metadata

license: apache-2.0
base_model: bert-base-multilingual-cased
model-index:
  - name: >-
      bert-base-multilingual-cased-finetuned-openalex-topic-classification-title-abstract
    results: []
pipeline_tag: text-classification
widget:
  - text: >-
      <TITLE> From Louvain to Leiden: guaranteeing well-connected communities

      <ABSTRACT> Community detection is often used to understand the structure
      of large and complex networks. One of the most popular algorithms for
      uncovering community structure is the so-called Louvain algorithm. We show
      that this algorithm has a major defect that largely went unnoticed until
      now: the Louvain algorithm may yield arbitrarily badly connected
      communities. In the worst case, communities may even be disconnected,
      especially when running the algorithm iteratively. In our experimental
      analysis, we observe that up to 25% of the communities are badly connected
      and up to 16% are disconnected. To address this problem, we introduce the
      Leiden algorithm. We prove that the Leiden algorithm yields communities
      that are guaranteed to be connected. In addition, we prove that, when the
      Leiden algorithm is applied iteratively, it converges to a partition in
      which all subsets of all communities are locally optimally assigned.
      Furthermore, by relying on a fast local move approach, the Leiden
      algorithm runs faster than the Louvain algorithm. We demonstrate the
      performance of the Leiden algorithm for several benchmark and real-world
      networks. We find that the Leiden algorithm is faster than the Louvain
      algorithm and uncovers better partitions, in addition to providing
      explicit guarantees.
  - text: >-
      <TITLE> Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of
      Bacteriophage T4
  - text: >-
      <TITLE> NONE

      <ABSTRACT> Surface wave (SW) over-the-horizon (OTH) radars are not only
      widely used for ocean remote sensing, but they can also be exploited in
      integrated maritime surveillance systems. This paper represents the first
      part of the description of the statistical and spectral analysis performed
      on sea backscattered signals recorded by the oceanographic WEllen RAdar
      (WERA) system. Data were collected on May 13th 2008 in the Bay of Brest,
      France. The data statistical analysis, after beamforming, shows that for
      near range cells the signal amplitude fits well the Rayleigh distribution,
      while for far cells the data show a more pronounced heavy-tailed behavior.
      The causes can be traced in man-made (i.e. radio communications) and/or
      natural (i.e. reflections of the transmitted signal through the ionosphere
      layers, meteor trails) interferences.

bert-base-multilingual-cased-finetuned-openalex-topic-classification-title-abstract

This model is a fine-tuned version of bert-base-multilingual-cased on a labeled dataset provided by CWTS (for labeled data: CWTS Labeled Data). To see how CWTS labeled the data, please check out the following blog post: An open approach for classifying research publications

It was made with the purpose of being able to classify scholarly work with a fixed set of well-defined topics. This is NOT the full model being used to tag OpenAlex works with a topic. For that, check out the following github repo: OpenAlex Topic Classification

That repository will also contain information about text preprocessing, modeling, testing, and deployment.

Model description

The model was trained using the following input data format (so it is recommended the data be in this format as well):

Using both title and abstract: "<TITLE> {insert-processed-title-here}\n<ABSTRACT> {insert-processed-abstract-here}"

Using only title: "<TITLE> {insert-processed-title-here}"

Using only abstract: "<TITLE> NONE\n<ABSTRACT> {insert-processed-abstract-here}"

The quickest way to use this model in Python is with the following code (assuming you have the transformers library installed):

from transformers import pipeline

title = "{insert-processed-title-here}"
abstract = "{insert-processed-abstract-here}"

classifier = \
    pipeline(model="OpenAlex/bert-base-multilingual-cased-finetuned-openalex-topic-classification-title-abstract", top_k=10, "truncation":True,"max_length":512)

classifier(f"""<TITLE> {title}\n<ABSTRACT> {abstract}""")

This will return the top 10 outputs from the model. There will be 2 pieces of information here:

Full Topic Label: Made up of both the OpenAlex topic ID and the topic label (ex: "1048: Ecology and Evolution of Viruses in Ecosystems")
Model Score: Model's confidence in the topic (ex: "0.364")

Intended uses & limitations

The model is intended to be used as part of a larger model that also incorporates journal information and citation features. However, this model is good if you want to use it for quickly generating a topic based only on a title/abstract.

Since this model was fine-tuned on a BERT model, all of the biases seen in that model will most likely show up in this model as well.

Training procedure

Training hyperparameters

The following hyperparameters were used during training:

optimizer: {'name': 'Adam', 'weight_decay': None, 'clipnorm': None, 'global_clipnorm': None, 'clipvalue': None, 'use_ema': False, 'ema_momentum': 0.99, 'ema_overwrite_frequency': None, 'jit_compile': True, 'is_legacy_optimizer': False, 'learning_rate': {'module': 'transformers.optimization_tf', 'class_name': 'WarmUp', 'config': {'initial_learning_rate': 6e-05, 'decay_schedule_fn': {'module': 'keras.optimizers.schedules', 'class_name': 'PolynomialDecay', 'config': {'initial_learning_rate': 6e-05, 'decay_steps': 335420, 'end_learning_rate': 0.0, 'power': 1.0, 'cycle': False, 'name': None}, 'registered_name': None}, 'warmup_steps': 500, 'power': 1.0, 'name': None}, 'registered_name': 'WarmUp'}, 'beta_1': 0.9, 'beta_2': 0.999, 'epsilon': 1e-08, 'amsgrad': False}
training_precision: float32

Training results

Train Loss	Validation Loss	Train Accuracy	Epoch
4.8075	3.6686	0.3839	0
3.4867	3.3360	0.4337	1
3.1865	3.2005	0.4556	2
2.9969	3.1379	0.4675	3
2.8489	3.0900	0.4746	4
2.7212	3.0744	0.4799	5
2.6035	3.0660	0.4831	6
2.4942	3.0737	0.4846	7

Framework versions

Transformers 4.35.2
TensorFlow 2.13.0
Datasets 2.15.0
Tokenizers 0.15.0