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What is IoT?

IoT is an acronym that stands for Internet of Things. Kevin Ashton first coined the term IoT or the Internet of Things in 1999. It is a network setup of physical objects referred to as "things" embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that allow these objects to communicate by collecting and exchanging data over a WIFI network without human interaction. The IoT devices include embedded systems, i.e., software, electronics, networks, and sensors that allow them to collect data about the surrounding environment, transmit data over a network, respond to remote commands, or take actions based on data collected.

Who coined the term IOT?

 Kevin Ashton first coined the term IoT or the Internet of Things in 1999.

What are the examples of IoT Devices?

Some examples of IoT devices or things available today are wearables, implants, smartphones, vehicles, machinery, appliances, computing systems, or other devices that can send and receive data.

What is the main goal of IoT?

The main goal of IoT is to extend internet connectivity from standard devices like computers, mobile, tablets and enable internet connectivity to non-communicable devices such as AC, washing machine, toaster, fan, cooler, and other household items.

 What are the most important characteristics or features of IoT?

Connectivity for communication, Analyzing/Sensing, Scalability, Active Engagements, Artificial Intelligence

What Is connectivity?

Connectivity is the most important part of IoT. The Internet of Things consists of networks, data hubs, sensors, etc., for connectivity and cannot work properly without seamless communication among the interrelated components or objects. There are many ways to connect IoT devices such as radio waves, Bluetooth, WiFi, Li-Fi, etc.

What is Sensing or Analyzing?

Analyzing or sensing comes into play when all the relevant components or objects are connected. This step is used to analyze collected data and use it to build effective business intelligence. It is very important to extract knowledge from the collected data. For example, the collected data by sensor won't be of much use unless it is interpreted properly.

What is Scalability?

Scalability is used to handle the massive data generated by the sensors. Each day, more and more elements connect to the IoT zone, generating massive data. So, scalability is a must to handle the immense data correctly.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is an essential part of IoT to make things such as mobile phones, wearables, vehicles, household devices, etc. to make them working smart. For this purpose, it uses data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networked technologies. For example, if you are using an IoT-based coffee machine, it will order coffee beans from the retailer of your choice if the coffee beans will end.

 How does the IoT affect our everyday lives?

IoT can make smart devices for our everyday lives. The devices embedded in IoT technology can manifest a greater quantum of automation than those available before. IoT can create a greater network that enables different devices to interact freely with each other and make our everyday lives better.

What are the effects of IoT in our daily life?

IoT has a lot of positive effects on our daily life. For example, the IoT-enabled sensor-driven home appliances such as refrigerators automatically turn off when not in use or virtual assistants, which can regulate most of our devices from the lights used in our room to our television, air condition, or playing our favorite music, etc.

What industries can be benefitted from IoT?

A wide range of industries can be benefitted from IoT. Some of them are as follows: Consumer devices, Consumer devices, Healthcare, Agriculture, Manufacturing, Automation and public transportation, Utilities and energy, Smart cities and smart homes, Environmental benefits etc.

 What are the different types of components used in IoT?

The different components used in IoT are: Sensors, Connectivity media, Data processing, User Interfaces etc

What is a sensor?

 Sensors are the most important part of IoT devices. In IoT devices, a sensor is used as an input device to gather live data from the surrounding environment. It can gather different types of data. For example, your phone has a temperature sensor, a GPS, an accelerometer, or a live video feature on a social media platform. Sensors make it possible for IoT devices to connect to the real world and outside the environment. This is all possible because of sensors.

What is Data processing?

The data processing compound comes into play when the data has been collected and has reached the cloud. Now, it is the responsibility of the data processors to process the data for further use. Data processing software is required to enhance IoT devices in several ways. For example, it can adjust the air conditioner's temperature or recognize the faces on mobile phones and so on.

What is Raspberry pi?

The Raspberry Pi is a small-sized (a credit card sized), low-cost computer that can be plugged into a computer monitor or TV and used with a standard keyboard and mouse. It can do all the operations like a conventional computer. It provides additional features such as onboard WIFI, GPIO pins, and Bluetooth to communicate with external electronic devices.

What are the key advantages of IoT?

IoT devices are a complete package of advanced automation and analytics system that makes use of networking, big data, sensing, and Artificial Intelligence to provide a complete solution. Following are the key advantages or benefits of IoT: Ease of access, Better customer experience, Techincal optimization, Efficient resource management and time management, Improved Accuracy, etc

How are the resources managed in IoT?

Usually, we rely on superficial insights to make decisions, but IoT devices provide real-time insights that facilitate us to do efficient resource management.

How does IoT provide improved security?

 IoT provides additional security to organizations and individuals as they can access and lock their things on their phones. For example, by using IoT technology in surveillance, we can increase an organization's security standards and identify any suspicious activity on our phones.

 What are the different types of sensors used in IoT?

Following are the most commonly used sensors in IoT systems: IR sensors, Motion detection sensors, Temperature sensors, Pressure sensor, Gas sensor, Proximity sensor, Smoke Sensor, etc.

How important are the sensors in IoT?

Sensors are the most important components used in IoT devices. Sensors are important because they are the input devices that detect changes in the environment condition and act accordingly. In the physical world, sensors are used to detect specific conditions such as heat, light, sound, distance, pressure, presence or absence of gas/liquid, etc., and then generate an electrical signal after measuring their magnitude. In recent years, IoT sensors have evolved in a great way to enhance productivity, lowering costs, and improve worker safety.

What are the biggest challenges or risks associated with IoT?

Following is the list of biggest challenges or security risks associated with IoT: Privacy, Reliability, Network and Connectivity, Constant power supply, Insufficient testing and updating, Lack of knowledge and awareness

What is the concern of privacy in IoT?

With IoT devices, you will always be concerned regarding data security and privacy. IoT devices are a setup of many connected devices vulnerable to hacking. Many IoT devices collect and transmit personal data over an open network without encryption that may be easy for hackers to access. Hackers may also use cloud endpoints to attack servers.

What is PWM or Pulse Width Modulation?

PWM is an acronym that stands for Pulse Width Modulation. It is an analog signal that varies the amount of time when the signal is high. The signal can be high or low, and the user can modify the time proportion.

What are the different layers of the IoT protocol stack?

The following are the familiar layers in IoT architecture: Physical Layer, Datalink Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Application Layer.

What is IIoT?

IIoT is also an acronym that stands for Industrial Internet of Things. IIoT is generally used in industry for industrial purposes. So, its service model is machine-centric. It uses both wired and wireless devices for communication transportation. The quality of data in IIoT is high to very high.

What is Arduino?

Arduino is a free electronics platform that provides easy-to-use hardware and software. It is used in IoT as it has a microcontroller that reads input from the sensors and controls the device according to the written program.

What are some of the most common real-world applications of IoT?

Here is the list of most common applications in IoT: Smart Homes, Wearable devices, Connected Health system, Agriculture and Farming, etc

How is IoT used in agriculture and farming?

 IoT can also be very useful in agriculture and farming. Using IoT, we can develop tools for drip irrigation, understanding the crop patterns, water distribution, drones for farm surveillance, etc. Farmers can increase the yields by using IoT tools and methods.

How is IoT used in Hospitality and Industry?

 IoT can provide higher service quality to the hotel and hospitality industry. IoT-enabled integrated applications can manage several activities such as tracking guests' locations, sending them attractive offers, placing orders for room service, automatically charging the room account, etc. Using IoT, we can automate many things in hotels and achieve a higher level of service quality.

What do you understand by the thermocouple sensor?

A thermocouple sensor is a specific type of sensor used to measure temperature by coupling two metal pieces together. These two pieces of metal are joined at one end, and the temperature is measured at a junction. A small voltage is generated by the metal conductors, which is interpreted to calculate the temperature. A thermocouple is a simple, robust, and economical temperature sensing device available in multiple types and sizes. The thermocouple sensor can measure a wide temperature range, which makes it suitable for various applications, such as scientific research, industrial settings, home appliances, etc.

What is Shodan in IoT?

Shodan is an acronym for Sentient Hyper-Optimized Data Access Network. Like Google, it is a search engine, but it does not search for websites. Instead, Shodan is an IoT search engine used for mapping and providing information about internet-connected devices/systems.

What are some most suitable databases for IoT?

Following is a list of some most suitable databases for IoT: InfluxDB, MongoDB, Apache Cassandra, RethinkDB, Sqlite

What is MicroPython?

MicroPython is a Python implementation with a small subset of its standard library. We can optimize and run it on the ModeMCU microcontroller.

What do you understand by sharding?

Sharding is the process of splitting a huge database into smaller, faster, and manageable pieces, called data shards. A shard is a small part of a large data set. Sharding is mainly used to split a logical dataset into multiple databases to make them store more efficiently. It is necessary in the case of a dataset that cannot be stored in a single database.

What functions are used to read analog and digital data from a sensor in Arduino?

There are two functions used to read analog and digital data from a sensor in Arduino: digitalRead(), digitalWrite()

What is the importance of user interface in IoT?

A user interface is required to check if user input is required or if they want to check in on the system. The user's adjustments are then sent inversely through the system to the cloud and from the cloud back to the sensors/devices to make changes. As a result, it thoroughly creates a highly reactive and intuitive device which increases the automation of the device.

What is the basic difference between an IoT device and a normal sensor device?

A normal sensor device does not need an active internet connection to work properly. On the other hand, IoT devices always require an active internet connection to work properly.

What is published and subscriber communication model?

In this communication model, publishers, brokers, and consumers are all involved in communication. Publishes are used as sources of data that send data to topics. The broker manages the topics, and consumers subscribe to the topics. Publishers and consumers are not directly related to each other. When the publisher receives the data for a topic, the broker forwards it to all subscribed consumers. It means brokers are responsible for receiving data from publishers and sending it to the appropriate consumers.

What is Push-Pull Communication model?

The push-pull communication model ensures that data producers push the data into queues while consumers pull the data from the queues. In this communication model, neither producer nor consumer knows about each other, and it is the responsibility of the queue to decouple the messages between the consumers and the producers. Here, queues also act as a buffer if any mismatch is found between the rate at which producers push data and the rate at which consumers receive it.

What is exclusive-pair model?

This is the most efficient model for quick communication. This is a full-duplex, bidirectional communication model developed for constant/continuous connections between a client and server. Once a connection is established, the clients and the servers can send and receive messages. As long as a client doesn't send a request to close the connection, the connection remains open. The server takes care of every open connection.

What is the importance of IoT protocols?

IoT protocols are the ways to protect data and ensure it to be exchanged securely between devices via the Internet. IoT protocols define how data is transmitted across the Internet and ensure that the data exchanged between connected IoT devices is secure anyway.