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+/TExams/2005_1.png,2005_1.PNG,2005_1,"aspiration, allophone, phoneme",In English aspirated voiceless stops occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable as in pie and appear but unaspirated voiceless stops are produced when preceded by as in spy and spat If is pronounced instead of in pie it does not make a difference in meaning since these two phonetically different sounds count as the same thing in English That is though they are phonetically distinct they belong to the same mental representation and correspond to a single mental category which is phonologically referred to as a Qs The two stops and are allophones of Q
+/TExams/2005_2.png,2005_2.PNG,2005_2,"sibilant, sibilants, strident, stridents, plural, suffix",Read the passage and follow the directions The plural suffix s is pronounced as in words like buses bushes benches mazes rouges and garages These words end with the consonants These sounds differ with respect to voicing as well as place and manner of articulation That is they do not share any articulatory feature They do however have an auditory property in common they all have a high pitched hissing sound quality The high pitched hissing sound quality is described by using the feature sibilant These sounds form the natural class of sibilant consonants in English Using this feature makes it possible to state a generalization If we state that occurs in six different situations we treat the six consonants as if they were a random collection of sounds with no relation to each other By referring to the natural class however we can state the generalization like this Fill in the blank with about 12 words
+/TExams/2006_1.png,2006_1.PNG,2006_1,"function word, isolation, connected speech, pronunciation",11 Read the passage and follow the directions Words that contain salient information in a sentence are called content words They include nouns verbs adjectives and adverbs The less prominent words in a sentence are called function words Examples of function words are pronouns articles prepositions and conjunctions In connected speech function words are pronounced differently than when they are spoken in isolation Here are some examples Written Form Spoken Form Tom watched her last night _ A cup of tea Give them a break Cory am a breyk Now and then naw an en 4 zo 4 ed go sel Ped ae Al 7212 FR AZ 102 Ye False A ocd PH7NS2 ASS Asst Bao Be Ws Ale 441
+/TExams/2006_2a.png,2006_2a.PNG,2006_2a,"morpheme, affix, derivational, en, causative, monosyllabic, obstruent, phonological constraint, constraint",ll 484 23ce S224 avon cle Ae F BE BPNE w7 44 BF Hop AaQ A characteristic of all human languages is the potential to create new words The categories of noun verb adjective and adverb are open in the sense that new members are constantly being added One of the most common types of formation is derivation which creates new words from already existing morphemes Derivation is the process by which a new word is built from a base usually through the addition of an affix However derivation does not always apply freely to the members of a given category Sometimes for instance a particular derivational affix is able to attach only to stems with particular phonological properties A good example of this involves the English suffix en which combines with adjectives to create verbs with a causative meaning However there are many adjectives with which en cannot combine since the suffix en is subject to a phonological constraint In particular it can only combine with a monosyllabic stem that ends in an obstruent
+/TExams/2006_2b.png,2006_2b.PNG,2006_2b,"morpheme, affix, derivational, en, causative, monosyllabic, obstruent, phonological constraint, constraint",abstracten liven olden bluen B 7 quicken louden greenen stouten Aaa QE Ba
+/TExams/2007_1a.png,2007_1a.PNG,2007_1a,"assimilation, palatalization, third segment",12 ool HHH B2 Sse UE ETS Bol 2A Zo 2 In English we can find a type of assimilation where two segments assimilate to each other The outcome of this assimilation is a third distinct segment which combines Froperties of the two assimilating segments In careful speech for example could you would be realized as but in normal conversation it is more likely to be realized as kacal In the example the alveolar stop and following palatal approximant fuse to give the voiced post alveolar affricate The voice place and manner of articulation of the two input segments are combined to form a third segment
+/TExams/2007_1b.png,2007_1b.PNG,2007_1b,"assimilation, palatalization, third segment",in the lobby of a library AtHi would you do me a favor Yes what can I do for you tI think I left my umbrella in the library yesterday Oh did you Any idea where you left it tI don t know But I sat by the window over there TAll right Just a moment I ll go and have a look Thanks After some time PUP o oD Bilm sorry I couldn t find it anywhere Why don t you come back tomorrow I ll ask the janitor if he found it AOkay thanks See you tomarow uh
+/TExams/2007_2.png,2007_2.PNG,2007_2,"stress, core, short vowel, diphthong, multiple consonants, syllabel structure, rhyme, heavy",17 Read the passage and fill in each blank using phrases from it English has a set of principles or rules which allow native speakers to assign stress to the appropriate syllable of a word The unit of a syllable may contain as its core a long vowel or a short yowel a monophthong or a diphthong or one or multiple consonants before or after the core Consider the following two syllable verbs ballot exclude attract annoy divide abstract enter delight _ incline salute contain feature protest portion signal We can see that the stress may fall on either the first or the second syllable Since stress placement rules usually apply to the final syllable first compare the underlined rhyme sections of the stressed second syllables with the rhymes of the unstressed counterparts We notice that the final syllable is stressed when it contains or in its rhyme section That is the final syllable is stressed when its rhyme is heavy in a sense Answers
+/TExams/2008_1a.png,2008_1a.PNG,2008_1a,"stress placement, stress, number of syllables, strong, heavy, syllable weight, rhyme, weak syllable, syllable peak",ld 2 OR Ya BAF Orll Aste dels 75H Bol 44 F Ad Ah w ale 8 Ol Aad ara 2ade wae A 44 The rules of word stress placement in English are complex and have exceptions but some information such as the grammatical category of the word the number of syllables the word has and the phonological structure of those syllables is important in stress placement Consider the following stress placement rules In three syllable verbs if the final syllable is strong then it is stressed if the final syllable is weak then it is unstressed and stress is placed on the preceding syllable if that syllable is strong In three syllable nous if the final syllable is weak or ends with then it is unstressed if the syllable preceding this final syllable is strong then that middle syllable is stressed if the second and third syllables are both weak then the first syllable is stressed
+/TExams/2008_1b.png,2008_1b.PNG,2008_1b,"stress placement, stress, number of syllables, strong, heavy, syllable weight, rhyme, weak syllable, syllable peak",Note A strong syllable has a rhyme which either has a syllable peak which is a long vowel or diphthong or a vowel followed by a coda ie one or more consonants Weak syllables haye a syllable peak which is a short vowel and no coda unless the syllable peak is a bonanza b resurrect c cinema _ d remember e embroider f algebra g entertain h aroma gd ALTE de 71E D O D
+/TExams/2008_2a.png,2008_2a.PNG,2008_2a,"connected speech, articulation, rhythm, place assimilation, flap, deletion, consonant deletion",17 2 8 Az B BE aA Heo 44 Ades Me 98 4 doh Wee BAO a 0 A4lad 2a 2ae 2 44 All languages modify complicated sequences in connected speech in order to simplify the articulation process The main function of most of the adjustments in English is to promote the regularity of English rhythm that is to squeeze syllables between stressed elements and facilitate their articulation so that regular timing can be muintained Specifically the following optional phonological processes frequently occur in connected speech in North American English Alveolar stops are assimilated in place of articulation to following bilabial or velar stops across word boundaries Oral alveolar stops are pronounced as a flap after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel Oral alveolar stops are deleted if they are central ina sequence of three consonants
+/TExams/2008_2b.png,2008_2b.PNG,2008_2b,"connected speech, articulation, rhythm, place assimilation, flap, deletion, consonant deletion",a He has a green car b Please send Susan a box of chocolates c Would you care for a bit of cheese G a G d met Bob yesterday Stas 8S a green car b send Susan c bit of d met Bob
+/TExams/2008_3a.png,2008_3a.PNG,2008_3a,"intonation, line, marked, unmarked, question, syntactic, prosodic, context, meaning",6 43 az aA tele lo Intonation in questions functions to differentiate normal information from contrastive or expressive intentions In other words intonation performs an important conversation management function with the speaker being able to subtly signal to the interlocutor to respond in a particular fashion or to pay particular attention to a piece of highlighted information There are two syntactic options for making yes no questions The first option which is general or unmarked involves the inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb as in Did Tom cook DINner This unmarked option is accompanied by rising intonation In this pattern the speaker is asking about the truth of what he or she is saying
+/TExams/2008_3b.png,2008_3b.PNG,2008_3b,"intonation, line, marked, unmarked, question, syntactic, prosodic, context, meaning",The second option which is less general or marked takes the form of a statement with no subject auxiliary inversion as in Tom cooked DINner In this marked pattern with rising intonation the speaker is either asking the interlocutor to repeat or is making an assumption and wants the interlocutor to confirm it i e the speaker has good reason to expect a yes answer Another prosodic pattern for the uninverted question has emphatic stress high pitch and exaggerated intonation on one or two of the constituents that lend themselves to focus as in TOM cooked DINnet In this pattern the speaker is reacting with surprise or disbelief to certain information just received For learners of English it does not make sense to practice the unmarked and marked versions of Tom cooked dinner in isolation and out of context Learners must understand early on that one version is appropriate in one context whereas the other is appropriate in another context
+/TExams/2008_3c.png,2008_3c.PNG,2008_3c,"intonation, line, marked, unmarked, question, syntactic, prosodic, context, meaning",oe Hat wt Ol BA Kelly B88 A f WW e BEB AD se US S78 2 ONE 507 us Fee Ae Kelly is a friend of Lisas family Lisa The guys kept doing nice things for me because it was Mothers Day Bob washed the car Joe ironed the shirts and Tom cooked dinner Kelly Lisa It was quite arnazing to me too Hes never even boiled an egg before
+/TExams/2008_3d.png,2008_3d.PNG,2008_3d,"intonation, line, marked, unmarked, question, syntactic, prosodic, context, meaning",Answers lt
+/TExams/2009_1a.png,2009_1a.PNG,2009_1a,"monosyllabic, legitimate, phonotactics, lax, tense, long vowel, diphthong, stop, homorganic, NC, voicing agreement ",31 Read and and follow the directions Consider the following data in and Q which show certain restrictions on the sound combinations of English monosyllabic words tip lick live mess limp lint sink mend mind pie wife bike sign sea leap wreathe league Q The data in are all legitimate English words whereas those in are not as indicated by an asterisk
+/TExams/2009_1b.png,2009_1b.PNG,2009_1b,"monosyllabic, legitimate, phonotactics, lax, tense, long vowel, diphthong, stop, homorganic, NC, voicing agreement ",a A lax vowel ie a short vowel must be followed by at least one consonant b When a consonant follows a tense vowel ie a long vowel or diphthong it must be a stop consonant When a sequence of a nasal and a stop follows a vowel the two consonants are homorganic i e having the same place of articulation d When a sequence of a nasal and a voiced stop follows a vowel the two sounds must be alveolar consonants When a sequence of a nasal and a stop follows a vowel the two consonants all agree in voicing Choose all the correct statements about the data in from the list in Dab d acd a ce b d Ob ge
+/TExams/2009_2a.png,2009_2a.PNG,2009_2a,"syllabic, /l/, place assimilation, total assimilation",3A Read and and follow the directions The following rules describe some characteristic features of Standard American English The lateral can be syllabic ic standing as the nucleus of a syllable following a sequence of a stressed vowel and an alveolar stop an oral or a nasal stop A word final t d or nf may assimilate in place of articulation to a following word initial bilabial or velar stop resulting in two identical consonants in some cases But some features such as voicing and nasality of the consonant remain constant When place assimilation results in two identical consonants it is called total assimilation
+/TExams/2009_2b.png,2009_2b.PNG,2009_2b,"syllabic, /l/, place assimilation, total assimilation",Each sentence below may or may not contain a word phrase to which rule or in is applied Can you pass me the one in the middle cP He lost his pet cat yesterday You excel as a painter I like the blue soap dish I will cross the channel by boat Teachers extol the virtue of honesty You re a very good boy ae re me I heard that ten cooks went home Choose the correct match between each rule in and the corresponding examples in For in find ONLY the examples in which total assimilation occurs oO ae dh ae bd ae bg of dh f bg
+/TExams/2010_1a.png,2010_1a.PNG,2010_1a,"assimilation, place assimilation, manner assimilation, alternation, negative prefix, in, degemination",30 Read and and follow the directions Assimilation one of the most common phonological processes comes in two types One is place assimilation in which the assimilated sound becomes similar to the conditioning sound in terms of place The other is manner assimilation where a sound takes on the manner of articulation from an adjacent sound In English these two types of assimilation can be found in the alternations of the negative prefix in as shown below in kouhierant f intregjolar irregjolar after assimilation degemination occurs ie the two identical consonants are fused into one
+/TExams/2010_1b.png,2010_1b.PNG,2010_1b,"assimilation, place assimilation, manner assimilation, alternation, negative prefix, in, degemination",a in lacgikal logical b in matjuar immature c in rezalutt irresolute d in gretetjuid ingratitude e in kerekt incorrect Choose all the examples in which undergo place assimilation in rapid speech Mabe Qac Ob c bde Ode
+/TExams/2010_2a.png,2010_2a.PNG,2010_2a,"stress-shifting, suffix, base, syllable structure, light, heavy",33 Read and and answer the question In English some stress shifting suffixes trigger a shift of stress in the base to which they are attached In words with those suffixes the assignment of stress depends on the syllabic internal structure of the base as shown below The primary stress falls on the syllable that is immediately before the suffix if that syllable is heavy eg stibstance substantial If the syllable immediately before the suffix is light the primary stress falls on the syllable immediately preceding that light syllable e g admire ddmirable Note A heavy syllable is defined as a syllable with a tense vowel a diphthong or a lax vowel followed by at least one coda segment A light syllable on the other hand is an open syllable with one lax vowel having no coda except when the vowel is a
+/TExams/2010_2b.png,2010_2b.PNG,2010_2b,"stress-shifting, suffix, base, syllable structure, light, heavy",The suffixes are given in parentheses a homonym homonymy y b context contextual ual c navigate navigation ion d compete competency ency e insect imsecticide icide f advantage advantageous eous Which of the following is the correct grouping for the data in based on the rules of and DOacd bef Oade bof Ob c a d e f bof ade Obageft ad
+/TExams/2011_1.png,2011_1.PNG,2011_1,"diachronic, synchronic, nondistictive feature, dissimilation, insertion, deletion",33 Read the description below and follow the directions Phonological rules apply to phonemic strings and alter them in various ways to derive their phonetic pronunciations The underlined parts in the following examples from native speakers of English show the application of the rules either diachronically or synchronically a They may add nondistinetive features which are predictable from the context Key players on the ski team were sick b They may change feature values to make two phonemes in a string more dissimilar Are there any similar aspects among the spiritual groups ec They may insert segments that are not present in the phonemic string The school has many kids from my neighborhood d They may delete phonemic segments in a certain context Whats the difference between sign and signature Choose all and only the phonological rules that are shown with correct examples underlined Dab Qa bd aed b e Oud
+/TExams/2011_2a.png,2011_2a.PNG,2011_2a,"speech error, phonological rule, anticipation error, preservation, metathesis",35 Read and and follow the directions We all make speech errors and they tell us interesting things about language and its use More than simply amusing speech errors are linguistically interesting because they provide further evidence for phonological rules and for the decomposition of speech sounds into features Consider the following speech errors Intended Utterance Actual Utterance 1 cup of coffee cuff of coffee 2 gave the boy gave the goy 3 the zipper is narrow the nipper is zarrow 4 gone to seed god to seen
+/TExams/2011_2b.png,2011_2b.PNG,2011_2b,"speech error, phonological rule, anticipation error, preservation, metathesis",a The first error is known as an anticipation error where a segment that occurs later in a series is repeated in an earlier position The bilabial stop of the first word cup was replaced by a labio dental fricative of the third word coffee b The second error is known as a preservation error where a segment that occurs earlier in a series is repeated in a later position The bilabial stop of the third word boy was switched with a velar fricative of the first word gave The third error is known as a metathesis error where two segments switch places The alveolar fricative of the second word zipper and the alveolar nasal of the fourth word narrow switched places d In the fourth example also a metathesis error the coda consonants of the first and third words were reversed Hence the first vowel in the actual utterance lost nasalization because it no longer occurs before a nasal consonant Instead the third vowel in the actual utterance is nasalized because it is followed by a nasal consonant Choose all and only the statements in that correctly explain the data in in terms of phonological rules and features
+/TExams/2012_1a.png,2012_1a.PNG,2012_1a,"overlapping, complementary, complementary distribution, contrastive, phoneme, allophone, free variation",31 Read and and answer the question When a sound and a sound occur in the same environment we say these sounds are in overlapping distribution On the other hand if a sound never appears in any of the phonetic environments in which a sound occurs the two sounds are in complementary distribution When the two sounds in overlapping distribution are not involved in the meaning difference of the word pair it is termed a free variation If the two sounds in overlapping distribution contribute to the meaning difference of the word pair the two sounds are in contrastive distribution When phonetic realizations of two sounds are in contrast with each other the two sounds are allophones of different phonemes
+/TExams/2012_1b.png,2012_1b.PNG,2012_1b,"overlapping, complementary, complementary distribution, contrastive, phoneme, allophone, free variation",a style latter b seat sit srt economy economy d feel lake hit hrt hint ram rm rang g neither neither nd169 2 over the vowel indicates vowel nasalization and marks unreleasing of a stop Which of the following is a correct statement about and The underlined pairs of sounds in each word pair b and are in overlapping distribution The underlined pairs of sounds in each word pair and g are in complementary distribution The underlined pairs of sounds in each word pair a d and g are in free variation The underlined pairs of sounds in each word pair c and f are in contrastive distribution The underlined pairs of sounds in each word pair b and are allophones of different phonemes
+/TExams/2012_2a.png,2012_2a.PNG,2012_2a,"coalescent assimilation, palatalization, palatal, glide, architecture, ure",33 Read and and answer the question When neighboring sounds mutually affect each other to merge into a third sound the process is called coalescent assimilation which can be found in polatalization in English This coalescent assimilation or palatalization occurs when a morpheme final or word final alveolar obstruent is followed by the palatal glide in English merging the two sounds into a palatalized fricative or afiricate For example within a word as in architecture the underlying in the morpheme final position of architect and the initial j in the suffix ure affect each other to merge into the palatalized afiricate This process can also be found across words as in the phrase iss you in fast casual speech of North American English
+/TExams/2012_2b.png,2012_2b.PNG,2012_2b,"coalescent assimilation, palatalization, palatal, glide, architecture, ure",You dont accept your failure easily do you You seem to be under the delusion that he follows you The old class divisions had begun to melt down We should cut down on our spending next year He checked his yacht before his departure for Australia After six years her gracious demeanor became known to everybody meee ge Which of the following lists all and only sentences that contain the expressions which can undergo the coalescent assimilation described in both within a word and across words Jacd Qa de bf Obef Ocde
+/TExams/2012_3a.png,2012_3a.PNG,2012_3a,"intonation, numeric, pitch, tonic syllable",36 Read the following and answer the question In English a sequence of pitch levels can indicate the intonation pattem of an intonational phrase In the following data the numbers in parentheses at the end of cach intonational phrase correspond to the pitch level as follows 1 indicates a low pitch 2 a normal pitch and 3 a high pitch Thus the 2 3 1 pattem is what is known as rising falling intonation and 2 3 represents rising intonation This kind of pitch change takes place around the tonic syllable depending on factors such as the pattem of a sentence and the intention of the speaker Importantly sentences that are ambiguous in writing may be unambiguous when spoken with different intonation pattems as in the following examples
+/TExams/2012_3b.png,2012_3b.PNG,2012_3b,"intonation, numeric, pitch, tonic syllable",a A Do you know him B Do I KNOW him Hes my BROther b A Lets go back to the classroom B Its time for class to START A Lets go somewhere this summer Where dol you want to GO Do you want to go to LONdon or PAris We might need to go that way to escape from this hazard Are you CERtain A What time is it now B What TIME is it now CAPITAL letters indicate tonic syllables Intonation is marked only for Bs utterances
+/TExams/2012_3c.png,2012_3c.PNG,2012_3c,"intonation, numeric, pitch, tonic syllable",Given that each dialog is produced in a common and neutral context in North American English which of the following is the most plausible In dialog B is asking A to repeat what A said 2 In dialog b B states that the class will resume very soon In dialog B wants A to choose between London and Paris to visit In dialog B does not think that A is certain at all In dialog B is asking A the correct time
+/TExams/2013_1.png,2013_1.PNG,2013_1,"syllable, sonority, sonority hierarchy",29 Read and and answer the question Although neatly everybody can identify individual syllables it is difficult to define what is meant by a syllable One possible theory of the syllable draws on the concept of sonctity The sonority of a sound is its Loudness relative to that of other sounds with the same length stress and pitch It is generally agreed that the sonority hierarchy is as follows Ss 2 The sonotity theory of the syllable holds that a peak of sonotity defines a syllable That is according to the theory the peak of a syllable coincides with the peak of sonotity For example in a sequence of sounds the vowel is more sonorous than and and is more sonorous than This sequence of sounds forms one sonotity peal on the vowel Therefore the theary correctly predicts that this word tas one syllable a bright b speed e danced sweet Which of the following lists all and only the examples in that support the theory described in Da b c Oacgd Ob qd Ob Ocqd
+/TExams/2013_2a.png,2013_2a.PNG,2013_2a,"phonological process, neutralization, phonemic contrast, flap, vowel neutralization, /r/, aspiration, glottal stop, pin, pen",30 Read and and answer the question A A phonological process commonly found in English is neutralization whereby a phonemic contrast generally observed is not found in a given environment For example both A and fd are realized as the flap between a stressed and an unstressed vowel in Ametican English as can be seen in writer and vider mires By the flapping mule the phonemic contrast etween Y and d is lost between a stressed and an unstressed vowel resulting in the neutralization of the contrast in that position As another example of neutralization the vowel A within syllables closed by Jaf eg beet is produced somewhere between a tense A and a lax vowel i in American English That is there is no contrast between a tense and a lax vowel before syllable final even though this distinction exists elsewhere
+/TExams/2013_2b.png,2013_2b.PNG,2013_2b,"phonological process, neutralization, phonemic contrast, flap, vowel neutralization, /r/, aspiration, glottal stop, pin, pen",At the beginning of a stressed syllable an aspirated stop occurs and an unaspirated stop does not eg pea tea key b In some accents of English p t b in syllable final position are realized as a glottal stop eg tp pit kick In Affican American English 1 and e ate pronounced the same before nasal consonants eg pin pen Which of the following lists all and only the case s in that show s the phonological process described in Da Bar abe be c
+/TExams/2014_1.png,2014_1.png,2014_1,"lateral, allophone, clear, dark, velarized, onset, coda, syllabic, rhyme",11 Read the passage and fill in the blank with ONE word In English the lateral phoneme l has two allophones clear 1 and dark 1 a velarized alveolar lateral The articulatory difference between the two is that in the former the back of the tongue is lowered while in the latter it is raised toward the velum or retracted toward the uvula without making contact in cither case Some examples with and are limb climb lock 2 miller yellow billow 3 mill fill pile milk middle bubble tunnel We can see that and are in complementary distribution appears in an onset position as in and while appears in a coda position as in The rule involved seems to be that velarization takes place whenever Ai is in a coda position However the cases in cannot be explained by this rule because is syllabic and constitutes the nucleus which is usually occupied by a vowel By minimally modifying the above rule we can obtain a more accurate rule A is velarized if and only if it is pat of the
+/TExams/2014_2a.png,2014_2a.PNG,2014_2a,"suffix, derivational, deverbal, requirement, feature, anterior, coronal, sonorant, continuant",Read the passage and follow the directions There are two types of derivational suffix al the type that attaches to nouns and forms adjectives as in central coastal and musical and the type that attaches to verbs and forms nouns as in refusal proposal and recital The second type called a deverbal suffix can derive well formed nouns only if three requirements are satisfied One is that the final syllable of the verb it attaches to has stress and based on this requirement English lacks nouns like fidgetal promisal and abandonal The data in and exemplify the other two requirements Requirement 2 betrothal arrival acquittal rebukal impeachal detachal Requirement 3 rental dispersal rehearsal acceptal resistal engraftal
+/TExams/2014_2b.png,2014_2b.PNG,2014_2b,"suffix, derivational, deverbal, requirement, feature, anterior, coronal, sonorant, continuant",Some Distinctive Features for Consonants Distinctive Features Labials Dentals Alveolars Palato alveolars Velars Distinctive Features Oral stops Fricatives Liquids Glides Describe Requirements 2 and 3 based on the data in and respectively For each requirement use ONE or TWO distinetive features from the list above
+/TExams/2015_1.png,2015_1.png,2015_1,"glottal stop, allophone, /t/, onset, syllable position, geminate",7 Read the passage and fill in each blank with ONE word Write your answers in the correct order 2 points A glottal stop is the sound that occurs when the vocal cords are held tightly together In many accents of English a glottal stop is often realized as a n of t in the words given in Batman catnap butler atlas t While the t in the words in can be produced as a glottal stop the in the words in cannot be realized as a glottal stop atrocious attraction t Al atrophic patrol t t The data given in and show that unlike the t in the words in the t in the words in is in a n position of a syllable and thus it cannot be produced as a glottal stop Note In the words in and the underlined spelling of or ft represents t
+/TExams/2015_2a.png,2015_2a.png,2015_2a,"dialectal variation, /j/, /j/ insertion, stress",Read the passage and follow the directions 5 points Words such as music and cube are pronounced in the same way in both American English and British English However words such as tuition endure and annuity vary as shown in la British English tuition duration endure annuity perpetuity voluminous American English tuition duration endure annuity perpetuity voluminous While in British English we see a j after the underlined consonants t d n and I in the words given in the expected American English pronunciations are without a j after the same underlined consonants as shown in The same difference is observed after the underlined consonants s and z for the words in and British English assume superb exude rsum American English assume superb exude rsum
+/TExams/2015_2b.png,2015_2b.png,2015_2b,"dialectal variation, /j/, /j/ insertion, stress",However the words given in show that the underlined alveolars n and l are followed by a j in American English as well as in British English British English and American English continue biannual voluble valuation Note Vowel differences in some words between British English and American English are not represented in the data above Based on the data given in and state the condition s when j cannot follow alveolar consonants and the condition s when j can in American English
+/TExams/2016_1.png,2016_1.png,2016_1,"feature, distinctive feature, syllable structure, dependency, peak, coda, rhyme, constituent, /au/, labial, dorsal, coronal",5 Read the passage and fill in the blank with a distinctive feature 2 points In the syllable structure of English words dependencies between peaks and codas provide evidence for the existence of rhyme as a constituent of syllable For example we can see the relationship between av peak and its coda as follows town house rouse sprout loud mouth couch The examples in show that the coda following au has to be while those in show that it cannot be or to form a rhyme Note indicates a non permissible form
+/TExams/2016_2.png,2016_2.png,2016_2,"suffix, y, stress-bearing, stress-shifting, stress-neutral",6 Read the passage and fill in the blanks Write your answers in the correct order English suffixes can be grouped into three different types when they are added to a root stress bearing stress shifting and stress neutral Stress bearing suffixes attract the primary stress to themselves as in la Stress shifting suffixes move the stress to some other syllables as in Stress neutral suffixes do not make any difference to the stress of the root as in lc Meanwhile the suffix y is classified into two classes Noun forming suffix y in belongs to suffixes while adjective forming suffix y in belongs to suffixes a engine engineer attest attestation statue statuesque b public publicity commerce commercial library librarian c clever cleverness consult consultant parent parenthood summer summery telephone telephony synonym synonymy frump frumpy advisor advisory photograph photography velvet velvety
+/TExams/2016_3.png,2016_3.png,2016_3,"alveolar stop, flapping, flap",Read the passage and follow the directions 4 points In American English alveolar stops can be pronounced as a flap which is caused by a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator is thrown against another It is often just a very rapid stop gesture This sound can be written with the symbol so that fatty can be transcribed as Alveolar stops become a flap when they are located between a stressed vowel and an unstressed vowel as in water and header In addition to this rule there are two other rules that account for the contexts where flapping occurs autumn riddle monitor saddle humanity daddy battle comedy competing Identify ALL the words from that cannot be accounted for by the underlined rule in Then categorize them into TWO groups according to their occurrence contexts and state ONE tule for EACH group which accounts for each data set
+/TExams/2017_1.png,2017_1.png,2017_1,"vowel, morphologically related, stressed, reduced, velar, palato-alveolar",3 Read the passage and fill in the blank with ONE word While all vowels of English except can occur in stressed syllables many of these vowels reveal alternations with an in reduced syllables in morphologically related words as shown in Stressed Syllable Reduced Syllable i homogeneous houmadsinias homogenize fev explain explanation _ le perpetuate perpetuity Jal demonstrable demonstration JW confront confrontation kanfiontexfon Jaa recite recitation _ However it is not uncommon to see an in reduced syllables of the words in a selfish b metric sandwich running marriage allegation In the examples in 1 occurs before palato alveolars as in or before as in Your answer must account for all three examples in
+/TExams/2017_2.png,2017_2.png,2017_2,"trisyllabic laxing, lax, antepenultimate, suffix, affix",4 Read the passage and fill in the blank with ONE word Trisyllabic laxing is a rule which changes a tense vowel into a lax vowel This rule applies when the target vowel is pushed into the ante penultimate syllable i e the third syllable from the end due to the attachment of a suffix as exemplified below supreme supremacy apply application sane sanity divine divinity opaque opacity The tense vowels in words like nightingale and ivory do not undergo trisyllabic laxing although these words contain the minimum of three syllables required by the trisyllabic laxing rule The explanation is that these forms are exempt from trisyllabic laxing since they do not have any
+/TExams/2017_3.png,2017_3.png,2017_3,"schwa, schwa deletion, careful speech, fast speech, non-permissible, phonetic environment",3 Read the passage and follow the directions 4 points The schwa vowel a which is a reduced or weak vowel in English can be deleted in fast speech as exemplified in Schwa Deletion Careful Speech Fast Speech camera veteran However schwa deletion is not observed in fast speech for the following words No Schwa Deletion Careful Speech Fast Speech facilitate _ famous In the following examples of morphologically related words schwa deletion may or may not be observed Careful Speech Fast Speech a principal __ Principality imaginative imagination Note indicates a non permissible form In the data given in and schwa deletion occurs in fast speech under two conditions related to a preceding and a following phonetic environment State the two phonetic conditions for schwa deletion
+/TExams/2018_1.png,2018_1.png,2018_1,"antepenultimate, stress, light, heavy, diphthong, long vowel, coda, phonotactic, constraint, onset cluster, coda cluster",Read the passage and follow the directions It is well known in English that we get antepenultimate stress in nouns of at least three syllables when the penultimate syllable is light antepenultimate syllable stressed cinema asterisk America Canada animal When the penultimate syllable ends with a coda or has a long vowel or a diphthong stress however falls on that heavy penultimate syllable penultimate syllable stressed a utensil agenda synopsis b aroma horizon arena In the above examples in it is clear that a syllable boundary seats itself between word internal consonantal sequences such as ns in utensil nd in agenda and ps in synopsis since English phonotactic constraint does not permit such consonantal sequences to occur as an onset cluster However the word internal consonantal sequence st poses an interesting challenge for syllabification Unlike the ns nd or ps the st sequence could be an onset cluster as in student stupid or a coda cluster as in Jist mist Fill in the blank with the ONE most appropriate word from the passage above Considering the stress placement in the words given in where st occurs we can claim that the underlined s is in position antepenultimate syllable stressed amnesty minister pedestal
+/TExams/2018_2.png,2018_2.png,2018_2,"consonant cluster, assimilation, voicing assimilation, agreement, underived, lexical, inflectional, sonorant, obstruent, non-permissible",5 Read the passage and fill in each blank with the ONE most appropriate word respectively 2 points The examples in show that word final consonant clusters formed by the addition of an inflectional suffix undergo voicing assimilation cats dogs cans bells baked popped farmed sealed The examples in illustrate the voicing agreement patterns in word final consonant clusters of the underived lexical items a apse adze apt lift act cast b mince belch purse pump mint elk Telg Unlike the lexical items with inflectional suffixes in voicing agreement selectively occurs for the underived lexical items in As can be seen in there are cases where clusters composed of and do not agree in voicing Note indicates a non permissible form
+/TExams/2018_3.png,2018_3.png,2018_3,"British English, glide, insertion, /j/, /w/, j, w, glide insertion, generalization",Read the passage and follow the directions j insertion being my other car free a prisoner enjoy ice cream w insertion sewer few arrests now or never go away No glide insertion drawing maandpa law and order In a number of dialects of British English a glide is inserted in certain environments as shown in and bity matado frio endgoraiskiim sus fjuarests navoneve govowe1 However in such dialects glide insertion is not attested in the examples in Instead 1 is inserted media event Note indicates a non permissible form Based on the data given in provide one single generalization for glide insertion Then state the condition s for j insertion and the one s for w insertion respectively
+/TExams/2019_1.png,2019_1.png,2019_1,"morpheme boundary, obligatory, nasal, assimilation, bilabial, alveolar, nasal assimilation, stressed vowel, unstressed vowel, postlexical",4 Read the passage and fill in each blank with the ONE most appropriate word Write your answers in the correct order Across morpheme boundaries obligatory nasal assimilation to bilabials or alveolars applies without restriction as shown in compose composition symbol symbolic sympathy sympathetic condemn condemnation intone intonation indent indentation On the other hand obligatory nasal assimilation to velars applies selectively as shown in Note that optional nasal assimilation may apply postlexically to derive cocordance cogressional etc Nasal assimilation No nasal assimilation cocord cocordance cogress cogressional coquer cocur cogruous cogruity sychrony sychronic icubate ifn clude The examples in illustrate that obligatory nasal assimilation applies only when preceded by a n vowel and followed by a n vowel with a velar involved
+/TExams/2019_2.png,2019_2.png,2019_2,"tense, lax, phonetic, phonological, ash",D Read the passage and fill in the blank with the most appropriate IPA symbol 2 points Two different definitions are employed for the tense lax distinction One is the phonetic definition given in Phonetic definition a A tense vowel has a higher tongue position than its lax counterpart b A tense vowel has greater duration than its lax counterpart c A tense vowel requires a greater muscular effort in production than a lax vowel The other is a phonologically defined tense lax separation in terms of the different kinds of syllables in which the vowels can occur Phonological definition Tense vowels can appear in open syllables with stress while lax vowels cannot The distributionally based phonological classification of tense lax comes into conflict with the phonetically based classification in several respects First of all both ou and 9 are tense in the phonological classification while they are separated as tense and lax respectively in the phonetic classification Second there is a problem with regard to duration which the phonetically based criterion focuses on While it is true that several of the lax vowels are short is not Indeed this vowel has equal duration with or even greater duration than typically long and tense vowels
+/TExams/2019_3a.png,2019_3a.png,2019_3a,"dialectal variation, lateral, approximant, lateral approximant, dark, light, darker, darkest, vocalize, AAVE",Read the passage and follow the directions 4 points The alveolar lateral approximant I presents appreciable differences among different varieties In British English we find the clear 1 which is articulated with the tongue tip in contact with the alveolar ridge in words such as like law leaf light etc On the other hand I is realized as the velarized dark 1 which has a quality similar to u with raising of the back of the tongue toward the velum in words such as fall file belt milk etc In Welsh English l is always pronounced as the clear 1 In some varieties of American English AE however the clear l may hardly be found most commonly the realizations differ in terms of shades of the dark 1 Thus a dark I is found in words given in la a more velarized darker l variety in words in and the darkest I in words in Realizations of I in some AE varieties a dark I lip left lash leaf b darker I loose low lawn lock c darkest I full bolt help hill
+/TExams/2019_3b.png,2019_3b.png,2019_3b,"dialectal variation, lateral, approximant, lateral approximant, dark, light, darker, darkest, vocalize, AAVE",In African American Vernacular English AAVE l may vocalize to as in and may be deleted as in Realizations of l in AAVE a vocalization of I bell or milk or football or children or b deletion of 1 help or elm or wolf or twelve or Based on the data given in state the environment s for dark I and darker 1 respectively in some AE varieties Then based on the data given in state the environment s for the vocalization of l and the deletion of I respectively in AAVE
+/TExams/2020_1a.png,2020_1a.png,2020_1a,"diphthong, affricate, resyllabification, consonant cluster",4 Read the passage and fill in the blank with the ONE most appropriate word Diphthongs such as and are vowels that exhibit a change in quality within a single syllable This is due to tongue movement from the initial vowel articulation toward another In English this combinatory sound is considered one vowel as it behaves as a single unit That is the words hide and loud are monosyllabic as are heed and hid Diphthong vowels are different from two consecutive monophthongs as in seeing and ruin which are counted as two syllables A similar phenomenon is also observed among consonant sequences Consider the following examples where two different consonants occur together at the end of a word a ninth warmth b laughs twelfth c maps width d match badge
+/TExams/2020_1b.png,2020_1b.png,2020_1b,"diphthong, affricate, resyllabification, consonant cluster",When the words in are followed by a word beginning with a vowel such as is are as in the second member of the consonant sequences in can move to the next syllable a Leaving on the ninth is fine with me or b His laughs are heard from down the hall or c Maps are useful when you travel abroad or d A match is found in the box but not In for example the second consonant of the underlined part forms a new syllable in fast speech That is in ninth is a coda of the syllable but it can move to the next syllable and in turn it becomes the onset of However this resyllabification does not happen in That is is pronounced and not This is because English treats them differently the consonant sequences in are two consonant clusters while the one in is a single sound This class of sounds is indeed inseparable just like diphthongs and a member of this class is called a n Note represents a syllable boundary
+/TExams/2020_2a.png,2020_2a.png,2020_2a,"learner, pronunciation, careful speech, emphasized speech, palatalization, vowel deletion, connected speech, sound rule, tapping, deletion, spelling, spelling pronunciation, ",7 Read the passage in and the dialogue in and follow the directions A One of the most effective ways of testing a learners pronunciation is to observe and record repeated errors in a variety of situations Speech contexts often change the way a given word is pronounced Careful or emphasized speech is usually employed to show how to pronounce words clearly In a connected or conversational speech words are often contracted and the pronunciation of a word can change through the phenomena in and sound rules in a That is nice Thats Contraction b missed Ms Spelling pronunciation Careful Connected Sound speech speech tules a cant you Palatalization b because Vowel deletion c greater Tapping d advantage Consonant deletion It is worth mentioning that spelling often influences learners pronunciation of words When spelling pronunciation errors are found in learners pronunciation they can sometimes be critical For instance if the plural form of sea seas is pronounced rather than it can be misunderstood as the word cease by listeners Note indicates incorrect pronunciation
+/TExams/2020_2b.png,2020_2b.png,2020_2b,"learner, pronunciation, careful speech, emphasized speech, palatalization, vowel deletion, connected speech, sound rule, tapping, deletion, spelling, spelling pronunciation, ",B Two students are talking about what they wrote during a dictation task without looking at each others notes S1 Can you tell me what you got for the second sentence I wrote down Last winner was colder and it does not make sense to me S2 Why It means what it says Last winter was colder How i did you understand it S1 Oh it is winter the season I thought it was winner That is why the sentence did not make sense to me 82 winter winter yes when you say it quickly it does sound the same S1 Thanks Wait did you hear the last word in the fourth sentence Can you tell me what it was S2 My dogs skin is irritated by fleas S1 What is fleas Can you spell it for me 82 F L E A S Dont you know what fleas are S1 Yeah but isnt that pronounced as ii fleas It is confusing 2 Lets ask the teacher later why s sounds like z here Note S student Identify ONE phenomenon or sound rule from that changes the pronunciation of i in and explain how your answer applies to the given words Then identify ONE phenomenon or sound rule that causes S1s confusion in ii and explain how your answer applies to the given word based on the description in
+/TExams/2020_3a.png,2020_3a.png,2020_3a,"il, ir, dissimilation, allomorph, ar, al, suffix, lateral, feature, phonological process",Read the passage and follow the directions Some morphemes in English are pronounced differently depending on their phonetic environments These variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs An important question is how we know which allomorph appears for a given word Consider the following examples in where the negative morphemes i and ir are added to a base a i illegal illogical illiterate illegible b ir irregular irrational irreducible irrecoverable Comparing the examples in a simple distribution is observed for the two allomorphs and That is and are selectively combined with their bases conditioned by the initial sound of the base when the base begins with l the prefix i is chosen and when the base begins with 1 the prefix ir is chosen There is another case where and alternate between allomorphs The adjectival suffix has two allomorphs ar and al as shown in a ar singular popular solar velar b al rural plural viral moral
+/TExams/2020_3b.png,2020_3b.png,2020_3b,"il, ir, dissimilation, allomorph, ar, al, suffix, lateral, feature, phonological process",These suffixes ar and al are attached to the base depending on the final consonant of the base and are different in where the morpheme is attached precedes the base which is a prefix and follows the base which is a suffix On the other hand these two morphemes are similar in that the allomorphs for different morphemes show the same alternation between and It is interesting to find the two apparently different phonemes I and 1 are involved in the alternation of the allomorphs i ir and al ar The two sounds I and 1 share many phonetic properties such as voicing the place of articulation and the manner of articulation They only differ in terms of the way air passes through the mouth This characteristic difference can be made using the distinctive properties known as the distinctive feature Identify TWO phonological processes involved in and in the correct order Then using the distinctive feature i e or generalize the distribution of the allomorphs al and ar
+/TExams/2021_1.png,2021_1.png,2021_1,"morphology, word formation, blending, clipping, compounding, conversion, derivation, inflection, initialism, morpheme, un",2 Read the passage and follow the directions 2 points A There are many ways to make new words or word forms in English as listed in Morphological process Example a blending spoon fork spork b clipping celebrity celeb c compounding ice cream icecream d conversion microwave noun microwave verb e derivation divine ity divinity f inflection want ed wanted g initialism automatic teller machine ATM Sometimes multiple morphological processes serially apply to a morpheme to create a new word or word form Take a look at a Marie revisited Korea for her concert in December b Ted babysits for his neighbor to make money Revisited in goes through derivation ret visit and inflection goes through compounding babytsit and inflection babysitts B Assuming that box is a noun unboxing is created in the order of and inflection Based on fill in each blank in with an appropriate morphological process from Write your answers in the correct order
+/TExams/2021_2a.png,2021_2a.png,2021_2a,"foot, prosodic unit, feet, schwa deletion, fast speech, non-permissible",Read the passage and follow the directions A Foot is a prosodic unit above syllable which consists of one obligatory strong syllable and optional weak syllables Feet seem to have many different structures in English For example there are feet composed of a single stressed syllable e g son and feet where a stressed syllable is followed by one stressless syllable e g mother or by two or more stressless syllables e g Canada Sometimes a strong syllable appears in the second e g demand ba nana Foot structure can change due to deletion First the data in show that in an initial stressless syllable can be deleted in fast speech Normal speech _ Fast speech a Toronto b Marina Second the data in demonstrate that in a medial stressless syllable can be deleted after a stressed and before a stressless syllable in fast speech Normal speech Fast speech a opera b general Third the data in tell us that when two stressless syllables occur between two stressed syllables in either stressless syllable can be deleted in fast speech
+/TExams/2021_2b.png,2021_2b.png,2021_2b,"foot, prosodic unit, feet, schwa deletion, fast speech, non-permissible",Normal speech _ Fast speech a respiratory or b glorification or However deletion cannot occur even in fast speech when a stressless syllable occurs directly between two stressed syllables as in Normal speech _ Fast speech a operatic b generality Note 1 indicates a non permissible form Note 2 indicates foot boundaries B a respirate b chocolate _ c nationalize d glorify Based on identify TWO words in where can be deleted in fast speech Then describe the foot structure that is most preferred in fast speech based on
+/TExams/2021_3a.png,2021_3a.png,2021_3a,"diphthong, monophthong, dialectal variation",4 Read the passage and fol low the directions ov is realized as ou a Poe b low c hope d coat e most f flow ov is realized as a pole b Coletrane c hole d told e mole f fold Observing the patterns generalization as in ov is realized as A In a number of American English dialects ou is realized as a diphthong or a monophthong in and one could make a when it is close to I
+/TExams/2021_3b.png,2021_3b.png,2021_3b,"diphthong, monophthong, dialectal variation",However the generalization in does not always hold for the data above Moreover it cannot explain the contrast between and below ov is realized as a low ly b slow ly c low land s_ _ d toe less ov is realized as a goal ie b roll ing c bowl er d hole in one Note indicates a morpheme boundary B a shallowly b soldier c oatmeal _ d poultry In identify TWO words where the underlined ou is realized as in the dialects of English described in Then revise the generalization in to account for all the data in
+/TExams/2022_1.JPG,2022_1.JPG,2022_1,"sonority, onset, onset cluster, neutralization, obstruents, word-initial",Read the passage and follow the directions 2 points When two consonants appear word initially the sonority of the first consonant is lower than that of the second one except for s and voiceless obstruent sequences such as in stop and in sphere Accordingly the two liquids 1 and 1 appear as the second consonant since they have relatively high sonority However it is not the case that all the combinations are possible as below ell play Bleed fly click glass ey pray breed iy crick grass ll met mes ae slide 13 thrive ty dry 2 shrimp As presented above some consonant clusters including a liquid as the second do not appear in word initial positions except for a few loanwords As a result the contrast between the two liquids I and x is neutralized after obstruents in word initial positions Note indicates a non permissible form Fill in the blank with the ONE most appropriate word
+/TExams/2022_2a.JPG,2022_2a.JPG,2022_2a,"prosodic unit, syllable, foot, trochaic, stressed vowel, aspiration, voiceless stop",Read the passage and follow the directions 4 points KE In English prosodic units such as syllable and foot are referred to in the phonological description Here we are going to refer to foot which is trochaie in English as in a difsaster sy nopsis mi mosa b opportune finsolent fenmity c resur rect photo graphic eco nomical Now take a look at the data in Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are followed by a stressed vowel whether it is a primary stress as in or a secondary stress as in But even before a stressed vowel they are not aspirated when it is preceded by s as in Lastly they are not aspirated when they are followed by an unstressed vowel as in So the phonological description of the aspiration phenomenon must be complicated without referring to foot a apartment i academy aktedemi maternal o personality Tennessee kangaroo c asparagus austerity mosquito sympathy sentimental alcoholic ge Note indicates foot boundaries
+/TExams/2022_2b.JPG,2022_2b.JPG,2022_2b,"prosodic unit, syllable, foot, trochaic, stressed vowel, aspiration, voiceless stop",B a operation b disentangle c accountability d substantial In select TWO words where the underlined voiceless stop is realized as an aspirated stop Then state a rule which can account for all the aspirated stops in Your answer must include foot
+/TExams/2022_3a.JPG,2022_3a.JPG,2022_3a,"nucleus, syllabic, syllabic consonant, nasal, feature, syllabic, consonantal, approximant, sonorant, liquid",Read the passage and follow the directions 4 points A Nucleus positions in syllables are usually taken by vowels In the cases that syllables have no vowel consonants stand as the nucleus It is usual to indicate that a consonant is syllabic by means of a small vertical mark beneath or above the symbol Even though syllabic consonants are observed word medially e g Hungary most syllabic consonants are found word finally as in Note that some words can be realized in two phonetic forms Syllabie consonants syllabic syllabic syllabic fy syllabic open foupn supple ribbon rebel cotton bottle sudden muddle broken uncle pagan perg fungal question satchel soften muffle lengthen anthem lethal lesson handsome muscle ashen bushel column mammal kalamn channel com peril sale
+/TExams/2022_3b.JPG,2022_3b.JPG,2022_3b,"nucleus, syllabic, syllabic consonant, nasal, feature, syllabic, consonantal, approximant, sonorant, liquid",The table in provides distinctive features to categorize natural classes depending on the manners of articulation Q vowels glides liquids nasals obstruents Note 1 indicates a non permissible form Note 2 indicates phonetic variation B a In the word final position n is realized as a syllabic nasal when immediately preceded by segments b In the word final position I is realized as a syllabic liquid when immediately preceded by segments Based on the data in fill in each blank in with the ONE most appropriate feature in respectively Write your answers in the correct order Then identify the syllabic consonant that is always homorganic with the preceding consonant in the given data and explain the reason
+/TExams/2023_1a.png,2023_1a.png,2023_1a,"suffix, en, verb-forming, monosyllabic, feature, continuant, syllabic, sonorant, consonantal",Read the passages in and and follow the directions 2 points A Distinctive features of speech sounds play a critical role in many morphological processes in English including suffixation One of the suffixation processes is verb formation with the suffix en Consider the following en suffixed words sadden whiten soften dampen _ sicken fasten quieten thicken toughen One of the phonological characteristics shared in common among the adjective stems in is that they are all monosyllabic i e consisting of one syllable The verb forming suffix en seems to attach to a wide range of monosyllabic adjectives but it sometimes creates ill formed suffixed words as illustrated in All adjective stems in are monosyllabic but they cannot combine with the verb forming suffix en grayen meanen pooren freeen tallen slimen
+/TExams/2023_1b.png,2023_1b.png,2023_1b,"suffix, en, verb-forming, monosyllabic, feature, continuant, syllabic, sonorant, consonantal",To explain why the words in are unattested we need another phonological property that refers to one of the distinctive features that are used for vowels and consonants in English The table in provides some of the well known distinctive features for vowels and consonants that the adjective stems in and end in vowel glide liquid nasal obstruent Note indicates an unattested word B What differentiates the words in from those in is that the verb forming suffix en can attach to monosyllabic adjectives that end in a segment with the feature Fill in the blank in with the ONE distinctive feature from the passage in The feature value i e or must be specified
+/TExams/2023_2a.png,2023_2a.png,2023_2a,"suffix, derivational, al, noun-forming, stem, derived, underived, unattested, foot, stress, primary stress, trochaic, iambic",Read the passages in and and follow the directions 4 points A Many derivational suffixes in English share the same phonological forms but serve different morphological functions One example of this is the derivational suffix al Consider the following words ending in al in Some al words are adjectives and others are nouns aladjectives a nouns annual dismissal natural betrayal gradual reversal federal survival floral renewal legal referral The noun forming suffix a imposes a morphological and a phonological requirement on the stems to which it attaches From the morphological perspective the noun forming suffix al must attach to a verb as shown in dismisstal betray al reversetal etc Not all verbs however can take the noun forming suffix a Impossible a nouns are shown in abandonal fidgetal investigatal promisal qualifial
+/TExams/2023_2b.png,2023_2b.png,2023_2b,"suffix, derivational, al, noun-forming, stem, derived, underived, unattested, foot, stress, primary stress, trochaic, iambic",English verbs and nouns exhibit a wide range of stress patterns These are represented by the ultimate penultimate or antipenultimate stress or by the trochaic or iambic foot structure etc The phonological requirement in relation to stress and foot structure for the noun forming suffix al can explain why the suffix sometimes creates unattested nouns The attested a nouns in and the unattested ones in differ markedly in their stress and foot patterns The stress pattern shared in common among the attested a nouns is also found in many underived nouns as illustrated in appendix Chicago veranda avocado consensus _ hiatus Minnesota arena Note indicates an unattested word B The above data show that both attested a nouns in and underived nouns in have the primary stress on the syllable creating a n foot at the end Fill in the blanks and in each with ONE word from in the correct order Then state the phonological generalization that determines which verb stem _ the noun forming suffix a can attach to
+/TExams/2023_3a.png,2023_3a.png,2023_3a,"phonotactics, rating data, nonsense words, intuition, complex onset, onset",6 Read the passage in and the examples in and follow the directions A Native speakers intuitions about possible and impossible words are heavily influenced by the phonological properties of sound sequences represented by relative differences in sonority 1 e how resonant one sound is compared to the other A group of English native speakers were asked to decide how each of the following nonsense words sounds to them and to give each word a numerical rating from 1 to 5 according to how confident the respondents are that those are English like words 1 meant that the word is definitely not English like and 5 meant that it can definitely be an English word Their averaged ratings for the words are shown in Words Mean scores bod 4 66 timp 4 30 rog 4 20 mbotto 1 07
+/TExams/2023_3b.png,2023_3b.png,2023_3b,"phonotactics, rating data, nonsense words, intuition, complex onset, onset",It appears that native speakers of English perceive words with simple onset to be more English like than those with complex onset and simply reject words that violate the phonotactics in English However the presence of onset clusters and legitimate phonotactics do not fully explain how the speakers intuitions work Another group of English native speakers were asked to do the same task for a different set of nonsense words as illustrated in Words Mean scores shliz 4 16 zloog 3 76 nfape 1 98 mvupe 1 76 B a kneeb b rviss c znape d nkob Based on first identify the TWO nonsense words in that are likely to result in a low rating Then state the ONE phonological generalization that can explain both why bod timp and rog are considered more English like than mbotto in and why shliz and zloog are considered more English like than nfape and mvupe in
+/TExams/2024_1.png,2024_1.png,2024_1,"past tense, morpheme, suffix, allomorph",Read the passage and follow the directions In English the past tense morpheme is realized in three different phonetic forms These are shown in the following words grabbed reaped raided hugged poked gloated Also the morpheme used to express indefiniteness has two phonetic formsan before a word that begins with a vowel sound and a before a word that begins with a consonant sound an orange a building an accent a car an eel a girl Another case of this variation is found in pairs of words in The final consonant in the first morpheme changes when a suffix is added As a result each of these morphemes has at least two different phonetic forms permit permissive include inclusive electric electricity impress impress fJion As exemplified in to a morpheme can have variant phonetic forms which are called Fill in the blank with the ONE most appropriate word
+/TExams/2024_2a.png,2024_2a.png,2024_2a,"foot, feet, stress, stress-shift, rhythm reversal, secondary stress, stress clash",6 Read the passage in and the examples in and follow the directions 4 points A When there are two or more feet in a word or phrase in general the rightmost foot gets a primary stress Therefore many English speakers would feel that teen is stronger than four in fourteen Another important tendency of English stress is that speech carries a regular alternation between stronger and weaker units When fourteen men is spoken in conversational style the primary stress of fourteen is adjusted Since men gets the primary stress of the whole phrase four is pronounced more strongly than teen to avoid the clash of two lexical primary stresses a compact compact disk b thirteenth thirteenth place good looking good looking tutor a d academic academic banter _ a As exemplified in the secondary and the primary stresses of a word are reversed when it is followed by another word This is called stress shift or rhythm reversal
+/TExams/2024_2b.png,2024_2b.png,2024_2b,"foot, feet, stress, stress-shift, rhythm reversal, secondary stress, stress clash",Although English speakers have a strong tendency to use a regular rhythm in their speech it is not the case that this stress shift takes place whenever the two feet containing a lexical primary stress are adjacent Look at the data in a maroon maroon sweater b away away game c surrounding surrounding crowd d dependent dependent clause B a maternal love b economic growth c unexplained symptom d approved courses Note The phonetic forms given in are the pronunciations of the first words when they are produced in isolation Based on choose the TWO phrases where stress shift can occur in Then besides the given phonological condition for stress shift underlined in state an additional phonological condition necessary for stress shift
+/TExams/2024_3a.png,2024_3a.png,2024_3a,"al, suffix, ar, dissimilation, post-vocalic r, r-dropping, dialectal variation",4 Read the passage in and the examples in and follow the directions A It is not unusual for a segment to appear repeatedly in a word However repeated segments in proximity are sometimes repaired by means of dissimilation by which a segment becomes less similar to another segment For example al suffix appears in the form of ar to avoid the repetition of I in the final syllable when it attaches to stems ending with l e g annual mental coronal vs angular similar velar Repeated segments are repaired by means of deletion as well as dissimilation As is well known most varieties of American English are rhotic which means 1 is retained in coda position as in ranger curtain labor nursery But in some of these varieties of American English word medial 1 has been found to be deleted in the following words a corner b farmer c Harvard d cursor
+/TExams/2024_3b.png,2024_3b.png,2024_3b,"al, suffix, ar, dissimilation, post-vocalic r, r-dropping, dialectal variation",Not only word medial 1 but word final 1 is also deleted in the varieties Take a look at the words in a terror b mirror c bearer d fairer B a horror b corridor c torture d proctor In choose the TWO words in which 1 deletion can occur as shown in Then state the phonological conditions under which word medial 1 is deleted in the varieties