings and hangings have begun 
+already—the imprisonings and unknown murders—but history will dip her pen in their  35 
+holy blood, when she  shall write the brightest passages of European liberation. 
+
+578 
+
+Ernest  Jones 
+A  Pamphlet  on  the  "Revelations  Concerning  the  Trial 
+of  the  Communists  at  Cologne" 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr.47, 26. März 1853 
+Our readers will probably remember the police infamies we revealed on the occasion 
+of  the  Cologne  trials.  Dr. Marx has  issued  a pamphlet entitled,  "Revelations con 
+cerning  the  trial  of  the  Communists  at  Cologne,"  in which he  exposes  the whole 
+conspiracy  and  corruption  of  the  Prussian  Government  officials,  from  the  Crown 
+5  Ministers to the lowest police agent, and the London embassy. This pamphlet was 
+published  by  Mr.  Schabelitz in Basle. Two thousand copies of it have been seized 
+on the  Baden frontier,  and burnt at the request of the Prussian Government. At the 
+same time a state prosecution has been instituted against Schabelitz. How much the 
+Prussian Government fears lest the public should know the contents of the pamphlet, 
+is  evinced by  the fact that the  Minister for  Foreign Affairs in his circular-letter to 
+the  Prussian authorities  has  given  it a false  name,  calling it  the  "Theory of Com 
+munism." The pamphlet must be the more disagreeable to the Prussian Government, 
+since the perjured Stieber, who was disclaimed by the Procurator himself, was hissed 
+and hooted wherever he showed himself, has been rewarded for his services by being 
+15  entrusted  with the  direction of the Berlin police. He is now the third power in the 
+
+10 
+
+Prussian  State. 
+
+579 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+Prosperität  in  Europa  —  Lohnkämpfe  der Arbeiter — 
+Bonapartismus — 
+Der  preußisch-österreichische  Handelsvertrag 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 10, 4. Mai 1853 
+
+Manchester, 12. April. 
+
+Die  Arbeiteragitationen,  welche regelmäßig die Perioden der Prosperität begleiten, 
+sind hier, wie in den Vereinigten Staaten, an der Tagesordnung, nur mit dem Unter 
+schied,  daß man sich hier weit weniger, wie dort, auf die  Forderungen des Augen 
+blicks beschränkt, sondern sich mit dem Bewußtsein ihrer Unzulänglichkeit für den 
+ernsteren  Kampf  organisirt,  dessen  Ausbruch  unfehlbar  mit  dem  Aufhören  der 
+Prosperität und dem Anbrechen der Krisis zusammenfällt. Die Forderungen höheren 
+Arbeitslohnes  haben hier aber  eine Erscheinung hervorgerufen, welche eigenthüm-
+lich  in  ihrer  Art  ist.  Trotz  der  dringenden  Anforderungen  des  Weltmarktes,  der 
+Belebtheit des Handels, lassen verschiedene Fabrikanten nur „kurze Zerr" arbeiten, 10 
+was  sonst nur in den Perioden der  Stockung geschieht. 
+
+5 
+
+„Die Lebhaftigkeit des Handels" — sagt darüber Ernest Jones in seinem „People's 
+Paper" — „und die Auswanderung haben eine temporäre Verminderung des Arbeiter-
+Ueberschusses  herbeigeführt, und  diese, in Verbindung mit der Preissteigerung der 
+Lebensbedürfnisse hat die arbeitenden Klassen hier und dort zur Forderung höherer  15 
+Löhne  getrieben.  Dieses  Kurze-Zeit-Arbeiten  ist  ein  Kniff,  um  einen  künstlichen 
+Ueberschuß  zu schaffen und einen Entschuldigungsgrund für die Nichterhöhung der 
+Löhne. Wahrlich, diese Baumwollen-Lords  sind unergründlich, wie die  See." 
+
+Wollte  man  von  dieser  theilweisen  Arbeitsbeschränkung  auf  eine  Abnahme  der 
+Spekulation  schließen,  würde  man  einen sehr falschen Schluß machen.  Besonders  20 
+in  der  Baumwollen-Manufaktur  erreicht  dieselbe  im  Gegentheil  eine  Höhe,  daß 
+Einem  fast  schwindlich wird,  während einzelne  Zweige  der Baumwollen-Industrie 
+(grobe Zeuge, domestics) ganz darnieder liegen. Vor der Ueberspekulation glaubt sich 
+die  Spekulation  dadurch  zu retten,  daß  sie  nur in Amerika und Frankreich (Eisen 
+bahnen mit englischem Golde) en gros erscheint, hier sich aber ganz zerstückelt und  25 
+gleichsam en detail zeigt, wodurch indessen weiter nichts erreicht wird, als daß der 
+Schwindel  alle  Artikel infizirt.  — Der ganz abnorme Winter und die nicht weniger 
+ungewöhnliche  Frühjahrswitterung müssen dem  Korn geschadet haben, und wenn, 
+wie  es  meistentheils  der  Fall  ist,  noch  ein  abnormer  Sommer  folgt,  so  fallen  die 
+Ernte-Aussichten vollständig in's Wasser. Es ist nichts weniger, als wahrscheinlich,  30 
+daß  sich die gegenwärtige Prosperität über den Herbst hinaus halten sollte. 
+
+Inzwischen blamirt sich seit zwölf Monaten jetzt das dritte englische Ministerium, 
+und  zwar  das  letzte  welches  möglich  ist  ohne  direkte  Intervention  der  radikalen 
+Bourgeoisie.  Nach  einander  scheitern  Whigs,  Tories  und  Coalitionisten  nicht  am 
+
+580 
+
+Prosperität in Europa — Lohnkämpfe der Arbeiter — Bonapartismus 
+
+Steuer-Defizit sondern am Ueberschuß. Damit ist die ganze Politik der alten Parteien 
+charakterisirt  und  zugleich  ihre  äußerste  Ohnmacht.  Wenn  die  jetzigen  Minister 
+purzeln,  so kann England nicht mehr regiert werden ohne bedeutende Ausdehnung 
+des legalen (d. i.  stimmfähigen) Landes, und dieses Ereigniß wird wahrscheinlich in 
+
+5  den Beginn der Krisis fallen. 
+
+Die  dauernde  Langeweile der Prosperität macht es dem unglücklichen Bonaparte 
+fast unmöglich,  seine Würde zu behaupten;  die Welt ennuyirt sich und er ennuyirt 
+sie. Leider kann er nicht alle vier Wochen von Neuem heirathen. Dieser Schwindler, 
+Säufer und falsche  Spieler geht daran zu Grunde,  daß  er genöthigt ist,  zum Schein 
+10  Engel's  „Fürstenspiegel" in Praxis zu setzen. Der Lumpacius als „Vater des Vater 
+landes"! Den Gipfelpunkt seiner Größe hat er bereits hinter sich, ohne es zu etwas 
+Großem gebracht zu haben; doch die Hauptsache ist, daß er nicht allein sich selbst 
+prostituirt, daß sich in ihm alle die Klassen prostituiren, die sich unter seinen Schutz 
+geflüchtet haben, die „alten Parteien", die ihre gesellschaftliche Suprematie nur noch 
+15  durch den Dolch dieses Theaterprinzen und Meuchelmörders zu behaupten wußten. 
+
+— Dabei kann er nicht einmal Krieg anfangen: bei der geringsten Bewegung seinerseits 
+überall geschlossene  Glieder,  strotzend von  Bayonneten.  Dabei läßt die Ruhe den 
+Bauern  eine  sehr  erwünschte  Zeit zum  Nachdenken,  wie  der  Mann,  der  Paris  zu 
+Gunsten  der  Bauern  niederzudrücken  versprach,  jetzt  mit  dem  Gelde  der  Bauern 
+20  Paris  verschönert,  und  wie  die  Hypotheken und  Steuern, trotz aller Finanzexperi 
+mente, von denen nicht allein Bonapartisten, sondern selbst Sozialisten, wie Weitling 
+u. Α.,  die Rettung der Welt erwarten, eher zu- als abnehmen. — Immerhin mag die 
+Polizei  den  offenen  Manifestationen  der  Volksmeinung  entgegentreten,  wie  es 
+Hr.  Maupas  nach  dem  Erscheinen  der  20  000  Proletarier  bei  dem Begräbnisse der 
+25 Mad. Raspail gethan; immerhin mag sie die Colportage von Büchern und Broschüren 
+unter  ihre besondere  Ueberwachung  stellen, um die  „Volksmoral" gegen verderb 
+liche Einflüsse zu schützen, — die Verbreitung solcher Lehren, die aus den nackten 
+Thatsachen  entspringen,  kann  sie  nicht  hindern, ohne in die Action der Regierung 
+selbst einzugreifen.  Und wenn in dieser sonst keine Methode ist,  so ist wenigstens 
+
+30  Methode darin, wie sie den Boden für die nächste Revolution vorbereitet. 
+
+35 
+
+In Preußen hat die Regierung sich die Bourgeoisie mit der Einkommenssteuer nicht 
+übel  auf  den  Hals  gehetzt.  Einkommenssteuer  und  eine  feudal-bureaukratische 
+Regierung!  Die  Steuerquoten  werden  von  den  Bureaukraten  mit  der  größten  Un 
+verschämtheit  beliebig  erhöht,  und  mit  welcher  Wollust  diese  edlen  Federfuchser 
+jetzt in den Handlungsgeheimnissen und  Geschäftsbüchern sämmtiicher Kaufleute 
+herumwühlen,  davon mag sich Jeder leicht eine Vorstellung machen,  der glücklich 
+genug war, diese Sorte preußischer Staatsdiener aus eigener Anschauung kennen zu 
+lernen.  Selbst  die  stockpreußischsten  Geschäftsleute  schäumen vor  Wuth,  daß  sie 
+die  Segnungen  des  konstitutionell-patriarchalisch-preußischen  gouvernement à bon 
+40  marché so bis auf die Hefe durchkosten müssen. — Die preußische Staatsschuld, vor 
+1848 circa 67 Millionen Thaler, muß seitdem auf das Vierfache angeschwollen sein, 
+und schon wieder sind neue Anleiheprojekte im Schwünge. Der dicke König würde 
+seine  Schweißtropfen aus  den Märztagen gewiß gern noch einmal schwitzen, wenn 
+ihm  dieser  Credit  garantirt  würde  bis  an  sein  seliges  Ende.  Dabei  hat ihm  Louis 
+45  Napoleon den  Zollverein wieder auf die Beine bringen helfen,  Oesterreich hat aus 
+
+581 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+
+Furcht vor Krieg klein beigegeben, und nun, Herr, lasse Deinen Diener mit Frieden 
+in die Grube fahren! 
+
+Die  Oesterreicher thun ihr  Möglichstes, um  das,  so  weit es der Steuerdruck er 
+laubte,  vor  dem  Mailänder  Putsch  ganz  in  Handel  und  Prosperität  aufgegangene 
+Italien wieder in Bewegimg zu setzen, und wenn das Ganze nur noch ein Paar Monate 
+so  fortgeht,  ist  Europa  ausgezeichnet  vorbereitet  und  es  bedarf nur noch des  An 
+stoßes der Krise. Dazu kommt, daß die unerhörte und lange Prosperität—seit Anfang 
+'49 — die Kräfte der erschöpften Parteien — so weit sie nicht wie die monarchischen 
+in Frankreich bereits ganz verschlissen sind — viel rascher wieder restaurirt hat, als 
+dies  früher  nach  1830 bei lange  schwankenden und im Ganzen farblosen Handels-
+verhältnissen der Fall war. Auch war 1848 blos das Pariser Proletariat, später Ungarn 
+und  Italien,  durch  ernste  Kämpfe  erschöpft,  denn  die  Insurrektionen Frankreichs 
+nach dem Juni waren ja kaum der Rede werth und ruimrten schließlich nur die alten 
+monarchischen  Parteien.  Dazu  das  komische Resultat der Bewegung in allen Län 
+dern, an dem Nichts ernsthaft und wichtig ist, als eben die kolossale historische Ironie 
+und  die  Koncentration  der  russischen  Kriegsressourcen,  so  daß  es  selbst bei  der 
+allernüchternsten Betrachtung der Dinge unmöglich erscheint, daß die gegenwärtige 
+Sachlage  das  Frühjahr  1854 noch überdauern kann. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+582 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+L.S.D.,  or  Class  Budgets,  and  Who's  Relieved  by  Them 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 51, 23. April 1853 
+
+L . S . D .,  or  C l a ss  B u d g e t s, 
+
+a nd  W h o 's  R e l i e v ed  by  T h e m. 
+
+Gladstone has brought forth his Budget. We have heard two cocks on a barn  floor 
+crowing against each other, in style somewhat similar to that of the two Chancellors 
+5  of the Exchequer—Ex and Actual—on the floor of the House of Commons—with this 
+difference, that the Whig Bantam has borrowed some of the notes of the Conservative 
+Turkey.  Last week we analysed that portion of Mr. Gladstone's financial plan which 
+deals with the National Debt, and showed how it was a miserable paltering with the 
+question, and a mere matter of convenience to usurers, stockjobbers, and merchants, 
+to  facilitate and cheapen their transactions.  We shall see, on the present occasion, 
+that the Budget is a class Budget—a middle class Budget—written by an aristocratic 
+pen.  We will, first, give a brief outline of this notable affair:— 
+
+10 
+
+I.—As  to Expenditure and Revenue: 
+The  Chancellor  states  that  the  National  Expenditure  for  the  present  year  will 
+15  exceed  that  of  the  last, by £1,400,000!!  A promising way of opening a Budget of 
+
+Financial Reform. The cause of the increase is not less encouraging. 
+
+It  comprises  an  increase  in our  naval  force  of £617,000;  in the  army and  com 
+missariat  of  £90,000;  for  the  ordnance  £616,000;  for  the  militia  £230,000.  While 
+education,  the  arm  of  enlightenment  and  the  defence  of  knowledge,  receives  an 
+increase  of  only £100,000.  The total estimated  expenditure  of the  country  for the 
+current year, is placed at £52,183,000. The total income is estimated at £52,990,000-
+showing  a  surplus  of £807,000, from which, however, £100,000 is deducted for the 
+packet service, and altogether an available  surplus predicted of £500,000. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+We now approach 
+11—The Financial Scheme. 
+Here the Chancellor deals:—Firstly, With the Income Tax; and makes no distinction 
+between fixed  and precarious incomes. He proposes to reduce, after two years, the 
+tax from 7d. to 6d. in the pound. Then, after two years more, from 6d. to 5d. for three 
+years—to extend the tax to Ireland, and to lower it so as to embrace incomes of £100 
+30  per annum. This, he says, "will not touch upon the ranks of labour." The incomes 
+between £100 and £150 are to pay only 5d. in the pound. The effect of this will be, 
+to lighten the burdens of the rich, and cast that alleviation as a weight upon the less 
+
+583 
+
+t 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+
+rich. The wealthy tradesman is to pay less, but, to make up for it, the poor tradesman 
+is to pay where he did not pay directly before. This is strange justice—for four years, 
+it is true, the man of £100 ist to pay 2d. in the pound less than he of £150, or £150,000-
+but after that period  they pay the  same—while after two  years the rich man comes 
+into  the  benefit  of  a  reduction  effected  by  taxing  the  poorer  one.  Our  notion  of 
+taxation would  far  sooner  incline  to  a graduated  scale in which the percentage in 
+creased with the amount of the income, for 10,000 fivepences are less to the man of 
+£10,000 per annum, than 100 fivepences to him of £100. So much for Whig Finance— 
+with a specious, paltry, and roundabout tinkering, it gradually but surely lightens the 
+burdens of the rich and increases the burdens of the poor. As to saying that the Income 10 
+Tax does  not affect the working man, it is a patent absurdity, for under our present 
+social system of employer and employed, the middle class man generally indemnifies 
+himself for additional  taxation in diminished wages  or  increased prices. 
+
+5 
+
+Secondly,  The  Chancellor  proceeds  to  the  legacy  duties.  Here  he  relieves  the 
+
+sons-in-law and daughters-in-law from the "relations' " duty of 10 per cent, reducing 15 
+theirs  to 7 per cent—infinitesimal boon!—and includes all property within the opera 
+tions of the tax, the succession to rateable property being taxed on the life interest. 
+By this means he adds £2,000,000 to the taxation of the country, and takes credit to 
+himself for supporting skill and industry as against property. This clause recognises 
+a principle,  and  is  a  significant  concession, extorted by industrial and commercial  20 
+development from propertied monopoly.  It is, we repeat, a concession; but one the 
+evasion of which is not only easy, but may possibly have been borne in mind by the 
+propertied legislators  of the financial world. 
+
+Thirdly,  The  stamp  duties  for receipts  are  to be  repealed,  and  the affixing of a 
+
+penny postage stamp to a receipt of any amount is in future to be sufficient. A great  25 
+measure  of  convenience—to  the  rich—in which the increased use of  stamps is  sup 
+posed to counterbalance the loss of revenue, but in which, again, no benefit is con 
+ferred  on  the  working  classes,  in  but  very  few  of  whose  transactions  matter  of 
+sufficient value  (£5) to  demand a  stamp  ever comes under consideration. 
+
+Fourthly, The Advertisement Duty is reduced to 6d., instead of  Is. 6d., as now.  30 
+
+This  is  another instance of miserable tinkering.  No  sound reason can be advanced 
+for keeping the  sixpence if you give up the shilling—inasmuch as the cumbrous and 
+expensive machinery for collecting the sixpence will eat up the proceeds of the tax! 
+But the reason may possibly be, not to have to give up the posts and appointments 
+connected with the  levying  of that impost.  Supplements to newspapers containing  35 
+advertisements only—are to go free by post. Both these clauses are a concession to 
+the  middle  class—while  the  retention  of  the  newspaper  stamp  still fronts  with its 
+massive barrier the spread of Democratic education. "The present papers shall have 
+advantages,"  says  the  Chancellor,  "but  new  ones,  and cheaper  ones,  shall  not be 
+started." 
+
+40 
+
+Fifthly, The Tax on Life Assurance is reduced from 2s. 6d. to 6d.—another instance 
+of the same paltering spirit; indentures of apprenticeship, without consideration, from 
+£1  to  2s.  6d.;  attorneys' certificates from £12 and £8 to £9 and £6; and the articles 
+of  clerks  from £120  to  £80.  The  first and  two  last items  of the  above  are  again  a 
+manifest relief to the middle class, but not the shadow of a benefit to the poor—while  45 
+
+584 
+
+L.S.D., or Class Budgets, and Who's  Relieved by Them 
+
+the tax of 6d. is kept on advertisements, the Newspaper Stamp Duties and the Taxes 
+on  Paper  are  retained,  in  order  that those  on  servants,  dogs,  and  horses, may be 
+reduced to benefit the  rich. 
+
+Sixthly, In Scotland and Ireland an addition is to be made to the Spirit Duties—and 
+
+5 
+
+the distillers are to have  an allowance for "waste." 
+
+Seventhly, Tradesmen's Licences (another boon to the middle class) are to be more 
+
+equalised. 
+
+Eighthly, The Soap Duties, and a host of others, are to be dealt with, and the Duty 
+on Tea is to be reduced from 2s.  2ll4d. to Is.  lOd. up to '54; to Is. 3d. to '56; and to 
+Is. after that date. 
+
+10 
+
+Such is a fair outline of the Whig Budget; and we ask our readers whether a more 
+contemptible piece  of  "Penny-legislation," to use the Chancellor's own expression, 
+ever emanated from the Treasury Bench? It is plausible, specious, and sets forth some 
+showy  points;  but  what  real  benefit,  what  real  relief,  is  conferred on the working 
+15  classes  of this  country?  The  reduction of  the  duties  on  soap  and  tea are the only 
+features  at which one  can catch; but  small indeed is  the relief thus  conferred.  The 
+margin has everywhere been nicely measured, beyond which the working man would 
+gain—the aristocrat and middle classes lose; and the transgression of that margin has 
+been  studiously  avoided.  The  Budget  is  likely  to  catch the thoughtless among the 
+20 people: "Reduction of Advertisement Duty to 6d. and Suppression of the Supplement 
+Stamp!"  But what  does  it practically  amount  to  for  the  people? Nothing!  "Penny 
+Receipt  Stamps!"  But  what is  that to  the wages-slaves who "receive"  starvation? 
+Absolutely nothing.  "Life Assurances reduced from 2s. 6d. to 6d." What is it to the 
+toiler at 6s., 8s., 10s., per week—who cannot insure his life from the crushing slavery 
+25 of Manchester? Ay, or even to him at £1 and 30s.? Nothing! What is it to the working-
+man that attorneys can get certificates for £3 less? Or clerks be articled for £80 instead 
+of £40  more?  What to them is the hghtning of the legacy duty in one item, and  its 
+general  extension  so easily avoided? Does it ease their burthen by the weight of a 
+single feather? What is it to them that the shopkeepers' licences shall be more equal-
+ised,  while  their  profits  on  labour's  wants  find  no  equality  with  labour's  wage? 
+"Financial  Reform"  was  the  one  cry  out  of two  which seated this Parliament and 
+raised this ministry. There you have it—the Reform of Whigs, aristocrats, and money-
+mongers.  Something was  necessary—some  slight concession—the task was to make 
+it  so  slight,  that  it  should  scarcely be perceptible, and admirably has the financial 
+35 artist succeeded in his attempt. In his own words—to use his own expressions—Glad 
+stone's  Budget is framed  "for the convenience  of the trading classes," and yet it is 
+but a piece of  "Penny Legislation." 
+
+30 
+
+585 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+Soap  for  the  People,  a  Sop  for  "The  Times"— 
+The  Coalition  Budget 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 52, 30. April 1853 
+
+S o ap 
+
+f or 
+
+t he  P e o p l e,  a  S op 
+
+f or 
+
+t he  " T i m e s . "— 
+
+T he  C o a l i t i on  B u d g e t. 
+
+Everybody  knows  that  a Budget  is  simply an estimate of the probable Revenue 
+and Expenditure of Government for the year current, which estimate is based on the 
+financial experience, i.e., on the balance  sheet for the past year. 
+
+5 
+
+The first thing, therefore, for Mr. Gladstone was to produce the balance sheet for 
+the year 1852-3. Mr. Disraeli, in his statement as Chancellor of the Exchequer, has 
+estimated the probable income for 1852-3 at £52,325,000, and the Expenditure for the 
+same period at £51,163,000, thus anticipating a surplus of £1,162,000. Mr. Gladstone, 
+in making up the actual balance from the books, discovers that the real amount of  10 
+Revenue for the past year was £53,089,000, and the real Expenditure only £50,782,000, 
+showing  an actual surplus of £2,307,000, or, as Mr. Gladstone calculates  (we know 
+not in what way) £2,460,000. 
+
+As it is  the fashion, or rather as Parliament affects, to consider the Chancellor of 
+the Exchequer as the mysterious conjuror who, by nobody knows what secret tricks,  15 
+contrives  to  produce  the whole yearly Revenue of the nation, it is no wonder that 
+that  personage,  whoever  he  happens  to  be,  takes  care  not  to  discountenance  so 
+flattering a delusion. Consequently, if the nation, by increasing the rate of production, 
+is found to have swelled the amount of Tax Revenues above the estimate, it is taken 
+for granted that the Minister of Finance who, by this process, can present more than  20 
+double  the  surplus  his  predecessor  had  promised,  is  undoubtedly  the  man  of the 
+greater financial  capacities. This was the cheerful idea of Mr. Gladstone, cheerfully 
+received and appreciated by the supporters of the Coalition Oligarchy in the House. 
+
+Two  Millions  Four Hundred and  Sixty 
+Thousand Pounds Surplus! 
+But not a farthing out of the two millions will the House permit to go to the people. 
+Where, then, are they to go to? Mr. Gladstone explains it: "Favourable as this state 
+ment may seem, the House must not forget that it has already largely drawn on this 
+surplus by various  extraordinary votes  on the estimates  of the current year." 
+
+25 
+
+The House knew from Mr. Disraeli that there would be at all events a surplus of  30 
+
+586 
+
+Soap for the  People,  a  Sop for "The Times"—The Coalition  Budget 
+
+more than one million of pounds. Accordingly, on going into Committee of Ways and 
+Means, it voted merrily the following additional sums above and beyond the ordinary 
+surplus:— 
+
+For the Navy, including 
+Packet Service 
+Army and Commissariat 
+
+£ 
+
+617,000 
+90,000 
+
+To these sums, as Mr. Gladstone announced, will have to be added:— 
+
+For the Kaffir war (no peace?) 
+Increase on Ordnance 
+Increase on Militia 
+Public  (read private) Education 
+Making a total of 
+
+270,000 
+616,000 
+230,000 
+100,000 
+£1,923,000 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Mr. Gladstone  again (probably by omitting the  Kaffir war item on account of its 
+uncertainty)  calculates  the  total  at  only  £1,654,000.  Deducting  this  sum from the 
+15 original (barely figurative) surplus of £2,460,000, there would remain an actual surplus 
+of £806,000,  or,  still calculating  with Mr. Gladstone, £807,000.  Yet, even from this 
+moderate  sum  the  House  is  warned to deduct £220,000, accruing from precarious, 
+and not recurring sources  of Revenue. Thus the original two millions, so cheerfully 
+announced,  are  after  all but £587,000, by no means a very extensive basis for any 
+20 even the most moderate reform of taxation. As, however, the country is assured that 
+it  has  a  Ministry of  Reform,  Reforms there must be;  and Mr. Gladstone forthwith 
+engages to bring out these  Reforms. 
+
+An ordinary Free Trader, as Mr. Hume for instance, would perhaps have advised 
+the Chancellor of the Exchequer to do good with his surplus, by the abolition of duties 
+25  on such foreign articles, the revenue of which, as  shown by the Customs' Returns, 
+would balance exactly the £587,000. What a vulgar, commonplace, profane suggestion 
+to so learned and profound a financial alchemist as Mr. Gladstone ! Do you think that 
+the man who contemplates nothing short of the suppression of the entire public debt, 
+would gratify his ambition by the simple remission of £500,000 of taxes? Surely, for 
+so  small  a purpose,  Sancho Timber needed not have  been removed to his  Indian 
+Barataría, to make room  for the great Don Quixote of coalition finance. 
+
+30 
+
+Gladstone's  Taxation  Reform  bears  the  proud  Oxford  Street  shop-frontispiece 
+
+of-
+
+"Immense  Reduction! 
+
+35 
+
+Five millions, andseveraloddthousandpounds,forthwithtobedispensedwith!" 
+There is  something to attract the people, and to beguile even the most protected 
+
+Parliamentary old  female. 
+
+Let us enter the shop.  "Mr. Gladstone, your bill of fare, if you please. What is it 
+really that you mean, Sir? Five millions of pounds reduction?" "Decidedly, my dear 
+40  Sir,"  answers  Mr. Gladstone.  "Would  you  like  to  look  at  the  figures?  Here  they 
+
+are:— 
+
+1. Abolition of the entire Soap Tax 
+2. Reduction of duty on Life Assurances, from 2s. 6d.  to 6d. 
+
+1,126,000 
+29,000 
+
+587 
+
+Wilhelm Pieper 
+
+3. Reduction of duty on Receipt Stamps  to  uniform rate of  Id. 
+4. Reduction on duty on Apprentice Indentures, from 20s. to 
+
+2s. 6d. 
+
+5. Reduction on duty on Attorney's  Certificates 
+6. Reduction on duty on Advertisements, from  Is. 6d. to 6d. 
+7. Reduction on duty on Hackney Carriages, 
+
+from  Is. 5d. to  Is. per day 
+
+J 
+> 
+J 
+
+8. Reduction on duty on Man Servants to £1  Is. for those above 
+
+eighteen years, and  10s. 6d. for those under 
+
+9. Reduction on duty on Private Carriages 
+10. Reduction on duty on Horses, Ponies, and Dogs 
+11. Reduction on duty on Post Horses, by substituting licenses 
+
+to  charge on mileage 
+
+12. Reduction on duty on Colonial Postage  (6d.  a letter) 
+13. Reduction on duty on Tea, from 2s. 2V4d. to  Is.  lOd. till 5th of 
+April, '54, to  Is. 6d. in 1855, to  Is. 3d. in 1856, and to  Is. 
+thereafter 
+
+14. Reduction on duty on Apples, Cheese, Cocoa, Eggs, Butter, 
+
+and Fruit 
+
+15. Reduction on duty on  133  minor articles 
+16. Abolition on duty on 123  minor articles 
+
+Total 
+
+155,000 
+
+50,000 
+
+160,000 
+
+5 
+
+26,000 
+
+87,000 
+95,000  10 
+108,000 
+
+54,000 
+40,000 
+
+15 
+
+3,000,000 
+
+262,000 
+
+70,000  20 
+53,000 
+5,315,000 
+
+Why, a remission of £5,315,000 taxes would unquestionably be a handsome thing. 
+But  is  there  no  drawback in this  most liberal  Budget?  To  be  sure,  there  is.  Else, 
+how  could it be called a Reform? Constitutional Reforms and Oxford Street shops,  25 
+handsome  as  they  both  look,  are  sure  to  have  always  a  very  handsome  draw 
+back. 
+
+Of all clever tricks men contrive in the end to catch the secret. Mr. Gladstone, with 
+only half a million in his bag, bestows a donation on the public of five million and 
+a half. Whence does he get it? Ay, from the same blindfold public whom he bewilders 30 
+with his generosity. He makes them a present, but invites them to return the favour. 
+Of course, not in a direct or petulant manner, nor even from the  same people whom 
+it is his purpose to win over now. There are various customers with whom he intends 
+to  deal, and Russell, the juggler, has taught the adept Gladstone how to redeem his 
+liberality of to-day by a revenge on to-morrow. 
+
+35 
+
+Gladstone  remits old taxes to the amount of £5,315,000.  Gladstone imposes  new 
+ones  to  the  amount  of  £3,139,000.  Still  Gladstone  would  give  to  us  a  benefit  of 
+£2,176,000. But Gladstone is, at the best, but the Minister of the year; and the amount 
+of his contemplated reduction for the year is only £2,568,000, which will cause a loss 
+to the Revenue of £1,656,000, to be balanced by the anticipated yield of the new taxes  40 
+for the year, viz., £1,344,000, leaving a deficiency of £312,000, which, set off against 
+the actual surplus, as stated in the Budget, of £807,000, would still show a favourable 
+balance of £495,000. 
+
+These are the principle features of the Coalition Budget. We shall now state to our 
+
+588 
+
+Soap for the  People, a Sop for "The Times"—The  Coalition Budget 
+
+readers  what  are  the  points  of  which  the  Ministry hope  to  make  the  most—what 
+objections are most likely to be raised against it by the various Parliamentary parties 
+in opposition—and, in conclusion, what is our own opinion of the question. 
+
+Gladstone, in all his  anxiety to create a sensation, and to  secure to himself both 
+5 financial notoriety and popular favour by a large remission of taxes, felt the necessity 
+of introducing his proposal for an increase of £3,139,000, under some plausible and 
+apparently rational pretence. He was aware that he would not be permitted to nibble 
+with  the  whole  system  of  taxation,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  an  uncailed-for  and 
+unwarranted personal gratification,  without  some  show of what Parliamentary  and 
+10  middle class men call  "principle and justice." Accordingly, he astutely resolved to 
+take  the  legislating Pecksniffs  by  what  he  knew  to  be their weakest  side,  adroitly 
+screening his  intended  augmentation of the public burdens behind the pleasant and 
+acceptable phrase of a "just extension of certain taxes, with a view to their final and 
+lasting equalisation." The imposts he chose for that object were:— 
+
+15 
+
+1. The Legacy Duty. 
+2. The Spirits Excise; and, 
+3. The Income Tax. 
+The Legacy Duty he demands to embrace equally all kinds of property. As landed 
+property  was  heretofore  exempted,  this  proposal  is  expected to  gratify  the  com-
+20 mereiai and manufacturing interests. The Spirits Excise is to be extended to Scotland 
+
+and Ireland,  so as to bring them more on a par with distilling England. 
+
+Lastly, the Income Tax is to extend, in its area, to incomes between £150 and £100; 
+and also to Ireland.  The Income Tax proposal is certainly not one of the points on 
+which Gladstone can expect, or will obtain, much applause. But of that anon, when 
+
+25  we come to the objections. 
+
+Besides the  Legacy and Spirits proposition, the Free Trade reductions on a vast 
+number  of  import  articles  are  undoubtedly  considered  by  Ministers  as  the  most 
+attractive bait; and some favourable clamour is likely to be got up on this point by 
+the  shopkeepers,  housewives,  and  the  small  middle  class  in general,  before they 
+30  discover that, with regard to Tea, at least, a very trifling benefit will  accrue to the 
+consumers, the profit of the holders and the monopoly of producers tending to absorb 
+the greater part of the advantage. But, then, there is the entire abolition of the duty 
+on Soap—a measure by which he hopes to enable the country to wash away not only 
+its own dirty, filthy, and miserable appearance by making all faces clean, comfortable 
+35  and happy; but also to  entirely abolish black slavery, and make an end to the mis 
+fortunes of numberless. Uncle Toms, by the impulse given to "legitimate trading and 
+production of African palm oil."  Assured by this,  Gladstone bids fair to out puff the 
+fastest haberdasher and the most bombastic quack doctor.  To  these  attractive fea 
+tures he  adds  a good  number of minor bribes, including one of several millions to 
+40 the Irish Brigade, in the shape of a remission of the famine loan, and to the "Times," 
+the big supporter of the "good Aberdeen," and his colleagues of the Coalition." This 
+latter bribe consists in the abolition of the Stamp on Newspaper Supplements, con 
+taining advertisements only, the "Times" being notoriously the only journal issuing 
+any of the kind to  any extent. 
+
+45 We come now to the objections that are most likely to be raised against the Budget 
+
+589 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+
+5 
+
+from oppositional quarters. The discussion on Monday last, in the House, having been 
+only an introductory skirmish, we must glean, if possible, from the daily papers the 
+intentions of parties. And here we are very scantily supplied. The "Times," "Chron 
+icle,"  and  "Post,"  are  actually  in  the  bonds of the Coalition Government, and the 
+"Daily  News"  can  scarcely  be  regarded  as  the  organ  of the  Manchester  School. 
+Besides, it is still vacillating, and apparently much tempted by the Free Trade proposi 
+tions.  But if we look at the "Herald," the Tory-Conservative paper, we already find 
+its  judgment  given;  and  with  a  truly  unusual  frankness:—"The  whole  Budget  of 
+Mr. Gladstone," it says, "is nothing but a contemptible admixture of bribes and jobs." 
+The  Tories,  therefore,  are  sure  to  oppose  the  scheme  of  Gladstone, from whom  10 
+Disraeli will not fail to revindicate the stolen feathers of the Legacy and Income Tax 
+extension, the Tea reduction, and other impudently-appropriated merits of his own. 
+The landed aristocracy desire,  at all events, if they must submit to a further loss of 
+privileges, to reserve to themselves the merit of a voluntary surrender. But as they 
+cannot well take their stand on the Legacy Duty, Mr. Disraeli will cause them to rally 15 
+around the  principle  of distinction between real and precarious  incomes, on which 
+ground he will have a considerable portion of the Brigade fighting alongside with him. 
+It is obvious  that the  Irish can and will never acknowledge the obligation of a debt, 
+forced by the  English upon their country only in consequence  of the previous ruin 
+of its population. Besides, for all practical purposes, theremission of the interestfrom 20 
+£3,000,000 imaginary capital, must appear to them a very inadequate concession for 
+the imposition of a spirit-excise and an Income-tax. As far as the Manchester School 
+is concerned, although they are pledged to their constituents, if not on the abolition, 
+at least on the transformation of the  Income-tax, it is not to  be  expected that they 
+will act otherwise than as business  men, i.e. without any political honour, but with  25 
+a very  due  regard  to  profit.  And  the  profit on the  side of Mr. Gladstone's budget, 
+as  a  "whole,"  is  by  no  means  despicable,  as  far  as  those  gentlemen  are  con 
+cerned. 
+
+Now,  as to our opinion on the question at issue, we desire most eagerly to see a 
+
+rriinistry defeated, which deserves equal contempt for its reactionary deceitful dodg-  30 
+ery at home, as for its cowardly subservient policy abroad. And we think we are the 
+more right in doing so, as such an event would certainly promote the interests of the 
+people. One thing is clear: as long as an aristocratic coalition does the work required 
+from them by the  manufacturing and trading class, the latter will neither make any 
+political effort themselves, nor allow the working class to carry their own political  35 
+movement.  If,  however,  the  country  party  once  more  obtain the  upper  hand,  the 
+middle class cannot get rid of them without remodelling the rotten oligarchic parlia 
+ment, and then it is no longer in their power to agitate for a limited reform, but they 
+must go the whole length of the people's demands. The people, of course, can never, 
+without abandoning both their principles and interests, join and appeal to the middle  40 
+classes;  but for the  bourgeoisie, it would not be the first time that they are forced 
+to throw themselves on the shoulders of the people. And such a contingency would 
+lead to a very decided revolution in the present financial system. Already, it is evident 
+that even middle class society inevitably tends towards the substitution of one direct 
+property-tax in lieu of the traditional fiscal olla podrida. The Manchester School has 45 
+
+590 
+
+Soap for the  People, a  Sop for "The Times"—The Coalition  Budget 
+
+long since registered, Disraeli has acknowledged, and even the oligarchic coalition 
+has  confirmed,  the  principle  of  direct  taxation.  But let  the  machinery  of  a  direct 
+property-tax be  once  properly established,  and the people, with political power in 
+their hands, have only to put that engine into motion, in order to create the 
+
+Budget  of  labour. 
+
+591 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+Die  Parteien  in  der  Emigration  in  England 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 13, 14. Mai 1853 
+
+D ie  P a r t e i en 
+
+in  d er  E m i g r a t i on 
+
+in  E n g l a n d. 
+
+Den Parteikämpfen in der Emigration fehlt es  an dem welthistorischen Boden, auf 
+dem sie dramatisch erscheinen und sich in Thaten übersetzen könnten; es fehlen die 
+Massen, die ihnen Gewicht und Nachdruck geben, und wenn trotzdem die Repräsen 
+tanten einzelner Fraktionen freiwillig die Rolle  Schüler'scher Helden übernehmen, 
+die deklamirend der Welt von ihren großen Absichten erzählen, um ihr den Glauben 
+an ihre hohe Bestimmung und unentbehrliche Leiterschaft aufzudrängen, so können 
+derartige  Kraftanstrengungen allerdings nicht verfehlen, den Schein der Lächerlich 
+keit über alle Bestrebungen der Emigration zu verbreiten, wenigstens in den Augen 
+derer, die keine Unterscheidungen zu machen gewohnt sind. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Am  Bequemsten  ist  es  nun  freilich,  all'  diesen  Vorgängen  mit  vornehmem 
+Achselzucken  den Rücken zu  kehren, wie es von Vielen geschieht, die sich in der 
+hochmüthigen Pharisäerrolle besser gefallen, als in der des Zöllners ; es ist bequemer, 
+aus einer „höhern Warte" seines Leibes zu pflegen, als sich selbst in die Parteikämpfe 
+zu  mischen  oder  sich auch nur um  ihre wirkliche Bedeutung zu bekümmern. Aber  15 
+am  Ende  sind  doch  die  sich  im  Exil  befehdenden  Elemente  nichts  anders,  als 
+Bruchstücke  und  Repräsentanten der  jetzt in der  Heimath gemeinschaftlich  unter 
+drückten Klassen, die,  so weit es die beschränkten Verhältnisse gestatten, für sich 
+allein den Kampf fortzuführen,  an dem die Massen gewaltsam verhindert sind, und 
+auf  Beachtung  haben  sie  einen um  so größeren Anspruch,  als  Manche  von ihnen  20 
+berufen  sind,  in  der  bevorstehenden  Revolution  eine  hervorragende  Stellung  ein 
+zunehmen,  Viele  sich  aber berufen halten und  eine  solche  anstreben werden.  Ein 
+richtiges  Verständniß der Parteikämpfe in der Emigration muß das Verständniß der 
+Parteikämpfe in der Revolution erleichtern und vorbereiten; doch muß man sich dabei 
+wohl hüten, die kleinlichen Intriguen auf gleicher Basis stehender Personen mit den  25 
+Befriedigungen  der  verschiedenen prinzipiell von  einander  abweichenden Gruppen 
+zu  verwechseln. 
+
+Die Lebens- und Existenzbedingungen der verschiedenen Klassen der kämpfenden 
+Gesellschaft  sind  zugleich  die  Bedingungen,  welche  die  Haltung  ihrer  exilirten 
+Repräsentanten bestimmen, an der Unversöhnlichkeit ihrer Interessen scheitern hier  30 
+wie  dort alle  Einigungsversuche wohlmeinender Philister und berechnender Speku 
+lanten, nachdem der Juni einmal so unwiderleglich und eindringlich diese Unversöhn 
+lichkeit  dokumentirt  hat.  Eben der zu  stürzende und zu vernichtende Feind ist es, 
+
+592 
+
+Beginn  von  Joseph  Weydemeyers  Artikel 
+„Die  Parteien  In  der  Emigration  in  England".  Die  Reform.  New  York. 
+Nr. 13,  14. Mai  1853. Titelseite 
+
+Die  Parteien  in der Emigration in  England 
+
+über  den man  sich nicht vereinigen kann, denn wenn die  Einen zufrieden  sind mit 
+der Vernichtung der „Despoten und Tyrannen", sehen die Anderen größere Gefahr 
+drohen von den jetzt wieder revolutionär gewordenen Bourgeois-Fraktionen, denen 
+im Februar und März die alte Ordnung ihre Rettung verdankte. 
+
+5  Wie wäre es z. B. denkbar, daß die Vertreter des Proletariats Hand in Hand gingen 
+mit einem Ledru Rollin und dessen Verbündeten, der im Juni 1848 als Repräsentant 
+des  Exekutiv-Ausschusses  die  Nationalgarde  nach  Paris  beorderte,  um  das  zur 
+Verzweiflung getriebene Proletariat in den Straßen niedermetzeln zu lassen? wie mit 
+einem  Kossuth,  der  den  englischen Baumwollenlords  gegenüber  sich  anmaßt,  der 
+10  Zukunft des Sozialismus ein Halt gebieten zu wollen, oder einem Mazzini, der nur 
+mit  der  Bauern  schindenden  Landaristokratie  und  der  spekulirenden  Mittelklasse 
+konspirirt, und sein Italien glücklich preist, daß noch keine sozialen Wühlereien die 
+Herrschaft  der  Besitzenden bedrohe? 
+
+15 
+
+Dort,  wo  sich durch die  vorausgegangenen Revolutionskämpfe  die  Parteien  am 
+schärfsten gesondert haben, bei den Franzosen, begegnen wir auch den bestimmte 
+sten  Gruppirungen  in der  Emigration.  Wie  in der Nationalversammlung finden wir 
+eine Rechte, ein Centrum und eine Linke, nur die Personen, welche die verschiedenen 
+Bänke besetzt halten, haben gewechselt. Die verrotteten monarchischen Parteien sind 
+so  gut wie  abgetreten von  der  Bühne,  aber um  der  Blouse  des  Arbeiters  Platz zu 
+20 machen, ist die polternde Montagne ihnen nachgerückt. Ledru Rollin mit den Seinen 
+büdet  die  Rechte der Emigration.  Ledru Rollin, der Führer des für seine Boutique 
+gegen die Revolution f anatisirten Kleinbürgerthums von 1848, der unglückliche Held 
+der kleinbürgerlichen Tragikomedie von 1849, der Freund Ruge's und Amand Goegg's 
+und  der  deutsch-amerikanischen  Zwangssteuer  zur  Herstellung eines  Putsches  in 
+25  der Hauptstadt der Revolutionen.  Aus  der Revolution hat er für seine Gesellschaft 
+nichts als den Namen (la révolution) gerettet, aber der wirklichen Revolution möchte 
+er nur das Prävenire spielen, um die bürgerliche Gesellschaft vor der Revolution des 
+Proletariats  zu retten. 
+
+Das  Centrum  nimmt mit einem Häuflein Getreuer Louis Blanc ein, der Mann des 
+30  bürgerlich  vermittelnden  Sozialismus,  der  bürgerlich bescheidenen  Assoziationen 
+und  der gleichen Arbeitslöhne,  der  1848 im Luxemburg Palaste für das Proletariat 
+diskutirte, während draußen die Bourgeoisie  sich gegen das Proletariat rüstete und 
+handelte.  Er  gehört  zu denen, welche Blanqui in seinem berühmten Toaste*)  „des 
+Mordes  an  der  Revolution"  beschuldigt.  „Euer  Haupt ist es,  auf  das  die  Verant-
+35  wortlichkeit für alle die Niederlagen, das Blut von so viel Tausenden von Schlacht 
+opfern zurückfallen muß. Die Reaktion ging nur ihrem Gewerbe nach, indem sie die 
+Demokratie  erwürgte.  Das  Verbrechen  ist  auf  Seite  der  Verräther,  die  das  ver-
+trauungsvolle Volk zu seinen Führern auserkoren und es der Reaktion überantwortet 
+haben." 
+
+40 *) 1851 hatten Louis Blanc und Cons. ein Banquett veranstaltet zur Jahresfeier des 24. Februar; 
+die  Banquett  Kommission forderte den in Belle Isle gefangenen Blanqui auf,  dasselbe durch 
+einen Toast zu verherrlichen; er leistete der Aufforderung durch die obige Einsendung Folge, 
+aber  die Bankettirer zogen es vor, denselben unvorgelesen ad acta zu legen. Dir Zweck, sich 
+als die Alliirten Blanqui's darzustellen und sich dadurch die Sympathieen des Proletariats wieder 
+
+45  zuzuwenden, war verfehlt. 
+
+595 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+
+5 
+
+August Blanqui ist der anerkannte Führer der proletarischen Opposition; er selbst 
+ist  freilich  ein  Bewohner französischer Gefängnisse,  aber  seine Partei ist die  zahl 
+reichste in der Emigration und in Frankreich wird sie bald die mächtigste sein, wenn 
+auch  die  anderen  Parteien  auf  diese  proletarische  „Populace"  mit  einer gewissen 
+Verachtung herabsehen.  Schon im Februar  1848 versuchte es Blanqui, die Arbeiter 
+zu einer festgeschlossenen Partei zu organisiren,*) welche auf den Gang der Revo 
+lution bestimmend einwirken und nach einander die übrigen Parteien von der Staats 
+gewalt  verdrängen  könnte;  aber  schon  nach  einigen  Monaten  entrissen  ihn  die 
+Ereignisse  wieder  dem  Schauplatze  seiner  Wirksamkeit.  Die  Revolutions-Politik 
+dieser Partei findet ihren prägnantesten Ausdruck in demselben Toast[e], in welchem 10 
+Blanqui  seine  Verwünschungen  über  die  „Escamoteure  des Februars"  ausspricht. 
+— „Es ist nicht genug, daß die Escamoteure des Februars für immer von dem Hotel 
+de  Ville  vertrieben  sind,  man  muß  sich  auch  gegen  neue  Verräther schützen.  — 
+Verräther würden die Regierungslenker sein, die nicht auf der Stelle in's Werk setzen: 
+1)  Die  allgemeine  Entwaffnung  der  Bourgeois-Garden;  2)  Die  Bewaffnung aller  15 
+Arbeiter und ihre Organisation als nationale Miliz. — Ohne Frage gibt es noch andere 
+unerläßliche  Maßregeln;  aber  sie  werden  naturwüchsig  aus  diesem  ersten  Akte 
+entspringen, der dem Volke eine vorläufige Garantie gewährt und das einzige Sicher 
+heitspfand  für  dasselbe  ist.  — Nicht  ein  einziges  Gewehr  darf  in  den Händen  der 
+Bourgeoisie zurückbleiben. Ohne das kein Heil!...  Bewaffnung und Organisation,  20 
+das ist das entscheidende Element des Fortschrittes,  das ernsthafte Mittel, um mit 
+dem Elende  aufzuräumen.  Wer Eisen hat, hat Brod. Man fällt nieder vor den Bajo 
+netten,  waffenlose  Haufen fegt  man  auseinander. 
+
+Frankreich  starrt  von Arbeitern  unter  Waffen,  das  ist  die  Thronbesteigung  des 
+
+Sozialismus.  — Gegenüber den bewaffneten Proletariern verschwindet Alles, Hin-  25 
+démisse,  Widerstand,  Unmöglichkeiten.  Aber für  Proletarier,  die  sich mit lächer 
+lichen  Straßenpromenaden,  durch das Einpflanzen von Freiheitsbäumen und wohl 
+klingende  Advocaten-Phrasen amüsiren lassen, wird es  Anfangs Weihwasser, dann 
+Injurien,  endlich  Kartätschenhagel und Elend  ohne  Unterbrechung geben!" 
+
+Mit den  Blanquisten  steht von  der  deutschen Emigration derjenige  Theil in un-  30 
+
+mittelbarer  Verbindung,  der  in  neuerer  Zeit als der  „Bund der Kommunisten"  die 
+öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit so vielfach beschäftigt hat, die „Marxianer", wie sie von 
+ihren  Gegnern  speziell  titulirt  werden.  „Seit  der  Niederlage  der  Revolution  von 
+1848—1849",  sagt  Karl  Marx  darüber  in  seinen  „Enthüllungen über  den Kommu-
+nistenprozeß zu Köln", „verlor die proletarische Partei auf dem Kontinent, was sie  35 
+früher während jener kurzen Epoche ausnahmsweise besaß: Presse, Redefreiheit und 
+Assoziationsrecht,  d. h.  die  legalen  Mittel  der Partei-Organisation.  Die bürgerlich-
+liberale wie die kleinbürgerlich-demokratische Partei fanden in der sozialen Stellung 
+der Klassen, die sie vertreten, trotz der Reaktion die Bedingungen, unter einer oder 
+der anderen Form zusammenzuhalten und ihre Gemein-Interessen mehr oder minder 40 
+geltend zu machen. Der proletarischen Partei stand nach 1849**) wie vor 1848 nur ein 
+Weg offen — der Weg der geheimen Verbindung. Seit 1849 entstanden daher auf dem 
+
+*)  Siehe im Feuilleton die Mittheilungen von Ernst Dronke. 
+**)  In einzelnen norddeutschen Staaten, in Thüringen, Hessen erst nach Ende  1850. 
+
+45 
+
+596 
+
+Die  Parteien in der Emigration in  England 
+
+Kontinent eine ganze Reihe geheimer proletarischer Verbindungen, von der Polizei 
+entdeckt,  von  den Gerichten verdammt, von den Gefängnissen durchbrochen, von 
+den  Verhältnissen  stets  wieder  neu  hergestellt.  —  Ein  Theil  dieser geheimen Ge 
+sellschaften bezweckte  direkt den  Umsturz  der  bestehenden  Staatsmacht.  Es war 
+5 dies berechtigt in Frankreich, wo das Proletariat von der Bourgeoisie besiegt war und 
+der  Angriff  auf  die  bestehende  Regierung  mit  dem  Angriff  auf  die  Bourgeoisie 
+unmittelbar zusammenfiel. Ein anderer Theil der geheimen Gesellschaften bezweckte 
+die  Parteibildung  des  Proletariats,  ohne  sich um  die  bestehenden Regierungen zu 
+kümmern. Es war dies nothwendig in Ländern, wie Deutschland, wo Bourgeoisie und 
+10  Proletariat  gemeinsam  ihren  halb  feudalen  Regierungen  unterlagen,  wo  also  ein 
+siegreicher Angriff auf die bestehenden Regierungen der Bourgeoisie oder doch den 
+sogenannten  Mittelständen,  statt  ihre  Macht  zu  brechen,  zunächst  zur  Herrschaft 
+verhelfen mußte. Kein Zweifel, daß auch hier die Mitglieder der proletarischen Partei 
+an einer Revolution gegen den status quo sich von Neuem betheiligen würden; aber 
+15 es gehörte nicht zu ihrer Aufgabe, diese Revolution vorzubereiten, für sie zu agitiren, 
+zu konspiriren, zu komplottiren. Sie konnten den allgemeinen Verhältnissen und den 
+direkt  betheiligten  Klassen  diese  Vorbereitung  überlassen.  Sie  mußten  sie  ihnen 
+überlassen, wollten sie  nicht auf  ihre  eigene Parteistellung und auf die historischen 
+Aufgaben verzichten, die aus den allgemeinen Existenzbedingungen des Proletariats 
+20  von  selbst hervorgehen.  Für  sie waren die jetzigen Regierungen nur ephemere Er 
+scheinungen und der  status  quo nur ein kurzer Haltpunkt, woran sich abzuarbeiten 
+einer kleinlich engherzigen Demokratie überlassen blieb. — Der ,Bund der Kommu 
+nisten'war daher keine konspiratorische Gesellschaft, sondern eine Gesellschaft, die 
+die  Organisation  der proletarischen Partei im  Geheimen bewerkstelligte, weil das 
+25  deutsche  Proletariat  igne  et  aqua (von  Feuer und Wasser)  von Rede,  Schrift und 
+
+Assoziation  öffentlich  interdicirt  ist." 
+
+Von diesem Bunde  sonderte sich eine Fraktion ab, oder ward, wie man will, eine 
+Fraktion  abgesondert,  die,  wenn  auch  nicht  wirkliche  Konspirationen,  doch  den 
+Schein der  Konspiration  und  daher  direkt Allianz mit  den demokratischen Tages-
+30  helden verlangte, Ehrgeizige, denen vor allen Dingen die Ausbeutung der nächsten 
+Revolution in ihrem eigenen Interesse mehr am Herzen lag, als der endliche Sieg des 
+Proletariats,  als dessen Vertreter sie sich bis dahin gespreizt hatten.  Wir begegnen 
+ihnen wieder  als  Theünehmer  von  Louis  Blanc'schen  Banketten,  als eifrigen För 
+derern  der  sogenannten  Revolutionsanleihe,  deren  Basis  die  Verhöhnung  der ver-
+35  schiedenen  Gesellschaftsklassen,  die Vertuschung der  Parteigegensätze,  also  eine 
+Politik ist, die dem Interesse des Proletariats am allerverderblichsten werden muß, 
+indem  sie  der  Täuschung und  dem  Verrath wieder Thür und Thor  öffnet.  In theo 
+retischer Beziehung bleiben Emigrations-, Revolutions-, Agitations-Vereine, und wie 
+sie  sich  sonst  auch  nennen  mögen, weit hinter  den entsprechenden Vereinigungen 
+40  der  Franzosen  zurück,  ganz  entsprechend  der größeren Verkommenheit des deut 
+schen  Kleinbürgerthums,  das  in  die  größeren  Weltverhältnisse  erst  durch  seine 
+unglücklichen Revolutionsversuche hineingestoßen wurde, ohne sich bis jetzt darin 
+zurechtfinden  zu  können. 
+
+Wenn wir bei Ungarn und Italienern eine größere Einigkeit finden,—obschon auch 
+45  dort  einem  Kossuth  ein  Szemere,  hier  dem  Mazzini eine  wenn  auch kleine,  doch 
+
+597 
+
+Joseph  Weydemeyer 
+
+radikale Partei,  die  keinen bekannten Namen an ihrer Spitze führt, gegenübersteht, 
+— so liegt der Grund nur darin, daß sie auf einer noch tieferen Stufe der Entwicklung 
+stehen und die  Industrie dort noch nicht jene Klassenscheidung in's Leben gerufen 
+hat,  welche  den  Revolutionskämpfen  des  neunzehnten  Jahrhunderts  ihren  unter 
+scheidenden Charakter verleihen. 
+
+5 
+
+J. Weydemeyer. 
+
+598 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+
+The  Ten  Hours  Bill,  Parliament,  "The  Times" 
+
+and  the  "Men" 
+
+T he  T en  H o u rs  B i l l,  P a r l i a m e n t, 
+
+t he  " T i m e s ," 
+
+a nd 
+
+t he  " M e n ." 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr.62, 9. Juli 1853 
+
+When  the  "Times,"  the  other  day,  half-drowned  in  prosperity,  champaigne,  and 
+comfortably  suffocating  in  its  own  swelling  fatness,  meekly  stammered  forth the 
+5  words:  "We  are  now  all  happy and  united,"  the  "Times"  spoke  a  "truth," which 
+neither aristocracy, nor middle class, nor any "Englishman" contradicted. The fact 
+is, that  since manufacturers  have put their foot on the landlords, and have brought 
+the  twenty  years'  war  against  them  to  a final  settlement in their favour;  since the 
+landlords,  on the  other  hand, have  accepted their defeat, glad enough to be left in 
+the  enjoyment of state-plunder and patronage, all making the best, by jobbing and 
+speculating, of the present "prosperity"—there prevails the same delightful harmony 
+between  all  factions  of  capitalists  and  their  representatives  in  Parliament,  trifling 
+quibbles excepted, as may be seen between the various animals of a "happy family." 
+The  secret  of the "happiness" and "union" is intoxication, in the one case by gin, 
+in the other, by "prosperity." 
+
+15 
+
+10 
+
+Parliament, the middle class, and, of course, mother "Times" are therefore, natu 
+rally enough, enraged, that the working classes suddenly intrude upon that happiness 
+with  the  complaints  of  their  misery.  To  express  that  anger  they  are  indeed  too 
+"well-bred" and too meek, except by remarking on the "painfulness of the subject." 
+20  But that is  only their first word for which they select a fair  sounding one. Let the 
+people insist, press upon them, get "clamorous," i.e., determined, and the foul words 
+will come bye  and by. 
+
+25 
+
+What a degrading spectacle is that of a Legislative Assembly, so vile, so corrupt, 
+so lazy, and so mindless of honour, that every interruption of their ordinary somno-
+lence,  every  occurrence  calling for  their  attention,  every  event  stirring them  into 
+activity is deemed—nay, openly professed to be a "most painful" thing. But it is not 
+the existence of evils, abuses, horrors, dangers, etc., that "pains" these nerve-stricken 
+senators, but the bringing those things under their eyes and noses, the obliging them 
+to  "touch" on those  "delicate  subjects"—this is the  "pain" over which they sob. 
+
+30 
+
+"Painful" was not the existence of the tremendous amount of bribery at the late 
+
+599 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+
+General Elections, but only the notice Parliament was compelled to take of it. "Pain 
+ful"  was  not the  more  or less  extensive  corruption of the  several branches of the 
+Administration,  but  that that corruption had been discovered and exposed to pub 
+licity. "Painful" was not the infamous oppression of frame workers under the abomi 
+nable stoppage system, but that persons made such a violent noise about it. "Painful" 5 
+was not the Palmerston plot for establishing political espionage in England, but only 
+the  detection  and  denunciation of  the  plot.  "Painful"  is  not the  aggression of  the 
+Muscovite  despot  on the independence of his neighbour countries, but the "duty" 
+of  reflecting  on the  means  of  protecting Turkey, or of  "one day providing for the 
+reconstruction of that crumbling Empire." And "painful" in the present instance is  10 
+not the factory-slaves oppression under the avowed infraction of the act of 1850, not 
+the destruction of the health of women by compulsory over-working, not the practice 
+of the fraudulent system of shifts and relays, not the crippling of a whole generation 
+under exhausting drudgery, not even the incredible and unqualifiable revelation that 
+the average age amongst factory operatives has sunk down to nearly eig/if years (the 15 
+average  life  attained by  middle class individuals being twenty-eight years), all this 
+is perfectly indifferent to honourable incumbents and the virtuous "Times." "Pain 
+ful"—only  that  the  condition  of  factory  operatives  should  have  been  alluded  to. 
+"Painful"—that the workmen recommence to agitate, and philanthropists to declaim. 
+Yes, that is the most "painful" thing, that the factory people will not be ground down 20 
+in silence. 
+
+Upon Mr. Cobbett's motion for leave to bring in a "bill to limit the hours of labour 
+of women, young persons,  and children in factories to ten hours  a day for the first 
+five  days  of  the  week,  and  to  seven  hours  and  a-half  on  Saturdays,"  what  said 
+honourable  members in the  Lower House, not the few philanthropists, but the de-  25 
+termined middle  class  majority? Listen to  Sir George Grey:  "He must express his 
+painful  regret that  the  question  had  been  re-opened."  Verily,  England  has  now  a 
+painful  House  of  Commons.  And  what  said  the  middle  class  majority  out  of  the 
+House? Listen to the "Times":  "The revival of the factory agitation will give pain 
+to that great majority of the public who supposed it to be set finally at rest in 1850."  30 
+We dare say, the factory agitation, and the movement of the workingmen in general 
+will yet afford a vast deal ofpam to that "great majority of the public" of the "Times." 
+That  is  not  beyond their apprehension,  and hence the fury  of the  "Times"  against 
+the  "men." 
+
+The  "men"  have  no  representatives  in  Parliament;  for  all  immediate  wants  or  35 
+
+desires, they have therefore to appeal to the patronage of some faction in the House. 
+As the battles between the two upper classes are not only fought always at the cost 
+of the working class, but also "for their own gain," the "men" always find one side 
+ready to  take them  under their "protection." Up to the passing of the Reform Bill, 
+and the abolition of the Corn Laws, it was the middle class—since then, the defeated  40 
+aristocracy,  who  stood  up  "for  the  interests  of  the  labouring men."  Philanthropy 
+ever sits on the Opposition benches.  Naturally enough, philanthropy only protects 
+those who suffer themselves to be cared for as dupes and dependents. The men must 
+not,  therefore,  stand  up  for  their  interests.  If  they do, philanthropy does not care 
+for  them.  In  the  hands  of  philanthropy  the  men must remain  slaves—witness  the  45 
+
+600 
+
+The Ten  Hours  Bill,  Parliament,  "The Times"  and the "Men" 
+
+history of the Ten Hours Act. The philanthropic Opposition inflicted the Act of 1847 
+as  a revenge on their victorious Free Trade antagonists, the manufacturers offering 
+no great opposition at a time when there was a crisis of industry, and no demand for 
+any  hours'  labour  at  all.  The  men,  reaping  no  good  from  the  Act,  bade  adieu to 
+5  philanthropy,  and threw themselves  into independent political  agitation. What did 
+philanthropy?  It  inflicted  the  Compromise  Act  of  1850,  as  a revenge  on the men. 
+Manufacturers again let the philanthropists alone at a time when industrial prosperity 
+made twelve and fourteen hours labour desirable. The men, in the meantime, have 
+grown  noisy  again,  and  solicit  anew  the  protection of  philanthropy.  Philanthropy 
+10  meets  their claim.  Philanthropy again proposes a Ten Hours Act. Shall we tell the 
+
+men what will happen? 
+
+In order to have a valid act,  and a guaranteed one, the restriction of the moving 
+power is indispensable. That was demanded by Mr. Cobbett. Lord Palmerston seemed 
+almost to  support it.  But what  said Lord John Russell? "If his colleague seemed to 
+15  have held out hopes of legislation with respect to restricting the moving power, he 
+could say that that had not been his intention. He had, on the contrary, meant to say 
+that he was opposed to  any restriction of adult labour." And this was his principle! 
+Mark this, my men! Further, what said Mr. Wilson Patten, a "Manchester man?" "Ii 
+it was considered to restrict the moving power, he hoped the country would be given 
+20  an opportunity to  consider  what was intended by the Government to  be done.  He 
+could consider nothing more mischievous or despotic." What said Mr. Labouchere:— 
+"He regretted that the  noble lord  (Palmerston) did not distinctly state his intention 
+to resist a principle that would hold out false promises to the people." And now what 
+says the "Times":—"We can only regard the imposition of certain hours on the motion 
+25  of machinery as a piece of Socialism of the most tyrannical description. If this is the 
+object, and it should ever pass into law, then England is no longer a place for a free 
+man (i.e.  a capitalist) to live in." 
+
+We ask the men, what chances of  success  they can hope for, after such declara 
+tions?  Can they dream, for a moment, that the restriction of the motive power, the 
+30  only  vital  condition  of  a  true  Ten  Hours  Act,  will  be  granted  by  a  middle  class 
+Legislature?  They  cannot.  Then  what  have  they  to  expect  at the hands of philan 
+thropy?  Nothing but  another  sham  Bill,  and  that even to be  again repealed with a 
+vengeance on them, as soon as the inevitable crisis compels them to stand up directly 
+for their interests. No Ten Hours Act, as in other measures for the good of the working 
+35  man,  unless  Parliament be  a representation of  the working community.  Till then, 
+hypocritical  declarations  in favour  of  "women,  young persons, and children," but 
+no remedy. And "as to the men they must look after themselves." So concludes the 
+"Times."  So do we conclude: Men!  Look  after  y o u r s e l v e s! 
+
+601 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+A  Palm-Leaf  from  the  Czar 
+
+A  P a l m - L e af 
+
+f r om 
+
+t he  C z a r. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 63,16. Juli 1853 
+
+Old Nesselrode, the supposed "chief of the Peace Party in Russia," and the standing 
+competitor  of  Elihu Burritt in palm-leaf epistles,  has  started  another circular note, 
+and one which will have been read with "deep pain" by all the Aberdeens and Brights 5 
+throughout this country. That note is a downright blow in their face. It has stunned 
+them.  It has humiliated them. They are paralysed under the scorn, the provocation, 
+the  deliberate  insults  with  which  the  Dalai-Lama  of  Order  has  visited  his  slaves 
+according to their merit. Ah! you want peace at any price, my good gentlemen of the 
+counter and desk? You shall creep to Peterhoff, then, as you crept to St. Cloud. 
+
+10 
+
+The peace-at-any-price-mongers of the London and Paris Cabinets and Exchanges 
+are  thus  sneeringly  addressed  by  the  "chief  of  the  great  peace-party  in  the 
+North" :—"If you want peace, why the devil did you put your nose into other people's 
+quarrels? Did we not, on putting our ultimatum to the Porte, particularly inform the 
+Great Powers of our intentions?" 
+
+Did we not "especially engage Great Britain and France not to assume an attitude 
+that would complicate the difficulties of the situation; not to take too soon measures 
+which on the one hand would have the  effect of encouraging the  opposition of the 
+Porte, and on the other would implicate still more than they were already the honour 
+and dignity of the Emperor?" 
+
+Did we not give you "forewarning not to lend your support to the Porte?" But you 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+would not hear us.  No! 
+
+The two maritime Powers have not thought fit to defer to the considerations which 
+we recommended to their serious attention. Taking the initiative before us, they have 
+judged  it  indispensable  to  anticipate  immediately,  by  an effective  measure,  those  25 
+which  we  had  announced  to  them as  simply  eventual,  as  we  made the  execution 
+thereof subordinate to the final resolutions of the Porte; and at this very moment the 
+execution  of  them  has  not  yet  commenced;  they  at  once  sent  their  fleets  to  the 
+Constantinople  waters;  they already occupy  the  waters  and ports  of the Ottoman 
+domination,  within  reach  of  the  Dardanelles.  By  this  advanced  attitude  the  two  30 
+powers  have  placed  us  under  the  weight of a comminatory demonstration, which, 
+as  we foretold them,  must add new complications to the crisis. 
+
+602 
+
+A  Palm-Leaf from  the  Czar 
+
+You have threatened us, and that was ridiculous, considering that you don't mean 
+it,  considering that you  daily  stammer Peace on your knees. If you wanted peace, 
+why had you no regard to "the successive concessions which we made from a sincere 
+desire to  maintain good and friendly relations  with the Turkish government?" 
+
+For,  you  know  that,  after  having  renounced  one  after  the  other  the  idea  of  a 
+guarantee, obtained under the form of a convention,  sened,  or other  synallagmatic 
+act, we reduced our demand to the signing of a simple note, such as that the text of 
+which we transmitted to you. 
+
+5 
+
+Why did you oppose that simple concession? Why did you encourage Turkey to 
+10  oust  away  our  peace-messenger  Menschikoff?  Why  did  you  talk  big,  when  we 
+prepared  our  fleets  and  armies  for executing a faithless breaker of treaties? What 
+good could you expect from your demonstrations and menaces, when we knew that 
+Peace-at-any-price was  at the bottom  of your trembling hearts? 
+
+All this, my sweet doves, as you might have foreseen, must become useless, vain, 
+
+15  ridiculous.  You conceive that. 
+
+In presence of the refusal of the Porte, supported by the manifestation of France 
+and England, it becomes more impossible than ever for us to modify the resolutions 
+which the  Emperor made  dependant upon it. 
+
+In  consequence, his Imperial Majesty has just issued an order to the division of 
+20  our troops  stationed at the present moment in Bessarabia to cross the frontier, and 
+
+occupy the principalities. 
+
+Therefore,  my  very  good  Aberdeens  and  other  quiet gentlefolks,  you will  now 
+please  to  eat the  leek,  and in wishing you good appetite we hope you won't make 
+an "awful" sour face. Perhaps you opine that we ought to have eaten the leek, instead 
+25  of you. Pray, good fellows, do so now. Make us eat the leek, threaten us, attack us, 
+press  us,  and  become  charged  with the  "awful  responsibility  of  causing a general 
+war!!!"  Mind,  we don't think of war.  We have entered the principalities. 
+
+Not  to  wage  an offensive war against the Porte, which on the  contrary we  shall 
+endeavour to  avoid  as  long  as  we  are  not forced  into  it,  but because the Porte in 
+30  persisting to refuse the moral guarantee which we had a right to expect, obliges us 
+to  substitute  in  its  place  provisionally  a  material guarantee;  because  the  position 
+which the two powers have taken in the ports and waters of his empire, in very sight 
+of his  capital,  cannot be  regarded by us, under actual circumstances, in any other 
+light than our honour or our safety may demand. It will be purely temporary; it will 
+35  serve us solely as a pledge until better counsels shall have prevailed in the minds of 
+the  Sultan's ministers. Whilst occupying the principalities for a period, we disavow 
+beforehand all idea of conquest. We do not pretend to obtain any accession of terri 
+tory. 
+
+The instant the  Sultan has given us the satisfaction to which we are entitled, and 
+40 at the same time takes order to remove the pressure exercised upon us by the attitude 
+of the two Maritime Powers, our troops  shall return within the limits of Russia. 
+
+Withdraw your fleet, leave the Sultan to himself-or rather to us—and your peace 
+will be  safe.  Resist, support him,  let him  "compel us to over-step the narrow and 
+well-defined circle to which we purpose to confine ourselves"—and on your shoulders 
+
+45  we throw the responsibility of causing a general war. 
+
+603 
+
+Wilhelm  Pieper 
+
+With this terrible insinuation Nesselrode leaves, and we shall there leave with him, 
+the poor Aberdeens and the general coterie of tremblers to the shakings of their weak 
+heads. To think of these treacherous cowards keeping the national honour, the inter 
+ests of civilisation, the fate almost of Europe in their hands! What will they do with 
+it? Lay it in trembling devotion at the feet of the Czar. Yes, that they will. They will 
+pocket his insults, and their own degradation—for they dare not take up the gauntlet 
+so  provokingly thrown down by the  Autocrat to them. 
+
+5 
+
+Their imbecile vacillation has allowed Austria and Prussia to be caught in Russia's 
+intrigues:  In Berlin the king and his army celebrate the Czar's birthday with frantic 
+enthusiasm.  In  Constantinople an Austrian Menschikoff replaces the Russian one.  10 
+Already,  England  and  France  are  isolated.  What we ask, will our Peace tremblers 
+do? Prostrate themselves before the Russian! Yes, that they will do. 
+
+But, don't let us grow too warm at the humiliation of our masters. Could any one 
+desire  to  see our decrepit oligarchy displaying new vitality? Could anyone wish our 
+dead middle class  Parliament should suddenly be electrified into a patriotic Roman  15 
+Senate?  Could  anyone  want our venal hypocrite press  should acquire the genuine 
+power of enthusiastic, passionate, popular leading organs? No, a hundred time§ no! 
+We  ought to  delight  in their  combined ignominy,  degradation,  and decomposition. 
+And  well  may we  do  so.  For  the  weakness  of  our  masters  is  the  guaranty of our 
+triumph. As to the Cossack, what matters it that he triumphs over our own counter-  20 
+revolution—so  that revolution  will triumph over both. 
+
+604 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius 
+
+The  State  of  France 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 63, 16. Juli 1853 
+
+T he  S t a te  of  F r a n c e. 
+
+N o. l. 
+Peasant  Proprietorship  and  Encumbrance. 
+
+5 
+
+Everybody understands how the little master tradesman is beaten out of the field by 
+the  great  capitalist—how  the  handicraft  worker  is  crushed  by  the  application  of 
+machinery,  and  how  the  wages  of  workmen generally diminish in consequence of 
+improved and accelerated machine power. All this follows in the ordinary course of 
+competition, and the development of modern manufacturing industry. But the French 
+peasant  proprietor  has  nothing  in  common  with  any  of  those  industrials  who  are 
+10  vanishing before the modern giant of production; he has neither to contend against 
+a superior mode of cultivation at home, nor is he exposed to any competition whatever 
+from  abroad; nor is he  a wages-slave who is compelled to  sell his labour-power to 
+some profitmongering capitalist for a scanty subsistence. On the contrary, he is his 
+own master,  a free  and  independent proprietor of  an instrument of production; yet 
+15 his misery, his sufferings, his privations, are equal to any that can possibly be endured. 
+Anomalous  as  it  may appear, it is nevertheless a fact, that while the proletarian is 
+oppressed  and  miserable,  because  he has no instrument of production of his own, 
+the peasant proprietor  suffers  because he  is proprietor. 
+
+Although peasant proprietorship  is  of modern origin,  a brief  sketch of the  social 
+20  position  of  the  peasantry  in  former  centuries  may  not be  without interest to  our 
+readers, particularly  as that position is the  principal foundation of modern peasant 
+proprietorship.  In  the  feudal  system,  as  originally  established,  land  was  held  as 
+national property.  The  whole  system was  a military organisation to  all intents  and 
+purposes, providing at the  same time, by a kind of social hierarchy and strict rules, 
+for the performance of  all functions necessary for the maintenance of the common 
+wealtii. Land being the chief, if not the only source of revenue, all public service was 
+compensated  in land.  The  King,  as trustee of the nation, as chief administrator of 
+the national lands, and head commander of the national defence, nominated all the 
+high functionaries of state who in their civil capacity were governors of the provinces, 
+30  and next to the king, in command of the army. They were vassals of the Crown, and 
+disposed  of  the  minor  offices  in their respective districts, investing the  subalterns 
+
+25 
+
+605 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius 
+
+with estates, the extent of which varied according to the services attached to them. 
+As  the  civil  officers  were  the  commanders  on the battlefield, military  service was 
+the only condition on which land could be held. Military service included full equip 
+ment for  going to war, the means of  subsistence while engaged in it not excepted. 
+Thus  the  division  of the  soil was regulated by the organisation of the national de-  5 
+fence. 
+
+At the bottom of all, excluded from the use of arms, any participation in the public 
+service,  and  charged  with  the  maintenance  of  all,  were  the  serfs.  Labour  being 
+considered a degraded and dishonourable occupation, the serfs were not only charged 
+with the cultivation of the soil, but had to perform all kinds of work necessary for  10 
+the maintenance of their superiors. War had therefore no disturbing influence upon 
+production except in such places  where  engagements took place. 
+
+The serfs of the feudal lord, in contradistinction to the slaves of the ancient states, 
+had a claim to the  soil upon which they were born. The serfs could neither be sold 
+nor removed ; they were part and parcel of their native estate, the possessor of which 15 
+had to provide for their subsistence. To simplify the working of the system and make 
+them, as it were, self-dependent, the serfs were lodged in cottages with sufficient land 
+allotted to them to  support themselves  and families.  The  serfs  thus located, had to 
+cultivate  gratis  that portion of  the estate which the lord of the manor retained for 
+his own private benefit. 
+
+20 
+
+In a rude state of society, with an extremely plain and simple mode of living, when 
+the produce of the land was more the  spontaneous gift of nature than the result of 
+tillage and cultivation, when labour was so little divided and the task to be performed 
+by the  workman  so  easy,  that almost every  one  could  execute the  ordinary work 
+required for a household ; when the population was so thin that there was ample room 25 
+for  all:  under  such  a  state  of  things the feudal  system was  probably not very op 
+pressive. It was a decided step in advance compared to the ancient system of slavery 
+under which the producers of wealth were a saleable commodity like the negro slaves 
+in America at the present day. Besides though nobility was a necessary qualification 
+for the  higher offices, the respective individuals were only invested with the titles  30 
+and revenues of the land as appendages to the public service which they performed. 
+It was a sacred trust, the violation of which subjected the offenders to removal and 
+punishment.  The  common rule was that the possession of an estate ended with the 
+demise of the trustee, his family having no claim whatever to it as an inheritance— 
+though regard was frequently paid to the sons of faithful servants to the Crown. In  35 
+the  course  of  time,  however,  the  nobility  succeeded  in  making  the  offices,  and 
+consequently  the  estates,  hereditary  in  the  respective  families—they  established 
+individual  proprietorship. 
+
+Having succeeded in securing their possessions the great barons now tried to make 
+the crown subservient to their interest, or emancipate themselves from its control.  40 
+A  conflict  ensued,  which lasted for centuries, remarkable for its  cruelties, crimes, 
+and devastations.  As an instance of the tender mercies of royalty, we may mention 
+that, during the reign of Louis XI., no less than four thousand refractory barons were 
+executed.  But though royalty fought with advantage, in the long run nothing could 
+have rendered its ultimate triumph more complete than the invention of gunpowder, 45 
+
+606 
+
+The State  of  France 
+
+and the consequent introduction of firearms into the  art of war.  A  single chemical 
+composition threw  the  struggling and  haughty aristocracy prostrate before the feet 
+of the  throne.  By  means  of gunpowder  the  strongholds of refractory barons  were 
+easily destroyed—before the fire of disciplined and concentrated armies the scattered 
+and ill-organised hosts of aristocratic dependants, their own peculiar mode of war 
+fare, the entire strength of chivalry, crumbled into the dust. The weapons of the noble 
+warriors became as useless to their owners as hand-looms and spinning-wheels are 
+at the present day to  the workman. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+During the space of time over which our remarks extend the relation between serf 
+10 and landlord was only modified inasmuch as the interest of the latter made it desirable. 
+When towns became the principal seats of industry, the dexterity of the rustic serfs 
+ceased to  satisfy the tastes  of their  masters.  But the  superior products of the town 
+mechanics  could  only  be  obtained  by  giving  something  in  exchange—that  is,  by 
+purchasing them. Money became the great desideratum. As the produce of agriculture 
+found a ready sale in the towns, the landlords began to curtail their hospitality, and 
+entered into  contracts  and covenants  with  some  of the  serfs. They put more land 
+u.  Jer  cultivation,  and enlarged the holdings of those who distinguished themselves 
+by "good conduct" and industry. For this they had to pay tribute. Besides, there were 
+small freeholders who, in the time of the feuds, were unable to protect their holdings, 
+20  and had to  seek protection from some powerful baron in the neighbourhood, which 
+could only be obtained on tribute and soccage service. But there was yet another class 
+of men—the  sons  of freeholders—who  could not settle on their fathers' estates; and 
+who were averse, or not in a condition, to join the king's forces, or gain a subsistence 
+in a town,  and were therefore obliged to accept  settlements in baronial dominions, 
+in servile conditions. Thus, in the same degree as the political power of the barons 
+declined, in the same degree increased their social power as landlords, their revenues, 
+their command over the  luxuries  of life. 
+
+25 
+
+With the surrender of arms and political power the social position of the aristocracy 
+became more  secure.  Royalty not only maintained and protected aristocratic privi-
+30 leges, but rather increased them. The court, reposing on the laurels of victory, became 
+distinguished  for  Oriental  pomp,  debauchery,  gorgeous feasts  and entertainments, 
+in which  nobles  were  invited to participate.  In consequence of this, they left their 
+rural habitations, gathered round the throne, and entirely abandoned their old habits 
+of life. If the barons of old had been characterised by the recklessness of their feuds, 
+35  highway  robberies,  and  revolts,  their  descendants,  in  their  new position,  as  if to 
+indemnify themselves for past troubles, plunged with equal recklessness  into  vice, 
+profligacy, and dissipation. With the progress of extravagance and luxury increased 
+the  oppression of  the  peasantry.  Bailiffs  and  stewards became, in most cases, the 
+sole managers of estates—who, to  satisfy the wants of their masters, resorted to all 
+40  kinds of means to obtain money from the peasantry. Written deeds and covenants 
+availed  little  against  the  rapacity of the landlords.  They possessed the jurisdiction 
+over their dependants to the fullest extent. The judges before whom the peasant could 
+complain  were  the  hirelings  of the  accuser,  and whoever  dared to refuse any kind 
+of  payment  on the  authority  of  a written agreement, had to consider himself very 
+fortunate if he did escape without being punished for his audacity. Moreover, it must 
+
+45 
+
+607 
+
+Johann Georg  Eccarius 
+
+be borne in mind, that those oppressed beings were by law prohibited from acquiring 
+any kind of property. The land, the cottages, the goods, and cattle—the shirt on the 
+back of the bondman-everything was the lawful property of the landlord. Whatever 
+amount  of  money  the  peasant  might  save  by  his  industry  and frugality, had to be 
+hoarded and kept out of the scent of the noble devourer. Such was the condition of  5 
+the predecessors  of the present peasant proprietors. 
+
+Whatever difference there was between the social condition of the rural and that 
+of the town populations, there was only one feeling of discontent, indignation, and 
+disgust, pervading the whole nation,  and  only waiting for  a favourable opportunity 
+to explode. The court itself created this opportunity when, by its imbecile measures  10 
+of  repression,  it  provoked  a  battle  in  the  streets  of  Paris  which  ended  with  the 
+destruction of the Bastille, and a complete victory of the people, on July 14,1789. No 
+sooner was  the  triumph of the Parisians known in the provinces than the peasantry 
+set to work to avenge their grievances, and to shake off their yoke. They renounced 
+all  obedience  to  the  aristocracy—they  lighted  bonfires  with  their  deeds  and  in-  15 
+vestitures,  and  destroyed the castles  of tyrannical landlords.  To prevent confusion 
+and anarchy, it now became necessary that the emancipation of the peasantry should 
+be  forthwith  acknowledged  by  a legislative  act  of the newly-constituted authority, 
+the  National  Assembly.  In one  single  night,  the 4th of August, all feudal burdens, 
+privileges, and appendages—the whole social fabric of feudalism—were abolished. The 20 
+tithes were declared to be redeemable, and should be commuted into a cash payment. 
+On  a  subsequent  day,  however,  the  11th  of  August,  they  were entirely abolished, 
+without  any  compensation whatever  to  the clergy. Thus, within the brief space of 
+seven days, the peasantry were legally freed from all burdens, save the payment of 
+taxes  to the  State. They became free and independent proprietors of the land they  25 
+occupied. It was made a present to them. Further advantages were offered to the new 
+citizen  proprietors,  when  the  crown  and  church  lands  were  declared  national 
+property,  and  sold to  reimburse  the  creditors  of  the  State, and defray current ex 
+penses.  In  addition to  these there were the estates of emigrated aristocrats, which 
+were  sold for  the benefit of the treasury. The extent of land thus brought into the  30 
+market, the urgent wants of the  State, the  scarcity of money—all tended to depress 
+its price, so that all the advantages were on the side of the purchasers. The newly-
+emancipated peasants purchased freely, but where did they get money? They opened 
+their hoards—they disposed of money which, perhaps for years, had been locked up, 
+and withdrawn from circulation. In less than ten years the peasantry was in posses-  35 
+sion of the most considerable part of all landed property. Such is the origin of French 
+peasant proprietorship. 
+
+Hopeful as was the prospect of the peasantry half a century ago, peasant proprie 
+torship in its further development has produced the most deplorable results. Peasant 
+proprietorship is based on the division of the soil, and the French law of inheritance 40 
+has led to sub-division; sub-division has produced encumbrance—encumbrance leads 
+to beggary and ruin. According to the modern laws of inheritance in France, all the 
+children of one father have equal claims to the patrimonial estate. Suppose a father 
+of  four  children  being  in  possession  of  forty  acres  of  land,  unencumbered  at  his 
+decease, this farm will be divided into four lots of ten acres each.  As this mode of  45 
+
+608 
+
+The State of  France 
+
+5 
+
+division  proceeds  with  each  successive  generation,  a  time  must  arrive  when  the 
+properties become so small that further division becomes impossible, and at this stage 
+encumbrance is unavoidable. As the children are equally entitled, whoever succeeds 
+the father must mdemnify the sisters and brothers, unless the father's savings amount 
+to  as many times the value of the farm  as there are children. As this is impossible, 
+the  successor  generally  applies  to  a capitalist—a  mortgagee—to  obtain  the  money, 
+which, as experience shows, becomes a permanent burden on the land. If the father, 
+the proprietor of an encumbered farm could not save sufficient to leave the land free 
+of debt to one of his children, how is it possible for him who enters his career with 
+10  encumbrance, to leave it even under such unfavourable conditions to his next heir? 
+It is  clear that every  succeeding generation begins under worst auspices, and that a 
+time must arrive when the descendants of the once happy freeholders must give up 
+their inheritance when they become beggars and paupers. To what extent of misery 
+this  state  of things has already led, may be seen from official returns which, if they 
+15  deviate  at all from  the  truth, represent the case rather favourably than otherwise. 
+
+According to an official return of  1845  there were in France:— 
+
+Dwellings with no 
+
+aperture except the  door 
+
+only one 
+only two 
+
+20 
+
+348,401 
+1,817,328 
+1,328,937 
+3,494,666 
+
+In these wretched cabins vegetate full 16,000,000, or nearly one half of the popula 
+tion, all of whom pay a tax to the  state. In the  same return it is reported that "The 
+number of rural beggars throughout France amounted to four millions: also that the 
+bread in common use among the peasant proprietors of plots of land, was a mixture 
+25  of bran, rye, barley,  beans,  and potatoes; and that meat was rarely eaten by them 
+
+except on two or three fete days of the year." 
+
+In  1847  the  inspectors  of  Louis  Philippe  report  France  to  be  sub-divided  into 
+11,511,841  little  estates,  each  paying  a tax of one-twelfth of the income; that only 
+6,881  produced an income of £400 a year or upwards, and that the total amount of 
+
+30  mortgages in all France was £501,760,000. 
+
+M.Chegaray reports on April 29,1851, that "nearly the whole of the landowners 
+in  France are bankrupts." These facts  speak for themselves, they require no com 
+ment. But encumbrance is not the only difficulty that besets the peasant proprietor. 
+He is  surrounded by obstacles in every direction, obstacles that increase in the same 
+ratio as his capability of surmounting diminishes. 
+
+35 
+
+No. II. 
+Charges  on  the  Peasantry. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 64, 23. Juli 1853 
+
+If the position of the peasantry was the pride of France fifty years ago, it has become 
+a curse in the middle of the nineteenth century. When Guizot referred to that position 
+in  order to resist some proposed measures, intended to benefit the manufacturers, 
+he  only  defended that  part  of the rural interest,  which, in the  shape of interest on 
+
+40 
+
+609 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius 
+
+5 
+
+mortgagees, wanders out of the farmer's pocket into that of the mortgagee. We have 
+seen how the equal division of property amongst the children, the least that the middle 
+class nation of equality could do, has led to the encumbrance of the land, has forged 
+new  shackles  for  the  peasantry,  and  thrown  the  independent  proprietors  into  the 
+bondage of the moneyocracy. But the payment of interest is only part of the burden 
+that oppresses the peasant proprietor. The modern mortgagee, like the baron of old, 
+has his bailiff, his  scribe, and his lawyer, all of whom fleece the poor peasant before 
+he  obtains his loan. First comes the appraiser, who issues a certificate verifying the 
+situation, qualification, and value of the mortgager's estate. His service must be paid 
+for.  Next comes the agent whom the farmer employs to find out a mortgagee.  Most  10 
+of these agents act in a double capacity. They are employed by the capitalist to engage 
+customers—the  customers  employ  them  to  find  dealers.  Their  demands  upon  the 
+borrowers rise with the tightness of the mortgage market and the precariousness of 
+the  security. Then comes the lawyer who makes out the pawn ticket, and lastly the 
+registrar enrolling the transaction in the state's register. This cause of proceeding must 15 
+be repeated as often as either the estates changes hands or the mortgagee recalls his 
+loan, or expires. But this is not all. By sub-division, inter-marriage, purchases, etc., 
+the properties become so intersected that one man's property is often scattered about 
+over as many localities as he has acres. The proprietor of a hundred acres in one spot, 
+can mortgage his estate by one single transaction; the proprietor of five acres in five  20 
+different spots, if he mortgages at all, must pay five times. 
+
+The transfer of property from father to son, from the seller to the purchaser, goes 
+on  in  the  same  manner.  Every transfer of property  must be  legally registered,  and 
+the more landed property is cut to pieces, the more it costs in the shape of lawyers' 
+fees. These costs are unavoidable; they are part and parcel of, and inseparable from,  25 
+the  system.  But, besides these, the peasant proprietors incur other law expenses to 
+which  they often  maliciously  subject one  another.  As the properties become  more 
+precarious, as poverty increases, there arise greediness, envy, and litigiousness. The 
+disposal  of  land  by  will,  private  sale,  etc., by which relatives consider themselves 
+to be defrauded, as  also the intersection of properties, gives frequent occasions for  30 
+actions at law. The frequent and minute division of the soil presents permanent lines 
+of  demarcation to be drawn, and  substantial barriers to be erected.  Hence there is 
+always room for quarrels—always room to encroach upon one's neighbour. An honest 
+and well disposed neighbour is indeed ablessing that can onlybe appreciated by those 
+who are really conversant with such a state of things.  Talk about the buss of rural  35 
+innocence.  Every little farmer is a living lump of suspicion and irritation.  Fleeced, 
+plundered,  and  defrauded  on  all  sides  he  naturally  casts  a  suspicious  eye  upon 
+everyone with whom he comes in contact. What the reactionists call rural innocence 
+and  simplicity,  is  only  a  disguised name for an undeveloped and neglected  mental 
+state,  a kind of unnatural idiotism, which is the more dangerous as it is inoculated  40 
+and directed by the  sacerdotal hirelings of church and  state. The priests also exact 
+their pound over  and above  their  salaries from  the state; but they exact their share 
+in the shape of voluntary gifts for which the deluded dupes are promised to become 
+particularly entitled to  a comfortable  seat in heaven. 
+
+But  this  is  not  all.  Besides  the  mortgagee  and  his  attendants,  besides  the  ad-  45 
+
+610 
+
+The State of  France 
+
+10 
+
+ministrators of justice and the  shepherds of souls, there is a class of business men, 
+who carry on their operations clandestinely, and positively speculate upon the farm 
+er's  misery.  Among  all  men  of business the little farmer is  most in need of credit, 
+and amongst all men of business the little farmer has the least. Bad harvests, inun-
+5  dations, destructive hail storms, are all possible occurrences, and sufficient to make 
+the little farmer  insolvent.  What security has  he to  offer? His estate? It is pledged 
+to the utmost of its value to the mortgagee. His crop—the prospective reward of his 
+toil?  One fatal  hour is sufficient to annihilate it. He has in fact, nothing to offer but 
+an I  O U. Whenever, therefore, he wants goods or cash on credit, he must apply to 
+those who carry on their business on the principle of "lose all or gain all"—the usurer 
+and the tallyman. Thus he borrows on the worst condition. He has to pay the usurer's 
+interest and the  sharper's profit.  Once fallen into their hands, it amounts almost to 
+an impossibility to  extricate himself.  For, while his expenditure has been enhanced 
+in consequence of the loan, his income has remained the same as before. The same 
+15  cause  which  at first compelled him to  submit to unfavourable conditions is  still at 
+work,  perhaps  even  in  a  more  aggravated  degree.  Thus  the  peasant proprietor  is 
+slowly but surely handed over to the capitalist. Step by step his difficulties increase; 
+step by step he gets deeper in debt; step by step he sinks into poverty and ruin. But 
+all these transactions appear more beneficial than prejudicial to the farmer—they bear 
+20 a sort of voluntary character, as the peasant himself agrees to the conditions on which 
+the  individual  capitalists  get  hold  of  him  en  detail.  To  the  mortgagee  he  applies, 
+because  he  wishes  to  possess  more  land  than  his  own  money  will purchase.  He 
+invokes the law for the  sake of protection.  Without the usurer and the tallyman he 
+would  often  be  compelled  at once  to  throw  up  his farm.  The priest is the  merciful 
+25  mediator between him and God—the ladder upon which the pious farmer climbs to 
+heaven,  when  death  bids  him  to  leave  his  troublesome  freehold,  if otherwise  the 
+distrainer has not anticipated death, so that the farmer has nothing to leave. But the 
+capitalists  appear yet under another name—viz., as the collective power of the state 
+under which they seize upon the peasantry en gros, and peremptorily demand money 
+in the  shape of taxes for which the peasantry receives scarcely any service, unless 
+it be the surveülance of the gensdarmerie. What benefit does the peasant derive from 
+the government expenditure? Education? The education of the poor would endanger 
+the existing state of things. Protection by the army? He is not in need of it; the army 
+is employed to keep the towns in check, and guards his oppressors. Assistance from 
+the navy? The navy protects the floating riches of those who plunder him. To keep 
+faith with the public creditor? The National Debt was not contracted for his benefit. 
+He has no interest in keeping faith with the creditors. The whole of the state revenue 
+is expended for the maintenance of interests which are totally foreign to the peasant. 
+Nevertheless,  he  must pay—he  is  neither  consulted,  nor allowed to raise his voice 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40  against it. 
+
+If  the  expenses  of  the  peasantry  are  progressively increasing,  and have  already 
+brought the little proprietors on the brink of bankruptcy, the state has hitherto done 
+nothing to mitigate the evil by public economy. On the contrary, just as if bankruptcy 
+was  the  sole  end  of  state  administration,  the  respective  governments  have  been 
+steering rapidly to  a point where the public expenditure far exceeds the resources 
+
+45 
+
+611 
+
+Johann Georg Eccarius 
+
+of  the  country.  In  less  than  forty  years,  with  a  pauperised  peasantry,  the  public 
+expenses have been more than doubled. The cost of the respective governments, since 
+the beginning of this century, runs thus:—Average annual expenditure during the reign 
+of Napoleon, 750,000,000f. Average annual expenditure under the Bourbons, 1815-30, 
+910,000,000f. Louis Philippe's "cheap" government (a bon marché) cost, during the 
+first  twelve  years,  l,150,000,000f. per annum;  and in the latter years  the expenses 
+amounted to  1,400,000,000. The honest Republicans who governed France in  1848, 
+managed to carry on the affairs of the nation for 1,500,000,000f. The public expenses 
+have considerably increased since then; but, as no new tax has been imposed upon 
+the peasantry since  1848, this increased expenditure does not come under the head  10 
+of the present inquiry.  Under the parliamentary rule  of the moneyocracy, the rural 
+population contributed not less than fifty-seven per cent, of the whole public revenue. 
+Thus the proprietors of land in France have to pay in the form of taxes to the state, 
+and interest on mortgages to the bourgeoisie, a sum equal to £60,000,000 sterling per 
+annum, exclusive of the heavy interest for occasional loans, tallyman's profits, and  15 
+law expenses. 
+
+5 
+
+The guardians of the public purse, the honest and virtuous legislators, have proved 
+quite as unscrupulous exactors as the barons of old. Nobody can consistently dispute 
+the propriety of taxing real property, if the amount levied is in accordance with the 
+requirements of the public service. But, in the case now before us there are open fraud 20 
+and  robbery  committed.  Not  only  is  the  amount  of  taxation  levied  by  the  state 
+exorbitant, but the peasant proprietor is actually compelled to pay taxes on land, of 
+which he is only nominal proprietor. If A buys a farm for £1,000 and mortgages the 
+same to Β  for £500 to pay the purchase-money, it is clear that A is in reality only 
+proprietor of one half of the farm, having to pay interest for the full value of the other 25 
+half. But the state never troubles itself about B. The taxgatherer is sent to A and A 
+is enrolled as proprietor of an estate worth £1,000 for which he has to pay the full 
+amount of taxes. A, therefore, pays one-half of the taxes as proprietor for himself 
+and the other half he pays out of his earnings as farmer for B's share in the property. 
+Now, as the mortgages on land in all France amount to more than £500,000,000, and 30 
+as this sum  is necessarily included in the taxable value of land, it follows that the 
+proprietors of land have to pay the taxes on that amount of property out of their 
+industrial incomes for the mortgagees. This is robbery concocted by legislators, who 
+only clothe  themselves  in the garb of legislation to  defraud the industrious with 
+impunity. Brigand-like they have stifled the voices of their victims and shackled every 35 
+limb  of  the  oppressed  to  paralyse  alike the political agitation and development. 
+Legitimists, Orleanists, and Republicans have in succession adopted the same maxim 
+of saddling the peasantry with as large an amount of taxation as possible; and this 
+has been effected principally, because the rural population has  no means of re­
+sistance.  Whether the new imperial regime will visit the peasant-proprietors with  40 
+additional imposts, remains to be seen. Certain it is that, ere long, Loins Napoleon 
+will have to increase the revenue by some means or other; since the income has not 
+been adequate to cover even an average expenditure, much less the extravagance 
+at present in vogue, which leaves no margin for a diminution of that share in the public 
+burden hitherto borne by the peasantry. 
+
+45 
+
+612 
+
+The  State  of France 
+
+No. III. 
+Barrenness  of  the  Small  Farm  System. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr. 65, 30. Juli 1853 
+
+5 
+
+In the preceding articles we have seen the rustic citizen as proprietor, debtor, litigant, 
+and  tax payer—a victim bound hand  and foot,  at the  mercy  of the  money-grubbing 
+capitalists.  It  now  behoves  us  to  look  at  him  in his  capacity as a manufacturer of 
+butter,  cheese,  beef,  mutton,  grain,  etc.—in  short,  as  a  provider  of  food  for  the 
+nation. 
+
+10 
+
+There is an essential difference between the large farm system carried onto agreat 
+extent in this country, and the prevailing small farm system in France. The large farm 
+system is carried on upon commercial principles just like any other industrial under 
+taking.  With the same end in view as the capitalist who invests his money in cotton 
+mills,  the  large  farmer  starts  in  business by investing his  capital in the production 
+of food.  Neither the  millowner nor the large farmer troubles himself about his own 
+private  consumption—the  produce  of their  establishments  is  raised  purposely to be 
+15  brought to market for  sale,  and whatever kind of goods'in their respective lines of 
+business are most likely to have a good demand, they endeavour to supply. Bothmean 
+profit.  Profit is the difference between the cost of production and the market price, 
+and the market price dictates the business line of action to both. The only distinction 
+between them is, that the one  accomplishes his purpose by the employment of the 
+spinner  and  weaver—the  other  by  that of  the  ploughman  and  shepherd. Whatever 
+tends  to  lessen  the  cost  of  production  increases  profit.  Consequently,  the  large 
+farmer's  most  immediate  interest requires  that he  should  continually revolutionise 
+and progressively change his mode of production, as new discoveries in science and 
+inventions in mechanism afford the means for an onward move. The mode of cultiva-
+tion under the large farm system is essentially modern, scientific, and progressive. 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+The mode  of cultivation under the  small farm  system is, at best, an obsolete and 
+stationary routine. The little farmer, starting in business, has not the same end in view 
+as  the  large  one.  His  principal  aim is  to  secure employment and produce food for 
+himself and family. He only thinks of taking his produce to market when he is fortu-
+30  nate enough to reap a surplus, or when the tax gatherer, the collector of interest, and 
+
+others,  press for payment. 
+
+In  a  country  like  France,  where  nine-tenths  of  the  sou  are  cultivated  by  little 
+proprietors, employment for wages is very precarious. Agricultural labourers, in the 
+English sense, can hardly exist.  Those who perform  the functions  of labourers are 
+35  either servants, single folks—hired by the year, or they are the poorest of proprietors 
+whose farm  produce  is  not sufficient  to  maintain them  and their families, and who 
+are  therefore  glad to  assist those  who  happen to possess  a few  square yards  more 
+than they can manage themselves in the busy season. These occasional help-days are 
+the only jobs which fall to  a married  man's lot. 
+
+40 
+
+As the principal object of small farming is employment of one-self and family, the 
+small farm system excludes the use of all those modern implements which substitute 
+
+613 
+
+Johann Georg  Eccarius 
+
+machine for manual labour.  The  small farmer's  income does  not consist in the dif 
+ference between the cost of production and the market price. His revenue is the cost 
+of production itself—it is the reward for his own hard labour. To cheapen production 
+would be tantamount to reducing the money value of his own dear self. The applica 
+tion  of  steam  power,  the  sowing,  the  reaping,  and  trashing  machine,  etc.,  would  5 
+supersede manual—his own labour; it would depreciate the value of his sinews and 
+bones. Hence the very existence of the small farm system depends on the old mode 
+of cultivation being preserved. 
+
+Those means of improvement and extensive cultivation, the development of which 
+was  impeded by  the  feudal  system, were almost exhausted by the first generation  10 
+of peasant proprietors. During the last twenty years the aggregate annual amount of 
+agricultural produce has been stationary, no increase having taken place, except such 
+as  has been occasioned by favourable  seasons.  All that plough, spade, and hoe can 
+do, has been accomplished, and more the little proprietors cannot do. The application 
+of some of the most profitable improvements, such as irrigation and drainage, which  15 
+by no means depreciate manual labour is, on account of the smallness and intersection 
+of properties, utterly impossible. But this is not all. The parent of good farming, the 
+mother of fertilisation, is manure, a sufficient quantity of which can only be obtained 
+from live stock; but the small farm system is as ill adapted for the extensive breeding 
+and keeping of live stock as it is, for the application of machinery. In whatever light  20 
+we  view  the  little  farmer's  position,  it  is  a  deplorable  one.  He  is  surrounded by 
+insurmountable  obstacles  in every direction. 
+
+To give  our  readers  an idea of the  scanty  supply of food obtained by the French 
+nation from the prevailing system of farming, and also to show the difference between 
+large  and  small farming, we quote the following statement of a French economist.  25 
+M. Catineau la Roche says: 
+
+"The  total  value  of  French  agricultural produce,  divided among all Frenchmen, 
+gives each about 133 francs' worth. The total value of agricultural produce in England, 
+would  give  each about 235 francs' worth. The French cultivator produces  a yearly 
+value of 215 francs to the British cultivator's 715. In France, the annual production  30 
+of a hectare is valued at about 105 francs. In this country it produces more than 244. 
+The  wheat raised in France suffices only for two-thirds of the inhabitants. The rest 
+live upon rye, maize, millet, potatoes, and chesnuts. 
+
+Bulls and Oxen 
+Cows 
+Calves 
+Sheep  (wethers) 
+Sheep (ewes) 
+Lambs 
+Pigs 
+
+492,905 
+718,956 
+2,487,362 
+3,432,166 
+1,337,327 
+1,035,188 
+3,957,407 
+
+Frs. Each. 
+
+153 
+89 
+26 
+13V2 
+974 
+52/3 
+35 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+The  total  value  of  butchers'  meat,  diyjdfifLaojpng  the  inhabitants  of  France, 
+
+would give nearly twelve frans each, wnite"the T»Dvernment report states  16. 
+
+614 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+25 
+
+30 
+
+35 
+
+40 
+
+The State of  France 
+
+The  net weight of food, furnished by the  different species  of animals, La Roche 
+
+estimates as follows:— 
+
+France. 
+Kilogrammes. 
+
+Britain. 
+Kilogrms. 
+
+Oxen 
+Cows 
+Calves 
+Sheep  (wethers) 
+Ewes 
+Lambs 
+Pigs 
+
+248 
+144 
+29 
+17  Ì 
+12 
+J 
+6 
+73 
+
+360 
+— 
+60 
+40 
+40 
+
+20 
+— 
+
+The result being that each Frenchman consumes about  WVîkil. of animal food." 
+If this  estimate  be correct, 2 English oxen are equal to 3 French;  1 English calf, 
+2 French; 1 English sheep, 2 French and 1 lamb; and one English lamb is more than 
+three  French. 
+
+La  Roche  calculates  that  this  country  possesses  2 oxen  to  one  in France;  and 
+57 sheep to 32 in France. The smaller number of inferior cattle manure 43 millions 
+of hectares in France. The greater number of superior beasts manure only 23 millions 
+in this country. 
+
+The  gross value of agricultural produce in France produced by a rural population 
+of not less than 24 millions, is £1,880,800,000, while the gross value of agricultural 
+produce  in England, produced by a farming population of not more than 6,000,000, 
+is £139,356,875.  But there is no need of going to France for comparison. Before the 
+Saxon invasion took place in Ireland—that is, previous to the last famine—there were 
+in  the  sister  country  2,000,000  of  effective  toilers  employed to produce  an annual 
+value of £48,020,834, while, in England, there were only 1,000,000 of effective workers 
+engaged  to  produce  the  £139,356,875  worth.  The  whole  amount  of  animal  food, 
+furnished by the French peasantry, would, at the London rate of consumption, only 
+supply 5,430,000 people  with butchers'  meat.  Consequently, if the inhabitants  of a 
+few of the largest towns in France would consume butchers' meat at the London rates, 
+more than 29 millions and a half of Frenchmen would have to turn vegetarians at once. 
+We must, however, take it for granted that the town population consumes rather more 
+than an average  share. Therefore, the rearer of oxen,  sheep, pigs, etc., only enjoys 
+their pleasant company while they are  alive and kicking, but rarely finds his dinner 
+table  ornamented with any of these animals in a roasted  state. 
+
+But it may be  asked, if the French nation is so scantily supplied with food? How 
+did it happen that they exported such large quantities of wheat to this country in 1851? 
+The reason is obvious. The rural population is two  to one of the town population— 
+conseqpently  each  farming  family  has  only  to  supply  half  a  family.  In town  the 
+average  number  of  customers  to each rustic individual is half a human being.  The 
+home market for  agricultural produce is therefore very limited,  and it is quite con 
+sistent with the existing state of things, that large quantities are exported, not for the 
+benefit of the farmer, but at his expense. It has been already remarked that the little 
+farmer only goes to market, when he has a surplus, or when pecuniary embarrassment 
+
+615 
+
+Johann Georg  Eccarius 
+
+5 
+
+compels him to sell what he ought to eat himself. In the latter case—which is at present 
+the  rule—the  amount  to  be  disposed  of  depends  on  the  claims  which  state  and 
+money-mongers have upon him,  as  well as on the market price of his produce. The 
+more  abundant  the  harvests  the more  plentiful the return for  the farmer's  toil, the 
+less  he  is  able  to  retain  for  himself.  The  most  abundant  harvests  leave  him  the 
+least for his own consumption, since they result in a depression of the market price, 
+far below what the  extra supply warrants. If, for instance, the extra yield of a good 
+harvest be ten per cent, above an average one, the price of wheat is likely to fall twenty 
+per  cent, below the average. Now if the farmer's average yield be  100 bushels per 
+annum, of which he has to  sell,  say fifty bushels at five shillings each to satisfy his  10 
+creditors,  he  will  retain fifty for his  own use.  Let the  yield of  an abundant  season 
+rise  to  110  and  he  will  only be  able  to  sell  his  wheat  at four  shillings  per  bushel, 
+consequently to satisfy his creditors he must sell 62V2 bushels which will only leave 
+37V2 f°r his  own use.  Thus  a year of  abundance is a year of scarcity to the farmer, 
+while  the  corn  merchant, being unable to dispose of the whole extra supply in the  15 
+home market, will find  it profitable to  export that portion of the  produce  of which 
+the  former  is  deficient.  One  would think that exportation  would keep up  prices  at 
+home and prove beneficial to  the little farmer.  No  such thing. The little farmer has 
+neither  an  opportunity  to  take  his  own  produce  to  market,  nor  can he  wait  until 
+exportation begins; pressed for payment on all sides, in nine cases out of ten, he is  20 
+obliged to sell his grain to the fore-staller as soon as it comes off the field. 
+
+Whatever  impedes  the  production  of  an  ample  supply  of  food  is  injurious  to 
+national welfare and prejudicial to the growth of population. Increase of population, 
+as  experience  proves,  is  the mother of all industrial, social, and political progress, 
+and whatever retards the growth of population is inimical to the welfare of humanity. 25 
+The small farm  system is well adapted for a scanty population living in a semi-barba 
+rous state, having few or no wants to satisfy, beyond the first necessaries of life. But 
+it is totally incompatible with modern industry and a dense and growing town popula 
+tion.  The  best  system  of  agriculture  is  that  which  subjects  the  smallest  possible 
+number  to  rural  idiotism,  and  gives  the  largest  net  return  to  provide  for  a  town  30 
+population.  The  less  hands  are required for the production of the first necessaries 
+of  life,  the  more  are  left  to  administer  to  the  comforts  and luxuries of life. These 
+conditions are best fulfilled by the modern large-farm system. The small-farm system 
+neither makes its own peculiar product, the little farmer, happy, nor does it advance 
+the  general  development  of  society.  It  is  neither  progressive in  itself,  nor  does  it  35 
+provide adequate means of subsistence for the towns, the centres of all progress and 
+development. Being incompatible with modern civilization it rapidly runs to its own 
+ruin, extermination is its only solution—an Irish state of things is awaiting the French 
+peasant  proprietors. 
+
+It may be  objected  that the  large-farm  system  is carried on for the benefit of the  40 
+
+few,  and that machine-power by  displacing manual  labour  acts prejudicially to  the 
+interests of labour. Just so, but that does not make the mode of production a bad one; 
+it  only  necessitates  a change in the  mode of distribution which it is the interest of 
+the  working classes to bring about.  But as long as the land  and its fruits remain in 
+the possession of private individuals, let us have the English large-farm in preference 45 
+
+616 
+
+The  State  of  France 
+
+to the French small-farm  system. The influence of the latter upon the growth of the 
+population  may be  seen from the following  statement:— 
+
+From 1815 to 1842 the population of France increased only 18 per cent., and during 
+that period with progressively  increasing  slowness;  in the  first eleven years 9 per 
+5 cent. ; in the next nine years, less than 6 per cent. ; and in the seven years, from 1835 
+to 1842,3 and 1-lOth per cent. The census of 1806 showed a populationof 29,107,425. 
+In  1846,  according  to  the  census  of  that year,  it had only increased to  35,409,486, 
+being an increase of little more than 21V2 per cent, in forty years. According, how 
+ever, to official documents, the population of France in  1847 was  35,400,486, or in 
+that year the progressive retardation noticed in previous years had become positive 
+retrogression.  The  population  of  this  country  increased  between  1801  and  1851, 
+98  per  cent.,  and  principally  in  the  towns.  Hence  we  conclude  that,  unless  the 
+present  system  of  raising  food  is  done  away  with,  there  can  be  no  increase  of 
+population  in  France.  The  only  thing  that  does  increase  is  beggary  which  has 
+increased ten-fold  since the beginning of the present century. 
+
+15 
+
+10 
+
+(To be  continued.) 
+
+617 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+Das  „beste  Blatt  der  Union"  und  seine  „besten  Männer" 
+und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 48,14. September 1853 
+
+Das  „beste  Blatt  der  Union"  u nd 
+
+s e i ne  „ b e s t en  M ä n n e r" 
+
+u nd  N a t i o n a l ö k o n o m en 
+
+5 
+
+Als  „bestes  Blatt"  beurtheilt,  mit  anerkennungswerther  Bescheidenheit  die  „Neu 
+England  Zeitung"  in  Boston  im  Vorgefühl  der  Bedeutsamkeit  ihres  wässerigen 
+Grenzboien-Radikalismus  sich  selbst,  nachdem  das  „ungebildete"  Publikum  auf- 
+gehört hat,  über  sie  zu  urtheüen.  Dieses  Blatt führt uns  seit  einiger  Zeit  groteske 
+Spektakelstücke vor. Es gleicht einem überladenen, gebrechlichen Schiff lein, das von 
+den Küsten  der alten Welt auf  Entdeckungsreisen auslief.  Das  Fahrzeug  sieht sich 
+plötzlich  in  Mitte  der  hohen  See,  und  siehe  da,  man  hat  Kompaß,  Piloten,  und 
+seekundigen  Kapitän  vergessen;  es  wird  zum  Spiel  der  Launen von Winden und  10 
+Wellen.  Hier  versucht ein würdiger Alter der gedankenlosen Menge  den Ernst der 
+Situation  zu  dociren;  allein  noch ist er nicht über das Evangelium hinaus,  als eine 
+lachende Nymphe neckend in der Ferne sich zeigt und die erbauliche Andacht stört, 
+indem sie sich an dem konfusen Treiben der Biedermänner weidet. Aus dem bunten 
+Sammelsurium tritt Einer nach dem Andern auf das Hinterdeck, dreht und dreht am  15 
+Steuer und stellt die Segel. Die allgemeine Verworrenheit wird nur gesteigert durch 
+die direkt sich widersprechenden, aber allsammt wohlgemeinten Rathschläge, mittels 
+deren  der  Pseudo-Kapitän  sich  abarbeitet,  die  Quadratur  des  Zirkels, die „höhere 
+Einheit", den wahren, den richtigen Kurs nach Kanaan, der Milch- und Honig-Welt 
+der  Zukunft  herauszuwickeln,  nachdem  er  soeben  noch in  seiner  Kajüte  sich  als  20 
+zweiter  [Jean] Paul geträumt und gefühlt. 
+
+Heute, wie im letzten Aufflackern der Kraft, wie [im] Todesröcheln, werden plötz 
+lich  neue  und  größere  Segel  aufgezogen,  morgen  Erschlaffung wie  nach  der  Auf 
+regung eines  verzehrenden Fiebers.  Die  Mannschaft refft, überarbeitet und zusam 
+mensinkend, die Segel wieder ein. Man sucht sich die Konfusion des Getümmels aus  25 
+dem  Sinn  zu  schlagen,  indem  man  „interessante"  Familienzwistigkeiten heraufbe 
+schwört. Die Gegensätze der Wirklichkeit, in deren Mitte man sich ohnmächtig fühlt, 
+sucht  man  zu  vertuschen,  indem  man  die  ausposaunte  „höhere  Einheit"  der  frei 
+gemeindlich-idealen  Thätigkeit  aus  dem  Leim  gehen  läßt  durch  Dekretirung  der 
+Gegensätze  von  europäischer  und  amerikanischer  Anschauung.  Der  atheniensische  30 
+Bürger, dessen faule Gesinnungstüchtigkeit, dessen stolz über die Schulter geworfene 
+
+618 
+
+Das „beste  Blatt der Union"  und  seine  „besten Männer"  und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+Wollenlappen man noch soeben in der Eigenschaft eines Kanzelredners der Freiheit 
+bewunderte,  tritt  in  den Hintergrund und neue  Schauspieler treten vor.  Kann man 
+von  ihnen erwarten,  daß  sie  begreifen,  die  bürgerliche Civilisation der Gegenwart 
+ruhe auf der Sklaverei der Lohnarbeit, nachdem ein verwandtes Familienglied gestern 
+5 im Dusel ganz und gar übersah, daß die antike Civilisation auf der absoluten Sklaverei 
+
+fußte?  Gewiß  nicht.  -
+
+Im  Kampfe  zwischen  der  „europäischen  und  der  amerikanischen  Anschauung" 
+tritt  in  Sachen Europa's  auf:  „Leonidas"-Confusius-Ruge,  das  pommersche  Nord 
+licht,  für  ein  Halbdutzend  im  Halbdunkel  tappender,  süddeutscher Diktatoren.  Er 
+10  predigt bekanntlich ein Etwas,  das er Humanismus tauft, und läßt sich gelegentlich 
+bei  John  Bull  neben  Strauß  und  Feuerbach  als  Triarier der deutschen Philosophie 
+ausposaunen. Ruge's  „Anschauung" läßt sich kurz zusammenfassen. Er sieht in den 
+Schriften  des  Philosophen  Kant  das  beschränkte  Freiheitssystem,  in  denen  von 
+Fichte  das  Prinzip  der absoluten Freiheit, in denen von Hegel Prinzip und System 
+15 der absoluten Freiheit vermittelst der Dialektik. Gegen die Dialektik hat Herr Ruge 
+von jeher eine instinktmäßige Abneigung an den Tag gelegt, und blos ihre leichtere 
+Seite aufgefaßt, diejenige nämlich, sich in Widersprüche zu verrennen, nicht aber die, 
+sie  zu  bemeistern.  Es  ist  deßhalb  natürlich,  daß  er  die  Dialektik, z. B.  bei  Marx, 
+fortwährend  als  Sophistik verlästert.  Seinen Humanismus bezeichnet Ruge als Ein-
+fuhrung  von Prinzip und System der absoluten Freiheit in die Gesellschaft. Dieser 
+Humanismus  des Herrn Ruge,  seine Einheit von Praxis und Theorie, soweit wir sie 
+verstehen  können,  besteht  darin,  daß  er  den Praktikern gegenüber  seine faktische 
+Unbeholfenheit  für  Theorie, und  den Theoretikern  gegenüber  seine  absonderliche, 
+schwächliche Denkweise für Praxis ausgiebt. Von dem Augenblick an, als der Reihe 
+25  nach Feuerbach, Bauer, Strauß etc. sich wechselseitig abgefertigt hatten, kein Fürst 
+der Wissenschaft mehr existirte und nun gar die  Materialisten dazwischen [kamen] 
+trat  bei  Vater  Ruge  ein  Gemüthszustand  [ein],  von  welchem  angesteckt  sein 
+Uebersetzer ins Deutsch-Amerikanische einmal mit dem dummen Gretchen sagte: 
+
+20 
+
+30 
+
+Mir wird von alledem  so dumm, 
+Als  führ'  ein Mühlrad  mir  im  Kopf herum. 
+
+Ruge  war  nämlich  gewöhnt,  den  jedesmaligen  Fürsten  der  Wissenschaft  dem 
+Publikum möglichst laut anzupreisen, und dadurch eigene Berühmtheit zu erlangen. 
+Aus  alledem  wurde  nun  eine  Olla  Pùtrida  von  Widersprüchen  zurecht  gemacht, 
+welche  in Ermanglung der Dialektik in der neuesten Zeit mit einer demokratischen 
+35 Stylsauce übergoßen wurde und als Loge des Humanismus zwar nicht im Welttheater, 
+doch im Janus selig  ein „sehr ausgewähltes" Publikum grüßte, welches  sich leider 
+beinahe gänzlich verlief, ehe  die  Loge fertig gezimmert war. 
+
+40 
+
+In der europäischen Presse hatte Herr Ruge sich während der letzten Jahre auf den 
+Leader geworfen, redigirt durch seinen Freund Thornton Hunt in London, welcher 
+folgerichtig im Janus als der „vorzüglichste Schriftsteller der englischen Sozialisten" 
+gepriesen  ward.  Dieser  salbungsvolle Duckmäuser hatte  Kommunismus  gepredigt, 
+um den Chartismus todtzumachen, weßwegen wir ihn schon damals in der amerika 
+nischen  Presse  denunzirten.  Heute  steht die  Anklage gerechtfertigt da vor unserer 
+Partei.  Hunt  hatte  sich  in  die  Chartistenexekutive  gedrängt  mit  der  Absicht,  die 
+
+619 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+
+Chartisten  den  Finanz-Reformern  (der  industriellen  Bourgeoisie)  in  die  Hände  zu 
+spielen. Um Ernest Jones in die Falle zu locken, predigte er inmitten der glänzendsten 
+Prosperität  und  der ungünstigsten  Sachlage  physische  Gewalt und wollte nur noch 
+von  Büchsen  wissen,  er  wurde  zum  Lohn  aus  jener  offiziellen  Stellung  bei  den 
+Arbeitern herausgeworfen. Gut! Heute hat der Schuft die Maske abgeworfen. Er ist 
+Einer der respektabelsten Schwäzer der Mittelklasse geworden, erklärt Bright, dieses 
+Ideal  des  modernen  engüschen  Bourgeois  für  den  ächten  „old  Englishman"  und 
+uninteressirtesten  Humanitätsschwärmer  zu  Gunsten  des  unglücklichen  indischen 
+Volkes, und meinte kürzlich, daß er selbst den Despotismus einer „tollen Republik" 
+vorziehe.  So jämmerlich nimmt sieh die aufgeblasene  „höhere Einheit" aus, hinter  10 
+der sich Arroganz in ihrer breiten Seichtigkeit brüstet, wenn sie in wirkliche Konflikte 
+verwickelt  wird! 
+
+5 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 49, 17.September 1853 
+
+Gehen wir jetzt über  auf  die  „amerikanische  Anschauung", welche  den Gegenpart 
+des Familien-Krawalls in der Neu-England-Zeitung darstellt. Der größte Theil dieser 
+Anschauung besteht aus Trivialitäten und neuerdings aus Gassenhauersentenzen, die 15 
+augenscheinlich in Kneipen, unter dem Einfluß von Philadelphier Lagerbier zusam 
+mengeflochten,  das  Material  zur  Füllung  einer  Dunggrube  abgeben,  deren  Umfas 
+sungswände mit Unwahrheiten, Gemeinheiten und Gemeinplätzen zusammengekittet 
+sind.  Ein paar Philadelphier Römer, vorzüglich ein gewisser Herr Pösche, welcher 
+soeben damit umgeht, sich die Epauletten zu verdienen, als Klaqueur Cushings, in  20 
+der  Pierce'schen glorreichen Aemterjägerarmee, floriren als  Matadore dieser Rich 
+tung. Eine ökonomische Theorie, konservativ-bürgerlich, so wie sie von den Sozialen 
+aller Fraktionen direkt bekämpft wird, — diejenige des Amerikaners Carey und des 
+Franzosen  Bastiat  wird  dem  gläubigen  Publikum*)  als  neueste  deutsch-amerika 
+nische  Entdeckung,  als  die  „höhere Einheit" der National-Oekonomie  vorgeführt.  25 
+Wir werden sehen, daß überall, wo  sich die hochtrabende höhere Einheit ins wirk 
+liche Leben wagt, sie den Gewalten,  welche sind, als dienstbereites Werkzeug in die 
+Hand arbeitet. Die Redaktion der N. E. Z. scheint ihre keusche Gesinnung noch nicht 
+befleckt  zu  haben  durch  Studien,  so  mühvoll  materieller Art, wie  national-ökono 
+mische  sind;  denn  wir  sehen  täglich,  daß  [...]  Diskussion  sozialer  Fragen Jedem  30 
+in die Hä[...], welcher gerade Lust hat, sich zu entleeren. Die obenberührte Doktrin 
+erlag mit Herrn Bastiat das letztemal vor den sozialistischen Tribunalen Europa's im 
+Jahre  1849 bei einer Polemik in Proudhon's  „Voix du peuple"; das Dahinrollen der 
+Geschichte  hat jenen theoretischen  Ausdruck für  eine  genau bestimmte  geschicht 
+liche  Epoche  längst  Grund  und  Boden in der europäischen Gesellschaft entzogen.  35 
+In  Amerika,  wo  heute  die  gesellschaftlichen  Gegensätze  noch  viel  unentwickelter 
+sind, als im radikal unterwühlten Europa, fand diese Theorie ihren Vertreter in dem 
+Oekonomen  Carey.  Ihr  konservativ-bürgerlicher  Gegner  (vom  Standpunkt  der 
+
+*)  Nach dem  anhaltenden Nothschrei der N. E. Z. und den laufenden Gerüchten scheint das 
+Publikum übrigens eine voreilige  Hypothese geworden zu  sein A. C 
+
+40 
+
+620 
+
+Das „beste  Blatt der  Union"  und  seine  „besten  Männer"  und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+neueren  englischen  Schule  aus)  hat  sich  auch bereits  gefunden  in Prof.  Wayland. 
+Seine  National-ökonomischen  Prinzipien  sind  auf  den  meisten  Akademien  Neu 
+Englands  als  Lehrbuch eingeführt,  zum  großen Verdruß  der  Anhänger  Carey's. 
+
+Resumiren  wir  kurz  die  Hauptlinien  der  Doktrin,  welche  von  Bastiat  in  seinen 
+5  Sozialen Harmonien mit Grazie und in leichtfaßlicher Form zusammengestellt, von 
+Carey  aber ohne  alles  Darstellungstalent,  ohne  Zusammenfassungsgabe  und Präzi 
+sion  propagirt wird.  Mancherlei  positive  Kenntnisse  und  selbst originelle  hübsche 
+Einfälle sind dem C. H. Carey nicht abzusprechen. Sein Hauptverdienst besteht darin, 
+daß er wirklich ein eigenthümliches, dem amerikanischen Boden direkt entwachsenes 
+10 Produkt ohne fremde Beimischungen ausbildet. Seine Wissenschaft ist nichts weniger 
+als universeller Natur, sie ist eine reine Yankeewissenschaft. Sie versucht darzuthun, 
+daß die óto/jom/sc/jen Bedingungen der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft, statt Bedingungen 
+des  Kampfes und des Antagonismus zu sein, vielmehr Bedingungen der Assoziation 
+und  der  Harmonie  sind.  (Sehr  schön  in  der  Theorie,  die  Praxis  hierzu liefern die 
+
+15  modernen Fabrikstädte!) Jene ökonomischen Bedingungen zerfallen in 
+
+20 
+
+1) Rente,  den  Antheil  des  Grundeigenthümers, 
+2)  Profit, den Antheil des  Kapitalisten, 
+3)  Arbeitslohn, den Antheil des Arbeiters an dem  Werthe des fertigen Produkts. 
+Wir sehen, Carey ist zu erfahren, um, wie z. B. die neugebackenen Römerjünglinge 
+in Philadelphia, oder vor ihnen s. v. Heinzen, die Existenz von Klassen an das Dasein 
+von politischen Privilegien und Monopolen zu knüpfen und deßhalb mit der großen 
+französischen  Revolution  die  soziale  Harmonie  unbedingt  improvisirt und für  alle 
+Zeiten  patentirt  zu  sehen.  Carey  sucht  vielmehr  für  die  ökonomische  Thatsache 
+ökonomische Gründe, wobei er freilich nicht hinauskömmt über die noch undeutlich 
+25  ausgeprägten,  verschwimmenden, in Fluß begriffenen amerikanischen Klassenver 
+hältnisse. Er beweis't deßhalb nur, daß ein Durchgangspunkt in der Entwickelung der 
+Gesellschaft ihm für das NormalverhältnißihiQs Lebens gilt. Am charakteristischsten 
+ist  die  Polemik  von  Carey's  Schule  gegen  die  englischen  Oekonomen.  Sie  greift 
+Ricardo, den klassischen Vertreter der Bourgeoisie und den stoischsten Gegner des 
+30  Proletariats, an als einen Mann, dessen Werk das Arsenal für Anarchisten, Soziali 
+sten, kurz für alle „Feinde der bürgerlichen Ordnung" sei. Sie verfolgt mit Fanatismus 
+wie  Ricardo,  so  auch  alle  übrigen leitenden  Oekonomen des  modern-bürgerlichen 
+Europas und  wirft diesen ökonomischen  Herolden  der Bourgeoisie vor, daß sie die 
+Gesellschaft  zerrissen  und  für  den  Bürgerkrieg  Waffen  schmieden  durch  den  mit 
+35  Cynismus  gelieferten  Nachweis,  daß  die  ökonomischen  Grundlagen  der  verschie 
+denen Klassen einen nothwendigen und stets wachsenden Antagonismus unter ihnen 
+hervorrufen  müssen. 
+
+Bastiat,  der  Franzose,  ist  unbedingter  Freihändler;  die  Phiiadelphier  Römer 
+jünglinge  beten ihm  die  „Segnungen  des  Freihandels"  mit gläubiger  Einfalt  nach. 
+40  Carey selbst fing  seine  ökonomische  Carriere als  Freihändler an, und ließ zu jener 
+Zeit hier und da gute Witze vom Stapel, wie z. B. das bürgerliche Frankreich seiner 
+Schutzzollneigungen  halber  mit  China  zusammenzustellen.  Wie  gewöhnlich  bei 
+Freihandelsmännern,  schob  er  alle  Dissonanzen in  der Gesellschaft auf ungebühr 
+liches Einmischen des Staates in Unternehmungen, welche der Privat-Industrie etc. 
+45  zukämen. Dies war Alles Yankee, Yankee von Kopf zu Fuß. Heute ist Herr Carey 
+
+621 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+
+säuerlich  geworden,  seufzt  und  jammert  mit  dem  Franzosen  Sismondi über  die 
+zerstörenden Wirkungen in der zentralisirenden großen Industrie England's, welche 
+für  ihn  das  „böse  Prinzip"  in  der  Gesellschaft  erzeugt.  Er  würde  sich  höchlich 
+wundern, wenn er wüßte, wie deutsche Grünschnäbel im lawinenartigen Anschwellen 
+der  Macht  des  großen  Kapitals die Herausbildung von Schneeballen sähen, erfüllt 
+von  „anglosächsischen"  Dezentralisations-  und  Individualitäts-Geist.  Abgesehen 
+davon,  daß  Carey  den  revolutionären,  umwälzenden  Moment  in  den  destruktiven 
+Wirkungen der Industrie gänzlich übersieht, ist er dennoch wieder zu sehr Yankee, 
+um  die  Industrie,  als  solche,  verantwortlich  zu  machen,  was  die  einzige, richtige 
+Konsequenz  seines  Raisonnements  wäre.  Er  macht  die  Engländer  persönlich ver-  10 
+antwortlich  für  die  Wirkungen  ihrer  Industrie,  gar  nicht  davon  zu  sprechen,  daß 
+Ricardo  wieder  verantwortlich  gemacht  wird  für  England.  In  diesem  Gegensatze 
+befangen, muß  er  sich nach und nach nothwendig immer weiter hineinarbeiten in's 
+Kleinbürgerliche, in die einmal dagewesene, aber längst verdrängte patriarchalische 
+Assoziation von Agrikultur und Manufaktur. 
+
+5 
+
+15 
+
+Der Yankeewitz bei Carey und seinen Anhängern ist nun aber wiederum der: Unter 
+dem  Vorwande  und,  wir  mögen  es  zugeben,  auch  mit  dem  guten Willen und  der 
+Ueberzeugung, für die  „zahlreichste und leidendste Klasse" aufzutreten, werfen sie 
+der englischen Bourgeoisie den Fehdehandschuh hin.  Sismondi that dies, indem er 
+die moderne Industrie verdonnerte und sich nach der alten Manufaktur zurücksehnte ; 20 
+sie  aber thun es, indem sie heute  den Schutzzoll predigen.  Sie wollen demnach im 
+Grunde mit all'  ihren philanthropischen Phrasen blos die  englische  Entwickelung 
+der  industriellen Bourgeoisie in Amerika künstlich  beschleunigen.  Es ist dies eine 
+philanthropisch-utopische Manier im Kampf der Konkurrenz zwischen England und 
+Amerika, diesem höchst interessanten Phänomen für die bürgerliche Oekonomie der  25 
+Gegenwart. Die geniale  Seite  der Oekonomie zeigt sich hier  auf's  Glänzendste. Da 
+diese  sogar  von  Carey's  Schule  gänzlich übersehen  wird,  so wäre es natürlich ein 
+unbilliges  Verlangen,  wenn  wir  bei  Staatshämorrhoidarius  und  neugebackenen 
+Staatsökonomen  der  Neu  England  Zeitung  auch nur  eine  Ahnung hiervon voraus 
+setzen wollten, da sie im bürgerlichen Koth bis über die Ohren versunken, noch nicht 30 
+einmal  entfernt  die historische  Bedeutung  der  Richtung kennen,  welche  sie  selbst 
+auswendig gelernt haben. 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr.50, 21.September 1853 
+
+Im  Konkurrenz-Kampf  zwischen  Amerika  und  England  sehen  wir  nämlich  das 
+letztere mehr und mehr in die Lage Von Venedig, Genua und Holland gedrängt, welche 
+alle  gezwungen waren,  ihr  Kapital  auf Zinsen auszuleihen, nachdem das Monopol  35 
+ihrer  Handelsmacht  gebrochen  war.  Genua und Venedig haben Holland zum Auf 
+kommen  verholfen,  Holland  hat  England  mit  Kapital  versehen,  und  ebenso  ist 
+England jetzt gezwungen zu thun in Bezug auf die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. 
+Nur  sind  heute  alle  Verhältnisse  in  diesem  Umschwung  riesenhafter  als  damals. 
+England's Lage unterscheidet sich von der Lage jener Länder dadurch, daß bei diesen 40 
+das Monopol des  Handels der vorherrschende Moment war, was leicht zu brechen 
+
+622 
+
+Das „beste  Blatt der  Union"  und  seine  „besten  Männer"  und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+ist, während jenes das Monopol der Industrie zugleich besitzt, was seiner Natur nach 
+zäher  ist.  Die  Uebersättigung  an  Kapital  von  England's  Bourgeoisie  ist  dafür  an 
+dererseits um  so kolossaler, so daß sie gezwungen ist, Eisenbahnen in beiden Welt-
+theilen  zu  bauen,  Kapital  in  Berliner  Gasbeleuchtung,  in  die  Weinberge  von 
+5  Bordeaux,  in russische  Fabriken und in  amerikanische  Dämpfer  zu  stecken.  Dies 
+Alles  giebt  Stoff  zu  der  interessantesten  Beobachtung,  wie  die  Anziehungskraft, 
+welche  das  englische  Centraikapital  ausübt,  nothwendig  sich  ergänzt  in  einer 
+Centrifugalkraft,  welche  es  nach  allen  Ecken  der  Welt  wieder  ausströmt.  Eine 
+Revolution — und  die  Engländer haben  dem europäischen Kontinent all jene Ver-
+10  bindungswege  und  Maschinerie  für  die  Produktion  umsonst  hergestellt.  Amerika 
+wartet  nicht auf Revolutionen; es macht seine Abrechnung auf konservativ-bürger 
+lichem  Wege  ab,  indem es  sich von Zeit zu Zeit mit England durch den Bankerott 
+liquidirt. Dies ist Eines der Geheimnisse seines raschen Auf Schießens, eine regelmä 
+ßige  Erscheinung,  ebenso  wie  Eisenbahn- und Dampfboot-Katastrophen.  Dieselbe 
+15  Sorglosigkeit, derselbe rasende Produktions-Taumel, welcher ermöglicht, daß Zehn 
+tausende ins Dasein gerufen werden, die unter andern Umständen nie das Licht der 
+Welt  erblicken  würden,  überliefert  kaltblütig  Hunderte  auf  Hunderte  per  Dampf 
+einem  frühen  Tode.  Das  Eine  ist  blos  die  Ergänzung  des  Andern.  Unskrupulöse 
+Multiplikation  des Reichthums der Kapitalisten-Assoziationen mit völliger Hintan-
+setzung von Menschenleben! so lautet das Kommentar zum  „Sieg der Individualität 
+im  Angelsachsenthum!"  Dies  Alles  sind  Thatsachen,  freilich  unbegreiflich  der 
+„nüchternen Prügelscheu  und  der  hausbackenen Verständigkeit" von Philadelphier 
+Römer jungens, welche ausgeklugt haben aus irgend einer konservativen Review, daß 
+die Arbeiterinnen von Lowell  heute  in ihrem Verdienst dreimal besser sich stehen, 
+25  als vor 30 Jahren. Nach diesem klugen Schluß müßten jene Arbeiterinnen vor Zeiten 
+blos 4V2 Tag in der Woche Speise zu sich genommen und ihre Blöße höchstens mit 
+einem Feigenblatt bedeckt haben. Daß innerhalb 30 Jahren überhaupt erst entstanden 
+oder  von  einer  geruhig  vegetirenden  Bevölkerung  von  200 Seelen  sich  auf  eine 
+Fabrikstadt von 36000 Seelen heraufgearbeitet hat,  daß heute  etwa der dritte Theil 
+30  dieser  Bevölkerung  aus  Arbeiterinnen  besteht*),  welche  bei einem Durchscnnitts-
+wochenlohn von drei Dollars von der Hand zum Munde leben, d. h., deren Lohn um 
+diesen Durchschnittspreis  herum  derart  steigt und fällt,  daß  sie in günstigen Zeiten 
+einen  Pfennig in  die  Sparkasse niederlegen können,  welchen sie zu Zeiten, wo  die 
+Geschäfte  gänzlich  stocken oder  nur  halbe Zeit gearbeitet wird,  wieder  aufzehren, 
+35  daß  diese  Arbeiterinnen  größtentheüs  nicht  durch  demokratische  Verordnungen, 
+wohl aber durch die Macht der Verhältnisse zum Cölibat verurtheilt sind; dies Alles 
+sind  Sachen,  welche  ein  „demokratischer"  Aemterjägerkandidat  nicht  sehen  darf, 
+wollte  man  sogar annehmen, er hätte die  nöthige Sehkraft. 
+
+20 
+
+Die  „Gleichheit der Möglichkeiten für das Individuum, über die hinaus man (d. h. 
+40 die Phüadelphier Römer) nichts zu sehen vermag" können wir hier in Amerika f reilich 
+nicht läugnen; das gelbe Fieber hat lange genug als römisch-demokratischer Kommis 
+sär agirt und sie in New-Orleans demonstrirt. Die  Möglichkeit der Gleichheit aber, 
+
+*)  Lowell's  Bevölkerung wird  zu fünf Achttheilen aus Weibern zu drei Achttheilen blos  aus 
+Männern angegeben. Wir glauben, faktisch ist das Mißverhältniß noch viel greller. A. C. 
+
+623 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+
+junger  Herr,  liegt  jenseits  des  bürgerlichen  Gesichtskreises,  nur  der  von keinerlei 
+Vorurtheilen umzäunte weitere Horizont des Reformers schließt sie ein, welcher die 
+modernen Arbeiterverhältnisse  in ihrer  ganzen Tragweite  erkannt hat. 
+
+Nachdem  wir jetzt die Helden einer jeglichen Welt  skizzirt, bei dem  Helden der 
+neuen  Welt  aber  vorgezogen  haben,  die  National-Oekonomie  in  Original  zu  be- 
+sprechen, deren matten, farblosen Abklatsch er wiederkäut, (wir thaten dies, um das 
+dem Publikum  schuldige Dekorum beobachten und die personifizirte Langeweile in 
+ihrer  Monotonie, die  verflachte  Gelahrsamkeit in ihrer  Düsterkeit unterbrechen zu 
+können)—müssen wir noch bemerken, daß jede von beiden Parteien die andere grober 
+Unwissenheit in der Weltgeschichte  zeiht (was wir einfach registriren) und daß die  10 
+Redaktion  diese  rührenden,  „interessanten"  Szenen  zuweilen  auch  einen  „Kampf 
+von  Materialismus  und  Idealismus"  tauft,  wobei  Heinzen  in  der  alten Maske  des 
+Orlando Furioso  als  Gevattermann auftritt. 
+
+5 
+
+Die  Fehde  hatte  einen  hohen  Grad  von  Heftigkeit  erreicht  und  das  Spiel  der 
+gegnerischen  Argumente  schien  sich  eher  in  Fäusten verdichten,  als  in  die  sehn-  15 
+süchtig gehoffte  „höhere Einheit"  auflösen zu wollen.  Es wurde also eine schieds 
+richterliche  Einheit  improvisirt,  ein  Deus  ex  machina  zitirt  in  der  Person  eines 
+„ernschten"  Mannes,  einen  ehemaligen  Diplomaten und Gesandten einer Duodez 
+republik, wenn anders die hochbetheuernde Staatsweisheit und die völkerrechtliche 
+Grandezza  uns  nicht  total  trügen,  welche  in  den  vorsichtig  zurückhaltenden  Ur-  20 
+theilssprüchen überall den Mann verrathen, welcher schon jetzt unter dem Druck der 
+Regierungslast  der  Zukunft  seufzte.  Er  schlichtet  den  „Kampf"  zur  allseitigen 
+Zufriedenheit;  denn  beide  Parteien  bekommen  Unrecht,  so  daß  keine  einen  un 
+ehrenvolleren Rückzug zu nehmen hat, als die andere. „Leonidas" geht friedfertig, 
+wenn  auch  noch  zuweilen  mürrisch  grunzend,  einher  neben  seinen  Gegnern,  den  25 
+„unbekannten  Griechen",  deren  Rolle  die  Philadelphier  Römerjünglinge  in  der 
+Komödie übernommen hatten. Das Chor der Priester des Humanismus singt gerührt: 
+„In  diesen  heiligen  Hallen,  kennt man die  Rache  nicht!"  Der Vorhang fällt, allein 
+keine bengalische  Flamme röthet das patriotische Tableau, die Schlußszene kommt 
+noch. 
+
+30 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 51, 24. September 1853 
+
+Der  „ernschte"  Schiedsrichter  hatte  sich  als  greinender  Heraklit  die  Universal 
+sympathien  erworben,  mit  vollen Händen gespendet von allen vor ihm greinenden 
+Schatzgräbern  der  „Wissenschaft  der  Zukunft", welche  nach eigenem  Geständniß 
+in  der  Manier  der  kalifornischen  Goldgräber  dem  Publikum  ihre  Perlen  noch roh, 
+ungeschliffen vorschmeißen. Und siehe da, plötzlich dazwischen tritt leichten Muths  35 
+und  frohen  Sinnes  ein  werthester,  weil  ungebetener,  Gast,  welcher  vorzieht,  als 
+Demokrit  sich  über  alles  Lustige  lustig  zu machen und nach allen Indizien glaubt, 
+im ganzen Kampfe  sei gar viel Geschrei und spottwenig Wolle zu Markte getragen 
+worden.  Er  moquirte  sich  über  die  ganze  Erfindung  des  speziell-demokratischen 
+Verstandes,  welcher  sich  die  Revolution  nicht  anders  als  unter  den  am  Draht ge-  40 
+zogenen  „feurigen Höllenhunden"  des  Europäischen Centralkomites  denken kann. 
+
+624 
+
+Das  „beste  Blatt  der  Union"  und  seine  „besten  Männer"  und  Nationalökonomen 
+
+Er beruhigt Ihro  Herrlichkeiten,  sie  sollten  sich nicht vor  Baschkiren furchten, die 
+Preußen und Baiern seien auch nicht so übel, erklärt ihnen, wie ohne das Knäsenthum 
+seiner  Fürsten,  ohne  die  landesübliche  Sammlung von Pickelhaubenjünglingen mit 
+oder ohne Äffensteißkokarde, Deutschland eine Chance auf Baschkiren gehabt haben 
+5  möchte,  kichert  über  die  zärtliche  „revolutionäre"  Besorgniß  für  die  National-
+Unabhängigkeit  der  36 Landesväter,  der  Preußischen,  Bückeburgischen,  Darm 
+städtischen oder Badischen Regierungen und den Vorzug, welcher Reichstruppen — 
+Reichstruppen für die  „deutsche Nation" — vor Baschkiren gegeben wird. Er lacht 
+über  den  Schauder  vor  den  drohenden  Baschkirenüberschwemmungen,  über  das 
+10 feierliche Gepolter, den Staatsweisheitskram, die sittlich-nationalen Manifeste an die 
+preußisch-badischen Knäse, wie diesen an's Herz gelegt wird, daß sie die 36 Vater 
+länder mit ihrem halb und halb Despotismus ja treu gegen die Baschkiren bewahren 
+sollen,  damit  nur  nicht  der  große  Konflikt  vor  der  Zeit  heraufbeschworen werde, 
+welchen  die  Demokraten  erst  auf  das  50. Jahr  nach Napoleon's  Prophezeiung er-
+15  warten, die sie aber nimmermehr bei Lebzeiten überkommen darf. Er lacht über das 
+ohnmächtige,  absurde  Bemühen  demokratischer  Sekten,  die  ganzen  bestehenden 
+Konvulsionen  der  europäischen  Gesellschaft,  die  ganze  ungeheure  geschichtliche 
+Krisis,  die  tausendfachen  Schwierigkeiten,  Komplikationen  und  Klassenfragen  in 
+den  unwissend-flachen  Gegensatz  von  Kosaken- und  Republikanerthum,  den  Um-
+stürz  eines  ganzen  Produktionssystems  mit  allen  ihn  nothwendig  begleitenden 
+Weltmarktserschütterungen,  Klassenkämpfen,  Industrieumwälzungen  in  eine  reine 
+Wirthshaus  Table  d'hote-Frage,  in  ein  zu arrangirendes,  brüderliches  Messer- und 
+Gabelfrühstück  zu  verwandeln.  Er  lacht  über die  barbarischen Purzelbäume  eines 
+Menzikoff,  über  die  diplomatischen Absurditäten  seiner  Vorgesetzten Nesselrode-
+25  Labensky,  wie  über  den  stulpengestiefelten  Don  Quixote  der  europäischen  Kon-
+trerevolution, den mächtigen und furchtbaren Judenrekruteur Nikolaus und über die 
+„hülfslose  Stimme"  seiner  staatsweisen  Gegner  nebst  ihrem  hohen  Richter.  Er 
+gratulirt zum endlichen Erlöschen des „Kleiner Funke lebet noch" und zum endlichen 
+Vermodern  des  ganzen  theatralischen  Apparats  der  offiziellen Demokratie, raunte 
+30  aber  andererseits  den vor  Staunen über die proletarische Keckheit erstarrten Tur 
+nierkämpfern  ins  Ohr,  die  materielle  Revolution  ohne  Phrase  sei  ebendeßwegen  erst 
+recht heute  unausbleiblich geworden  und  sie sei Rußland's  ebenbürtiger Gegner. 
+
+20 
+
+Allseitiges Flüstern wird bemerkt und „gerechte Entrüstung" giebt sich kund unter 
+den demokratischen Honoratioren. Die Aufregung steigt und Niemand bemerkt, daß 
+35 der proletarische Schalk nach dem Schluß seiner spöttischen Strafpredigt geräuschlos 
+den heiligen Hallen der  „höhern Einheit" den Rücken gekehrt. Geräusper. Die ver 
+kannte,  versinkende  Staatsweisheit  feuert  einen  in  Wehmuth  verhallenden 
+Nothschuß  ab,  tritt  vor  das  unvermeidlich  gewordene  Faktotum  der  Regierungs 
+gewalt  in  partibus.  Es  entwindet  sich  mit  ernscht finsterer  Geberde  und  tiefsinnig 
+40 verschränkten Armen langsam und bedächtig dem grimmig schnalzenden Knäuel von 
+Talenten.  Das  Testament  Peters  des  Großen  prangt  unter  seinen  Armen,  eine 
+schweinslederne  Geschichte  Rußlands  wird  auf  seinen  Befehl  herbeigetragen und 
+aufgeschlagen,  Ballen  von  pergamentenen  Verträgen  werden  um ihn  aufgethürmt. 
+Er  erhebt  seine  Stimme.  Swätoslaw,  Iwan Wassiljewitsch,  Peter  I.,  Katharina  II., 
+45  Nikolaus  passiren  die  Revue,  eine  Reihe  von  unwiderleglichen  Wegweisern  von 
+
+625 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+
+Moskau  sukzessive  vorgeschoben  bis  an  die  Donau.  Wohin  weisen  sie?  Nach 
+Konstantinopel, nach der Schicksalsstadt des Czaren. Ist das klar? Zittre Byzantium! 
+Wer rettet dich? Wer die Welt vor der kosakischen Sündfluth? Die Demokratie? „Sie 
+erhebt allein"0 und vergebens gegen Rußland ihre hülflose Stimme, die demokratische 
+Partei  ist  in  der  City,  in  Westminsterhall  und  in  St.  James  gleich  anrüchig",  so  sagt  5 
+das  Faktotum  selbst.  Die  deutschen  Fürsten?  Sie  sind  selbst  nur  die  Knäsen  des 
+Kosakenthums. Boustrapa? Er will selbst als Kosak am Rhein „pariren". Aberdeen? 
+Hat er nicht  schon einmal die  Kosaken bis Adrianopel gelassen? 
+
+Wer  also bleibt übrig? Die  slavische Revolution? Ein elender montenegrinischer 
+„Hölperlips".  Sie  ist  nichts  mehr  für  den  staatsweisen  Pessimisten.  Was  denn?  10 
+Nichts, nichts weiter, nirgends eine Rettung! Verhüllen wir das Haupt, vergraben wir 
+unsere Talglichter — l'Europe sera cosaque. Doch halt! Hier kommt die Revolution, 
+die große „gewaltige Volksrevolution", er kommt - der „vierte Stand", der „Stand", 
+der nichts weiter zu thun hat, als sich dem „tartarischen Strome des Czarendespotis-
+mus  entgegenzuwerfen", wenn  er  späterhin  die  „Messer- und Gabelfrage" gelös't  15 
+sehen will, die für die Leute  anderer Stände freilich längst gelös't ist. Ja wohl, auf 
+mit  dem  „vierten  Stand",  auf  mit  der  „Völkerrevolution",  auf  gegen  Rußland! 
+Rußland,  das  ist  der  Sitz  der  „europäischen  Czepter-,  Kreuz-,  Säbel-  und  Geld 
+ordnung"! 
+
+Der Redner ist zu Ende,  seine  „hülfslose  Stimme" versiecht, er wirft das Haupt  20 
+
+empor,  sieht um  sich, triumphirend,  „ernscht", ruhig kalt, 
+
+Wo ist der andre Reutersmann 
+Sein Pferdlein fehlt im  Stalle? 
+
+Man  mustert  verblüfft  die  biedre  Runde.  „Kein  Thalberg  da?"  Keine  Antwort 
+
+erfolgt.  Des  dustern Redners Blick schweift unwülkührlich hinaus ans blaue Hirn-  25 
+melsgewölbe, er stammelt: „Paradoxen" — resignirt läßt er die Augen sinken — sie 
+treffen  auf  der  Straße  auf  den verschwundenen Emdringling, der mit einem Packet 
+Streif Zündhölzchen spielt und — fortlacht. 
+
+Ad. Cluß. 
+
+*)  Rechnet die  „demokratische Partei"  die  alte Tante  Voß und Herrn Brüggemann von der  30 
+Kölnischen  Zeitung plötzlich  unter  die  Ihrigen?  denn  der  Letztere  allein hat während  der 
+neuesten Komplikationen mindestens ein Schock sehr patriotischer, sehr nationaler, sehr rus 
+senfeindlicher  Stimmen  erhoben.  Ebenso  die  ganze  ehrbare deutsche Presse,  mit Ausnahme 
+der Kreuz-, der Ostsee-, der Augsburger- und der Oberpostamts-Zeitung. Das „wachsame Auge 
+und die mahnenden Worte" der „Anrüchigen" haben also doch noch Mitfühlende.  A. C. 
+
+35 
+
+626 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+Szemere  und  die  ungarischen  Kroninsignien 
+
+An  die  Redaktion  der  Reform. 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 69, 29. Oktober 1853 
+
+Dir  geschätztes  Blatt  hat  zur  großen  Freude  meiner  Gleichgesinnten,  welche  als 
+Kosmopoliten dem „Gott der Magyaren" ebenso wenig dienen, als sie dem „Gott der 
+Russen" sich zu Füßen legten, mit anerkennungswerther Unabhängigkeit allein in der 
+5  Presse  die  Vertheidigung  unseres  verdächtigten  Führers  Szemere unternommen. 
+Erlauben  Sie  mir  gefälligst,  einige  Bemerkungen beizufügen, von welchen das Pu 
+blikum  meines  Wissens  wenig  Kenntniß hat.  Sie sollen zeigen, wie absurd die Be 
+hauptung,  wie  niederträchtig  die  Verleumdung,  unsern  braven,  anspruchslosen 
+Freiheitskämpfer  als  Verräther,  und  nun  gar  als  gekauften  Verräther,  der  Partei 
+10  vorzuheucheln. Das letztere Faktum entlarvt die Triebfeder seiner Anfeinder; denn 
+bei  einem  so  erprobten  Vaterlandsfreunde, wie er, könnten gewiß nur die unange 
+nehmsten  persönlichen  Verwicklungen  diesem  Ansinnen  auch  nur  bei  Ununter-
+richteten den Schein von Wahrscheinlichkeit geben. 
+
+20 
+
+Szemere hat die Tochter eines (nun gestorbenen) österreichischen Hof agenten, so 
+15 nämlich heißen die Staatsprokuratoren in Ungarn, zur Frau. Ihr Vater war sehr reich. 
+Während  der  ganzen Revolution  1848—49 lebte Madame  Szemere bei ihrer Mutter 
+in Wien und hatte  alle Verbindung  mit ihrem Gemahl abgebrochen, wahrscheinlich 
+mit seinem Einverständniß. Ende  1849 starb die alte Schwiegermutter und Madame 
+Szemere, gegen welche natürlich nichts vorlag, verkaufte unter der Hand ihr Eigen-
+thum und verwandelte es in baares Geld. Alte Bekanntschaften ihres Vaters mögen 
+ihr  dabei  behülflich  gewesen  sein;  denn  in  Oesterreich  kann man  für  Geld  Alles 
+erhalten.  Nachdem  Frau  Szemere  ihr  Vermögen  flüssig  gemacht  und  in  sichere 
+Wechsel  auf's  Ausland  umgesetzt,  ließ  sie  sich  einen  Paß  für  einen  preußischen 
+Badeort geben, reiste  aber  statt dahin, nach London und von da nach Paris, um die 
+25  Verbannung ihres Ehegatten zu theilen. Die Herren Oesterreicher aber haben Nichts 
+in Händen, woran sich ihr Fiskus vergnügen könnte. Die banale Verdächtigung, daß 
+Szemerè Reste  seines Vermögens aus dem Schiffbruch nachträglich zu retten suche, 
+wird  schon hierdurch zur unsinnigen Lüge. 
+
+Die Ereignisse der letzten Jahre haben uns Vorsicht gelehrt, so zwar, daß wir von 
+30  Natur  schon  durchaus  nicht  mehr  zu  übergroßem  Vertrauen geneigt  sind,  am we 
+nigsten, wo  es  sich um  offizielle Größen von  1848—49 handelt; allein mit Szemere 
+steht die Sache anders. Sie haben seine Charakterbilder gelesen und müssen gewiß 
+
+627 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+
+zugeben, daß jede Zeile darin einen überlegenen Geist athmet. Die Wuth der Maul 
+helden erklärt sich hinlänglich aus der Schärfe, mit der er ihre Hohlheiten aufdeckt, 
+und aus dem ausgezeichneten Geschick, mit dem er die Waffen des Geistes handhabt. 
+Szemere  ist  Vielen unserer  Landsleute  weit voraus.  Seine  Schriften  sind dem vor-
+angeschrittensten Standpunkt in Ungarn entsprechend, ja sie  sind von einem durch 
+aus kritischen Geiste durchweht. Ich appellire an die gesunde Vernunft der Radikalen, 
+ob ein Mann, der  so denkt und so  schreibt, ein österreichischer Agent zu sein ver 
+dächtigt  werden  darf,  auf faule  Berichte  der  reaktionären Presse hin. 
+
+Magyar. 
+
+628 
+
+Johann  Georg  Eccarius 
+Eine  russische  Niederlage  —  Aberdeens  Friedenspredigt — 
+Die  englische  Arbeiterbewegung 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+
+Nr. 103, 8. Dezember 1853 
+
+London, 18. Nov. 1853. 
+
+(Korrespondenz.) 
+Die  Londoner  Neuigkeitskrämer  sind  gegenwärtig  vollauf beschäftigt.  Die Türken 
+sind der Diplomatie aus dem Sack gesprungen und haben bereits bewiesen, daß sie 
+5  nicht allein auf eigenen Füßen stehen, sondern auch marschiren, sich Bahn brechen, 
+und  die  Russen  schlagen können.  Dieselben Türken,  die vor Kurzem noch als  das 
+entnervteste  Volk  der  Welt  angesehen  wurden,  dasselbe  Volk,  dessen  nationale 
+Existenz  keine  andere  Garantie  zu  haben  schien,  als  die  Unmöglichkeit  einer 
+Uebereinkunft  der  Großmächte,  sein  Territorium  unter  sich  zu  theilen,  hat  den 
+10  übermüthigen  Czar  bereits  gedemüthigt  und  jene  Theilungssüchtigen,  welche  die 
+Lebensfähigkeit  der  Türkei  mit  dem  Maßstabe  ihrer  eigenen  Abgestumpftheit  ge 
+messen,  auf die unangenehmste Weise überrascht. Alle Nachrichten, welche bisher 
+vom  Kampfplatze  eingetroffen  sind,  stimmen  darin  überein,  daß  die  Russen  ge 
+schlagen und  ihre  Versuche, den Türken Widerstand  zu leisten,  vergebens  sind. 
+
+15 
+
+20 
+
+In dem  Gefecht bei Oltenitza, welches am 4.  stattfand, hatten die Russen gegen 
+3000 Todte,  worunter  14  höhere Offiziere.  Fast sämmtliche Bataillonschefs,  sowie 
+verschiedene  Obristen  sind  verwundet.  Es  scheint, daß es  Leute in der türkischen 
+Armee  gibt,  die  etwas  von  Scharfschützerei  verstehen und  ein  besonderes  Wohl 
+gefallen  darin  finden,  die  russischen  Offiziere  ihre  mörderische  Kunst  fühlen  zu 
+lassen.  Die  russischen  Offiziere  dagegen  entschädigen  sich  durch  summarische 
+Verurtheilung und Erschießung von malcontenten Polen im russischen Heer. 
+
+Selbst  wenn  die  weiteren  von  Wien  mitgetheilten,  etwas  fabelhaft  klingenden 
+Siegesnachrichten sich nicht bestätigen sollten, so haben die Türken doch schon am 
+4. genug gethan, um sämmtliche diplomatische Intriganten außer Fassung zu bringen, 
+25  die Alles aufgeboten haben, die Pforte auf's Neue auf den schlüpfrigen Boden der 
+Unterhandlung  zu  ziehen.  In  Cirkassien  spielt  das  Schicksal  noch  ärger  mit  den 
+barbarischen Welteroberern. Nach Briefen aus Trebisonde haben Schamyl's Truppen 
+20000 Rüssen überwältigt; was nicht todt geschlagen ist, ist gefangen genommen. 
+
+Wie  sehr große  Männer den Eindrücken von wichtigen  Ereignissen unterworfen 
+30  sind, hat der alte Aberdeen, der Friedensminister à tout prix, auf dem Lord Mayors 
+
+Dinner, am 9. d. M. verrathen. 
+
+Die  Friedenspredigt,  welche  er  an die versammelte  Freß- und  Sauf-Gesellschaft 
+an demselben Tage hielt, wo die Londoner Zeitungen die ersten Nachrichten von der 
+
+629 
+
+Johann Georg  Eccarius 
+
+Oltenitzer  Schlacht brachten,  schloß er mit der nachdrücklichen Versicherung, daß 
+seine  Friedenspolitik keineswegs  die  Unmöglichkeit eines  Kriegs  in sich schließe. 
+Glückliches Land, das ein so großes Genie  an der Spitze  seiner Regierung hat. 
+
+5 
+
+Weniger erfreulich, als die Nachrichten aus dem Orient, lauten die Berichte über 
+die  Streitfragen zwischen  Arbeiter und  Kapitalisten im  Norden von  England.  Die 
+Arbeiter haben ihre Rechnung ohne den Wirth gemacht. Noch vor einigen Monaten 
+hing der Prosperitätshimmel voller Geigen, der Erfolg, welcher zahlreiche Versuche 
+zur  Erhöhung des Arbeitslohnes während des  Sommers begleitete, machte die Ar 
+beiter kühn;  sie glaubten,  sie hätten die Fabrikanten in der Tasche, aber sie hatten 
+sich getäuscht.  Anstatt den Arbeitslohn zu erhöhen, fangen die Fabrikanten schon  10 
+wieder  an,  denselben  herabzusetzen.  Die  Bourgeois  Zeitungen  hatten  wiederholt 
+erklärt,  daß  die  Baumwollen-Fabrikanten  genöthigt  seien,  ihre  Produktion  zu be 
+schränken.  Es  konnte  daher  nichts  Vernünftigeres  kommen,  als  ein Vorwand, die 
+Fabriken  einige  Zeit zu  schließen,  um  den Arbeiter  zur Vernunft zu bringen.  Die 
+Arbeiter waren den Kapitalisten schon längere Zeit zu frech mit ihren Forderungen  15 
+gegenüber getreten, daß  sie nicht die erste Gelegenheit hätten ergreifen sollen, der 
+gleichen Belästigungen ein Ziel zu  setzen. 
+
+Wenn  die  Arbeiter  noch  irgend welche  Hoffnungen hegen,  ihre  Differenzen mit 
+den  Kapitalisten  und  der  von  denselben  beherrschten  bürgerlichen  Gesellschaft 
+auszugleichen,  so  können sie durch nichts leichter zur Besinnung gebracht werden,  20 
+als gerade durch die neueste Verfahrungsweise der Kapitalisten. Schon im Laufe des 
+Sommers hatten sich die Baumwollenlords in Assoziationen zusammengeschaart, um 
+weiteren  Lohnerhöhungen zu widerstehen.  Die  Ausführung eines  Handstreichs im 
+Großen  schien  das  beste  Mittel,  den Arbeitern auf einmal den Garaus  zu machen, 
+und als, nachdem es schon zur Gewißheit geworden, daß die Märkte überfüllt waren, 25 
+die  Arbeiter  noch  auf  weitere  Lohnerhöhung  Anspruch  machten,  und  in  einigen 
+Fabriken sogar die Arbeit niederlegten, beschlossen die assoziirten Fabrikanten ihre 
+Fabriken einen Monat lang zu  schließen. 
+
+In Folge dieses Beschlusses sind gegenwärtig in Lancashire von 70-80000 Fabrik 
+
+arbeiter  auf  das  Pflaster  geworfen.  Durch  dieses  Verfahren werden  verschiedene  30 
+Zwecke  auf  einmal erreicht. 
+
+Die  Arbeiter  werden von  allen Hülfsmitteln  entblößt,  fremde  Hülfe wird, wenn 
+nicht gänzlich abgeschnitten, auf ein Minimum reduzirt, die Unterstützung von Seiten 
+der Gemeinden, auf welche die Arbeiter während einer Geschäftsstockung Anspruch 
+machen können, wird unter dem Vorwand des Ungehorsams verweigert, und was die  35 
+Hauptsache ist, nachdem die Arbeiter so bis auf's Aeußerste heruntergebracht sind, 
+werden  die  schlechtesten  Bedingungen  zum  Wiederbeginn  der  Arbeit  gestellt.  In 
+Preston, wo gegen 25000 Personen brodlos sind, haben die Fabrikanten bereits ihre 
+Bedingungen  gestellt, unter welchen  sie gesonnen sind,  die  Fabriken wieder zu er 
+öffnen: nämlich 10 Prozent weniger, als sie vor dem 1. März d. J. bezahlten, während 40 
+der Brodpreis  fast  das  doppelte ist. 
+
+Die  Arbeiter  in  den  Kohlenminen fahren nicht besser.  Die Minenbesitzer gehen 
+bereits damit um, das Beispiel der Cottonlords nachzuahmen. Ein Korrespondent der 
+Daily News schreibt: The colliers of Wigan have been fairly starved into the surren 
+der. 
+
+45 
+
+630 
+
+Eine russische Niederlage — Aberdeens Friedenspredigt — Die englische Arbeiterbewegung 
+
+Der  Hunger  ist  die  Hetzpeitsche,  womit  die  (freie?)  moderne  Gesellschaft  ihre 
+freien Lohnarbeiter züchtigt. Darbe bis Du Dich bedingungslos unterwirfst, ruft der 
+Kapitalist seinem  aufrührerisch gewordenen Arbeiter zu; er braucht weder Peitsche, 
+Stock noch  schwarzes Loch für seinen Sklaven. Darbe! dieses einzige Wort drückt 
+die ganze Macht des modernen Besitzers aus. 
+
+J. G. Eccarius 
+
+631 
+
+Adolf  Cluß 
+David  Urquhart 
+
+Die  Reform. 
+Nr. 112,19. Dezember 1853 
+
+D a v id  U r q u h a r d t. 
+
+In  einer  der  mit  den  letzten  Dämpfern  uns  zugekommenen  englischen  Zeitungen 
+finden  wir  zu  unserem  Staunen  Herrn D. Urquhardt,  in der neuesten Zeit vielfach 
+genannt als Agitator für die russenfeindlichen Meetings in England, als ein Werkzeug 
+im  Dienste Rußlands bezeichnet.  Wir können uns diese Widersinnigkeit nur durch 
+Ränke des „freien Slaventhums" erklären, denn ganz Europa hat Urquhardt bis heute 
+blos  als  eingefleischten,  bis  zur  Manie  gehenden  Russenfeind  und  Türkenfreund 
+gekannt. Als Gesandtschaftssekretär in Konstantinopel suchten die Russen ihn sogar 
+erwiesenermaßen  zu  vergiften.  Deshalb  einige  Worte  über  einen  Mann,  dessen 
+Namen  Jeder  im  Munde  führt,  über  dessen  Bedeutung  aber fast  Keiner  sich  Re-  10 
+chenschaft  zu  geben weiß. 
+
+5 
+
+Urquhardt  reitet  systematisch  auf  einer fixen  Idee.  Während  20 Jahren  hat  er 
+erfolglos den Palmerston und die russischen Pfiffe und Kniffe denunzirt und mußte 
+deßhalb  natürlich  halb  verrückt  werden,  wie  jeder  Mensch,  der  eine  bestimmte 
+richtige Idee hat, mit welcher er aber in der Welt nicht durchdringt. Die Möglichkeit,  15 
+daß  Palmerston  mit  seiner  Diplomatie  sich bis heute halten konnte, erklärt er  sich 
+aus dem Krakehl der Whigs und Tories, was zum Theil, aber wohlverstanden nur zum 
+Theil, richtig ist.  Gegen das heutige englische Parlament, welches jede Sache nicht 
+nach ihrem eigenen Verdienst, sondern einzig nach dem Maßstab von „im Amt"oder 
+„ausser Amt" schäzt, sieht er — da er von Haus aus konservativ ist — keine andere  20 
+Rettung, als Verstärkung der königlichen Prärogativen auf der Einen Seite und lokale, 
+municipale  Selbstregierung auf  der  andern.  Um  gegen Rußland  Front zu machen, 
+wünscht er, der Westen möge eine ebenso kompakte, einförmige Masse büden, wie 
+die russische.  Er wül daher nichts  von Parteien  wissen und ist ein Hauptfeind von 
+Centralisationsbestrebungen. Da die bisherigen Revolutionen,  seit  1848, momentan  25 
+Alle  dem  Fortschritt  Rußlands  günstig  waren,  schiebt  er dies Resultat verrückter 
+weise  der  russischen  Diplomatie  als  ursprüngliches  Motiv in den Kopf.  Rußland's 
+Agenten sind daher in Urquhardt's Idee die geheimen Haupüeiter der Revolutionen. 
+Da  innerhalb  des  konservativen,  alten  Systems  Oesterreich  das  direkte  Gegen 
+gewicht  gegen Rußland büdet,  so  zeigt er Vorliebe für Oesterreich und Abneigung  30 
+gegen Alles, was Oesterreich's internationale Macht gefährden könnte. Im Gegensatz 
+einerseits  zum russischen, andererseits zum revolutionären Nivellement hält er fest 
+
+632 
+
+David  Urquhart 
+
+5 
+
+an der Individualität und besondern Eigenthümlichkeit der Völker. In seinen Augen 
+sind  daher  die  Juden,  Zigeuner,  Spanier  und  Muhamedaner  mit  Einschluß  der 
+Tscherkessen die vier famosesten Völker, weil sie von der Plattheit (vulgarism) von 
+Paris  und  London  nicht angefressen  seien.  Man  sieht  aus  alledem,  daß  seine  Ge-
+schichts-Auffassung  eine  sehr  subjektive  Natur  annehmen  mußte;  die  Geschichte 
+erscheint ihm mehr oder minder als  das ausschließliche Werk der Diplomatie. Was 
+die  objektive,  die  materielle  Geschichts-Auffassung  angeht,  so  meint  er,  das  sei 
+dasselbe,  als  wolle  man  die  Verbrechen nicht vor  Gericht bringen,  sondern  sie zu 
+Gesetzen  generalisiren.  „Er ist ein ehrbarer, obstinater, wahrheitsliebender, begei-
+10 sterter, in starken Vorurtheilen sich abarbeitender, total vernunftwidriger alter Herr", 
+
+wie ein Kritiker von ihm sagt. 
+
+Da  er  aber  nur  eine  Lebensaufgabe  hat, den Kampf gegen Rußland, welchen er 
+mit monomanischem Scharfsinne und vieler Sachkenntniß führt, so schadet das Alles 
+nichts. Der Ritter einer Lebensaufgabe muß nothwendig wieder „der edle Ritter von 
+15  der traurigen Gestalt"  sein und auch an Sancho Pansa's fehlt es ihm nicht, hier wie 
+in Europa. Ein modifizirtes Exemplar dieser Species produzirt sich in „A.P.C. "dem 
+Londoner  ABC-Schützen von der Tribune. 
+
+633 
+
+Ernest  Jones 
+Secret  Intrigue  of  Russian  Tools,  and  Scandalous  Doings 
+of  "Our"  Cabinet  in  the  East 
+
+S e c r et  I n t r i g ue  of  R u s s i an  T o o l s,  a nd  S c a n d a l o us  D o i n gs 
+
+of  " O u r"  C a b i n et 
+
+in 
+
+t he  E a s t. 
+
+The  People's  Paper. 
+Nr.86, 24. Dezember 1853 
+
+The  Coalition Cabinet  is  a "Coalition" no longer—it has been a conspiracy against 
+liberty throughout its  existence—it is a disruption of effete factions falling to pieces 
+with their own decay.  No  external pressure—no  stormy movement—but, as we pre 
+dicted,  inherent rottenness  has  made  them tumble to pieces.  Lord Palmerston has 
+been the first to resign. Why has he done  so? "His known hostility to all Reform." 
+We  do  not think this a sufficient cause—for Lord John's Reform Bill is not likely to 
+be  anything  so  comprehensive  as  to  shock even  the  tender  susceptibilities  of  the  10 
+sacrificer  of  Poland,  Hungary,  Italy,  Portugal,  or Turkey.  The  real  cause must be 
+sought  deeper. 
+
+5 
+
+Lord Palmerston, as shown in the masterly articles of Dr. Marx, has ever been the 
+friend, and ever acted like the tool of Russia. At the present moment, the irresistible 
+force of circumstances is impelling peace-loving Aberdeen himself into a European  15 
+War—at least, there will be great difficulty in avoiding  such a consummation. 
+
+"This will never do," says Russo-Palmerston, "British interference must be avoid 
+
+ed, at all hazards." 
+
+How can he accomplish this ? Not by remainting in the ministry, certainly. He would 
+be either out-voted or forced to conform to the views which compulsion from without 20 
+would necessitate his colleagues to take. He resigns therefore—by so doing he weak 
+ens—he embarrasses the ministry—and just at the most critical period—he necessitates 
+their spreading dissolution—or, if they patch up are-constructed "coalition" he stands 
+as an "independent opposition" in the house, to impede their every movement—he 
+can oppose them, as going too far, or he can oppose them by pretending they do not 25 
+go  far  enough-and  thus,  either  way,  prevent  them  doing  anything  against Russia. 
+Perhaps, then, he may form a ministry himself, stepping in after all the mischief has 
+been  effected—after  the  irremediable  blow  has  been  struck—accepting  as  "a  great 
+fact"  what  has  been done  by Russia—throwing all  the blame of what he  himself  in 
+reality caused on the shoulders of his predecessors-getting all the popularity himself  30 
+by saying: "Ah! if I had been Prime Minister it would have been very different"—and 
+
+634 
+
+Secret Intrigue of Russian Tools,  and  Scandalous  Doings of "Our"  Cabinet in the  East 
+
+then,  in  the  midst  of  panic,  dull  trade,  and  starvation being  allowed  to conclude 
+dishonourable terms with Russia, on the plea of reviving commerce which will have 
+been wounded past revival. 
+
+Such, we strongly surmise, from our knowledge of the man's character, is the plot 
+
+5  of the Ex-minister. It is a Russian manœuvre, on the eve of an Anti-Russian war. 
+
+If we  cast our eyes  from  the Downing Street intrigues of this despicable Cabinet 
+to its conduct at the seat of war, fresh cause is afforded of unmitigated disgust. With 
+a cowardly carnage unsurpassed for baseness and bloodthirsty treachery in the annals 
+of "civilised" warfare, the Russians have sunk thousands of Turks in the sea by their 
+10  over-powering  artillery brought to  bear  on comparatively defenceless  ships—some 
+say, aided by the felonious hoisting of the British flag. If this latter report should prove 
+correct—instant atonement should be demanded by Great Britain for this desecration 
+of her flag on the foul mast of a Russian pirate. But, what have the British Government 
+done?  Has  "our"  fleet rolled  its  terrible  thunder  over  Sebastopol—or  sunk the re-
+turning freebooters in sight of their own shores? No; two steamers have gone sneak 
+ing to the scene of action—not daring to say, "We go to protect our weak alley"—not 
+presuming to  render  warlike help—oh no!  that  might give offence to Russia—but as 
+floating  chemists  shops,  to  carry  medicines to  the wounded, which it is hoped for 
+the  sake of that humanity for which he is so celebrated, the Czar will allow them to 
+
+15 
+
+20  do. 
+
+What puts  the conduct of the British Government in a still more degrading light 
+is, that actually, after the two  steamers had been sent into the Black Sea, with the 
+beggarly excuse that it was not to interfere, but only to help the wounded, when the 
+Austrian Ambassador had the astounding insolence to demand an explanation of the 
+25  act,  it had  the  meanness  to  give  the  humiliating assurance that nothing hostile  or 
+offensive was intended! A Russian war steamer followed the English ships, to watch 
+their motions wherever they went. No "explanation" of that was demanded, although 
+the Black Sea is  a Turkish and not a Russian water. 
+
+Moreover, we are informed that the allied fleet, if it does enter the Euxine will go 
+30 "merely to prevent a collision between the Russian and Turkish navies"~the practical 
+meaning of which will be  that the  Turks will be ordered not to defend themselves, 
+forbidden to  sail in their own  seas,  and the  Russians allowed to have everything to 
+themselves. 
+
+, The Sultan has naturally now claimed the promise made to him, viz., that the fleets, 
+35  having been sent to assist him,  should be placed at his disposal when required. He 
+has  said "I require it." He has sent for the ambassadors and admirals. And what do 
+these say in reply? "We dare not act—we must send for instructions to our respective 
+Governments." 
+
+Before the messengers can reach St. James's and the Tuileries, before answers can 
+40  be returned, every Turkish ship may be  sunk, 20,000 or 30,000 Muscovites may be 
+
+landed on the  shores of Asia-Minor in the rear of Selim and Abdi Pashas. 
+
+Wait  for  instruction!  What a  Government must that be, that sends  ambassadors 
+and fleets to Turkey in such a crisis, and does not in its instructions provide for the 
+contingency! The meerest child in statesmanship would have done so—ifit had been 
+45 honest. Common sense would have told them that, as Russia and Turkey were at war, 
+
+635 
+
+Ernest Jones 
+
+and  the  respective fleets of both countries were cruising in the Euxine, a collision 
+would ensue—and the ambassadors and admirals ought to have been instructed how 
+to act in such an emergency. Men who have not got an amount of forethought slight 
+as that, are not fit to manage the affairs of a hen roost, to say nothing of our empire. 
+But it is not forethought they stand in want of. They are cunning enough. They have 
+intentionally tied down their representatives  and officers—they have given them too 
+many  instructions,  instead  of  too  few,  and  one  of  them  has  evidently been  to  do 
+nothing. 
+
+This  course  is  not pursued in every instance. This childish powerlessness of self-
+faction, this prohibition of all discretionary power does not always characterise our 
+envoys  and  naval  officers.  But then,  the  cases  must be  different.  A  Commodore 
+Lambert, on the shores of Burmah, has discretionary power enough to plunge Britain 
+in  the  most  harrassing  and  injurious  war  she  has  undergone  for  ages—and why? 
+Because a merchant did not immediately get £90, and a subordinate officer was kept 
+standing for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  in the  sun.  But here, when the British  fleets  are 
+contemptuously thrown into the shade, when a veteran and honourable ally is threat 
+ened  with  destruction—when  a barbarous  butchery with  shamfully disproportioned 
+force is  perpetrated almost under our own eyes, the  Admiral of England's greatest 
+fleet,  and  an  Ambassador  of  the  very  highest rank,  have not the power of  a puny 
+commodore,  and of  a subordinate  officer who is  sent on a message! 
+
+This speaks for itself. Will not the British people speak too, and in unmistakeable 
+language  put  an end to this  disgraceful mixture  of imbecility  and treachery,  which 
+now  rules  the  destinies  of  our  mighty  empire,  and  impedes  the  liberation of  the 
+world? 
+
+636 
+
+Dubiosa 
+
+Kossuth  and  the  London  "Times" 
+
+K o s s u th  a nd 
+
+t he  L o n d on  T i m e s. 
+
+New-York Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3757, 2. Mai 1853 
+
+The  London  Times, which during the  Hungarian contest, was  distinguished for  its 
+Austro-Russian articles, has not intermitted its malignity toward Kossuth, as appears 
+from the following incident noticed in our columns  on Friday: 
+
+In its number of the  15th April The Times stated that "the house in the occupation 
+of M. Kossuth" had been searched by the authorities, in virtue of an order from the 
+Home  Secretary,  and  that a great  quantity  of  arms,  munitions,  and  other warlike 
+materials had been found. And thereupon The Times proceeded to read a long homily 
+to Kossuth, including such sentences as this:  "All that we have learned hitherto of 
+the  character of M.Kossuth,  of his conspiracies  and ridiculous juggleries,"  and so 
+forth,  in an equivalent  strain of ridicule  and obloquy. 
+
+5 
+
+10 
+
+Now  it  appears  that  no  such  house  in  the  occupation  of  M. Kossuth  has  any 
+existence, but the foEowing are the facts:  Mr. Hale, the inventor of a certain rocket, 
+(used in our Mexican war, by the way,) at Rotherhithe, had been visited by Kossuth 
+15  before  and  after  he  came  to  America.  On  his  first visit he  had  suggested  certain 
+improvements  to  Mr. Hale, and after his return to  England Mr. Hale  called on him 
+and stated that his suggestion had been applied with success. Subsequently, according 
+to  The Daily News, 
+
+"A Hungarian soldier,  a deserter from the Austrian army, caEed on him  seeking 
+20 charity. M. Kossuth having ascertained that the man had had some experience in the 
+Austrian  artillery,  and  subsequently  in  the  chemical  department  of  the  sanitary 
+establishment, thought that he might be suited to the work of Mr. Hale's factory, and 
+accordingly recommended him to that gentleman for employment. The man was taken 
+on, but, in consequence either of his inattention or misconduct, was shortly afterward 
+25  dismissed; and it is just possible, that out of revenge, he rushed to the Home Office, 
+and hoaxed its astute chief with the cock-and-buE story of the Old House at Rother 
+hithe,'  and  M. Kossuth's  mysterious  manufacture  and  accumulation of projectiles. 
+It  must be repeated that this is only conjecture, and may possibly involve an unjust 
+accusation  against  a true-hearted  Hungarian." 
+
+30  Mr. Hale  has  written  a letter  protesting against the police entry of his premises, 
+stating that "no gunpowder and not an arm of any kind was found except the rockets ; 
+Lord Palmerston boldly asserting that arms were found, and 500lbs. of powder, which 
+is  a gross  fabrication." 
+
+639 
+
+Dubiosa 
+
+Notwithstanding these facts The Times has a second article in the same accusatory 
+
+spirit as the first, commencing as follows: 
+
+5 
+
+"In spite of the strenuous and repeated efforts of Sir Joshua Walmsley, Mr. Thomas 
+Duncombe,  Mr. Bright, Lord Dudley Stuart, and the friends and patrons of M. Kos 
+suth, to  elicit from  Lord Palmerston a disavowal or  contradiction of the  statement 
+published by this journal on Friday last, the Secretary for the Home Department said 
+nothing to  shake,  in any important particular,  the  accuracy of our information.  In 
+using the  expression, 'a house in the occupation of M. Kossuth,' we never intended 
+to  describe  his  dwelling-house, because  we  were  aware that this  seizure had been 
+made  at  a manufactory in or near Rotherhithe, while M. Kossuth lives at Bayswa-  10 
+ter... Whatever may hereafter be proved on behalf of M. Kossuth, the essential facts 
+of this case remain unexplained, and very much in need of explanation. It is undoubt 
+edly true, that upon the entry of the police on these premises near Rotherhithe they 
+found  upwards  of  70 cases  closely  packed,  and  containing,  apparently  for  trans 
+mission to a distance, several thousand war rockets, besides a considerable number  15 
+of rockets in a state of preparation, 2,000 shells not as yet loaded, and 500 lbs. of 
+gunpowder. These are Lord Palmerston's own words in describing the seizure effect 
+ed by the police ; and it will not be denied that these particulars establish the existence 
+of  an  extraordinary  case,  which fully  justifies  the  curiosity  of  the  public  and  the 
+interference  of the Government." 
+
+20 
+
+When  The  Times was about to turn its memorable and historical somerset on the 
+free  trade  question,  there  was  a  meeting  of  the  proprietors,  and the question was 
+discussed  as  to  the  reason or  apology which it should give  therefor.  After a  flood 
+of discussion, the chief proprietor rose and said: The Tïmesnever retracts or explains ; 
+and, accordingly, the next day it appeared on the other side in politics, without a word 25 
+of explanation.  So goes the story. The persistence in its original view of the rockets 
+is in keeping with the above. 
+
+640 
+
+Persia  and  England 
+
+New-York  Daily Tribune. 
+Nr.3966, 2. Januar 1854 
+
+P e r s ia  a nd  E n g l a n d. 
+
+In announcing the declaration of war by the Shah of Persia against the Turkish Sultan, 
+we copied from  The London  Times a statement that Persia has fallen entirely under 
+"Russian  control;"  but  since  our  London  cotemporary  fails  to  explain  how  that 
+5  country  has  become estranged from the influence of Great Britain, we will  supply 
+
+the  deficiency.  It includes  some  singular historical facts. 
+
+In  1811,  England bound herself, by the  treaty of Teheran, negotiated with Persia 
+by Sir Harford Jones Brydges, to maintain Persia on her then footing of independence, 
+against Russia  and  all  other  powers. Persia, on her  side,  stipulated that she would 
+10  not enter into any relations with European nations, or with any power whatever, to 
+the detriment or prejudice of the British Indian Empire. The stipulations of that treaty 
+were  faithfully  kept  by  Persia.  England  violated  them  at  first  in  1826,  when  she 
+allowed  Russia  to  extend  her  territory  to  the  frontier  of  the  Araxes.  And  Lord 
+Palmerston, from 1830—1841, did all in his power to supplant the British influence in 
+the Persian councils by Russian influence, as we proceed to  show. 
+
+15 
+
+At the time when the noble Lord came into office, the Russians were so detested 
+in  Persia  that they  were  scarcely  able to find a footing for their Consuls  or agents 
+in  any  part  of  the  kingdom.  In  Hamadan,  for  instance,  permission to  reside  was 
+secured to them only upon the application and remonstrances of the British Envoy. 
+20 So complete was the British ascendancy in Persia at that time, so complete the distrust 
+and suspicion of Russian designs. In 1831 the menaces of Lord Palmerston prevented 
+Persia from succouring the insurrection in Poland, disgusted the mind of Abbas Mirza, 
+the Crown Prince, whose march to the Russian frontier he had intercepted, and thus 
+disposed  him  and  his  house to look less  unfavorably  towards  their former enemy, 
+25  Russia, than towards Great Britain, their unfaithful ally. On the death of the Crown 
+Prince,  Russia, with the  aid of Palmerston,  set aside the next heir to the crown of 
+Persia, who, according to the usage of that country, was the eldest surviving son of 
+the  reigning  Shah,  and  replaced  him  by  the  son  of  Abbas Mirza, the Governor of 
+Azerbijan, a province bordering on the Russian territory, this Prince having already 
+30  agreed  to  exchange  the  English  for  the  Russian  alliance.  This  transaction  deeply 
+compromised  the  independence  of Persia,  and had the  effect of giving to the  Czar 
+a direct voice in the alteration and new arrangement of the succession to the Persian 
+
+641 
+
+Dubiosa 
+
+monarchy.  Aided by British forces, the Russian nominee was  enabled to vanquish 
+and put to death his competitor, the lawful heir, and place himself on the throne of 
+Persia. 
+
+This  was  in  the  year  1834;  and  subsequently the noble Lord made it his  system 
+to leave the British Envoys at Teheran entirely without instructions ; or so to instruct 5 
+them  as  to  leave  them  entirely  unprovided  to  meet  any  foreseen  or  unforeseen 
+emergency. They had, moreover, one standing direction given them, which was this: 
+that they were in all  cases to  act in conjunction with the Russian Envoy. Dispatch 
+after dispatch—some times as many as twenty consecutive dispatches—were received 
+in Downing-st. from the British Envoys in Persia, beseeching information and advice, 10 
+and the  necessary powers to proceed.  But the answer of Lord Palmerston—when it 
+came—was, invariably: "I approve of what you have done, and I shall waitfor further 
+information from you before I  send you further instructions." In the meantime they 
+are  directed  by  him  to  continue to  act upon the instructions already received. But 
+these  were  that  they  must  act  in  conjunction  with the  Russian  Legation—that is,  15 
+concur in the measures which Russia might think fit to take. Thus it appeared to Persia 
+that Russia alone was active, that England did nothing, except to concur with Russia, 
+and  that  accordingly  it  behoved  Persia  to  secure  a favorable position with Russia 
+alone. In Central Asia it is therefore said to this day that Russia and England are united 
+on the terms of sovereignty and vassalage:  the Czar of Russia being said to be the  20 
+suzerain and the Queen of Great Britain to be the vassal. The Russian Envoy, Count 
+Simonien,  actually  advised  and  headed  an  expedition  of  the  Persian  army against 
+Herat,  with the  avowed object of making that the first step toward the conquest of 
+Candahar, of Cabul, and finally of Delhi itself. The first intimation to Lord Palmerston 
+of the design to attack Herat was conveyed in a dispatch from Mr. Ellis, in November, 25 
+1835.  And  notwithstanding the earnest and frequent entreaties  of Mr. Ellis  and Sir 
+John  McNeill for instructions to lodge with the Czar protest against the expedition, 
+the date of the noble Lord's first instructions is July 27,1838, when the Herat expedi 
+tion had already been brought to an ignominious end. This proves conclusively the 
+cooperation of  the  late British Minister in the work of Russian aggrandizement. 
+
+30 
+
+642 
+
+
\ No newline at end of file